Science topic

Electronics - Science topic

Electronics are the study, control, and application of the conduction of ELECTRICITY through gases or vacuum, or through semiconducting or conducting materials. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Questions related to Electronics
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As per theory the the current can't flow in open circuit . But during working with NCV (Non contact Voltage) tester , it's found that it dectect currect in in open circuit also.
I mean current may be flow in it that's why it can dectect it.
OR some other theory or fact i.e i don't know .
Please explain this...
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In theory, AC current does not flow in an open circuit because there is no closed path for the current to complete its circuit. However, in practical scenarios, some effects can create the appearance of current flow under certain conditions.
In real-world AC systems, the following phenomena may lead to nonzero effects even in an “open circuit”:
Capacitive Coupling
Leakage Currents
Electromagnetic Induction
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Dear Researchers :
Hello all, I hope someone could help me :)
How, o where, I can find the property: "Electrolyte conductivity" for the two materials I am using in Comsol Multiphysics, to model a Water Electrolyser.
The two materials in question are:
Platinum
Iridium Oxide (IrO2)
I am working with the Fuel Cells and Electrolyser modules of Comsol Multiphysics ver. 6.1
To tell the truth I don't even know what the "Electrolyte conductivity" for a solid material is.
I pulled out the domain conditions of "H2 Gas Diffusion Electrode" and "O2 Gas Difussion Electrode", to be able to taje into account my two catalysed electrodes, making a sandwich with the PEM Membrane.
But Comsol ask me to fill into the "Electrolyte conductivity" of each one
Or does ir is correct to use the same exact value as for the Electrical Conductivity of the material ??
I'm attaching an image
Thanks friends, I'll appreciate it !
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Dear Franklin:
Nafion is not only a 'membrane' but also a 'binder' in an electrolyzer, that is, to prepare the catalyst ink, one will mix the Pt or Ir with Nafion solution in an alcohol system). In that case, Nafion will help to transport ions (such as protons) inside the catalyst layer, i.e., the Pt and Ir layers you mentioned. Hence, I guess you can use the electrolyte conductivity of Nafion as the EC of the two catalyst layers.
Tips: Electrolyte conductivity is totally different from the electrical conductivity for the same material. The electrolyte conductivity refers exclusively to the ion conduction. But the electrical conductivity contains electrolyte and electron conductivity, hence it has a larger scope. Unfortunately, the 'electrical conductivity' is abused in many fields, so people are misguided. I think the 'electrical conductivity' of Pt and Ir you mentioned refers only to the 'electron conductivity'.
For example, electrons can be transported in a Cu wire due to a potential difference, but ions cannot. So we can say Cu has high electron conductivity but low electrolyte conductivity. On the contrary, ions can be transported in an ionomer system, but electrons cannot, which means the ionomer has high electrolyte conductivity but low electron conductivity. However, these two materials both have high electrical conductivity.
Best regards! :D
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Dear all,
Hoping for ideas / suggestions for unclogging metallic fluid / paste dispense nozzles.
Currently we have a metallic dispense nozzle clogged with silver conductive adhesive.
We have tried using an ultrasonic bath with both fixed and pulsed modes in acetone, along with use of micro wire brushes (smaller diameter versions on order).
Thank you in advance,
Jules
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Thank you James Garry ... we'll try this (the hot acetone, not the super-critical CO2).
Still open to other suggestions too.
Maybe an add-on... open to preventative measures too. We've increased the nozzle diameter by 20%, which helped reduce the frequency, but we still encounter blockages.
Jules
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IEEE 2024 6th International Conference on Electronics and Communication, Network and Computer Technology (ECNCT 2024) will be held in Guangzhou on July 19-21, 2024.
Conference Webiste: https://ais.cn/u/NbyUja
---Call For Papers---
The topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to:
Communication Technology
Computer Engineering
Network Engineering and Application Technology
Intelligent System
Information Science
Image Processing
Application Technology
6th Generation Networks
Access Networks
Advances in Internet Protocols
Real Time Communication Services
Signal Processing for Communications
Optical Networking
Web Services and Service Oriented Architectures
Electronic control technology
Other Related topics
---Publiation---
All accepted full papers will be published in IEEE (ISBN: 979-8-3503-6614-3) andwill be submitted to IEEE Xplore, EI Compendex, Scopus and Inspec for indexing.
Important Dates:
Full Paper Submission Date: May 5,2024
Registration Date: June 30, 2024
Final Paper Submission Date: : June 30, 2024
Conference Dates: July 17-19, 2024
For More Details please visit:
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definitely yes
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I am interested in transparent materials (resins/glues) that are easy to apply, are fully submersible in salt water (20 - 30 cm depth), and have a refractive index (once hardened) as close to glass as possible. The cameras I need to waterproof weigh < 2 g and are similar in size to a smartphone camera. Thank you for any and all suggestions!
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'Morning Martha,
I should have added a little footnote - depending on the camera, another approach is to pot the camera but to leave the window/lens free.
Reason being, if you pot the lens as well, you've then got to;
a) cast a flat surface (not hard, but...)
b) account for the distortion of having a 1.45 index material - of differing thickness - infront of the lens.
I'd be inclined to pot the electronics, paint the epoxy up to the edge of the window/lens, and no further.
Might need some preparation of the lens/window - but that depends on the nature of the materials.
Can you share a pic/diagram of the camera itself?
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Kindly help me by providing the values of electronic properties (bandgap, electron and hole density of states, dielectric permittivity and electron and hole mobilities) of Niobium Nitride (NbN) at room temperature and cryogenic temperature application. It would be of great help for my study.
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I'm looking for NQR properties of Niobium Nitride in various phase (crystal structure).
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1) For conformal coating on electronics, what will happen if there is a very thin coating of say only 1-5 micrometers with process point of view?
2) Will this solve the purpose of environmental protection and basic insulation?
3) Will this thin layer be fragile to be handled during processing?
4) Will there be any fouling of this layer during its application?
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Without knowing the nature of this proposed coating, it's very difficult to say.
Certainly, Parylene is applied in thicknesses in that range, and can tolerate modest handling.
It all depends on what the material is and what, exactly, it is being applied to.
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When we Launch rocket to put our satellite in orbit , how it is put in orbit so accurately? Because as I know their are debries in Leo, Meo & Geo so how they find their way out by going through debries , are their any radars to detect the debries , how they avoid this debries ??
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Thank You very much Ram Tenneti !!
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how many matched filter is require for MPsk Bpsk and mqam Mfsk Dpskand why?
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Matched filters are used in digital communications for efficient detection of transmitted signals in the presence of noise and interference. The number of matched filters required for a particular modulation scheme depends on the complexity of the modulation and the number of bits carried by each symbol.
In general, for a digital modulation scheme with M possible symbols, M matched filters are required to detect the transmitted signals. Here's how this applies to the modulation schemes you mentioned:
BPSK (binary phase shift keying): BPSK is a type of PSK modulation where the phase of the carrier signal is shifted by 180 degrees for different symbols. Since there are only two possible symbols (0 and 1), only 2 matched filters are required.
M-PSK (phase shift keying with M symbols): In M-PSK modulation, the phase of the carrier signal is shifted by different angles for each of the M symbols. Therefore, M matched filters are required.
