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Electrical & Electronics Engineering - Science topic

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What is difference in LORAWAN class A , B , C devices and what is spreading factor relation with time to air??
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LoRaWAN Class A possesses bi-directional communication capability and is power efficient. It only initiates uplink communication and this makes it suitable for event-driven applications like alarms, sensors, etc.
LoRaWAN Class B devices can open extra receive windows at scheduled intervals and these devices are also able to synchronize with a network beacon to better coordinate downlink communication.
LoRaWAN Class C devices are open to receive but at the expense of higher power consumption.
Since TOA is critical in LoRaWAN because it depends on power efficiency, network capacity and regulatory compliance. So, the spreading factor is a trade-off that needs to be carefully considered based on the specific requirements of a LoRaWAN deployment.
TOA = preamble time + payload time
Both preamble time and payload time are dependent on the spreading factor, among other things. As the spreading factor increases, these times increase, leading to a higher TOA.
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Hello everyone!
I have started to work on my research project and I actively search for information on measuring electrification charges.
In the future I have to measure the charge of a tube with a fluid being pumped through it (a conductive tube connected to non conductive ones, the fluid is also non conductive, but will have some conductive additives).
I found a lot of theoretical works, but can't seems to find practical examples or equipment to use. The stuff I found are barebone depictions like: "There is a grounded tool installed along the pipe, that measures the charge", with no links to the source.
So I need some help to find methods and tools I can use to mesure the electrification charges.
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I don't have direct access to the internet to search for current articles or equipment, but I can provide you with some guidance on how to find articles and equipment related to detecting and measuring electrification charge.
**1. Academic Databases:**
Search reputable academic databases like PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Use keywords such as "electrification charge measurement," "electrostatic charge detection," or specific terms related to the field you're interested in.
**2. Research Journals:**
Look for relevant research journals in fields such as physics, materials science, electrical engineering, and industrial applications. Journals like the Journal of Electrostatics, Journal of Electrostatics and Electrification, and IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications might have relevant articles.
**3. Conference Proceedings:**
Check the proceedings of conferences related to electrostatics, materials science, and electrical engineering. Conferences like the International Conference on Electrostatics, the IEEE International Conference on Dielectric Liquids, and similar events might have papers on electrification charge detection and measurement.
**4. Manufacturer Websites:**
Many companies specialize in producing equipment for electrostatic measurements. Check the websites of companies that provide instruments for electrostatic measurements or charge detection. They often provide detailed information about their products, specifications, and applications.
**5. Research Institutions:**
Visit the websites of universities, research institutions, and laboratories that focus on electrostatics and related fields. They may publish research findings, papers, and reports on charge measurement techniques and equipment.
**6. Books and Review Articles:**
Look for books and review articles that cover the topic of electrostatics and charge measurement. These can provide a comprehensive overview of the techniques and equipment used in the field.
**7. Professional Organizations:**
Check out professional organizations related to electrostatics and electrical engineering, such as the Electrostatics Society of America (ESA) or the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). They might have resources, articles, and contacts related to charge detection and measurement.
Remember that the field of charge detection and measurement can span various disciplines, including physics, engineering, materials science, and industrial applications. Be open to exploring different sources and approaches to find relevant information and equipment for your specific needs.
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Dear all, I applied positive bias on gate, there is significant high leakage current on the transistor. However, when I applied negative bias on gate, the leakage current is insignificant. What can I infer from this?
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Yes, applying a positive or negative bias on the gate of certain power semiconductor devices can result in different leakage currents (IGSS - Gate-to-Source Leakage Current). Leakage currents refer to the small currents that flow through the device when it is supposed to be in the off-state (blocking state). The magnitude and direction of the IGSS depend on the type of power semiconductor device and its internal structure. Two common types of devices where the bias on the gate affects the IGSS are MOSFETs and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs):
1. MOSFETs:
- For N-channel MOSFETs: When a positive voltage (VGS) is applied to the gate (relative to the source), it enhances the flow of electrons in the channel, turning the MOSFET "on" or into its conducting state. In this case, the IGSS is typically very low because the MOSFET is in the on-state.
- For P-channel MOSFETs: When a negative voltage (VGS) is applied to the gate (relative to the source), it enhances the flow of holes in the channel, turning the MOSFET "on." In this case, the IGSS is also typically very low because the MOSFET is in the on-state.
- For both types, when the gate voltage is zero (VGS = 0), the MOSFET should be off. In this off-state, there is a small reverse leakage current (IGSS) flowing through the gate-to-source junction, which is usually very low but can be affected by temperature and other factors.
2. IGBTs:
- When a positive voltage (VGE) is applied to the gate (relative to the emitter), it enhances the conductivity of the IGBT, and it enters the on-state. In this state, the IGSS is generally low.
- When a negative voltage (VGE) is applied to the gate (relative to the emitter), it reduces the conductivity of the IGBT, but it might not turn off completely, and some leakage current (IGSS) can flow through the device.
It's important to note that the magnitude of IGSS is usually quite small in both MOSFETs and IGBTs when they are in the off-state. However, in high-voltage applications or situations where minimizing power loss is crucial, leakage currents become more critical, and device selection and proper driving techniques become important factors to consider. Additionally, the characteristics of IGSS may vary between different device families and manufacturers.
