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What definition is used to definitively distinguish between elite and recreation/ amateur athletes?
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McKay AKA, Stellingwerff T, Smith ES, Martin DT, Mujika I, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Sheppard J, Burke LM. Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022 Feb 1;17(2):317-331. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0451. Epub 2022 Dec 29. PMID: 34965513.
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Hello All, I'm seeking the latest and more empirical resources to inform the development of sleep clinic for division 1 athletes to enhance sleep and potential for performance/emotional-wellbeing. These college student athletes are faced with many nuances of sleep patterns such as long travel for competition. Case studies or exemplary examples of how other Universities, Centers, etc. have gone about this. Thank you!
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Hi, Dr. Yelvington, thank you sharing.
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I and many of my colleagues have looked endlessly to find the text that this graph is associated with and so far there has not been any luck whatsoever. If anyone knows the citation affiliated with this diagram please let me know. Thank you all.
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wish to find the latest in this topic (between 2020- 2023)
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We are seeking to develop our agile biomechanics lab for the purpose of in-the-field biomechanical data capturing, where the access to a portable instrumented treadmill [fitted with force plate(s)] would be a privilege.
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There are many version of this kind of treadmill is available in market with force platform. Pressure-pad-embedded treadmill (Model Gait analysis FDM-TDSL-3i, Zebris Inc.®, Germany; belt length: 150 cm; belt width: 50 cm; maximum incline: 15%; maximum speed: 24 km/h), which was used to record VGRF at a sampling frequency of 50 Hz. You can use this type of treadmill also. Although you need to mention the exact need of yours. Pls go through the following Article for reference -
Pathak, P.; Ahn, J. A Pressure-Pad-Embedded Treadmill Yields Time-Dependent Errors in Estimating Ground Reaction Force during Walking. Sensors 2021, 21, 5511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ s21165511
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Generally some kind of behavior is assessed with the help of some questionnaire e.g.- task,ego ,motivation level, anxiety level, aggression etc.Is there any other scientific way of making psychological assessment of player that may contribute in his/ her top performance ?
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Yes, Vienna Testing System
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Dear colleagues, I am writing an article that compares the measured and predicted resting metabolic rate in elite athletes. However, to define a cutoff point to determine which equation is more accurate, I got myself thoughtful. Initially, I set 5% of the measured RMR, since elite athletes need the most accurate diet prescription possible. However, I do not know if this limit is very restricted considering the clinical applicability of this measure. 5% means ~ 100kcal / day. Do you consider that this amount of "error" already affects the diet prescription or could it be more flexible since the RMR is already an estimate for 24 hours?
Best regards,
Raul
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Thanks for your answer.
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What would be the result of doping use in (elite) sporters and the genes of their offsprings? Can there be a sort of genetic doping?
What about grandparents, parents and doping use, can this bring forward a more elite athlete?
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López S, Meirelles J, Rayol V, et al. Gene doping and genomic science in sports: where are we? Bioanalysis 2020;12(11):801-811. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342325121_Gene_doping_and_genomic_science_in_sports_Where_are_we
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Is there data that people would like to see included that we can seek out that would be useful for academics conducting research related to disability and disability sport?
The following are some sample questions based on data in ParaSports Data or could be answered by writing queries:
· Why do B2 female swimmers have faster yearly best performance times better than B3 in some events, despite having worse vision?
· What is the correlation between Paralympic and Deaflympic participation by nation?
· Is there a correlation between population by disability type in Madrid and the quantity of money given to Plan ADOP recipients in those groups?
· Why are people with intellectual disabilities congregated in the districts in the center of Madrid?
· Is there a correlation between total number of Paralympic and Deaflympic medals won by year, and the percentage GDP spending on incapacity?
· Why do Elite Athletes with Disabilities from Africa fail to retain this status after emigrating from the continent to another country?
· Why is there a difference age disability acquired for people in moped accidents versus motorcycle accidents?
· Why were there more people with acquired disabilities who competed at the 2018 Winter Paralympics than people with congenital disabilities? Is this a result of different types of socialization around sport based on how and when a disability was acquired?
· Why are some many immigrants in the United States who are elite athletes with disabilities adoptees compared to other types of immigrants?