M-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation with M symbols): M-QAM modulation combines both amplitude and phase modulation to transmit M symbols. For M-QAM, there are typically two matched filters per symbol, one for the in-phase (I) component and one for the quadrature (Q) component. Therefore, 2M matched filters are required.
M-FSK (frequency shift keying with M symbols): In M-FSK modulation, the frequency of the carrier signal is shifted to represent M different symbols. For M-FSK, M matched filters are required.
DPSK (differential phase shift keying): In DPSK modulation, the phase difference between consecutive symbols is used to represent the data. Only one matched filter is required for DPSK since there are only two possible phase differences (0 and 180 degrees).
In summary, the number of matched filters required for a particular modulation scheme depends on the number of symbols and the complexity of the modulation. For M-PSK, M-FSK, and M-QAM, the number of matched filters required is equal to the number of symbols, while for BPSK and DPSK, only 2 and 1 matched filter(s) are required, respectively.
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If we have a diode with p-type (Germanium) and n-type ( Silicon), then what will be the formula to find the built in potential?
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Thank you, everyone.
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I have had previous experience with an EVOM for measuring TEER across Caco-2 transwells but it seemed to me like it was just an over priced multimeter. Has anyone tried using a conventional multimeter for this purpose? I called Corning and they seemed to think it would work... but they didn't seem very confident in what I was asking about.
Thanks,
Jordan
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I tested a quality and sensitive multimeter and it killed barrier in my Caco-2 cells. Most likely that the meters use much higher voltage and use DC rather than the micro-volt AC that the TEER machines use. Even then, the numbers that it was giving were way off what my TEER machine was giving, despite my confirming the performance of the multimeter with store-bought resistors.
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I want to know your thoughts, experience and suggested literature on the topic of the best way to develop a new electronics product in today's world.
1. What are the steps a designer should take in the process of developing a new electronics product? Why? How?
2. What should he strive to accomplish in each development step? What should the results be?
3. What tools should he use to enchance his work?
4. Where can he learn more about the suggested development process?
Thank you all in advance for helping all the young and aspiring engineers with your knowledge
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A major key is to understand basic electronic fundamentals. This would provide a foundation for new products.
The YouTube video clips about electronics, labeled NDAcademy, provide that foundation.
The website "Electronics.FoxPing.com" provides links to those YouTube video clips.
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I'm getting repetitively negative open circuit potentials(OCP) vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode for some electrodes during the OCP vs. time measurements using an electrochemical workstation. What's the interpretation of a negative open circuit potential? Moreover, I also have noticed that it got more negative on illumination. What's the reason behind it? Are there some references? Please help.
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Dear Dr. Ayan Sarkar ,
as I said in a similar question, long-term change of corrosion potential (open-circuit potential) reflects a change in a corrosion system because the change in corrosion potential depends on the change in one or both of the anodic and cathodic reactions. For example, an increase in corrosion potential can be attributed to a decrease in the anodic reaction with the growth of a passive film or the increase in the cathodic reaction with an increase in dissolved oxygen. A decrease in corrosion potential can be attributed to an increase in the anodic reaction or a decrease in the cathodic reaction. The monitoring of corrosion potential is therefore often carried out (ISO 16429, 2004; JIS T 6002). For the test solution, saline, phosphate buffer saline, Ringer solution, culture medium, serum and artificial saliva are typically used. The corrosion potential of the specimen can be monitored against a reference electrode using an electrometer with high input impedance (1011 Ω ~ 1014 Ω) or a potentiostat.
For more details, please see the source: Monitoring of corrosion potential by S. Hiromoto, in Metals for Biomedical devices, 2010.
The most widely used electrochemical method of determining the corrosion rate is the Stern-Geary method which allows to evaluate the corrosion current (i corr), an essential parameter from which to derive the corrosion rate of the material in that particular environment.
My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.
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With which Industry 4.0 technologies it is possible to improve system solutions for saving electricity in order to increase the scale of energy security?
Technologies typical of the current fourth technological revolution and Industry 4.0 have been developed and implemented in various sectors of the economy since the end of the last century. Technologies typical of the current fourth technological revolution and new technologies Industry 4.0 are used, among others also in the field of creating new solutions increasing the scope of energy savings. In view of the developing energy crisis, this is a particularly important issue at present. The key technologies of Industry 4.0 include: technologies improving analytical processes such as Big Data Analytics, Business Intelligence, Data Science, besides also cloud computing, artificial intelligence, learning machines, Internet of Things, robotics, horizontal and vertical data system integration, multi-criteria models simulation, digital twins, additive manufacturing, Blockchain, 5G, smart technologies, cybersecurity technologies, Virtual and Augmented Reality and other technologies of computerized multi-criteria data processing Data Mining. With the help of the above-mentioned Industry 4.0 technologies, it is possible to improve system solutions for saving electricity and / or heat as well as management systems for economical energy consumption, intelligent production of energy generated from various sources, energy security management systems, failure risk and energy blackout management systems, etc. The issue of improvement management systems for both energy production and its economical consumption is now particularly important in the context of the current energy crisis. In the future, not only subsequent energy and economic crises will increase the importance of using new technologies in order to increase the scale of energy saving, increase energy efficiency, energy storage, and build new sources of clean energy. In the future, the developing climate crisis will also increase the importance of this issue, as climate warming will generate greater energy consumption, e.g. by increasing the scale of installing cooling devices in various buildings.
In view of the above, I would like to address the following question to the Distinguished Community of Researchers and Scientists:
With which Industry 4.0 technologies it is possible to improve system solutions for saving electricity in order to increase the scale of energy security?
What is your opinion on this topic?
Please reply,
I invite everyone to the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Kind regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Optimizing energy consumption is always an effective method of reducing costs. The efficiency of which is greatly enhanced by the use of Industry 4.0 technologies.
Information systems that combine manufacturing assets, controls, and analytics into a single ecosystem enable enterprises to track, measure and visualize energy use in real time.
By analyzing the data obtained, you can find the optimal balance between performance, energy consumption and equipment wear. Also, based on the analysis, a corporate policy is developed that ensures the efficient use of resources.
In light of global initiatives to reduce the role of natural resources in industry, the relevance of energy management systems is only increasing. This is also evidenced by the numbers. According to forecasts, the global EMS market may reach $ 62.3 billion by 2023.
Energy Management 4.0
With the help of IT solutions, it is possible to create maximum value from the minimum amount of resources.
These Industry 4.0 principles also apply to energy management:
– reducing consumption where appropriate;
– creation of added value and economic value;
– increasing the overall performance of the equipment;
– availability, stability and quality of supply;
– reduction in the volume of maintenance;
– extension of service life and reduction of risks for key assets of the enterprise.
The implementation of such a strategy requires the coordination of many business processes. We will have to create a multi-level monitoring system that will collect and process data on assets, operations, supply and consumption flows.
Each level of such an intelligent system will open access to tools for influencing the energy efficiency of production. To ensure that EMS works effectively, it is necessary to take into account the interests of individual lines of business, corporate units and even external stakeholders. At the same time, it is critically important to maintain a centralized approach to optimizing energy management, avoiding a shift in focus to solving local problems.
Energy efficiency in practice
In theory, the process of creating and maintaining effective energy management measures seems complex. In reality, digital transformation has provided access to a host of energy management software tools.
Let’s consider some areas of application of Industry 4.0 technologies.
