Electronics and Communication Engineering - Science topic

One of my friend completed his bachelor degree in mechanical engineering. But now likes to join in computer science engineering related master degree program.

Is it possible to do masters in computer science related courses. If yes, please suggest the courses. Thanking you...

I am studying microelectronics. I recently got confused about about the small signal models and large signal models. After reading an extensive list of sources, I have come up with some pointers which I want to verify that I have got right.

The term "small signal" can refer two things : small signal amplifier and small signal model/analysis. A small signal model is not the same thing as a small signal amplifier. The same thing can be said about the term "large signal". However both small and large signals are ac signals, and they are large or small with respect to the quiescent or operating point established by the dc bias circuit obtained using DC modeling in both large and small signal amplifier analysis.

Both large and small signal models can be used to model the non linear devices like diodes and transistors( which are operated as amplifiers in active region). The transistor amplifiers are used as voltage or current amplifiers when used as small signal amplifiers and the transistor amplifiers are used as power amplifiers when used as large signal amplifiers.

The small signal amplifier is an amplifier when the applied (AC) input is small with respect to the DC operating point on the DC load line. This type of amplifier uses small signal modeling for its ac analysis. Small signal modeling involved linearizing the non-linear circuit elements at the dc operating point.

There's exist two load lines: dc load line which gives operating point and then there's an ac load line.

The small signal amplifier analysis includes two steps:

The large signal amplifier is used as a power amplifier. The large signal amplifier analysis includes two steps:

The DC analysis is done using large signal modeling in both small and large signal amplifiers so it is also called large signal analysis. The AC analysis done in small signal amplifiers using small signal modeling is small signal analysis.

Please provide feedback if my points are accurate or need improvement.

(I tried searching large signal model of a transistor and also searching dc model of a transistor. The results obtained in images section of google search show the kinds of circuits for dc models and large signal models. That is also how I inferred large signal models and DC models are the same. Some references are also present to support this point).

References:

[1]: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vDSl9Q2khT7JsTaKydPmxhPMXBLCVBGj/view?usp=sharing

[2]: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jb_nQ3TxBTDkeBNhV91LzMuf3pYmufpi/view?usp=sharing

[3]: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gIg9ehVuBcSq8enIIvtah2OlNhiA84Ep/view?usp=sharing

[4]: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1byWGxh-1krBBv52h5iW1YiIu4_maYpg_/view?usp=sharing

[5]: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mNEr6L8GXjtjFtMyI7Vui0uorQ1GT9Lv/view?usp=sharing

[6]: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dvkyCJgU6ePjnapzKYKMfbZ7l1RN9BNp/view?usp=sharing

[7]: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EJqo7si_KtrGdfDx8kg3TEhd36qKp-1F/view?usp=sharing

[8]: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1X8UwKEZHlq7AcDhpxoMLkkihwODFO4wE/view?usp=sharing

[9]: https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/267061/transistors-small-signal-and-large-signal-analysis

We had a problem with "negative resistance" since it represented two different types of resistances - "true negative resistance"

and "differential negative resistance"

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_negative_differential_resistance_How_is_it_implemented_How_does_it_operate_What_is_its_relationship_with_the_true_negative_resistance

Now we have a similar problem with "negative impedance" since it represents different things in electronics and electrotechnics...

IN ELECTRONICS, we believe that all natural passive components (resistors, capacitors and inductors) absorbing energy from the input source have "positive impedance" (or simply "impedance"). So, from this viewpoint, the impedances of capacitors and inductors have the same positive signs. Conversely, the artificial electronic circuits - NICs (negative "resistors", negative "capacitors" and negative "inductors"), behaving in an opposite way (adding energy to the input source in the same manner as the according passive components do it), have a true "negative impedance". So, this classification regards to the way of processing energy - "positive impedance" means consuming while "negative impedance" means producing energy; "positive impedance" means "ordinary impedance" while "negative impedance" means something opposite as "inverse impedance", "opposite impedance" or "anti-impedance".

IN ELECTROTECHNICS, they classify the impedance of the reactive elements capacitor and inductor according to their behavior in time when a DC input voltage is applied - "negative impedance" symbolizes an "increasing voltage opposition" while "positive impedance" symbolizes a "decreasing voltage opposition". From this viewpoint, the impedances of capacitors and inductors have opposite signs.