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AI and machine learning (ML) are being utilized to tackle complicated issues and increase efficiency in a variety of sectors. Here are some instances of how AI and ML are being applied in various industries:
- AI and machine learning are being utilized in healthcare to evaluate medical pictures, aid with diagnosis, and build individualized treatment regimens. They are also used to identify people who are at risk of developing certain diseases and to create novel medications.
- Finance: AI and ML are being used to detect and prevent fraud, evaluate financial markets, and generate predictions about market movements. They are also utilized to deliver customized financial advice and to automate a variety of typical financial duties.
- Retail: Artificial intelligence and machine learning are being used to optimize prices and inventory, customize suggestions, and increase supply chain efficiency. They are also utilized to assist merchants in better understanding their clients and improving the online purchasing experience.
- Manufacturing: Artificial intelligence and machine learning are being utilized to streamline manufacturing processes, increase quality control, and minimize downtime. They are also used to forecast equipment breakdown, allowing maintenance to be arranged ahead of time, and reducing downtime and expenses.
- Transportation: Artificial intelligence and machine learning are being utilized to streamline logistics, route planning, and traffic control, boosting overall efficiency and lowering costs. They are also used to monitor the fleet and forecast repair needs, resulting in less downtime and lower expenses.
- AI and machine learning are being utilized in agriculture for precision farming, crop monitoring, and weather forecasting. They also aid in the optimization of irrigation and fertilization, the reduction of pesticide usage, and the improvement of agricultural yields.
In general, AI and ML may aid in the automation of repetitive operations, the processing of vast volumes of data, and the making of predictions and choices. This can result in increased efficiency, cost savings, and fresh insights in a variety of industries.
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It’s yet another summer of extreme weather, with unprecedented heat waves, wildfires, and floods battering countries around the world. In response to the challenge of accurately predicting such extremes, semiconductor giant Nvidia is building an AI-powered “digital twin” for the entire planet.
This digital twin, called Earth-2, will use predictions from FourCastNet, an AI model that uses tens of terabytes of Earth system data and can predict the next two weeks of weather tens of thousands of times faster and more accurately than current forecasting methods...
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Any researcher who is interested in working together in the field of Powers Electronics & Drives, Converter & Inverter Design, MPPT Techniques, Solar Photovoltaic Systems, Microgrid, EV Charging Stations. And also interested in publishing good quality paper. Kindly contact me. And also here Give your suggestion and feedback.
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We can do some collaborative work on solar power generation forecasting
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I will really appreciate it if somebody could share the software. My lab owns the stimulator but when we acquired it we didn't get the software nor the drivers. Grass doesn't exist anymore and "Natus" which is the company that bought it told me that "S88X" is a discontinued product and they do not longer provide support for it.
Its crucial for us to control the device from a PC.
Thanks in advance
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Can you also forward the drive and software to me. My email is sargol.okhovatian@mail.utoronto.ca
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I am a Research Student working on Beamforming in MATLAB. I want to generate a beam, track and investigate it. I want to send that beam in a specific rectangular region, pointing to a UE and then further track down the movement of the same.
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see this link. Break your problem into small parts and solve them one by one.
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I have been trying to get realtime ecg data from arduino using matlab.
I am able to visualise the real time data using this code.
Here the issue is I cannot get the filtered output at the same time as I am not aware of the fs.
Would like to know how we can process the signal realtime and plot the output.
I am attaching the result I am getting with this code (0 to 200)
The output is taken from arduino pin A0
clear
clc
close all
%get some user settings
%ledPin = 'D13'; %For blinking the led we should access this pin
%deltaT_blink = 0.5;
port = 'COM5';
board = 'Uno';
a = arduino(port,board); % we are creating an arduino object with this specific board and this specific port
%write a small for loop that flashes the LED on and off
% for k = 1:20
% %turn the arduino LED on
% a.writeDigitalPin(ledPin,1);
% pause(deltaT_blink*5);
% %turn the arduino LED off
% a.writeDigitalPin(ledPin,0);
% pause(deltaT_blink*2);
%
% end
init_time = 1;
x =0;
s=0;
f = 0;
tic
while(init_time<1000)
b = readVoltage(a,"A0");
x = [x,b];
% subplot(2,1,1)
plot(x)
xlim tight
% fs = 16; % Sample rate in Hz
% fc = [5 15]
% Passband frequency range in Hz
% [b1, a1] = butter(4, fc/(fs/2), 'bandpass');
% ecg_filtered = filter(b1, a1, x);
% subplot(2,1,2)
% plot(ecg_filtered)
% f1 = fft(x);
% s1 = spectrogram(x);
% subplot(3,1,2)
% f = [f,f1];
% plot(f)
% subplot(3,1,3)
% s = [s,s1];
% plot(s)
grid on
init_time = init_time+1;
drawnow
end
toc
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To achieve real-time processing and visualization of the filtered data, you need to modify the code as follows:
Move the filter coefficient calculation ([b1, a1] = butter(4, fc/(fs/2), 'bandpass');) outside the while loop. This ensures that the coefficients are only calculated once and not repeatedly in each iteration.