The Industrial Internet of Things is the foundation for building an energy management system. The Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) connects all the smart objects involved in the production chain. Data from sensors, meters and planners form a coherent picture. You see the consideration of real energy costs and the role of energy in the cost of production, the vulnerability of production and directions for optimization.
Big Data is a tool for interpreting streaming data into useful information. Powerful analytics tools help you make informed, cost-effective decisions faster. Given the growing number of data sources, such technologies will become indispensable in energy management.
Augmented Reality is a promising method for modeling and visualization. Today, augmented reality is increasingly being used to create open energy management systems for industrial environments. The technology provides opportunities for demonstrating large amounts of data in real time and remotely attracting experts to solve problems in the service sector.
Blockchain is a tool for increasing the traceability and reliability of data storage. The technology allows for the creation of an immutable history of energy transactions, provides unprecedented accuracy and reliability of cost analysis. Blockchain is already being used in industry to organize diversified supplies of renewable electricity without the involvement of intermediaries. Each technology can be critical in organizing energy management in an enterprise, saving resources and increasing production profitability. The main thing is to avoid mistakes when implementing EMS.
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Normal car uses Radiatior system to cool down the engine system. But in Electric vehicle that there is no nead of radiators i think.
Someboby told me electric vehicles using heatsink. Please clarify what type of heatsink is used and how heat in Electric vehicle is controlled.
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Hello Nekin Joshua ,
You can find the answer to your question on the Internet by simply typing the phrase "do electric vehicles have radiators" into the Google search field. One of the most important EV components that needs to have its temperature regulated is the battery. If the battery overheats, it can catch fire or explode. Most EV batteries are liquid cooled with the heat dissipated by a radiator.
Regards,
Tom Cuff
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I have a query :
I had written a paper few months ago and its prepreint is floating online.
Query: I want to add more additional results along with modeling in that paper and submit it to some other journal. Can I do the same because a preprint is already floating online? Won't it count in the plagiarism count by the detector? I mean I know preprint is also my earlier version of the same paper but software dont.
Kindly help me with this.
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Dear Prof. Amit Das,
Preprints are defined as an author’s version of a research manuscript prior to formal peer review at a journal, which is deposited on a public server. ResearchGate (RG) said about "Preprints": "early-stage research" and "Draft paper before peer review".
On the other side, RG is not a publisher and, in turn, uploaded unpublished text is not regarded as a publication. Hence, a preprint is an author's own original or draft version of their paper before any peer review has taken place and before it is published. As soon as it's posted, a preprint becomes a permanent part of the scientific record and, in turn, it can be citable with its own unique DOI.
Now, before answering this valuable question of Prof. Aijaz Panhwar, please let me give my own opinion about the preprint dilemma (مُعضلة ما قبل الطباعة):
I have a different perspective on uploading any preprint anywhere before it has been published. Why do you let others know about your insights and methodologies before publication? You should avoid telling the other researchers about the details of any one of your papers until it has been published and seeing your name by yourself. You may say that I am somewhat old-fashioned, but I have a different perspective on uploading any preprint anywhere before it has been published by your name. My advice is not to put your research anywhere until it is published. It is a security issue:
  • Your manuscript may be copied and then published by others before you can do that. This stealing of your paper might be happening. So, you must wait until the paper is accepted and then published in that journal. Then, upload that research item on any platform you wish.
  • You should avoid telling the other researchers about the details of any one of your papers until it has been published and you are seeing your name by yourself.
  • A journal may have automated plagiarism software to check the paper before admitting it to the reviewing process. There are chances that your paper can get a rejection at any point. Thus, to avoid this problem. Publish the preprint after you got the paper as "ACCEPTED".
  • There may be a "cold war" between the professors of a given department. They do not like to discuss ideas as others will "steal" them and publish an article on them without giving credit to the one from whom they got the idea. My suggestion is to keep your work "private" and share it only with those who are really interested.
  • Academic publishing remains a competitive process. If someone else has recently published a paper very similar to mine, mine is less likely to be accepted. So although I may share my topic, I prefer to keep my methodology, findings, and discussion private, until published in a peer-reviewed journal. So, there is a high chance that someone may claim your idea as theirs!
  • Preprint gives a false feeling of security. Personally, I would always wait until the paper is accepted by the editor of a journal. After that, I can post it as a regular research item on any platform you wish.
  • A reminder for all respected researchers: Don't put any research, including preprint, anywhere until you are certain that it is published and tagged with your name. The information presented in the preprint is potentially available to be stolen and republished. There is also a chance that someone may plagiarize your paper!
Finally, for the coming future, do not upload any paper anywhere until it is published with your name. Even if it is a "preprint"! For the time being, If you had done something like that as a "preprint", for instance, I advise you to delete the preprint from any elsewhere and wait for two months before sending the paper to any journal.
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how one can estimate the drain area?
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Using the Electric VLSI design software, you can design any MOSFET by defining the main parameters such as the length and width of your device. Drain area extraction and many other parameters can then be performed using the desired technology node and the Spice simulator.
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Hi researchers!
I am interesting in areas of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Signal Processing and electronics.
Now some researchers are using artificial intelligence, machine learning, and signal processing to build powerful three-level platforms to help meet project goals.
So to go forward in research, it is very important to find new project on actual fields of research.
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Many Thanks Shima Shafiee for your useful answers.
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the question in the paper is related to vehicle electronics and vehicle control. i am stuck on how to approch such questions so gaining an insight on how to approach will be helpful. thanks
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Muhtashim Altaf MATLAB tutorial might help
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What is the band gap of MWCNT (not SWCNT)? Is it near about 2eV? 
If not, what could be it's electronic property? Are MWCNTs metalic like zigzag SWCNT or semiconductor or insulator?
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Yes, you can be using the SE technique, it is a perfect tool for this measurement.
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I plan to divide my long research article(simulation + mathematical) into two parts, but I am clueless about how to do this. (I can not separate the simulation and mathematical analysis)
I have a few questions regarding the same
1) Do I need to show the common mathematics in both parts?
2) Can the introduction be the same?
3) Can some explanations remain the same in both parts?
Can someone give me the reference of any article divided into two parts?
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Dear Amany Fouad ,
Thanks for the suggestion. I will try to do the same if it can be done in my work.
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Hi, are there any atomistic simulation tools (free or not) like QuantumWise ATK able to perform simulations for molecular devices with more than two ATOMISTIC terminals? I mean: for simulate molecular devices like the one shown in the attached figure?
Thank you very much!
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actually the question is few years old. I found that software like QuantumATK allows you to perform this kind of transmission analysis. Here an example for multi-terminal conduction (4-probe system): https://docs.quantumatk.com/tutorials/low_level_entities/low_level_entities.html
The electrodes (i.e. terminals) in the figure are the gray material and the scattering region the green atoms located in the center.
Thank you for answering,
Kind regards
Chiara Spano
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Hello everyone,
I had written two papers. One of the paper is on analog performance of GAA MOSFET and second one is on bio sensing performance of GAA MOSFET.
Both these papers are simulation based. I had sent them to various journals but unfortunately got rejected due to absence of any device physics( I am working on device physics in my current work-next paper).
I want to know if any Scopus or SCI based journal that can possibly accept these papers. I am really depressed since its been more than a year but its getting rejected. Any Scopus journal will also work but should be recognized.
Please, suggest me some journals seniors and respected people. Kindly help me.