IN ELECTRONICS, BOTH CAPACITORS AND INDUCTORS HAVE POSITIVE IMPEDANCE WHILE IN ELECTROTECHNICS, CAPACITORS HAVE NEGATIVE IMPEDANCE BUT INDUCTORS HAVE POSITIVE IMPEDANCE.

This concept is extremely simple, clear and intuitive if we think in terms of voltages when we apply a constant input voltage to the elementary RC and RL circuit. Then, voltage drops appear across capacitors and inductors; they change in a different (opposite) way through time but both they are voltage drops. Conversely, voltages appear across negative capacitors and inductors; they also change in a different (opposite) way through time but now both they are (electromotive) voltages, not voltage drops.

After these speculations, it is interesting to remember what a negative impedance converter did. What does it convert? Does it make a capacitor behave as an inductor and v.v., an inductor as a capacitor? No, it doesn't. A gyrator can do this magic. A negative impedance converter can make capacitors and inductors behave as sources (negative impedance elements) instead as passive elements having positive impedance:

I have presented these speculations in the archived Wikipedia talk page about negative resistance:

I have inspired to ask this question by the enthusiastic speculations of Tolga Soyata in the related questions about capacitor and inductor:

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Does_the_current_flow_through_a_capacitor_and_if_so_why?

https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_does_an_INDUCTOR_work_why_is_its_behavior_so_counter-intuitive_compared_to_CAPACITORs?

Please let me know if any book or website is available for reference 

Hi, How can we calculate the entropy of  chaotic signals? Is there a simple method or formula for doing this?

Hi, I have an assignment in my material science class that requires us to interview an electronics engineer that practices material science. I heard that those who are working in the Semiconductor industry do heavy material science at work. I don't have anyone to interview so I'm asking here for a favor if anyone of you is interested to share some of your knowledge and experience when it comes to this subject matter. Please comment or send me a message if you're interested. Your help is very much appreciated. thank you!

Suppose that X1, X2 are random variables with given probability distributions fx1(x), fx2(x).

Let fy(x) = fy( fx1(x) , fx2(x) ) be a known probability distribution of "unknown" random variable Y. Is it possible to determine how the variable Y is related to X1 and X2?

Dear all

when I simulated VLC system, I used Rayleigh fading channel by calling the function "comm.MIMOChannel". However, I think the correct channel type should be Rician fading channel for VLC.

I would like to know, can i just replace ''Rayleigh'' in parameter "FadingDistribution" with Rician ? Or could someone tell me how to model the Rician channel, namely the main parameters in Rician ?

Thanks

Layout of VLSI circuits.

Requirements

1.we could adjust sound level acc to our req.

2.compensation circuit

Good day everyone, I am modeling the IEEE 123 Node Test Feeder on Simulink.

After watching the webinar from Graham Dudgeon on Electrical distribution system modeling and analysis using Matlab and Simulink, I have been evaluating ways to build the model myself from a Matlab code. I have line placements working , load placement already running too. I have a problem on the interpretation of line configurations provided on the accompanying document.

If anyone can explain it to me or provide me with a reference to where I can learn how to use the provided configurations, and choose the right simulink model for the lines, this will help me adjust the lines parameters in accordance with the information provided.

The configuration data are provided in the following format.

IEEE 123 Node Test Feeder

Impedances

Configuration 1:

Z (R +jX) in ohms per mile

0.4576 1.0780 0.1560 0.5017 0.1535 0.3849

                        0.4666 1.0482 0.1580 0.4236

                                                0.4615 1.0651

B in micro Siemens per mile

5.6765 -1.8319 -0.6982

             5.9809 -1.1645

                           5.3971

Thanks for any Possible contribution

At the receiving end of the NOMA system,whether we can use BP algrithm to dectect the signal or not.

Dear Readers

I am doing study of dimensional stones(marble/granite). I have

collected lot of signals using hammer and accelerometer setup from

NI. Now I am analyzing them. My target to find out out

frequency/energy concentration bands. I like to use wavelet packet

transforms and finally EMD on these decomposed signals.

I need to find out suitable mother wavelet for decomposition for

these type of signals. Does any body has already know about it?

Please let know.

