Electronic Engineering - Science topic

Commercial Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC) supercapacitors have polarity because they consist of two electrodes with opposite charges: a positive electrode and a negative electrode. When the supercapacitor is charged, ions in the electrolyte accumulate at the interface between the electrodes, creating an electric double layer. This results in a potential difference between the electrodes, giving the supercapacitor its polarity.

EDLC supercapacitors are typically symmetric, meaning both electrodes are made of the same material (usually activated carbon). However, there are also asymmetric supercapacitors, which use different materials for the positive and negative electrodes to enhance performance. Asymmetric supercapacitors can achieve a wider operational voltage window and higher energy density compared to symmetric ones

interested

Looking forward to seeing this all progress

Dear Toe Pyi Sone ,

What I am offering you does not match what is in the description...:

'I am seeking a thesis topic in the area of solar energy, with a focus on technical aspects and battery storage.'

If you want another topic in the area of solar energy, you can read my article about graviton:

'

and

Here is a text from its finish English translated part:

'(...) There is no concept that encompasses all that I have imagined about graviton, which describes an elementary particle that has no momentum, but because of its presence, the effect of any particle with a different moment of inertia is amplified when it is in direct contact3 with it and has the opposite effect to the photon. While a photon has a repulsive effect and has momentum, some tangible material content that carries information about the world from which it originates and through which it passes, this particle manifests itself as an attraction effect and contributes to the collection of information carried by the photon. For example, it has a biological role: in the formation of the optic nerve sensation it has a mediating function in the transmission of information through neural pathways. The understanding of this particle can be used to develop technologies that can increase the efficiency of solar power generation. If such technology has already been developed, itis possible to know which theory is an excellent explanation for the improvement in efficiency.'

Regards,

Laszlo

Dear Bouziane Ghoual ,Thank you for your attention to EEI 2024. We apologize that considering the on-site experience, this conference only accepts offline presentation in China.

If you are interested in this conference, you could consider submitting your papers and attending the conference offline. Or you could also consider joining as a listener without submmison online.(Listener could participate online）

How did you implement the resonating capacitances? Depending on earthplane spacing and bandwidth, waveguide modes below cut off can also do funny things.

For coupling factors, etc., Involving two resonators, the resonant frequencies without coupling must be exactly the same if you want to use the standard equation for coupling factor [k=(fo^2-fe^2)/(fo^2+fe^2)].

R.Levy published several excellent must-read articles on comb line filters.

If you look for fees in Elsevier, IEEE or Springer, you can find an Excel with the fees and journals. Their names can help you and they have usually basic specs.

Hello Amit Das ,

Bravo! I agree with you completely, which is one, among many reasons, why I have not submitted any articles to printed-media journals. I have found ResearchGate to be a great way to get my ideas in front of the technical public without having to worry about page limits, word count limits, endnote requirements (I prefer footnotes, myself), formatting, etc. I mean, RG allows anyone in the world, who has an Internet connection, to see your documents and download them, if they so desire. You can even find collaborators on RG, if people like what you are writing.

At the same time, I understand the need, if you are an academic, of satisfying your institution's requirements above getting your articles published in peer-reviewed journals. Publish or perish is still the law of the land in many, if not most, institutions, and it is a requirement for continued employment and career advancement.

Regards,

Tom Cuff

Sandeep Kumar To calculate power dissipation in latches and flip-flops, first determine the switching activity of the circuit. This may be accomplished by counting the number of transitions (the number of times the signal changes state) during a certain time period.

Once the switching activity is known, the power dissipation may be estimated using the following formula:

Power dissipation = switching activity x capacitance x voltage2 x frequency

Where capacitance is the entire capacitance of the circuit, voltage is the supply voltage, and frequency is the switching frequency.

Furthermore, several CAD programs like as HSPICE, Pspice, and others may be used to simulate and calculate power dissipation for various switching activities in sequential elements.

It's also worth noting that power dissipation may be influenced by other factors such as leakage current, temperature, and process changes, therefore keep these in mind while studying power dissipation in a circuit.

The nano layer thickness is very very small layer, otherwise it's cannot use by Resistivity method and it has VES limitation.

Best regards.

P. Hakaew

Dear

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Online calculator for PCB circuits

@https://www.multi-circuit-boards.eu/en/index.html

I hope it will be helpful..

Best wishes..

Muhtashim Altaf MATLAB tutorial might help

Ana María Rojas-Gómez check your inbox i have sent you

Cenk Tan; There are, of course, several websites that rank the universities worldwide. However, QS is the most famous of which.