DOMAIN- Electronics(VLSI) and MOSFET based Biosensors
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You can try Silicon.
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Hello,
One of my colleagues is working with piezoelectric components and couldn't find the shock response spectrum for various piezoelectric components. Can anyone please share your idea to deal with the calculation process of shock response spectrum (srs) of piezoelectric components? However, any informative links that contain useful resources or details will be very helpful.
Thank you for your time and guidance.
Best wishes,
Faishal Rahaman
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I have a RG write-up for the impulse excitation of a piezoelectric shock sensor (PSS), which you may find of interest for your current problem, see, . I just uploaded this Method today, 3/2/2022. I hope this helps.
Regards,
Thomas Cuff
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I want to learn about analysis and design of resonant converters but where do I start? Do you have any recommendations about books, articles, webinars, videos that cover this topic and you found it usefull?
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Nedmohan book is the best
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RRAM device has metal/insulator/metal structure, in which insulating layer acts as an active switching layer. I am looking for any correlation between the crystllite size of the active switching layer's nanoparticles with resistive switching mechanism. Does the size of Nanoparticles control the switching mechanism?
Please share some relevant articles.
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Thanks Respected Prof. Abdelhalim abdelnaby Zekry Sir, for your reply and your suggested articles.
Your reply and suggested articles are very helpful
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I need to design a low-pass filter for cryogenic experiment. Ideally the filter should be placed near the sample. However, the sample will be subjected to high field up to 4 Tesla. How much this field will affect the pi-filter and/or RC-filter. The cryogenic temperature will be around 2K.
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Grace Redhyka,
oh, I did not get that your Pi-filter has the inductor, I thought that Pi-filter is only composed from RC components. If there is also a magnetic device - inductor, than its properties critically depends on its core. If it is just an air-core inductor, than its inductance should not depend on external static magnetic field. If it is a feromagnetic-core inductor, than its core will be deeply saturated with 4 Tesla external static field and so that inefficient. Therefore, you should only use an inductor with an air core.
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We have a keithley 2400 SMU in our lab but we can not control it through windows 10 64 bit. Labtracer 2.9 does not support win7 and over.Tektronix releases a software called kickstarter, however, it doesn't support REV C30 series. We want to control it and make special measurements. 
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Suman Kundu Thanks. Enjoy using it and good results!
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Dear All,
I am simulating nanofluids thermal conductivity in which I inserted metal (Cu) nanoparticle in water. Many researchers have done the same thing by inserting metal nanoparticle in solvent to determine the enhanced thermal conductivity.
My query is are we simulating the real system, as MD (done with LAMMPS) only contributes to phonon contribution towards thermal conductivity not electronic and electronic contribution is a major part. Is at nanoscale electronic contribution negligible? PFA few papers. Any kind of help is welcomed. Thanks
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Not my field.
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This paper is a project to build a new function. I will propose a form of this function and I let people help me to develop the idea of this project, and in the same time we will try to applied this function in other sciences as quantum mechanics, probability, electronics …
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Please allow me to follow this question.
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I know the formula to calculate the fukui indices, but still don't know how to find the electronic density from output gaussian file (.log). q(N) ???
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Dear all RG colleagues,
Nice to share an outstanding chapter about Fukui functions and Local softness of Prof. Henry Chermette as attached file. Have a good day@
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Today, sensors are usually interpreted as devices which convert different sorts of quantities (e.g. pressure, light intensity, temperature, acceleration, humidity, etc.), into an electrical quantity (e.g. current, voltage, charge, resistance, capacitance, etc.), which make them useful to detect the states or changes of events of the real world in order to convey the information to the relevant electronic circuits (which perform the signal processing and computation tasks required for control, decision taking, data storage, etc.).
If we think in a simple way, we can assume that actuators work the opposite direction to avail an "action" interface between the signal processing circuits and the real world.
If the signal processing and computation becomes based on "light" signals instead of electrical signals, we may need to replace today's sensors and actuators with some others (and probably the sensor and actuator definitions will also be modified).
  • Let's assume a case that we need to convert pressure to light: One can prefer the simplest (hybrid) approach, which is to use a pressure sensor and then an electrical-to-optical transducer (.e.g. an LED) for obtaining the required new type of sensor. However, instead of this indirect conversion, if a more efficient or faster direct pressure-to-light converter (new type of pressure sensor) is available, it might be more favorable. In near future, we may need to use such direct transducer devices for low-noise and/or high-speed realizations.
(The example may not be a proper one but I just needed to provide a scenario. If you can provide better examples, you are welcome)
Most probably there are research studies ongoing in these fields, but I am not familiar with them. I would like to know about your thoughts and/or your information about this issue.
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After seeing your and other respectable researchers' answers, I am glad I asked this question.
I am really delighted to hear from you the history of an ever-lasting discussion about sensor and actuator definitions. I have always found it annoying that the sensor definition has usually been preferred as a "too specific" definition to serve only for an interface of an electrical/electronic system and an "other" system/medium with different form of signal(s).
Besides, that diiscussion, I can start another one:
There are many commercial integrated devices which are called "sensor"s, although in fact they are not basic sensors but are more complicated small systems which may also include electronic amplifier(s), filter(s), analog-digital-converter, indicators etc. For sure, these are very convenient devices for electronic design, but I think it is not correct to call them "sensor". Such a device employs a basic sensor but besides it provides other supporting electronic stages to aid the electronic designer. I don't know if there is a specific name for such devices.
Thank you again for your additional explanations.
Best regards...
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Journals with review time of 2-4 weeks and publication time of <6 months.Impact factor journals >1.
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Engineering with computers IF=7.9
Soft computing IF=3.6
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Digital versus analog.
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Dear Avinash Kumar sir,
Agreed with Cyril Mechkov and Luciano da F. Costa sir and rest of the answers, I would like to add my point too.
DC is a 100% analog signal (I am assuming that you wanted to ask if a constant voltage is a analog or digital signal). Also a constant signal is only the signal that is periodic in nature but its period is not defined.
Analog signal : Continuous in x and y domain
Digital signal : Discrete in x and y domain
Analog Signal -> Sampling -> Quantization -> Digital Signal
Rest depends upon our perception and usage.
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We had a problem with "negative resistance" since it represented two different types of resistances - "true negative resistance"
and "differential negative resistance"
Now we have a similar problem with "negative impedance" since it represents different things in electronics and electrotechnics...
IN ELECTRONICS, we believe that all natural passive components (resistors, capacitors and inductors) absorbing energy from the input source have "positive impedance" (or simply "impedance"). So, from this viewpoint, the impedances of capacitors and inductors have the same positive signs. Conversely, the artificial electronic circuits - NICs (negative "resistors", negative "capacitors" and negative "inductors"), behaving in an opposite way (adding energy to the input source in the same manner as the according passive components do it), have a true "negative impedance". So, this classification regards to the way of processing energy - "positive impedance" means consuming while "negative impedance" means producing energy; "positive impedance" means "ordinary impedance" while "negative impedance" means something opposite as "inverse impedance", "opposite impedance" or "anti-impedance".
IN ELECTROTECHNICS, they classify the impedance of the reactive elements capacitor and inductor according to their behavior in time when a DC input voltage is applied - "negative impedance" symbolizes an "increasing voltage opposition" while "positive impedance" symbolizes a "decreasing voltage opposition". From this viewpoint, the impedances of capacitors and inductors have opposite signs.