I tried finding by max correlation of signal and constructed signal

using wavefun of matlab for all the wavelets and selecting highest

correlation. For every signal I get different mother wavelet. Does it

Ok?

Please suggest and comment to proceed further.

Thanks in Advance.

Mahabir Prasad.

I've got a bunch of antennas with varying VSWRs and dBi ratings, and a couple of standard SMA headers from various 2.4Ghz radios. I would like to learn how antenna selection will affect RF power and range.

Hi everyone,

I've just designed a wide band SIW slot antenna in CST using metamaterials and now I want to find out the effective permittivity of the structure. I've got the S parameters from CST and now looking for a method to plot the effective permittivity based on them or based on other parameters available in software. What is the equation? and Is there any Matlab code?

See above

The fifth generation of cellular network is expected to be able to provide wider bandwidth than the previous technology. In 5G era many services are predicted to occur and the 5G devices should be able to communicate with machines and humans alike in an intelligent manner. The fifth generation of cellular network (5G) also expected to provide multi gigabit per second (Gbps) data rate to produce high quality and reliable services also low latency for data, video and multimedia services.

Papers:

S. Kavanagh, "5G vs 4G: No Contest," 5g.co.uk , 27 September 2018. [Online]. Available: https://5g.co.uk/guides/4g-versus-5g-what-will-the-next-generation-bring/.

T. Wulandari, D. Perdana and R. M. Negara, "Node Density Performance Analysis on IEEE 802.11ah Standard for VoIP Service," International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security (IJCNIS), vol. 10, no. 1, 2018.

M. Mezzavilla, M. Zhang, M. Polese, R. Ford, S. Dutta, S. Rangan and M. Zorzi, "End-to-End Simulation of 5G mmWave Networks," IEEE Communications Survey & Tutorials, vol. 20, no. 3, 2018.

Z. N. Azeemi, "Delivering 4G (LTE) To 5G Migration With Supply Chain Management," International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJECE), vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2017.

I want to obtain dispersion diagram of the periodic structure with CST. The structure is finite in transverse direction: "A row of pins which consists 7 pins laid under a metallic plate. The entire row is laid between two metallic sidewalls. the row of pins together with the sidewalls are repeated along the longitudinal direction periodically". But when I simulate the structure with CST Eigenmode Solver, I obtain two additional modes compared to a paper's result. Can anyone help me with this problem please?

What is the practical operating frequency of FEMTOCELL. What kind of antenna (arrays) is used in the recent models and what is the range?

I am doing a project in power reduction of OFDM signals. Can anyone suggest ways to calculate power spectral density and the reason why the curve mostly starts at 0dB?

IO cells are the Input and output controllers inside an integrated circuit.So they are basically used for the flow of data in and out of the chip.

Three types of circuits are there.. 1. analog 2. digital 3. mixed circuits

This question is dual to the question below that I asked a few hours ago:

There, we began thinking what would happen when connecting the input voltage source in parallel to another voltage source (the output of a voltage follower) what was quite confusing for traditional thinking electrician and not so for electronics specialists. Here, we would like to know what happens if we connect the input current source in series to another current source (the dual situation). We would like to know it since we have the feeling that this is a powerful idea in electronics-:) Well, let's begin thinking...

It is obvious that we should apply the input current to the input of a current amplifier (e.g., a BJT) and to take the output current from its output. But we are curious enough to (try to) "blow" the input current into the output of the current amplifier (the BJT collector) and to take the collector voltage as an output. And we ask the same confusing questions:

Is this arrangement (two current sources connected in series) possible and correct from the basic electricity viewpoint? What would be the sense of this nonsensical connection? Can we use it somewhere in electronics? Can we see it in some existing circuit solutions? Can we see this idea in our life? Can we generalize it as a fundamental (particularly, circuit) principle?

BTW we have already managed to "blow" the input current into the collector of a BJT by applying a parallel-parallel negative feedback

but here we mustn't apply a negative feedback. Then?

As in the dual question, I have given a hint with the same attached picture. If this is not sufficient, look again at the link below:

I warn again: do not consider these speculations as an absolute truth; they show only my personal viewpoint at this phenomenon...

Does any one know the PDF of sum of generalized gamma distribution?

If X is a generalized gamma, then X multiply a constant A, AX is also an generalized gamma? What is it parameters respectively?