IoT

Now a days most of the SCIE journals covers three months. This much of time is really required for the the process. Don't count the days, Go for good journals.

Dear Ömer Faruk Arslan ,

I think it would be interesting for you to invest in geothermal research. Who knows about the efficiency of steam turbines, or most efficient heat exchangers? Saw interesting systems in New Zealand in 2012, Taupo plant (https://www.mbie.govt.nz/building-and-energy/energy-and-natural-resources/energy-generation-and-markets/geothermal-energy -generation/).

Looking ahead, heat exchangers, steam turbines and control systems for these thermal equipment will be very useful when nuclear fusion becomes available.

Good luck!

Prof.Wiltgen

Dear sir:

Thank you for sharing this important and valuable information .....

With best wishes....

Dear Anubhav Singh ,

The colleagues really gave satisfactory answers to your questions. However, I have to stress the main cause of using the binary numbers in signal processing.

It is the available electronic devices that impose the number system used in digital computers and consequently signal processing.

There are two major electronic devices imposing the binary system:

The memory cells are binary that is a cell sores either logic one or logic zero.

So, to wright or read them directly they have to handle binary numbers.

The other major device is the arithmetic and logic unit. It also use binary numbers in their operations.

So, any other signal format must be converted into the binary from including the samples of analog signals. Every sample must be converted into n bit code. Which is a strings of one and zeros.

The conversion from analog to digital and vice verse is accomplished by A.D converters. According to the required resolution, every sample is represented by an n bits binary codes.

Best wishes

I think to T Thammi Reddy point, it is only a Trillion rupee ($14 Billion) industry in India. The current cost of a 14nm fab (which is not state of the art, but state of practice) is around $14 Billion, so it is difficult for the semiconductor industry in India, whose entire market is less than or equal to the value to build one moderate technology factory in that industry, to grow in any meaningful way. India has huge capacity to assemble and test finished semiconductor products, but does not have any significant capacity to produce the underlying semiconductor die, which require these very large, and expensive factories. These factories also typically take years to build in countries with completely developed semiconductor fab industries, so building one in a new locale will probably take even longer. I would imagine the construction to take at least 8 to 10 years. In addition, there are a number of ancillary advanced high technology industries which must exist to support the semiconductor fabrication industry, which India also does not currently have, which would also need to be setup and successful prior to the start of any initiation of a semiconductor fab factory.

The Indian government would not only need to provide very lucrative incentives to all of these industries (free money, free loans, complete bankruptcy protection, and guaranteed bailouts), as the governments of South Korea, Taiwan, and China have done in order to catch up to more established semiconductor industries in the USA, Japan, and Europe, but also guarantee a return on the investment by either requiring large portions of electronics purchased by the government (offices, schools, military), or complete tax exemptions and subsidies until profitability is reached. In the instance that all electronics purchased by the government must be locally made, there will be a 5 to 10 year gap during which the local electronics will be inferior or more expensive, or both to those imported from other countries, which will make non-subsidized or non-government sales more difficult. The Indian government would need to have these policies in place for at least 15 to 20 years, independent of changes in the government or leading party, to get investors interested in such a project.

Semiconductors are a fundamentally expensive, slow, and typically a low margin industry, so unless there is a concerted effort from the Indian government across all political parties, the private sector will not risk tens of billions of dollars to create an industry where one doesn't exist if there are better areas in which to invest said billions.

Raindrop falling from the sky possesses kinetic energy, where K.E=1/2 mv2. However average mass of a raindrop is too small to produce usable amount of energy for household needs. The idea is to increase the size of the raindrop, as such it can be used to turn an electric generator as it falls down from a height. Please read my article in research gate on how to do it.

Dear Cyril Mechkov sir,

I don't have much idea about the fabrication of ideal voltage source and ideal current source. But I think, ideal voltage source doesn't exists in real. It's only for the comparison purpose just like the ideal diode. But a practical voltage source can be used to made to act as an ideal voltage source if the source resistance (R_S)is made smaller as much as possible so that the terminal voltage across the load is almost independent of load resistance. In ideal voltage source, this Rs is zero.

V_L= V_S*{R_L/(R_L+R_S)}

Similar analysis can be made for an ideal current source

You can use T type converter.

Dear Nam ho sir,

The best way to increase the bandwidth of an opamp is by decreasing the closed loop voltage gain of opamp.