IN ELECTRONICS, BOTH CAPACITORS AND INDUCTORS HAVE POSITIVE IMPEDANCE WHILE IN ELECTROTECHNICS, CAPACITORS HAVE NEGATIVE IMPEDANCE BUT INDUCTORS HAVE POSITIVE IMPEDANCE.
This concept is extremely simple, clear and intuitive if we think in terms of voltages when we apply a constant input voltage to the elementary RC and RL circuit. Then, voltage drops appear across capacitors and inductors; they change in a different (opposite) way through time but both they are voltage drops. Conversely, voltages appear across negative capacitors and inductors; they also change in a different (opposite) way through time but now both they are (electromotive) voltages, not voltage drops.
After these speculations, it is interesting to remember what a negative impedance converter did. What does it convert? Does it make a capacitor behave as an inductor and v.v., an inductor as a capacitor? No, it doesn't. A gyrator can do this magic. A negative impedance converter can make capacitors and inductors behave as sources (negative impedance elements) instead as passive elements having positive impedance:
I have presented these speculations in the archived Wikipedia talk page about negative resistance:
I have inspired to ask this question by the enthusiastic speculations of Tolga Soyata in the related questions about capacitor and inductor:
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Dear Cyril Mechkov sir,
I don't have much idea about the fabrication of ideal voltage source and ideal current source. But I think, ideal voltage source doesn't exists in real. It's only for the comparison purpose just like the ideal diode. But a practical voltage source can be used to made to act as an ideal voltage source if the source resistance (RS)is made smaller as much as possible so that the terminal voltage across the load is almost independent of load resistance. In ideal voltage source, this Rs is zero.
VL= VS*{RL/(RL+RS)}
Similar analysis can be made for an ideal current source
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I want to use Al2O3 or HfO2 as the gate oxide material for GAA MOSFET in the SILVACO TCAD script . How can I do that?
Can I use them directly with just changing the dielectric constant value in the material portion written in my script or do I have to define it explicitly somewhere else?
Can someone tell me about this or share the script?
It will be a great help.
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Thanks Khuraijam Nelson sir.
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apart from the less swing at negative part..
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I completely agree with Ali Zeki sir.
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I have been stuck into this question that which one is relatively faster and why. Parasitic capacitance in BJT is less when compared to MOSFET which makes it faster whereas MOSFET being a majority carrier device switches faster than BJT.
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Dear Amit Das ,
I would like to add a comment regarding the answer of your question.
This question was answered in the old literature of the electronic devices since it was always required to compare the two transistors.
The straight forward answer is that for the same size of the two transistors the bipolar transistor has higher speed than then MOSFET transitory.
The transit time from source to drain can be expressed by
Tfet= L/ vd = L^2/u Vdd where L is the cahnnel length and v is the drift velocity.
In the bipolar transistor, the the diffustion time across the base is given by
Tbipolar = Wb^2/2D = Wb^2/ 2 u Vt where u is the mobility and Vt is the thermal voltage.
It is so that L>>Wb since L is a lateral dimension and Wb is a vertical dimension.
The mobility of the base material is much greater than the mobility at the surface of the MOSFET. Accordingly in spite of Vdd is >> Vt , T bipolar is smaller than T fet.
Even there are bipolar transistor with built in drift field in the base region which make for sure the transit time of the bipolar is smaller than that of the FET.
The other performance parameters pointing out the speed of the transistor is its fT the unity gain bandwidth
fT = gm/2 pi (cbe+cbd)
fT = gm /2 Pi ( cgs +cgd)
Even if the capacitances are eqaul gm of the bipolar transistor is much greater than that of the MOSFTET for the same transistor transistor current.
By scaling down the MOSFET transistor below that of the bipolar transistor it could be made faster.
But Basically the the bipolar transistor logic such as the emitter coupled logic could be considered of highest speed and so the supercomputers are made of bipolar logic.
The speed is supported by the high power dissipation. because of low ohmic behavior of the bipolar transistors, it parasitic capacitances can be charged and discharged with very high speed compared to the MOSFET transistors.
Best wishes.
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"Self-fulfilling prophecy" is Moore's own definition, while "a convenient fiction" is somebody else's...
I have decided that, giving some excerpts from two relevant articles will be more helpful than trying to explain my personal views in detail.
A.Z.
Excerpts from the article "Was Moore’s Law Inevitable?" by Kevin Kelly:
(...) Writing in 2005, (...) Moore says, “Moore’s Law is really about economics.” [Moore's colleague] Carver Mead made it clearer yet: Moore’s Law, he says, “is really about people’s belief system, it’s not a law of physics, it’s about human belief, and when people believe in something, they’ll put energy behind it to make it come to pass.”
(...) Finally, in a another reference, Mead adds : “Permission to believe that [the Law] will keep going,” is what keeps the Law going. Moore agrees in a 1996 article: “More than anything, once something like this gets established, it becomes more or less a self-fulfilling prophecy. The Semiconductor Industry Association puts out a technology road map, which continues this [generational improvement] every three years. Everyone in the industry recognizes that if you don’t stay on essentially that curve they will fall behind. So it sort of drives itself.”
(...) Andrew Odlyzko from AT&T Bell Laboratories concurs: “Management is *not* telling a researcher, ‘You are the best we could find, here are the tools, please go off and find something that will let us leapfrog the competition.’ Instead, the attitude is, ‘Either you and your 999 colleagues double the performance of our microprocessors in the next 18 months, to keep up with the competition, or you are fired.'”
Excerpts from the article "A Moore’s Law Mystery" by Rose Eveleth:
(...) Moore’s Law probably didn’t start as a marketing ploy. Even Carlson will admit that. But it then became, what he called, “a convenient fiction.”
Thomas Haigh, a historian of technology at the University of Wisconsin, had a similar idea. “[Moore’s Law] has always been more of a self-promotion for the wondrous accomplishments of the semiconductor industry than a law of nature,” (...) “It’s also been a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy, since it’s taken ever larger investments of research and development money to keep it coming true."
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The so-called Moore's laws are distinguished by the fact that they are formulated in such a way as to serve as a "self-fulfilling prophecy."
Regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Can someone help me to solve this task below.
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What i can’t understundom you Kenechukwu Emmanuel Umeh
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I am interested in the advantages and disadvantages of the use of Programmable Logical Controllers in industrial automation. Does the industrial automation depend on them and are any other solutions possible?
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Ashish Thakur , do always bring the source which were used. (copy/paste) Otherwise, it is pure plagiarism. It is very bad academic practice. You have combined at least 4 sources. I will show one copy/paste example! Links follow:
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In the characterization of noise from a fabricated MOSFET, obtaining the PSD is critical. How can this be done under DC bias conditions?
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@Anders Buen Power Spectral Density
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When I was an engineering student, while investigating a circuit schematic, I was often discouraged by a device whose symbol I was not familiar with. Thinking that it was a different device, I was usually giving up. In some of the cases, I was finding out (much later) that the device was actually just a regular device (e.g. an inductor or a Zener diode, etc.) with another symbol accepted/used by some other engineers.
When I started to teach electronics, I noticed that I should make convincing explanations for my students to relax them about such occasions. For example, I mention multiple symbols used for Zener diodes, along with the meaning/purpose of essential items of each symbol version. Unfortunately, sometimes I cannot convince some of the students about this many versions of symbols used for the same specific device.