Camera gives live thermal streaming but I am unable to store image. I have tried the available options on internet.

This is what I have achieved so far.

It has been recently claimed that D2D communication in LTE-A (Rel 12+) will establish direct communication with the device in its proximity (UE) and can have many potential advantages e.g., increased network spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, reduced transmission delay, offloaded traffic for BS and less congestion in cellular core network. In contrast, there are various anticipated challenges, for example Device discovery. D2D session setup, D2D resource allocation, D2D MIMO transmission and D2D-aided BS deployment in HetNets (Heterogeneous Networks).

Keeping this in view, can somebody shed light on possible differences between D2D communication and existing wireless transmission techniques such as WiFi Direct, Bluetooth, UWB? How is it different than these existing ones?

I have a GNSS RF chip. I should connect the RF pin to an antenna connector with a 50 ohm microstrip transmission line.

I calculated the RF track width and printed the PCB

Now I want to measure the track impedance to verify calculation and design.

Is there any measurement device for that?

*The frequency of RF signal is about 1.5GHz.

The extremely interesting and topical questions below were about the rift between digital and analog circuits

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Did_the_digital_versus_analog_game_come_to_end?

But the human aspects engendered by this "war" are even more important for us, human beings, living and working in this continously changing environment. This "digitalization" makes a tremendous impact on the electronics, particularly on electronics education. In addition to all the positive sides of this process, there are negative aspects as well...

First of all, this tendency has imposed the domination of the formal approach in technical education. Making circuits digital, miniaturizing and enclosing them in packages, and interacting with them by means of software (e.g., FPGA) has apparently eliminated the need of technical abilities, a natural aptitude to technics (simply, the vocation for mastering something material, e.g., real circuits, with his/her own hands). This gives a chance to students that are averse to technics to enter technical universities at the expense of those having a technical vocation. For example, students graduated mathematical, philological, trading and other non-technical schools can easily enter Technical university of Sofia by solving a few mathematical problems without any proof of their technical aptitudes). In the Computer systems department, where I teach basic, digital and microcomputer circuitry, our students become sooner a kind of "informatics" specialists than real engineers...

Of course, the same sorry truth can be said about teachers and university lecturers. The abstract digital ground gives an excellent opportunity for those of them having no technical sense, abilities and vocation, to work in technical departments where to build "brilliant" courses and to carry out "striking" lections analyzing circuits by applying sophisticated formal methods without understanding circuit phenomena. I have noted the sorry truth that I can talk with my colleagues about anything but only without circuits...

This topic is considered in the interesting materials below kindly given by Prof. Lutz von Wangenheim:

It is interesting to predict what will be the results of this process...

How can I use cooperative spectrum sensing to eliminate primary user emulation attacks in cognitive radio networks using energy detection?

My question regards the real necessity to have subframe (3GPP Rel. 12) or slot (3GPP Rel. 13) aligned transmissions in the unlicensed band.

According to TR 36.889: "Channel reservation refers to the transmission of signals, by an LAA node, after gaining channel access via a successful LBT operation, so that other nodes that receive the transmitted signal with energy above a certain threshold sense the channel to be occupied." This signal is transmitted until the next subframe or slot boundary is reached so that transmissions are aligned.

The channel reservation signal defined by the 3GPP standard adds an overhead to LTE-LAA transmissions that impact on its performance. If there were no necessity for any kind of time alignment to the PCell the SCell performance could be increased.

Therefore, my question is, what would be the possible implications to all LTE layers if the transmissions were not aligned at all? 

I need materials in any form regarding antenna pattern in Opnet for learning purpose.Your help would be highly appreciated.

As we know that larger the battery capacity, the longer your drone can function in one single charge of it. Small drones are normally best suited for 20 to 30 minutes flight.Our requirements are beyond this i.e longer flight on a single charge.

So what are the possible ways to overcome this issues and to prolong the flight of a small drone?

What could be the maximum distance that one can control a UAV from?

Hi All,

Currently, I have designied a simple 2-way power divider based on Gap Waveguide technology (simply, it is quite similar to the conventional waveguide but without sidewalls) operates at 30 GHz (millimetre-wave band). The power divider is designed depending on coupling between resonators. Although changing the topology many times, the isolation between output ports a bad.