· Why is there a growing difference in the total number of American male disability sportspeople compared to American female sportspeople?
· Why did para-swimming appear to be more popular for total participants world wide from 2005 to 2009 than para-athletics?
· Is there a difference in average annual best recorded lift in powerlifting based on type of disability that would suggest a need to segregate beyond weight and gender?
· Does city altitude impact different types of disabilities differently in para-athletics and swimming?
· What are the most popular sports dual sport Elite Athletes with Disabilities?
· Which disability sports are most popular by country?
· Is country population a predictor of total Paralympic or Deaflympic medals?
· Which sports have the smallest differences in gender participation?
· Did 2012 Plan ADOP scholarship total correlate with total number of medals won by an individual Spanish sportsperson?
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When dealing with Para-Powerlifting and athlete monitoring, what sort of test(s) can be implemented into an athlete's training program that my be used as a surrogate measure of actual performance changes?
As a para-powerlifting coach, we have seen great implications using the isometric-handgrip dynamometer. However, our sample is currently n=1 and may only be appropriate for this special case.
I am curious to know if anyone else in the Paralympic world has used something similar.
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“Hemodynamics as a possible internal mechanical disturbance to balance” by Conforto et al. (2001, Gait and Posture 14, 28–35) studied this issue, but I’m interested in the question the authors asked in their publication: “Is this hemodynamic perturbation and its mechanical effect on the entire body quantitatively relevant within the process of balance control?” More specifically, could this effect be relevant in elite level rifle and pistol shooting, biathlon, archery,....?
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Look at cardiology paperworks related to simpato-vagal balance in heart rate variability (studies on RR and RT heart rate variability). You should be able to have some insight in the healthy volunteers during standup/tilting position and effect on blood pressure.
Today data collection can easily be achieved recording a dynamic ECG of the subject and observe the level of Heart rate variability. Hope it helps
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Hello,
I want to measure elite athletes' muscular endurance of quadriceps muscle by using isokinetic dynamometer. Therefore I need a protocol. I have found some protocols but I need for elite athletes.
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Erbil what are you studying please? I am about to start a Masters in Strength & Conditioning in London, UK.
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Electronic Sports are Online games but played in tournaments (like League of Legends, World of Warcraft, Heartstone)
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What kind of scales?
For example; reaction time, click per second?
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Hi Maria, we met on the project you led when at York. Would you consider a short - 3000 words or so - chapter that makes the case for why sport and exercise researchers, disabled para-athletes, and sport organisations need to engage with activism rather than simply focusing on performance? We recently published a paper that we’d like to expand on in terms of developing the argument for why people in sport need to engage with disability activism. 
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Thank-you for sharing your work. I am sure it will be useful to people.
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Hello mi name is Diego Rivas, I´m a student of sport sciences and professional football player:
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And the placebo effect? How is it compared to caffeine supplementation?
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In terms of volume and intensity monitored with the effects of overreaching, overloading, deloading and fatigue management. What are the key areas athlete must include in his/her diary for a coach to understand the athlete to best mentally and physically prepare for them for competition. Questionnaires such as SCAT and POMs may be included for emotional readings and load lifted and RPEs can be used measurement for physical intolerance and preparation.  What other tools or questionnaires may be used to cover all aspects of preparing athletes throughout the session? 
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a diary also supports anti-doping education/information.  In addition to whereabouts filing and amendments, use of medicines, supplements and even foods can be recorded to support dietician intervention and advice as well as medical review and management of Therapeutic Use Exemption applications. 
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Hi all, I'm interested to find out the blood lactate and pH responses to 10km running, within elite athletes if possible. Does anybody know this or is there a study that has shown these values. 
Thanks for your help!
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There will be inter-individual differences depending on the athletes anaerobic capacity. 
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With all the relatively recent developments in recovery protocol for athletes (post game stretching, active recovery, contrast therapy, cold water immersion, compression garments, massage etc.) have there been any studies that utilize qualitative methods such as an interview, cross sectional group discussions between sports.
An approach that may provide rich data to be interpreted using perhaps an intervention involving the sports science team and coaching staff, potentially leading to a more scientifically sound approach that is not merely using practices because they are beneficial but because they are beneficial for specific athletes, sports, circumstances-heavy session, rehabilitation session etc. 