This issue can be an important problem when you are publishing or reading papers in different scientific journals.
Now, I remembered another case -although not very similar-, namely the unit of electrical conductance, which is given with the unit "Siemens", as well as with 1/Ohm, represented by Ω-1 or by and even by "mho" (Leaving away the "inverted omega" symbol which I also regard as unusual, I have always thought that, Georg Ohm would not be happy about the "mho" unit).
Of course, some symbol versions (e.g. some of the ground symbols given in the figure) may represent a slightly or substantially different property/behavior. However, many people occasionally use those different symbols to represent the same specific device. With no doubt, that's another aspect of the "multiple symbols" issue.
For sure there are multiple standards that we cannot alter to fix a unique symbol for a specific device.
On the other hand, this "multiple symbols" issue often creates problems, especially for the students who are in a struggle to learn/understand new devices.
The "handy" versions of the symbols (like the last ground symbols in the figure) preferred by some instructors may complicate the issue further.
A symbol which reminds of the device's main behavior, points out to difference and similarity with another device, provides ease of drawing and ease of spotting the device on a schematic, etc., can be assumed a good symbol (This can explain, for instance, the different versions of Zener diode symbols).
I know that many of you may think that I am exaggerating the problem. Nevertheless, I would like to know what others think about this issue.
Any personal experiences or suggestions which may be helpful especially for teaching will also be appreciated.
Best regards...
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In my first answer, I referred to the symbols in the upper row of the attached file. These replaced those in the lower row which were a former DIN attempt to make German symbols "unique" but those older ones had at least some resemblance to the more widespread symbols.
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I need to create custom wiring for my experiment because the ground of cryostat is noisy (the manufacturer suggest this because the ground is connected to the vacuum pump). I plan take the signal line directly to my instrument which is tied to more (supposedly) quite ground. I plan to use twisted pair (wire loom) rather than coaxial because space limitation and thermal concideration.
Which configuration is best to achieve highest noise immunity? The experiment will also use magnetic field up to 3T. I know that configuration (B) have longer return path than (A), does it have any effect on parasitic impedance/capacitance?
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I would prefer option A.
Option B will require two BNC feed-throughs per channel, which must be a disadvantage. It doesn't seem to have any compensating advantage over option A. It's probably more susceptible to noise -- you have a longer line in the vulnerable area and it must be at least as difficult to maintain symmetry, and if the cryostat ground is noisy you'll be subject to electrostatic interference, too, which I think is bound to be worse in option B - and it will add some impedance (presumably the DUT has a low impedance) although you should be able to compensate for this and probably need to do so for either option.
Presumably this is an impedance measurement. If you have access to an impedance bridge that would probably be your best solution both for excitation and sensing, although they're mostly, if not all, single-channel devices so you'd also need a switch. You can also get data acquisition cards to do exactly what you're describing. If you haven't already, you might like to look at something like this: https://www.ni.com/en-gb/support/model.pxi-6236.html; also at this: https://www.keysight.com/upload/cmc_upload/All/ChallengesandsolutionsforImpedance.pdf
(Other equipment suppliers are available and, of course, it depends on what you already have at hand or on your bought-out budget; I see that you're thinking first of a home-made solution.)
Good luck.
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I just started working on TENGs. I would like to know how can I use COMSOL to simulate working condition of nanogenerator so I can reach optimum output and to determine its charge distribution. Is there any other simulation program that can be employed for these purposes?
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Finite Element Method Simulations: In the finite element method (FEM) simulations, we used the “electrostatics” module of COMSOL to calculate the electric potential distribution through the “stationary” study. First, we constructed the model of TENG used for simulation in this work. The geometry parameters of the parts of the model are as follows: the length and width of both friction materials are 55 and 55 mm, respectively; the thickness of aluminum foil and PTFE sheet, respectively, are 0.4 and 3 mm. The gap between aluminum foil and PTFE is 10 mm. Second, in the “material” section, we selected the aluminum and PTFE materials. The relative permittivity of PTFE was set to be 2.0. Third, the boundary conditions such as the surface charge density was being set and the mesh was built on the model by subdivision triangular grid. Finally, we could implement the computation to obtain the electric potential information
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I have taken I-V characteristics of my RRAM devices but could not understand how to measure its retention time and endurance. Please suggest me the waveform which should be applied for retention time and endurance. Please suggest some good paper for this measurement?
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Ishan Varun, Hi, did you find out how to perform retention test? it will be helpful if you can share it , thank you!
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Hello, I am currently working on the design of a device that measures thermal conductivity of sediments and I am not sure if i estimated heat losses and heat flux in the correct way. The device is a 0,0034 cubic meters (200 cubic inches aprox) box with a resistor (curved alloy wire) in contact with one face of the sample, connected to a power supply. The resistor is in the middle of one face of the sample and a heavy insulator, like glass wool (i am not sure if this is the proper term for the material).
This is not my work area, i'm a geologist, but given my current research i am in the need to resolve this issue
Please feel free to answer any of this questions, also any comment will be helpful.
My questions are:
  • If it is ok to estimate heat losses considering an estimation of the temperature at a middle point in the box and thickness and the thermal conductivity at the five walls that surround the internal sample considering that one side of the device is in contact with the surrounding air
  • If using a common insulator (say 0,02 to 0,04 W/m.C°) will yield an aproximate heat loss of less than 1W, considering 0,1 m wall thickness (4 inches aprox).
  • If the sample will reach a quasi steady-state heat flux or will be far from it, considering the room temperature stays aproximately constant.
  • How much heat will disipate the wire if the power output of the power supply is, say 6W. In other words what will be the heat flow at the resistor, through the first face of the sample near the resistor, given that supplied power.
Regards
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Hello Matias
Now I think that I understand what you are trying to do.
I think you can obtain a quasi-steady-state in your sample but you must wait some time to obtain it. As you have an insulator (your box) under the resistor you may have a problem with increasing temperature in that wall of the box and an increase of heat flowing in your sample.
You can obtain the heat lost through the walls of the box measuring temperature differences between inner and outer surfaces of the box P(lost) = (0,04) (Tin - Tout)/ 0,1. You can also have an idea about the heat lost through lateral sides using several termocouples in the upper surface of your sample located from the center to the lateral part of the samle.
The values obtained will depend on the sample you want to study. In principle if you are studying rock sediments you will obtain low thermal conductivity values (compared with common rock values ) but higher values than 0,04 and you will have heat flowing predominantely in the vertical direction.
Try to not use high temperature values in your experiment. Thermocouples are very good to use in this type of experiments because its volume is very small and they have a rapid answer.
As I said in my first message you are using Joule's effect in your experiment and the power dissipated is P= R I2 . The value o I depends on the value of R. You must know the ddp (voltage) at the ends of your resistor ((V=RI).
I think I unswer to your questions but if you have some question more you can contact me.
Best regards
Maria Rosa Duque
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This Special Issue will focus on control, modeling, various machine learning techniques, fault diagnosis, and fault-tolerant control for systems. Papers specifically addressing the theoretical, experimental, practical, and technological aspects of modeling, control, fault diagnosis, and fault-tolerant control of various systems and extending concepts and methodologies from classical techniques to hybrid methods will be highly suitable for this Special Issue.