Please, in such power dividers what is the key of controlling the isolation.. And what do you suggest to increase the isolation between output ports?

Regards,

Bahaa

Please can anybady help me.

I'm working on connecting the USRP N210 to my laptop.

When I connect my USRP N210 radio to the NIC on my host computer directly with an Ethernet Cable status is Network cale unplugged (Realtek PCle FE Family Controller). I do not understand from which reason it happens.

USRP Radio hava a default IP address od 192.168.10.2. Also, sebnet mask is set to default (255.255.255.0). When I check windows - radio connection by ping command with IP address of the radio everithing is OK. But when I chech Subnet Values on Host and Radio connection Is not good.

Please help, what I'm doing wrong?

Can somebody reference me publications showing the design of ADC (pipeline or SAR) working in sub-sampling mode (IF subsampling in wireless receivers), whereas the ADCs has larger analog input bandwidth then its own sample-rate, this means, the ADC works in higher Nyquist bands (>10).

I found the IEEE SSC Publications of Ahmed Ali (ADI, NC) showing a 14b pipeline ADC with 125MS/s with up to 500MHz BW (8th Nyquist band) from JSSC 2006 and a 16b pipeline ADC with 250MS/s with 300MHz analog-BW (3rd Nyquist band).

And some 10b pipeline ADCs from China: Jian Li (JSSC 2008) with 30MS/s with BW=30MHz (2nd Nyquist Band) and Chen Lijie (2010) with 50MS/s with BW=50MHz (2nd Nyquist Band).

Subsampling operation SAR ADCs I found only two: Shuo-Wei Michael Chen (UC Berkeley) from JSSC 2006 with 6b 600MS/s SAR with BW=4GHz (13th Nyquist Band) and Michael Trakimas (Tufts Univ, MA) with 10b 10MS/s SAR with BW=25MHz (5th Nyquist band) from 2013 (IEEE CaS-I.).

Can somebody advice me some more subsampling-mode (IF sub-sampling) ADC from the literature?

Thank you in advance.

Richard

I am building a VLC system. A DMT signal (300MHz) from AWG directly modulates my LED. The LED is of SMD type mounted on a MC-PCB. I have transferred the DMT signal from AWG onto a 50 ohm trace on another PCB (via SMA jacks). 

How can I connect the signal from trace with SMD LED terminals. The trace is locate don another PCB and LED is mounted on a separate MC-PCB. Can I use a simple copper wire to connect the trace and the LED terminals? For RF applications coaxial are preferable. Should I use a coaxial cable for connection between the LED and trace?

i want to analyze the vibration modes (natural frequency) inside of a tapered rod of aluminum of one end 10mm diameter and other was 1mm diameter.please if you have a solution please let me know it. 

Also, does Open Vswitch OVS release that through VLan and bonding?

While teaching op-amp circuits, which is the best way to explain the working of op-amp? I think the nullor model is useful.

As we all know - there is a variety of different types and working principles for chaotic oscillators. But I have only limited information on their practical use.

So - I am looking for a "list" of application examples (not only theoretical).. 

Which one is more promising, network-assisted D2D or without network D2D communication? It's generally said that in D2D communication the two devices communicate directly using highly directional antennas keeping the out-of-band emission very low. Finally, is it related to cooperative diversity in any way?

Hi,

I tried doing the CE BJT VI characteristics in the laboratory. However, I could not get the curves (both input and output chara). The following are the problems faced:

1) Input Chara - The base current keeps on increasing (even before the base emitter voltage reached 0.7V, base emitter current flows) - typical diode curve behaviour is not seen

2) Output Chara - The collector current is not flowing in the circuit (with increase in the collector voltage)

The BJT is working fine, so do the meters to measure current.

Please suggest a practical laboratory circuit to obtain the CE BJT VI chara.

Regards,

Raghu

i simulate a bow tie antenna but i cant see the same results as main paper. i think its excitation is wrong. would any one help me?

i attach the main paper with its simulation

thanks

I am doing my research in RFID tag design.Now I want to know how to make  an

equivalent circuit model of the designed tag. Also I want to know, how to export equivalent circuit from CST simulation software

Thanks

When discussing whether there is a connection between the transistor common-base stage and the op-amp inverting amplifier...