Create a buffer array (ecg_buffer) to store a window of the ECG data.
Update the buffer with the new ECG samples in each iteration.
Apply the filter to the buffer (ecg_filtered = filter(b1, a1, ecg_buffer);).
Plot the filtered data (subplot(2,1,2); plot(ecg_filtered);).
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Both SRAM and Flip-flop are volatile memory element. Is there any applications where both are used?
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Flip-flop are the bricks from them more complex functional units can be built. These can be, for instance, registers, counters, frequency dividers, state machines, or SRAM modules that you mentioned. Complex state machines are CPUs, integrated in microcontrollers, they contain a plenty of flip-flops. Some of them are used in the CPU to process the instructions or store data. Other ones build CPU's RAM or I/O registers, counters, etc.
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What is swerling target 0 , 1, 2,3,4 In Radars?
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Thank You Very much Yazen Alawaideh !!
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I am happy to share my new paper related to EV applications, which is currently an emerging area of research. I request everyone to please share my paper with your knows or groups.
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A hybrid energy source-based BLDC (Brushless DC) motor drive can be an efficient solution for electric vehicle applications. In this type of system, multiple energy sources are used to power the BLDC motor, which provides better efficiency and performance.
The most common hybrid energy source-based BLDC motor drives use a combination of a battery and an ultracapacitor as energy sources. The battery provides a stable and continuous power supply to the motor, while the ultracapacitor provides short bursts of high-power energy. This combination allows the motor to achieve better acceleration, regenerative braking, and overall efficiency.
The control system of the hybrid energy source-based BLDC motor drive is crucial to achieving optimal performance. The system must be able to monitor and manage the energy flow between the battery and ultracapacitor, as well as control the speed and torque of the motor.
Overall, a hybrid energy source-based BLDC motor drive is an efficient and reliable solution for electric vehicle applications, providing improved performance and reduced energy consumption.
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If you are willing to work in MPPT then I suggest you to follow this paper. This paper helps you to choose the best MPPT algorithm for your system.
cation/369600395_Comprehensive_Review_of_Conventional_and_Emerging_Maximum_Power_Point_Tracking_Algorithms_for_Uniformly_and_Partially_Shaded_Solar_Photovoltaic_Systems
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Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to optimize the output power of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. There are several MPPT techniques available, including:
  1. Perturb and Observe (P&O) - this method involves periodically perturbing the operating point of the PV panel and observing the corresponding change in the output power. The direction of the perturbation is then adjusted to reach the maximum power point.
  2. Incremental Conductance - this technique is based on the fact that the maximum power point corresponds to the point where the slope of the PV panel's I-V curve is equal to the negative of the panel's incremental conductance.
  3. Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV) - this method uses the open-circuit voltage of the PV panel to estimate the panel's maximum power point. The panel's output voltage is then adjusted to match the estimated voltage.
  4. Constant Voltage (CV) - this technique involves maintaining a constant voltage across the PV panel and adjusting the panel's output current to reach the maximum power point.
  5. Model Predictive Control (MPC) - this method uses a mathematical model of the PV panel and the MPPT system to predict the panel's behavior and adjust the operating point accordingly.
The choice of the best MPPT technique depends on the specific application and the characteristics of the PV panel. In general, P&O and Incremental Conductance are the most commonly used techniques, as they are simple and effective for most applications. However, for more complex systems or panels with non-linear characteristics, MPC may be the best option. Ultimately, the best MPPT technique will depend on the specific requirements of the application, such as efficiency, cost, and complexity.
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Just a question i didn't have idea about and wanted to know as if we can generate electricity from cold waves then we can set power stations in polar regions.
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Yes, electricity can also be generated from cold temperature waves through a process called thermoelectric power generation. Thermoelectric power generation is based on the Seebeck effect, which is the conversion of temperature differences into electric voltage or potential difference. This is possible because certain materials have the property that when a temperature difference is applied across them, they generate an electric potential difference. This electric potential difference can be used to generate electricity.
However, the efficiency of thermoelectric power generation from cold temperature waves is currently very low and it is still an emerging technology. The practical applications of thermoelectric power generation from cold temperature waves are limited at this time.
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When we Launch rocket to put our satellite in orbit , how it is put in orbit so accurately? Because as I know their are debries in Leo, Meo & Geo so how they find their way out by going through debries , are their any radars to detect the debries , how they avoid this debries ??
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Thank You very much Ram Tenneti !!
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How do our Radars get the location of the Planes , jets or Missiles when they are moving ? like how does the stationory radar works?
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Thank You very Much Aparna Sathya Murthy !!
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Options for development of RES are based on FIT or TGC models of energy generation payment ?
What is better solution for country/investor? Why?
Any literature?
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your response is so apt and succinct.
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I understand trigger level as voltage level such that we acquire waveform just as the trigger level is reached.This helps to show the steady waveform. But I don't understand the role and meaning of trigger position.
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In modern digital scopes the A/D conversion runs continuously. It allows them to show your waveform even before the trigger event. If your trigger position is in the middle of the screen, the left side shows your signal before the trigger event, while the right side after it.