Potential themes include, but are not limited to:
Modeling and identification
Adaptive and hybrid control
Adaptive and hybrid observers
Reinforcement learning for control
Data-driven control
Fault diagnosis
Fault-tolerant control of systems based on various control and learning techniques
Prof. Dr. Jong-Myon Kim
Prof. Dr. Hyeung-Sik Choi
Dr. Farzin Piltan
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Dear Farzin,
Nice sharing. Thank you.
Ashish
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Dear all,
I am trying to compute the theoretical efficiency of a photovoltaic cell using the method described in the attached paper, which is based on the classical Shockley and Queisser arguments (available here: )
Part of the calculation involves the efficiency factor n_rec = V_oc / Vg where V_oc is the open circuit voltage and Vg the bandgap voltage (Equation 13).
As a far as I understand, from a physical standpoint n_rec should be smaller than 1, since V_oc cannot be superior to Vg. Nevertheless, I do obtain n_rec values higher than 1 (i.e. V_oc > Vg), when I consider for instance a blackbody emitter at 6000K, a PV cell temperature = 300K, 100% radiative recombinations (f_rec = 1) and a bandgap of 1 eV.
Therefore, I am wondering: is there something wrong with my calculation ? or does the model have some limitation that I am not aware of ?
From a mathematical standpoint, I don't see what enforces V_OC < Vg, would someone be able to explain this?
Thanks a lot for your help!
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Dear Quentin,
the open circuit voltage is determined by the difference of the quasi-fermi-levels. Therefrom you can differ the following cases:
- In low doped semiconductors and at low excitation levels you have V_oc/Vg < 1 as expected.
- In degenerated material you have V_oc/Vg >1 because the fermi-level lies within the bands.
- At high excitation levels (excess carrier concentration compares with the equilibrium concentration) the quasi Fermi level shifts into the bands due to the fact that the bands are filled with carriers. In this nonequilibrium case you find V_oc/Vg > 1 too.
With Regard
R. Mitdank
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Is ECU connected to can? Can we program it through AUTOSAR?
And if we have up to 70's ECU in car so it means we don't have a brain here?
What is sbw-Center ECU then?
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Dear Fatemeh Pourhashem,
The ECU( Engine Control Unit (ECU) uses the camshaft and crankshaft position sensors to determine where the pistons and valves in the engine are at any given time. The ECU uses all of this information to start and keep the engine running.
ROM displaying method of automatically identifying sensor locations in an ECU’s can be effective. This can be able to create a data representation of the functions within a binary and their internal control flow graphs. Adding ECU can be effective for engine family. Addition can be able to successfully locate 95% of all candidate functions and was able to successfully recover 100% of likely sensor addresses within each of those functions.
Ashish
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Need to know about journal/special issue for fast publication in electrical engineering.
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Dear All,
I am an Electrical Engineer in a Dutch startup, & looking for the research team who is working on some electronics project, well that's a very big topic by naming just Electrical or Electronics. But any project related to the subject I would be interested to join.
Pls, let me know if group/individual would like to join me in their group or individual who wants to work with me on some project(can discuss separately).
I have done some research/projects in my current company like reducing Inrush current in television, Circuit design for a small oven, Design of LED batten, Programming of Power converter through a USB port etc.
Thank you.
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Please contact me to see if any of my new designs can be implemented.
Sharaf Energy Systems Inc. Canada
especially
green plugs
SFC filters and EE devices for pumping an d A/ C -
Air Circulation cyclical loads.
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Hello, I am try to measure the voltage and current of a solution (typically PBS or other nutrient media) with bacteria like E coli with mediators like neutral red dye or methylene blue. Typical electrodes I'll use is two carbon or copper and aluminum combination in a single compartment setup. I know E coli K-12 shouldn't conduct current compared to other electroactive bacteria, but I'm just trying to get an understanding of setup. I've been using a digital multimeter and I can usually get a voltage measurement, although it is low and varies with the electrodes I use. However, I haven't been able to get reliable current measurements since I'll get fluctuating readings of my multi meter and I don're really know what to make of it. i read papers where this simple tool is used for current and voltage so I'm not sure what I am doing wrong. Thanks.
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Hi Jaqueline,
even without knowledge of your setup but provided that your equipment itself is faultless, I guess it's safe to say that the fluctuations of the current are not caused by the multimeter.
My first suspicion is that your setup for voltage measurement causes a very low current through the solution (or, in an erraneous setup, the amount of current might have no impact at all, sorry for the imputation ;-) while during current measurements a considerable current is flowing. If so, this current could cause a change of the density of bacteria (and/or of other ingredients) in the neighborhood of the electrodes, resulting in a fluctuation of the mean conductivity.
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I know it's a very general question, but as a "rule of thumb" for a circuit that has a bandwidth of "f":
How much delay is typically acceptable for an IC within that circuit? (for example is 1/10 of 1/f is acceptable as the delay or what?)
Thanks!
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For a Low-Pass with bandwidth BW you will get a delay of ~0.35/BW . I would start from this relatioship. For example, take a look into https://www.thorlabs.com/images/TabImages/Rise_Time_3dB_Bandwidth_Relationship_Lab_Fact.pdf .
Regards,
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Trying to find out how the frequency affects the dielectric constant of a material in order to find a substitute. Thnk you in advance for any help with this.
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Dear Researcher,
You can create some computational models in CST and HFSS software for this study from the point of view of dielectric constant in the kHz to MHz frequency range. I will suggest that you study the following articles and their references:
Borehole measurements of conductivity and dielectric constant in the 300 kHz to 25 MHz frequency range R. N. Grubb ; P. L. Orswell ; J. H. Taylor, Radio Science Year: 1976 | Volume: 11, Issue: 4 | Journal Article | Publisher: AGU
Cited by: Papers (2)
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Rice husk ash is increasingly being used in silicon production for electronics, which is required to be cleaned off water soluble alkali (and alkaline earth, to some extent) oxides. In Agriculture dominant area, rice husk ash is simply dumped outdoor as landfills by Rice mills. would it be better to use the dumped ashes for further purification to electronics, especially if not spoiled by soil/clay?
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Dear Sumit,
welcome,
The percentage of the silica in the ash of rice hask makes about 85-95 percent which is much lower than that of silica in mines of about 99 percent. In order to increase the percent of silica in the ash one has to undertake an extraction process which may be costly. However, if one reaches 99.8 percent one can use it in silicon extraction for electronic industry.
Best wishes
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Whenever a PCB layout is subject to noise (such as being in the vicinity of switching mode power supplies or high dv/dt and di/dt incidents), is it better to route the critical signal traces (such as gating signals) wider or narrower? (I understand that using planes is a good solution, wherever possible. But many times we have to use traces.) Which one has the advantage in terms of being more immune to the noise?
Thanks!
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Adding to the colleague above, I would propose to shield the critical parts of the circuit against the interference by near or far electromagnetic radiation sources. This can be accomplished by using ground planes.
Te other solution may be to use balanced wire system such that the common mode signal will be cancelled.
The last precaution is to reduce the impedance level in the circuit such that any induced voltage will induce little or negligible current.
Best wishes
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I am working on wireless power transfer using Ansys Maxwell and Simplorer . I modeled a circular-circular coil with a L- C circuit at a high-frequency resonant of 13.56 MHz. I am wondering that ANSYS Maxwell can model the WPT at a high-frequency resonant or not. Should I use the ANSYS HFSS and circuit design to model it or not? Can i rely to Ansys Maxwell and Simplorer results? I attach the power efficiency result. I am looking forward to hearing any suggestions or recommendations.