... Prof. Lutz von Wangenheim gave as an example the so-called "current feedback amplifier" (CFA). I have ever met this weird device, but I did not pay attention to it because I just did not understand what the hell all these absurd connections were (an output to output instead to input?) contradicting the simple engineering logic. Now it was enough to cast a glance at its internal circuit diagram (the attached picture below) to be amazed and admire this great circuit solution! This was a chain of ingenious ideas, a real "necklace of diamonds"! Just to see how beautiful, simple and symmetrical its circuit diagram is enough to admire it!

It was very interesting for me to see in this "cocktail" of famous circuit solutions some useful implementations of basic circuit ideas that have arisen for consideration in a number of previous questions:

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Can_we_apply_the_input_voltage_to_the_output_of_a_voltage_follower_instead_to_its_input_and_to_take_the_current_as_an_output_Is_it_correct (the general idea)

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Can_we_see_the_negative_feedback_principle_in_the_operation_of_the_common-base_stage_Can_we_think_of_it_as_of_a_disturbed_common-collector_stage (the specific transistor idea)

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Can_we_apply_an_input_current_to_the_collector_of_a_BJT_whose_base_is_held_at_a_constant_voltage_and_to_take_the_collector_voltage_as_an_output (the general dynamic load idea)

http://www.circuit-fantasia.com/my_work/conferences/cs_2005/paper1.htm (dynamic load implementations)

http://www.circuit-fantasia.com/my_work/conferences/cs_2005/paper2.htm (the differential dynamic load idea and its implementations)

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_does_biasing_mean_and_how_is_it_implemented_in_electronic_circuits (the ubiquitous biasing idea)

But what was my surprise when browsing through reputable sources? I noticed that instead of being made related to the classical tricks widely used in transistor circuits, the current feedback amplifier is presented as something completely new. I have not met even a hint of the existence of such famous circuit ideas like "common-base" and "common-collector" configurations, "dynamic load", "bootstrapping", instead, I read direct statements like "the inverting input is its low-impedance output terminal" (http://www.analog.com/library/analogdialogue/anniversary/22.html). But I would be very interested to see the look on the face of the ordinary (unenlightened in the intricacies of the circuit "handicraft") reader when he/she reads that the input of the circuit is... its output!

So, my suggestion is to try unveiling the clever secrets behind CFA as we go back in the past and try to recreate, step-by-step, the way its creators (David Nelson, Kenneth, Saller Bill Gross etc) were thinking when inventing it. If you allow me, I can start the discussion by exposing below my story about the possible reasons for originating this clever circuit solution.

Recently I am trying to reverse engineering circuit of the torque sensor (attached pictures), that compromises of two TI op-amp, two regulators, AD685 for compatibility with HART protocol. But it's a sort of very time consuming and I have always been willing  to learn how to design these kinds of analog circuits. I really appreciate if anyone may show me a schematic circuit of this type of circuits. This will be a big help to me. 

Thank you all 

I need to do network reconfiguration in distribution for that i need to form loops using tie switches. So how to for loops using Lp and Lq vectors?

As shown in the attached file, the pins have been connected as follows:

PIN 1: +15V                         PIN 2: -15V

PIN 3: output to DAQ           PIN 4: Ground

PIN 5: Primary Input            PIN 6: Primary output

But for pin 3, do I have to put a resistor for the output?

Also, how do I calibrate the current sensor, that is, is there any equation so that I check the output and that I can implement it in my interface?

If i am measuring PWM signals from the micro-controller and for simulation process DC-link of the rectifier can be calculated by knowing the modulation index . is there anyway to calculate or to visualize the modulation index from the measure PWM signals ? If the supply voltage is given ? 

I am doing research on antenna Design and I need some information about the materials used for antenna design...

One reviewer required that"Proof that the results a OFDM signal are the chaotic signals. " But we cannot. We think the OFDM signal is not the chaotic signal. But we cannot gave some detailed illustration. Please help me.

I've seen papers for both, which makes me quite confused. I guess it might depend on its application or modulation mechanism? I wonder if there is any detailed derivation for velocity matching?

While trying to run a parameter sweep in CST, I observed that for one particular value of the paramater I a getting some strange S21 characteristics. There are certain suden spikes in the curve at a particular frequency.