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Hyperbaric chamber, Lactigo carnosine gel, tissue work
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What is the clear definition of intellectual skills when speaking about the celebrity endorsement physical attractiveness, Erdogan, 1999; in his literature review paper has said the intellectual skills could be another perspective to physical attractiveness? Is there any paper gives a clear definition or explaining what is intellectual skills in the context of athletes celebrity endorsement?
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Test parameters 
Neuro-physiological profile for the college football player
Division I II and III profiles by position
Metabolic load 
Football game demands 
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The National Strength and Conditioning Association, in their journal - Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research has published a number of papers that may be useful to you. If you enter the terms Football NCAA, there are at least 20 references over the past 21 years. Their journal, Strength and Conditioning Journal, has over 500 papers referencing football and various aspects of strength and conditioning. Given your question, it would be advisable for you to seek membership in the NSCA, because it will be the most helpful in your study of these aspects of football 
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Any clear outline to say a person 'non-professional/amateur athlete': on the basis of hours of physical activity in a week/month/year?
Please help me by providing source/link (published article/book chapter etc..), if any.
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Yes there are testing guidelines that will give you your given athletic level according to sex and age. As Dragan Suggested ACSM offers one of good testing manual.
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In most cases the athletes tend to retire early than expected, hence taking a longer time to adjust to career transition after retirement.
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Dear Eric,
Bone mineral density was shown to be a good predictor of physical performance. Maybe you can use the following Information…
Bennell KL, Malcolm SA, Khan KM, Thomas SA, Reid SJ, Brukner PD, Ebeling PR, Wark JD. Bone mass and bone turnover in power athletes, endurance athletes, and controls: a 12-month longitudinal study. Bone. 1997;20(5):477-84. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14073704_Bone_mass_and_bone_turnover_in_power_athletes_endurance_athletes_and_controls_A_12-month_longitudinal_study
Zieliński J, et al. Changes in physical activity of elite track and field athletes in selected age categories. STUDIES IN PHYSICAL CULTURE AND TOURISM 2006;6(Supplement):185-87. http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/Content/61393/Zielinski_REV.pdf
Dregelid B. The association between physical fitness, body composition and bone mineral density among female athletes. Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Master’s Thesis); Trondheim 2013. http://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/271546/640831_FULLTEXT01.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Lemez S, Baker J. Do elite athletes live longer? A systematic review of mortality and longevity in elite athletes. Sports Med Open. 2015;1(1):16. http://www.sportsmedicine-open.com/content/pdf/s40798-015-0024-x.pdf
Best wishes from Germany
Martin
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I want to study the physiological influences of perfectionism in athletes and I have trouble with finding any previous study. I appreciate it if any one could help me with that.
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thank you for your replies.
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See above.
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Hi,
This is a tricky question. As mentioned above, there are no clinical cut offs, only arbitrary suggestions for sympoms of burnout. Tom and Al are certinly the ones to ask. The references below might provide you with additional useful discussions about these issues.  
Eklund, R. C., & Cresswell, S. L. (2007). Athlete burnout. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Psychology (3rd ed., pp. 621-641). New York: Wiley & Sons.
Gustafsson, H., Kenttä, G., Hassmén. P. & Lundqvist, C. (2007). Prevalence of burnout in adolescent competitive athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 21-37.
Hodge, K., Lonsdale, C., & Ng, J. Y. Y. (2008). Burnout in elite rugby: relationships with basic psychological needs fulfilment. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 835-844.
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I wonder if someone studied whole body vibration before so can give me some information about the frequency because some authors suggest that 50 Hz for elite athletes 30 Hz for nonathletes 
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There should be no difference between Amateur an Professional athletes. It. is all about activating a certain muscle Fibre Type. Type II fibers give their optimum activating response with  a frequency of around 27. Type II fibers  have  a  twitch Time of  38 milliseconds  or around 27 contractions per second. See my study on leg muscle activity here in Research Gate.
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How to pressure, when, how many times during the start and after the first 30-40m? How to breath, how many times etc. during the mentioned section?
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You can make special video filming for researching breathing during the start.