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Is this Correct That I can reduce Distrotions to Ideally zero and reduce noise upto a limit but no completly zero? right ,In digital communication
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Thank you Very Much Aparna Sathya Murthy !!
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As till now after the matched filter or correlator we get a projection of vector and now with with Maxmimum liklehood AND with MAP criteria how we arrive to decission ?
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What are the channel encoding techniques like LDPC in Digital communication?
what are the improvements and what are the tradeoffs ?
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Am I right that isi is caused by multipath fading and
that should pass through same zero crossing ??
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Multipath propagation may result in ISI because of the delay spread. In general, the time delays of different paths are different. That is, the signals from some paths arrive at the receiver earlier, but from some paths arrive at late. When signals from different paths arrive at the receiver, different symbols are overlapped and ISI occurs. From another point of view, when a narrow pulse passes through a such kind multipath channel, the output is a wider dispersive pulse.
On the other hand, if all paths have a same delay, and all signals from different paths arrive at the receiver at the same time, then the delay spread is zero, and no ISI occurs.
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I hope this message finds you'll well. My name is Onyero Walter Ofuzim. I am reaching out to express my interest in collaborating in the field of Electrical/Electronic Engineering mainly in Control Systems Engineering, Dynamic Networks, Machine Learning, IoT, and/or Robotics.
I am deeply passionate about these areas and have been actively involved in research and projects related to them. I firmly believe that collaborating with others in this field will not only increase my chances of getting into a foreign-funded Masters or Ph.D. program, which is my ultimate goal but also help drive innovation and advancements in the field.
I am eager to share my ideas and knowledge and learn from others to contribute to the growth and development of these cutting-edge technologies. I am confident that my skills and experience will be a valuable asset to any team, and I look forward to the opportunity to work with anyone who will be nice to have me.
Thank you for considering my request for collaboration. I look forward to hearing about a possible invitation.
Feel free to explore my profile as I am optimizing it to make my chances high.
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Dear Professor, Scientists and Technicians in the field :
I'm looking up on how to determine the Charging Current in a distribution (15, 25 or 35 kV) overhead power line.
These lines are Polyethylene-covered cables. But, since there is always a non cero Capacitance between Ground and the line, there always exists a Charging Current in the direction from the phase, to the Ground.
Does anyone know about the subject ?
How I can compute such result ?
Charging Current.
Best Regards!
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Hello. Take a look at this paper https://selinc.com/api/download/125783/.
I am not sure if its exactly what you're after but as for microstrip lines I would also follow the same logic using line models, I think it might be of use to you.
Hope it helps
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Dear Professor, Scientists and Technicians in the field :
I'm trying to compute the Charging Current for a particular distribution Overhead line (25 or 35 kV).
And I found a paper where I found a couple of equations which allows you to calculate it.
However, in both of the equations you need to know the value of the Capacitance; between the line and the Ground
(in the attached image the equivalent electric circuit of this can be seen)
Two different circuits are shown here (a & b), because the paper where I took that, gives two different sub-methods to calculate the Charging Current of the line. Bith in both the Capacitance is needed.
I have no clue how to be able to figure out the value for the Capcitance.
Does anyone know about this subject ?
By the way, the formula for the Charging Current which appears in this paper is :
I = omega * C * [ V_phase-phase / sqrt(3) ]
I will really thank if someone can help
Regards !
PS. Paper attached too
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Franklin Uriel Parás Hernández The capacitance of a power distribution overhead wire between phase and ground may be calculated using the formula:
C = 2 * π * ε * L / ln(d / r)
Where: C = capacitance (in farads) ε = relative permittivity of air (approximately 8.85 x 10^-12 F/m) L = length of the line (in meters) d = distance from the line to the ground (in meters) r = radius of the conductor (in meters)
Once you have estimated the capacitance, you can use it in the formula for the charging current:
I = ω * C * [V_phase-phase / sqrt(3)]
Where: I = charging current (in Amperes) ω = angular frequency (2 * π * f)
f = frequency of the AC power (in Hz)
V_phase-phase = voltage between two phases of the line (in Volts)
Please keep in mind that these are only estimates, and the real capacitance will vary depending on factors such as the shape of the conductor, the height of the line above ground, and the presence of other adjacent conductors or buildings. To obtain a more precise measurement, simulation software or field experiments are advised.
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I hope all of you doing well. My name is Mamunur Rashid, and I am a final-year student in Electrical & Electronic Engineering. I'm about to start my final year project/thesis. I'm struggling to find a novel/innovative topic to carry on this. My primary interests are Renewable Energy Systems, Smart Grid, Energy Management Systems etc. Is there anyone who can help me to find a suitable topic to start the review on. So I'm hoping for the best. Regards...
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Mohammad Mamunur Rashid I realize how difficult it might be to come up with an appropriate topic for your final year assignment. Here are a few project ideas that may be of interest to you if you are interested in Renewable Energy Systems, Smart Grid, and Energy Management Systems:
1. Build and Implementation of a Microgrid System Using Renewable Energy Sources: The goal of this project might be to design a microgrid system that incorporates various renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro power. An energy management system might also be included in the project to maximize the utilization of the various energy sources.