Thanks
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Dear Seyed,
What you have displayed is the transfer characteristics of two over coupled resonance circuits. Or double tuned over coupled two resonance circuits. These type of circuits are analysed in books of electric circuits. Any how when the two coupled resonance circuits are over coupled they will show two resonance frequencies and a saddle like curve. The higher frequency has a transmission coefficient which is much greater than the lower renounce frequency and therefore it is recommended to use the higher frequency to maximize the power transfer coefficient.
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1) When designing a PCB layout, do we always need to terminate a high-frequency signal with a proper resistor (for example with a 50 ohm one) at the signal destination (i.e. gate of an IC)?
2) Is there any rule of thumb to know when we need to terminate a signal route with a proper resister (i.e. relating the travel length with the frequency of the signal to know if we need a terminator resistor ) ?
3) What is the proper terminator resistor value? I know it depends on the "characteristic impedance" of the signal route but it might not be possible to calculate it accurately. Is there any less complicated way to roughly get to know the terminator resistor value?
Thanks!
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Adding to the colleagues above, this question is very important and treated in rf circuit design and high speed logic circuits. The treatment is normally based on the transmission line theory. It is so that any metallic path has its own inductance, resistance and parasitic capacitance to the neighboring paths. In the lay out one tries to minimize the length pf the path and reduce its parasitic capacitance to the surrounding wires. Ideally these paths are ideal conductors but practically every wire path has an LCR circuit. The parasitic
elecments can be considered negligible if they will not affect the signal transmission on them. But if they affect the signal transmitted on them they have to be taken into consideration. Not only this as the frequency increases and the electromagnetic propagation wavelength decreases such that the length of the path becomes comparable to an appreciable fraction of the wavelength say L< lanbda/10, one has to consider the distributed nature of the path and determine for it a characteristic impedance Z0 and a propagation constant P. In this case it may be suitable to go to micro strip line circuits where one make a ground plane and a microstrip plane. In this case one can design the circuit according to the microstrip circuit design rules.
I think the rule of thumb is that the length of the path must be smaller than lambda/10 to neglect its effect or it can be considered in a lumped form. One do not need to specify a characteristic impedance except at the terminations where one uses connectors and cables with 50 ohm impedance.
Best wishes
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in a 3 phase application, SVPWM output is gates S1S3S5 .. but If I made modeling to my system in dq frame, HOW I can convert S1S3S5 to dq frame to suit my modeling system?
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Dear Akram
please go through this below links, this links may be helpful for you
Thank you
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I am interested in adaptive cooling for spectral photometers and radiometers used in a field phenotyping situation. Peltier thermoelectric cooling appears attractive. Yet my initial testing is using lots of power inefficiently. Approaches have been direct press to cold plates, air exchange with circulation, closed and open box, thermostats, no water.
Wanting to support a 60 watt field spectrometer at a steady and safe operational 30 C target in a 45 C environment using TEC.
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Thank you very much Dr. Radivojevic and Dr. Denby, I really appreciate the guidance and encouragement offered.
Indeed I found your comments regarding the inefficiency range, including ambient condition, to be poignant.
Moreover the PC world cooling system components are great, and just like you said Dr. Denby, the water cooled are best (some users are worried about liquids) and heat pipes lent wondrous result.
I have a note with more detail on adapting the technology as a phenotyping field method supporting proximal radiometric sensing.
In the low Maricopa Arizona desert we can experience high temperatures which cause plant stress. This electric cooling may be very useful for scientists wanting to capture in-field plant stress reactions.
I am grateful for the wisdom and goodwill of the RS community.
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I would like to know what is the excitation amplitude as a result of TDDFT calculation for electronic excitations. Higher the values favourable in what character in electron transitions..?
Thank You.
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Is the excitation amplitude the same to excitation coefficient in TDDFT?
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Hello,
I am trying to implement capacitive sensor using Arduinio. It is a simple RC circuit. It works as follows,
Concept
--> Self capacitance of a single plate capacitor
Only send pin and receive pins are used (Read from literature and applied)
Problem is most of the literature and videos show sensor working on ADC principle. Send pin sends a high signal and on the receive side time is counted till receive goes high as well. I want to get analog signal (Voltage) from the sensor as i have to use it as trigger for other data acquistion systems. I give 5 volts from send pin and at receive pin i measure analog voltage. It is not grounded. Big question is with respect to which reference voltage is measured here. Sensor works fine and shows voltage drop when touched.
I am beginer in electronics.
Any lead is welcome.
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Naveen Shirur The output pin is indirectly referenced to GND because when switched to logical "1" the output driver connects the pin to the positive supply rail, and the power supply is connected to this rail and to GND.
The input pin is directly referenced to GND because the analog inputs of the ATmega328P are single ended. This means that the input voltage is always compared to the voltage between GND and the AREF pin; input potential = GND results in a "0" from the ADC, input potential = potential of AREF results in the maximum number of the ADC = 0x3FF (10 bit resolution).
So, even if there is no connection to GND outside the microcontroller, all potentials are referenced to GND inside.
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How can we understand the harmonics that are generated during the transient state of DC circuits like electronic circuits that uses DC power?
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Hi Yugeswar,
I feel it is a matter of periodicity: Usually, a non-periodic event would be called a transient while a periodic event has, obviously, a (fundamental) frequency, and, as Tahir Midhat Lazimov pointed out, if the the temporal variation of voltage and/or current is non-monochrome, harmonics necessarily accompany the fundamental frequency.
If we have measured and registered a varying quantity for a certain time interval we can always apply a transformation to the frequency domain (usually FFT) but since these transformations are based on the assumption that the time interval is a multitude of the fundamental frequency the result can be quite wrong. For example, a single event had to transform into a continuous spectrum but instead you will always get a discrete spectrum.
I'm not sure whether I understand your question correctly, but if you are asking why the spectrum of "real" transients seems to be discrete when seen using a spectrum analyzer, the answer is: These are artifacts, as I tried to explain above.
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I was wondering if there was any way to measure the quantity of fatty acid present in different oils by using some electronic device.
Will phmeters or concuctivity meters work? As there is less mobility of charge I doubt if they will.
Is there anyother method ? Like passing light and measurining absorptivity or by measuring turbidity etc.
Any answer will be highly appreciated
Thanks
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You need to use an separation technique like HPLC or IC before quantitative analysis. Also pH measurements are valid only in aqueous solvents. You can measure acidity by USP methods if you just wanted to distinguish between quality of oils.
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SP4T AlGaAs PIN Diode Switch , such as one avialable with MACOM part number MA4AGSW4 , is suggested for millimeter wave applications. Microstrip line circuits are the transmission lines on a grounded substrate. I want to know that how this swich can be integrated on such planar Q-TEM transmission lines.
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If the diode is supplied with surface mount electrodes, it can be assembled by surface mount assembly technology. If its two electrodes are in the two sides of the diode you can use the methods brought by the colleagues Joerg. Where the lower side will be attached to a boding bad by silver epoxy while the other electrode is connected to a bonding bad by wire bonding. You do not have a bonder you can attach the wires by silver epoxy also.
Best wishes
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