Diaphragm pressing? ... It is difficult! :)
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We (me and my research partner Thomas Waanders) have interviewed 20 Dutch Olympic Gold Medal winners about coping with extreme fatigue. At the moment we're analyzing the results and writing a book about the topic.
We asked athletes questions about many different topics (e.g. pacing, self-regulation, coping strategy, culture, environment, personality and many more) related to the subject.
Concerning the topic of coping strategy. One of the strategies athletes use is self-deception. Lately I've been reading more about self-concealment though. It got me thinking. At the moment I'm trying to better understand self-deception and self-concealment. I hope someone is willing to help me out with my thought processes..
Self-deception is lying to yourself. An important strategy used by athletes (e.g. lying to themselves about the distance of the race or telling themselves their SRM system is broken). The thing I like. The person who lies and who's been lied to are the same. Interesting, because how does your mind work in such cases? Do you focus attention to certain information? Do you conceal (negative) information to the self (e.g. just like a trauma and clinical psychology)? What's the role of perception?
Another strategy athletes use is 'self-concealment'. To explain. Athletes use small cues of tiredness from close competitors to give themselves a boost and keep pushing forward during a race (e.g. a marathon runner thinking: 'Do you see him breathe, he's almost done. Just keep pushing for one more bit and you will beat him.'). Because of this, athletes conceal (negative) information about oneself to competitors. If you show any 'signs of weakness', the opponent will see a chance for success and will be more willing to keep spending energy.
Besides endurance athletes, think of a K1 fighter concealing pain in his left leg, to avoid having an opponent focusing on exactly that weakness. Sometimes they even smile to give their opponents the feeling their punches aren't having any effect. Just to give them a feeling of powerlessness.
Looking for signs of weakness themselves and knowing their opponents do too, learns athletes that it's important to conceal negative information about their level of fatigue and pain.
But what about semantics? When do we talk about self-concealment? Is it when you conceal (negative) information during self-deception (to the executive system?) about the self (is this even possible, think of a trauma and putting the memory away)? Or is it when you temporarily try to conceal negative information about your level of fatigue or pain, in order to don't 'give energy' and influence opponents 'costs-reward model' for pushing on. Or do we have another word for this?
To make matters worse in my head :-) A side note. Self-concealment is also something that's been talked about in a more cultural perspective (e.g. think about social media and only sharing positive information and concealing to the public the negative information about the self) and health (e.g. coping with trauma). Or is self-concealment just like the term self-regulation. Having a different meaning in different fields?
If you have an interesting viewpoint about the topic or some relevant literature, I would love to hear from you!
Thank you in advance!
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There might be a difference in intentionality and awareness. Concealment (e.g. of negative feeelings like shame or frustration) is something I may decide to enact, intentionally and fully conscious about what I do Irealize my feeling, but others hould not..Deception is about negating the negative feeling, lying to myself," oh no not me", like an automatized response, not a willful act. Before even reaklizing, the negative feeling is pushed away, suppressed as a psychoanalist might say. As a strategy, concealment is fuly compatible with awareness and management of painful sensations, while deception is not.
I wonder of this helps - good luck!
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Could you please help me find published research that caters to this specifically?
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Trappe S., et al. (2000) Med Sci Sport Exerc 32(12) 48 to 56.
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I work for a National Sports Organization, and am looking to conduct a series of studies. However, without being affiliated with an academic institution it's hard to do this; I have no access to electronic journals, and no ethics board to submit to.
There are limited opportunities for part-time PhD's for this research, and I am conducting the research for my job so I don't want to quit my current position.
Are there other people out there in a similar position? What work-arounds have you found?
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Hi Andrea,
When you are preparing a PhD even when you are not affiliated to a University, I guess you have a University promoter for your PhD? If you don't, find one quickly. Without a promoter you won't be able to defend your PhD before a University jury anyhow.
And if you have a promoter, or have found one, your second question should be to have access to University reources like a library. Nowadays you can access these through the internet, no problem.
Hence, don't play Hanny Solo, but create your academic environment around you fast. This does not imply that you have to quit your job. On the contrary. University promoters like it when PhD students work for free ;-)
Cheers
Frank
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Start. Speed up phase. Coordination phase. "Resting phase". Curve phase. How to run the curve "exit", the straight section. How and when can be reserved the runner? Etc..