2. Artificial Intelligence for Smart Grid Control and Optimization: This project might focus on applying Artificial Intelligence techniques to optimize the control and operation of a smart grid system. The project might make use of
3. Develop and Implementation of a Smart Home Energy Management System: The goal of this project might be to design and implement a smart home energy management system that enables for real-time monitoring and control of energy consumption. The project might entail the collection and analysis of energy use data using IoT devices and cloud-based platforms.
4. Battery Energy Storage System for Renewable Energy Integration: The goal of this project might be to develop and build a battery energy storage system that would allow renewable energy sources to be integrated into the grid. The project might entail the usage of several types of batteries and the investigation of their performance under various operating situations.
5. EV Charging Station Power Management and Control: This project might focus on creating and implementing an EV charging station power management system. The project may incorporate the application of modern control techniques to improve the charging process and assure grid stability.
These are just a few examples of possible project ideas; there are many more based on your interests and talents. I hope this assists you in getting started with your study.
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How to calculate the power dissipation for different switching activity in sequential elements?
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Sandeep Kumar To calculate power dissipation in latches and flip-flops, first determine the switching activity of the circuit. This may be accomplished by counting the number of transitions (the number of times the signal changes state) during a certain time period.
Once the switching activity is known, the power dissipation may be estimated using the following formula:
Power dissipation = switching activity x capacitance x voltage2 x frequency
Where capacitance is the entire capacitance of the circuit, voltage is the supply voltage, and frequency is the switching frequency.
Furthermore, several CAD programs like as HSPICE, Pspice, and others may be used to simulate and calculate power dissipation for various switching activities in sequential elements.
It's also worth noting that power dissipation may be influenced by other factors such as leakage current, temperature, and process changes, therefore keep these in mind while studying power dissipation in a circuit.
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I'm looking for a simple idea that can detect holes in a line of printed aluminum foils. I attempted to put an LED light in the back of the foil so that if a hole is detected, the light can be seen with human eyes. But what basic electrical sensor can detect this light and alert me?
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If you can see it with your eyes then your should be able to use a standard camera. You would likely need to look for a specific pixel intensity in the channel that is close to the the same wavelength as the LED. If using a red LED, look at the red channel in the image. If there is any pixel above your background threshold, then you assume that this is a result of a hole in the foil. If the foil is in motion, e.g. in a roll-to-roll process, you could also look for the motion of the pixels to verify that it is in the foil and not from some other stationary light source. Also, reflections are not likely to be at the same speed and direction as the foil motion. There are many image processing games that you could play to adjust the performance of the system.
There are other devices, like photodiodes, that you could use to detect the light but you will need to have a large field of view which will mean a large background signal. It may be difficult to get a good signal to noise ratio when using single element devices.
Best of luck.
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I am trying to drive around 9 strain gauges with a 5V battery, after connecting the strain gauses to the battery, I found that the gauge outputs are very noisy. (since the strain gauges are used on moible platform, I can only use batteries rather than other power sourse with low noise)
To reduce the noise, I added a LM358N op amp as a voltage follower between the battery and the strain gagues. When the output pin of the op amp connects to no load, the output is 5V. However, when I connect that 5V output to the strain gauges, the output voltage of the op amp drops significantly as the number of the strain gauges increases. (even drops to less than 1V)
I think that the voltage drop may be caused by the low impedance of the strain gauges, which the LM358N can not handle. So my question is:
1. Are there any recommendations on op amps that can be used as voltage followers for low impedance outputs like strain gauges?
2. If proper op amps doesn't exist, what other components can I add in my circuit to eliminate or at least to reduce that voltage drop?
Looking forward to your suggestions and thank you in advance!
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Usually, considerable noise is not generated by a battery but by circuits driven by the battery. The current through your 9 strain gauges is about 375 mA; please have a look at this table:
But by just putting a voltage follower between voltage source and load the noise is not cancelled. At least, you have to insert a low pass filter between the 5V battery and the non-inverting input of the op amp.
Actually, you don't need the 5V battery anymore because the power is delivered by the 12V source. It would be enough to have a voltage divider plus a low pass filter which is driven by the 12V source and delivers 5V.
Hope this helps.
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In terms of short circuit capability, IGBT used in UPS/motor drive/welding/white goods/PFC are required.
For Inductive Heating, there are mainly two topologies (shown attached): half-bridge and single-ended. Why SC capability is not required here?
Thank you in advance!
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Power is proportional to I2 so the current is carefully controlled. Under normal operating conditions only load current can flow. There can be no overcurrent. There is only a need for a fuse in the main line if the transistor(s) fail.
I would not be surprised if a manufacturer takes a shortcut and relies on the circuit breaker supplying the appliance. Just to save a few cents.
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Hallo every one,
I did nanoidentation experiment :
1 photoresist with 3 different layer thicknesses.
My results show that the photoresist is harder when it has thicker layer..
I can't find the reason in the literature.
Can any one please explaine me why is it like that??
is there any literature for this?
best regards
chiko
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The nano layer thickness is very very small layer, otherwise it's cannot use by Resistivity method and it has VES limitation.
Best regards.