Explanation: Opamp has a very low bandwidth(around 5Hz) and to increase the bandwidth, we apply negative feedback which decreases closed loop gain. Since gain*bandwidth=constant, so bandwidth increases in case of negative feedback.

I agreed with all the answers given above Morteza Shabanzadeh sir. Reversing the role of emitter and collector with decrease the forward current since collector(which is now playing the role of emitter) is not heavily doped to emit the charge carriers like the emitter region. This is the main reason, why you get a reduced gain in this case. There is one more reason, emitter being heavily doped(acting as collector now) will have a very low breakdown voltage, so you can not operate it at higher voltage level.

Dear Sarang, did you find any suitable simulation software? We also need it for a small project we are working on

Ali Zeki

In my first answer, I referred to the symbols in the upper row of the attached file. These replaced those in the lower row which were a former DIN attempt to make German symbols "unique" but those older ones had at least some resemblance to the more widespread symbols.

Dear Saichon Sriphan ,

If this is the case then you have to:

either increase the capacitor and increase the charging time to full charge the capacitor. Supercapacitors may help you increase the the discharging time.

The other solution is to increase the generated power from the PEG.

The concept is to size the source to be able to supply the load for the intended duration.

Do you use full or half wave rectifier. If you use full wave rectifier you will double the charging current and therefore double the power!

Best wishes

Journal Metrics Reports 2019

During the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic, the e-commerce industry accelerated its growth. The scale of purchases and payments made via the Internet has increased. In addition, due to anti-pandemic security, more and more citizens use mobile banking implemented from the smartphone level and make contactless payments with a smartphone, avoiding cash. Therefore, the development of internet banking could partially offset the decline in lending caused by the decreased interest in bank loans.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

FromTanner there is @ MIT or Cornel University a very old document from 2008 related probably to the old Tanner v13 (tdb-based layout: Tanner data base, since 10 years Tanner is using OA open access for storing layout views!) about the Dev-Gen 13 (Device Layout Generator).

This document is related to a very old Tanner L-edit release, therefor any statement about the existance of Dev-Gen in recent Tanner 2016/2020 releases is doubtfull.

You will need the scripts behind for the newer OA-based Tanner L-edit releases....

see page 11 related to inductor Dev-Gen

SU-8 Photoresist

By: Frederik Ceyssens and Robert Puers

Dear Amir hossein Aref

welcome!

I think the problem is not only in the power of the ultrasound waves.

As the ultrasound generator invokes harmonic waves then

P= pm sin wt where p is the pressure, Pm is the peak value of the pressure w is the angular frequency.

Assume that the speed of the pressure waves is v,

Then the wavelength lambda= v/f,

The division of the material is the matter of lambda.

You have to decrease lambda to the about double the interatomic distance.

So you have to concentrate your effort to see t5he effect of decreasing lambda oo your liquid.

Best wishes

HSpice :https://www.synopsys.com/verification/ams-verification/hspice.html

CNTFET :https://nanohub.org/resources/793/download/2003_suri_circuits_slides.pdf

I agree with Dr. Abdelhalim Zekry

Fault tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of (or one or more faults within) some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively designed system, in which even a small failure can cause total breakdown. Fault tolerance is particularly sought after in high-availability or life-critical systems. The ability of maintaining functionality when portions of a system break down is referred to as graceful degradation.

For Fault tolerance measured we have:

For More details:

I second Frederico that many staff members in specific specialization such as electrical and electronic engineering propose Bsc projects for their students to exploit their effort in solving real existing problems in such engineering branches.

There are many subdivisions under electrical and electronic engineering.

In which division you have an interest.

So the question is so broad and includes all courses in electrical and electronic engineering.

For example:

- power generation

-power transmission

-power distribution

- power control

- Power electronics

- renewable energy sources, solar, wind etc

- In Electronics:

- Electronic materials

- Electronic devices

-Electronic circuits analog and digital

- Electronic systems for different applications

as computing, signal processing, communications, instrumentation. ..etc

I would propose that you work on electronic applications in advanced systems such that as internet of things. biomedical applications and communications system.

If you narrow your target one can propose for you you a specific research project.

Best wishes

Dear Jayakumar,

welcome!

Hope you are well!

The heavy doping concentration has the followings benefits:

- It reduces the reverse saturation current of the solar cell n-p junction and thereby leads to an increase in the opencircuit voltage Voc. This improves the photo conversion efficiency.

- It decreases the resistance of this layer and thereby contribute to the reduction of the series resistance. It leads then to an increase in the fill factor and the PCE.