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Dear Béres
Take a look at this link. If you cannot open the full text just contact me
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Sample training - 10x60m, submax, 3 minutes resting time (e.g. age 40-55) or/and pulse measured with Polar heart rate belt. What is the most suitable pulse range to start the next run, if the main aim to push the acidification and pain tolerance significantly higher?
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Pulse curves of 10x60m and 9x60m interval runs. The first figure shows the runs with pulse settling to 105 than start, the second figure is with 2:30min resting intervals.
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Is there any difference in effectiveness between these forms in the case of starting to a sound sign (race or training) or starting independently (training)?
Is there any reason for the existence the 0.1sec rule? (The sprinter have to disqualify if the block sensor measured lower value than 0.1s reaction time.) Colin Jackson once said that he could break this time. Is it possible?
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Dear Paolo,
I have been training for almost 30 years as an athlete (long jump, 400m hurdle, 60m, 100m, 200m, 400m and decathlon). I have never been in world class just in national upper class. (100m - 10.61s, 200m - 21.70s, long jump 7.60m). My experience is – to run a short distance (from 30m - to 200m) from standing start always bring better result than from block start (independent start – no sound, clap or starter gun, stopper stared for the movement of the leg). Always! There is something strange in it, because this is not logical from biomechanical point of view. This one is tell us that the block start is a very complicated, massive technical question. For example the question of the swinging arms (the question of the arm swinging backward), and/or the question of the role of the head (6kg part CG) raising etc.
But. To start to a sound sign is much more different. The blocks counteract the energy loss (backward movement) if the block angles, hip highness, knee angles, CG positioning are adjusted correctly. While the runner starting from block (to a sound sign) push her/himself forward, the runner starting from standing position will not help any “equipment” to support the heel (it true that you don’t need to raise your CG and there is no such weight on quadriceps).
So. Is the standing or block start a more effective at track and field sprint events, from a point of view of performance and biomechanically? It depend on the starting procedure (to a sound sign – like in race circumstances, or to independently – like in training circumstances) or it depend on technical, power, experience level of the sprinter or …? I think this is not so obvious.
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I read the abstract of the article attached to this message. Interesting findings and an eye opener for everybody involved in talent ID.
However, I have some additional questions related to the observations reported:
1. How long underperformed the athlete during their development. Was this for only 1 season or multiple seasons?
2. Was the temporary decrease in performance related to the shift in competition category? Eg from junior level to U23 level, or U23 to elite level? Any other possible explanations for the observations? eg coaching quality?
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Though no expert on statistics, I think there are two populations that could be studied. First is, among all juniors (high school aged kids in the US) who join a sports team, how many will become elites. It starts with a very large group and is narrowed down to a very small group over the time course of 7-10 years. In my example above, it was 7 years (meeting the definition of a gold medal at U23 World Championships as putting an athlete into the elite status). The second population to be studied is among a group of elites, how did those elites get to that status. That's a much smaller group to study..
My athletes are in the first group- hundreds of kids who became high school rowers, two of whom went on to elite status (gold medals at U23 world championships). Along the way, some of my very gifted athletes left the ranks of rowing. The reasons are many, often related to money and college.
One study is not the inverse of the other. They are very different populations.
I scan the literature and search for articles but haven't found much that offers insight into the first group. A detailed look at the second group is in the book "Developing Talent in Young People" by Dr. Benjamin Bloom in which his group studied 120 very talented "elites" and detailed how they group achieved that status. It is available on Amazon.
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Psychological Momentum, in sport psychology, describes the changes in an athlete’s performance based on success and failure in recent events, which in some way change the psychology of the athlete and exert either a positive or negative influence. Multi-Action Plan model needs an improvement of the awareness of the Psychological Momentum in searching of a "Created Momentum" refers to the perception that athletes are able to create or build momentum in addition to experiencing Psychological Momentum that is triggered by a single, stand-alone event.
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Dear Maurizio,
I have a little study with psychological aspect. Maybe you can use it. Please let me know if it was useful or not.
A little part of the abstract: "... the fatigue of the subjects will show individual characteristics influenced by the subject’s psychological attitude, momentary fitness and mood..."