Could anyone clarify why this is happenning? Note that this happens here for one particular value of a parameter (gap = 0.13). For gap = 0.1 and 0.16 things seems okay. Is there any problem in my simulation procedure? Awaiting your valuable suggestions.

PS: I am trying to design a transition here from a planar patch structure to a Dielectric Waveguide.

S2(1),1(1) represents transmission to 1st mode in Waveguide port from Microstrip line port and S2(2),1(1) repesents that to the 2nd mode.

i want brief details about reflection coefficient vs frequency in antennas. for a good antenna, if reflection coefficient is more or less

I have a task to Implement boundry scan and Verify IO Pads of My design using P1500 Bcell, But as we dont have dedicated state machine for P1500 protocol as we have for 1149.1 protocol. so I want to use 1149.1 state machine and p1500 Bcell at IO pad level so is it possible??

I am not getting exact signal mapping from 1149.1 to 1500 protocol.

If anyone knows about this then let me know please....

In few recorders we not use transducers and in few of them we use. So, i want to know that what are the advantages or disadvantages.

Please comment related to details of sensors also which is used in a hybrid recorders.

In a basic pursuit problem comprising of a l-1 regularizer term, there can be more than 1 solution due to lack of uniqueness of solution. Will it mean that Basic pursuit denoising problem is not convex due to multiple global minimas

(LASI - Layout System for Individuals)

How to use non parabolic band approximation for the analysis of interband effects of electrons for plasmonic device application?

In the random acccess procedure of LTE, to mitigate the congestion in physical random access channel, the standard adopts the Uniform backoff scheme. The backoff window size is indicated by  Backoff Indicator, which is a system parameter broadcasted by eNodeB.

My question is: How does eNodeB select Backoff Indicator? Does the standard give any scheme to select Backoff inidcator?

Given a subframe, N Resource blocks are assigned to a particular D2D user (DUE). What is the best method of modeling? I am following the approach here as : (assumption)

NRB = 44; Timeslot = 64;

% RA = Resource Allocation (Real + Imag)

% RA_real shows the sub-carrier allocation (NRB)

% RA_imag shows the timeslot (note that 2-RB = 1 Resource for D2D device a.k.a DRB)

RA = randi([1,NRB], 1, N_D2D_devices) + randi([1,Timeslot/2], 1, N_D2D_devices).*i;

Any suggestions if it is right?

2. How to calculate the RSSI for it?

3. If DRB (0 + 0i to 0+1i) is dedicated for DRB 1for transmitting beacon of DUE-1, hence what will be interfering parameters for DUE-1. i.e. I think DUE-1 won't be able to hear any other member who occupies the same subcarrier because of full-duplex?

We have the circuit hooked up to an arduino uno. We are using the frequency counter function in the arduino uno. We are using a 10 MHz Gold AT-cut crystal (from Gamry). 

When placing a small drop of buffer solution (30 uL) on the crystal, the resonant frequency increases to 15 MHz. How is this possible and why is it occurring?

any body please suggest in problem.

i choosen general formulae for optical communication

pr=pt*exp(-cr)/(r^2*(theta)^2). in this equation power values are too high comparing to transmitting power even in 10meters. but in papers mostly underwater communication this formula using.can any one help for this doubt .please if i try to plot it starting from 10^8watts orders even i am giving single oder powers10 Watts

Hi, I am doing my research in supercapacitor. I have planned to use a pervoskite material as dielectric. So help me to deposit any pervoskite material on my substrate.

The channels between BSs and users are generated with a normalized Rayleigh fading component and a distance-dependent path loss, modeled as PL(dB)=148.1+37.6log10(d) with 8dB log-normal shadowing. The transmit antenna power gain at each BS is 10dBi.

The idea consist to create a switcher from a power divider using varactor diodes to adjust impedance adaptation. For a 6 ways power divider, four outputs works well but two output don't work despite the same condition used for worked outputs.

The structure is symmetric and has a cylinder shape.

the LEACH protocol is divided into rounds . Each round is divided into setup phase and steady  state phase. The power equations deal with steady state phase is known, but what about the power equations that's related to the setup phase .....

HI

I just found an bootstrapped sample/hold circuit from a text book. I have simulated the same. I need to calculate SNR, SNDR and ENOB for the same

Input at 5MHz, sampled at 100MHz

How can I do that on cadence?

With referring to the topic below