P. Hakaew
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Thermal management of electronics/PCB boards purely depends on the power it dissipates (component power dissipations). But the power dissipation values provided by the component suppliers are the maximum power dissipation and in realty on field the power dissipation is far from this max values. So, i am looking into other possible ways to determine this values, through physic or analytically maybe.
Any bit of information would be highly helpful !
Thanking in advance !!!
Regards,
Rajesh.
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Dear
You can benefit from this valuable Link about your topic:
"PCB Simulation: How to Simulate a PCB Design"
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Also this one:
"PCB thermal calculator & simulation"
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"7 Considerations for PCB Power Supply Design"
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"Five Approaches to Cooling Military Electronics"
@Five Approaches to Cooling Military Electronics
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"Basics: Power dissipation and electronic components"
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Online calculator for PCB circuits
I hope it will be helpful..
Best wishes..
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I am delivering power to my device using a VNA with frequency ranging from 300kHz to 8GHz. I am trying to figure out the current that passes through my sample, or DUT. I can set the output power of the VVNA and measure the S11. Here is my approach.
Since the total current (the sum of the incident and reflected waves) at the DUT can be expressed as:
I=V0/Z0 (1-Gamma)
then, use P0=I*V0, so current becomes
I=sqrt(P0*(1-Gamma)/Z0), where Gamma=10^(S11/20)
Is this approach current? Another method that I thought of is to first measure the DC resistance, R. Then, the current can be derived as:
I=sqrt(P0*(1-Gamma^2)/R).
Is any of these correct? Any help is much appreciated.
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If gamma is a complex number it is already in the form you want. The S11 you started with is actually S11(dB) which is 20*log10(abs(a+ib)).
S11(complex) is a+ib.
Sometime a and b are not available in a data file, but S11(dB) is and also the phase S11(radians) or S11(degrees), so you can still get the complex number.
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In a hypothetical situation where I have two wires, ones cross section is a cylinder, and the others a star. Both have the same cross section area, both have the same length. What are the differences in electrical properties ?
Are there any experiments done looking into this ?
Also what would happen if a wire had a conical shape, by length ?
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The electrical properties are frequency dependent and are dependent on the electromagnetic field profile around the wire. For example, in a high frequency situation, the electric current will travel close to the surface of the wire. Consider a coaxial cable: if the center conductor is round (circular) and the shield is circular and collinear, the electric field will be evenly distributed around the center conductor and the current (tangential magnetic field) will also be evenly distributed. Hence, the resistance per unit length of the wire will be 1/(2*pi*a*delta*sigma), where a=radius of wire, delta=skin depth, sigma=wire material conductivity.
Now, suppose we have a "star" shaped wire. The electric field (and longitudinal current) will be concentrated at the points of the star. The effective area of the current flow will be reduced in this case and the wire will have a higher resistance than the smooth round wire.
If you have access too electromagnetic field simulator software, why not try some numerical experiments?
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I want to simulate a circuit having pin diode to verify switching function of PIN Diode in x-band. What are the softwares that i can use..?
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ADS, CST MICROWAVE STUDIO, HFSS
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It is a network of 30 earth pits. 3 sets of10 pits.
I have disconnected all the 3 sets. However, when I check for the resistance between the network of first 10 and that of the second set, I get 45ohms. Should it not show in k or M ohms as they are not galvanically coupled. One thing is for sure that they are not shorted as the resistance is as high as 40+
If I disconnected one pit from the remaining 9 in the first set, I get around 250ohms with multimeter.
I am trying to decouple all the 3 sets from each other but to no avail.
is it due to the high conductive compound that has gone into these pits?
Meanwhile, I'll try to explore more on this
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try to measure[1], if possible, the AC-resistances[2] (impedances, at 1kHz), also.
1. "8. Method for the Earth measurement of a large earthing system" https://www.kew-ltd.co.in/2019/05/02/a-guide-to-earthground-resistance-test/
2. "What is the resistance of Earth Pit?" https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-resistance-of-Earth-Pit
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Out of these 5 universities can you rate them from top to bottom which is best for coursework and research opportunities for Masters in Antenna Specialization.
Arizona State University, North Carolina State University, Virginia Tech, The Ohio State University, UT Dallas.
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Dear
You can benefit from this Link about your topic:
You can enter the name of any university that you want to know its rank in the search box.
I hope it will be helpful...
Best wishes...
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Hi,
I was working on a thesis project on a portable ECG device, I checked these
So it was basically biopotential->Amplifier->logging->displaying using Teensy(Programmable chip), Adafruit(Bluetooth Module), SPI LCD Screen, and resistors and capacitors.
I developed and assembled all except Teensy, adafruit, SPI LCD screen, as I don't have circuit on how to connect output to these 3 devices.
Can anyone share some other resources it would be very much valuable.
Thank You
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Dear sir, I guess the Teensy is used to acquire the signal (use one of the analog inputs; for instance, pins for 14 to 23 Analog). The signal is of course converted (Analog to Digital) inside the Teensy. Then, you can display what you read using SPI (pins 10 to 13 of Teens) on SPI LCD Screen. For the Bluetooth device, I don't know what is it used for; maybe to save the data on an SD card and send the data (acquired ECG) to a remote station (computer I guess). You can use it. It is not difficult to assemble that and programs exist for each task: 1. Acquire analog signal using Teensy; 2. Display a value, figure using SPI of Teensy on an SPI LDC display; 3. Send data using a Bluetooth device.