- The metal silicon contact will be ohmic and its resistance will be smaller leading to higher PCE.

Best wishes

First basic step is to define "strong wind" speed, and then compare that with the quadcopter's maximum speed. No Return To Home (RTH) feature can be effective as long as wind speed > quadcopter maximum speed so "speed" has to be first defense. Once quadcopter max speed is exceeded, it is just be a matter of time before the quadcopter is out of ground control range; options then are to land, and wait for input, (maybe not a great option in heavily wooded areas, or over water), or switch to an autonomous mode which will attempt return to base GPS location as long as power allows.

Next consideration would be turbulent response; in strong winds, particularly in urban areas, where wind gusting around buildings will make control response times critical.

Note also that GPS-enabled RTH features will struggle with tall obstacles, be they trees or high rise buildings, that block the (most direct) return path.

Use http://freesourcecode.net/matlabprojects/58737/active-noise-control-system-using-fxlms-algorithm-in-matlab#.XyE__-dS-Ul for FxLMS code in MATLAB

Electric VLSI Design System is an opensource IC Design tool. Good help/tutorials are available at cmosedu.com

In combination of another free tool LTSpice, you can have compete pre and post-layout simulation experience. Also, LTSpice supports BSIM4 models and you can use them by adjusting Lambda accordingly in the ELECTRIC.

Dear Ahmed,

You can use the electronic work pinch EWP it is thought to be a virtual electrical and electronic circuit laboratory. I think it is the most appropriate software for experimenting and demonstrating the operation of the elements devices and circuits.

This program has a spice core and it will remain useful the student in all their stages of educations.

Best wishes

Hi Kevin,

This my favourite area and yes it can be confusing and there is no certain answer. You can take different routes and approaches to address your problem.

You need to make sure you know what you need and what resources you have to achieve it. Well-defined objectives can also be a good start.

This is also a useful read: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/embedded-system-design

Best wishes,

Mani

Charging the capacitor by using potential energy source or voltage source through a frictional media such as the electrical resistor will cause losing the electrical energy into friction, since the current passing to charge the capacitor will meet friction in the resistance. So, in the charging process the potential energy of the charging source is converted into kinetic energy where a fraction of it, commonly one half will be converted int heat and the other half will be stored.

In order to avoid this loss one first store the kinetic energy into an inductor and then transfer this stored energy into a potential energy in a capacitor to be charged.

So charging capacitor through kinetic energy storing element will be not lossy if the inductor is ideal.

That is substituting the lossy resistor by storing lossless inductor will resolvethe problem of the losses.

It is the same idea of the pendulum.

Best wishes

That's easy to be implemented!

Assume a typical mathematical program with equilibrium constraints as below:

Min f(x,y)

s.t.

g(x,y)>=0

y>=0

y * g(x,y) =0 (your complementarity condition i.e., 0<=y_|_g>=0)

-----------

To solve the problem above using SOS1 variables, you can reformulated it as follows:

Min f(x,y)

s.t.

g(x,y)>=0

y>=0

u = 0.5 * (y+g(x,y))

u - (vp + vn)=0

vp - vn = 0.5 * (y-g(x,y))

where, 'vp' and 'vn' are SOS1 variables that can be easily defined in GAMS as below.

----------

variables x , y , u;

SOS1 variables vp , vn;

----------

Good luck,

Morteza

For any MOS switch the losses can be expressed by this relation

ploss= Pstat + pdyn= Ion^2 Ron Ton/T +CVdd^2/T where T=1/f with f is the switching frequency. Ion= un cox w( ,Vgs-Vtn)^2/2L, Vgs=Vdd , Ton = T/2 for square wave operation with a duty ratio =0.5, C= Cgs= cox wL, Ron is also a function of w. So, can get an optimum w as the on losses decreases with increasing w while the dynamic losses increases. Therefore there will be an optimum value which give a minimum of the power losses. L is taking as a minimum feature size.

Best wishes

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Pure zinc is used as an electrode in a Daniell cell and also in dry batteries.

Useful link from , thanks for sharing.

Dear Sina,

due to the low band gap of about 0,67 eV, Ge is used for photodetectors (wavelength < 1,862µm.). Therefore, the efficiency of solar modules could be enhanced to the infrared range. Nevertheless, Ge-diodes are very sensitive for temperatures above 70°C. An application for temperature sensors is possible. Diodes have a lower knee-voltage than Si. This may be a benefit for digital applications.