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case1 : when Radio frequency wave transmision line is loaded with matched impendace, then entire signal is taken by load without any reflections..
case 2: when a Radio frequency wave transmision line is loaded with short circuit, then entire signal is reflected back...
Now what happens when both the above cases are combined?
where will the signal go and how much will be the reflection coefficient?
will the matched impedance load get any signal?
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Yes, the signal will be reflected back and ods not reach the load. At the opposite end, the load will see some impedance varying from short to open depending on the electrical length of the transmission line between shorted point and the load.
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I am trying to design a PIN Diode switch for a WR90 Rectangular waveguide ( X - Band) using HFSS software. I have learnt from some discussion that PIN Diode can be modelled using sheets and boundaries but how exactly that model i can use inside a waveguide as a switch? what are the parameters or extra devices i need to add? I couldn't find any open publications on PIN Diode switch in x-band rectangular waveguide Can someone recommend me some books or publications or blogs for better understanding of PIN Diode simulation in HFSS inside a waveguide.
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Hello,
Few papers are attached for your help.
Thanks,
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We have chips on which there is tin, which disappears after a while. Tin is used on the chips to glue the heatsink.
What is your solution for chips that have lost their tin?
Due to the lack of poor heat transfer, we can not use silicone paste.
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You can use silver foils and glue them with thin film of silver paste. It will work for long time without damage. You can also use thermal conducting ceramic paste, contact the heart think to it and fix the heat think to the chip by a clamp.
Best wishes.
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Hi there,
I hope you are doing well.
Do you know, which camera is used recently for the GRENOUILLE technique in order to measure the pulse length of ultra-short pulses?
what features the camera should provide? Should it be fast or regular camera works as well?
This article names a camera but I am not sure it is used recently in experiments or it is out of date!
Attached is a document in this regard.
I appreciate your time and any feedback.
Best regards,
Aydin
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Dear Hassan Nasser I really appreciate your response.
Thank you!!
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I have just designed a fuzzy system, and now I want to redesign it based on the fractional order. However, I have no idea where to start from and what to do. Could you please tell me what I should do and mention any related sources to study?
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Dear s.Milad:
You can benefit from this valuable article about your topic:
"Fuzzy Fractional-Order PID Controller for Fractional Model of Pneumatic Pressure System".
Abstract:
This article presents a fuzzy fractional-order PID (FFOPID) controller scheme for a pneumatic pressure regulating system. The industrial pneumatic pressure systems are having strong dynamic and nonlinearity characteristics; further, these systems come across frequent load variations and external disturbances. Hence, for the smooth and trouble-free operation of the industrial pressure system, an effective control mechanism could be adopted. The objective of this work is to design an intelligent fuzzy-based fractional-order PID control scheme to ensure a robust performance with respect to load variation and external disturbances. A novel model of a pilot pressure regulating system is developed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. Simulation studies are carried out in a delayed nonlinear pressure regulating system under different operating conditions using fractional-order PID (FOPID) controller with fuzzy online gain tuning mechanism. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed strategy and confirm the performance improvement for the pneumatic pressure system. To highlight the advantages of the proposed scheme a comparative study with conventional PID and FOPID control schemes is made.
I hope it will be helpful...
Best wishes....
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Dear colleagues,
I would like to request your collaboration to take part in the survey, available at the links: (EN): https://lnkd.in/djVdWne (IT): https://lnkd.in/dnvK3eJ (PT-BR): https://lnkd.in/dVGWmHv This questionnaire is part of the project aiming to analyze the transition from a linear economy to a circular economy, comparing developed and developing countries, at a macro level (nations, regions, cities). The project is a partnership between the University of Brasilia (Brazil), coordinated by Professor Patricia Guarnieri and the University of Bologna (Italy), coordinated by Professor Augusto Bianchini.
Your participation is very important to us. Please share with your network! Sincerely,
Patricia Guarnieri, Dr. Professor and Researcher Faculty of Economics, Business Administration, Accounting and Public Policies Management (FACE/UnB) - http://www.adm.unb.br/ University of Brasilia - UnB -  http://www.unb.br/ ORCID : http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5298-5348
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The transition to a circular economy is not uniform and varies depending on a series of factors such as the degree of industrialization, the level of technological development, the availability of qualified human resources and access to financing, among others.
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From Few Discussion i got to know about PIN Diode Equivalent RLC circuit. Then in hfss created 2 cylinder blocks both in contact to each other, then for one cylinder i gave inductance and for other i gave resistance and capacitance for Diode off condition. Similarly for DIode ON condition, for one cylinder i gave inductance and for other resistance. But it is not working as expected. Please need some help to design it.
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Dear Raj:
You can benefit from this valuable Courses about your topic:
"Ansys Learning Fourm HFSS"
In it you will find the answer to all your questions at:
Please go through "Cosimulation Using Ansys HFSS” course to learn about how to do cosimulation using Ansys HFSS and Circuit from below link:
You can design the PIN diode equivalent circuit in the Circuit and connect it to the HFSS design to see the performance.