I used a High-purity Ge-detector for X-ray detection. Today, more Si-detectors are used for this purpose (Li-drifted SiLi-detector).

Generally, Ge is well recommended for special applications, but it is an expensive technique. Especially, the material is hardly to obtain. It is a material for military applications (guidance for rockets an so on).

With Regard

R. Mitdank

Australian Science journals

ASJs publish a research article free of cost for the first two issues as we are turning into electronic journals from the print mode.

Austra & Lian journal of Medical Sciences

publish all topics, Health, Medicine and Pharmacy

Austra & Lian Journal of Animal Sciences

Publishes all topics related to veterinary SCience

Austra & Lian Journal of Engineering & Technology

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Austra & Lian Journal of Basic Sciences

All areas of Phisical Sciences, life Sciences, Social Sciences, Arts, Languages, Business & Management

submit papers online

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Papers report that DE is sutable for optimization problems from low dimensional spaces to high decisión variables.

Jawwad Siddique Can you please send me the sanpshot of your DFIG model you made in Digsilent. I urgently need it. Thanks.

For antenna parameters HFSS is quite good choice.In case of it's physical and equivalent circuit simulation please try another software, ADS

Dual band refers to a device which uses two different frequencies to communicate.

Dual radio refers to a device which uses two different protocols to communicate.

Maybe an illustration would help. A dual band device is like a person at a party who can move between two different rooms (different frequencies) to talk with other people, while a single band device would be limited to talking to people in only one room. On the other hand, a dual radio device can speak with people who speak in two different languages, while a single radio device can only speak one language.

A dual radio device is typically used as an intermediary between two different networks like 802.11 (like WiFi) and 802.15.4 (like many wireless sensors).

1. Clean up unnecessary old result files from the directory and re-simulate

2. If no.1 doesn't work, save the project in different name and re-simulate

3. If no.2 doesn't work, redraw the design, and re-simulate.

Hope it fixes your problem. Good luck.

Dear Aamir,

The right half plane zero has gain similar to that of left half plane zero but its phase nature is like a pole i.e., it adds negative phase to the system. Instead phase increasing from 0 to 90 degrees, its phase increases from 0 to -90 degrees. This causes delay in your system response which can lead to instability if not taken care.

The intuitive way of understanding right half plane zero can be as follows. Imagine you have a boost converter 24V to 48V i.e., duty of 0.5. Due to some reason, the input voltage has decreased to 20 and the output voltage falls to 40V if operated at 0.5. In order to restore output voltage to 48V, we have to increases the duty to 0.5833. Assume that, you have increased the duty from 0.5 to 0.5833. If you observe the output voltage closely, the voltage decreases below 40V instead of increasing to 48V and after some time the voltage starts increasing towards 48V.

The reason is that, we have increased the duty from 0.5 to 0.5833 i.e., we have increased the ON time of the switch from 50% to 58.33%. If you see the circuit during on time, the inductor is connected to the input source and the output is supplied by capacitor alone. So when we increase the ON time of switch, that much amount of time the capacitor discharges to the load which would decrease output voltage further compared to the previous switching cycle. If your controller is very is very fast, it assumes that the voltage is decreasing instead of increasing and it increases the duty further which eventually makes the system unstable. Ideally, your controller should wait for the output voltage to fall and then increase towards the desired value and then do corrective action if required. This is done just by making the system slow i.e., by selecting lower bandwidth (gain crossover frequency). In general, if you take one gain crossover frequency as one tenth of the right half plane zero frequency, your system will be stable.

This phenomena of instant fall in voltage and then raising towards the reference value becomes a right half plane zero in the transfer function. The instant fall in voltage in spite of increasing command (opposite action to that of the desired action) is the negative phase of right half plane zero. I hope this is helpful.

Regards

Srikanth

If you specify the nbnd value in your pw.x input file, the HOMO and LUMO values will be printed in the output file. YOu need to choose nbnd, depending on your system, pw.x documentation says;

for an insulator, nbnd = number of valence bands (nbnd = # of electrons /2); for a metal, 20% more (minimum 4 more)

To calculate dielectric and magnetic parameters from scattering parameters, you can read the application notes with calculation examples here in the attached file.

this will help you alot...

Cyril, You are right. This topic can be debated :-)

Josef

Dear Framses,

In addition to what has been said, I think you are required to include explanation about the ethical considerations in your research at the abstract level: this includes the process of obtaining ethical clearance and approval from by an IRB

I agree with U. Dreher