I hope it will be helpful..
Best wishes...
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I am trying to solve the differential equation. I was able to solve it when the function P is constant and independent of r and z. But I am not able to solve it further when P is a function of r and z or function of r only (IMAGE 1).
Any general solution for IMAGE 2?
Kindly help me with this. Thanks
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Vikas Rohil sir, please help me.
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Is it possible to replace a flyback transformer with a common transformer in a high voltage power supply by modifying the circuit? and if yes, what kind of modifications are needed?
I ask this because making a flyback is harder than making a common transformer.
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There are 2 answers :
1. Theoretically : Yes, however you need a circuit modification.
- The flyback uses a transformer with air gap. A normal transformer does not have this.
- You can create an isolated dc/dc convertor with a normal transformer, at the cost of an extra inductor, an extra winding and an extra diode. I think it is called the 'forward' convertor.
2. Practically, what you show in the pictures:
- On the left: This is a low-frequency transformer, mains, max. 400 Hz frequency. (with very good iron.)
- On the right : A ferrite transformer, typically used in the horizontal drive circuit of a Cathode Ray Tube television. In these televisions, the horizontal drive circuit :
a. It controls the left-right sweep of the electrons in the tube. The standard is such that the frequency where it operates on, is about 16 Khz. (Depends on the TV standard used.) As such, you CANNOT change the core to an iron core.
b. Usually, this circuit is also used as the power convertor for the whole TV. Apart from the windings for the left-right movement of the electron beam, there are windings for a multitude of voltages in the TV. The most 'visible' of these is the high-voltage (10 kV for black/white, 30 kV for color) to accelerate the electrons toward the screen. The 10 kV, that is straight, single diode rectifier. For the 30 kV, usually a diode voltage tripler is used. Note that, in the picture, the 'bulky' look for the right transformer is caused by this 10 kVolt winding. This needs lots of isolation, creep distance etc. Note that a normal ferrite transfomer, nowadays operating at ~100 to ~200 Khz is much more compact than a 50-60 Hz transformer.
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I have updated my manuscript but its the third time the reviewer send me this comment again.
What are the probable redox reaction during cyclic voltammetry?
Could anyone guide me on this, please
Thanks, A lot in advance for your precious time.
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Dear all, please have a look at the following link and the attached file. My Regards
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- Journals ranking (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4).
- Article Processing Charge (APC) <1500 USD.
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If you refer to the images attached of opamp, one is open loop config of opamp and the other is the closed loop config of opamp. In both of these equations, the formula to obtain output voltage remains the same including the common mode signal affects. However, the Adm term, called as the differential gain of opamp or the circuit, in open loop config refers to the open loop gain of opamp while the Adm term in the second circuit refers to the closed loop gain of opamp. The books I have referred are: Microelectronic Circuits (Seventh Edition) by Sedra Smith, and Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits (Fourth Edition) by Ramakant A. Gayakwad.
Is the reason because the Adm and the Acm in the first circuit refer to the differential gain and the common mode gain of the circuit and the circuit is opamp itself so Adm and Acm are the differential gain and the common mode gain of the opamp itself? While in the second circuit, the Adm and the Acm are the differential mode gain and the common mode gain of the whole circuit? But I saw in Sedma Smith that for the second circuit, output voltage formula of opamp being used in terms of open loop gain without including the affect of internal common mode gain of opamp.
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There are some good answers by esteemed colleagues but I want to refer to very basic concepts which are the configurations of both amplifiers: the op amp and the differential and difference amplifier based on a circuit of the op amp.
As both amplifiers has a differential input then both have a differential gain and a common mode gain. In every configuration, there are two input voltages and one output terminal.
The two amplifiers have the same terminology as they have similar configuration but the values of the values of Ad and Ac are surely different.
So, the matter is definition of the performance parameters.
Best wishes
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I have been studying quantization in context of Digital Image Processing. I referred to the 4th edition of the book titled "Digital Image Processing" by Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods.
In the book, the intensity quantization levels are defined as
L=2^k
where k is an integer.
Now the first thing that comes to my find is why is that the quantization levels should be integer multiple of two and why not just any integer in general.
A paragraph has been attached regarding this from the book.
Then I found a homework problem and its solution online which are both attached as images.
In the homework question, I believe n is used in place of k to calculate bits per pixel or bits per picture elements. While k was defined as integer in Gonzalez, here n comes out to be 3.32 bits per pixel (not an integer). Isn't it a contradiction?
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The colleagues really gave satisfactory answers to your questions. However, I have to stress the main cause of using the binary numbers in signal processing.
It is the available electronic devices that impose the number system used in digital computers and consequently signal processing.
There are two major electronic devices imposing the binary system:
The memory cells are binary that is a cell sores either logic one or logic zero.
So, to wright or read them directly they have to handle binary numbers.
The other major device is the arithmetic and logic unit. It also use binary numbers in their operations.
So, any other signal format must be converted into the binary from including the samples of analog signals. Every sample must be converted into n bit code. Which is a strings of one and zeros.
The conversion from analog to digital and vice verse is accomplished by A.D converters. According to the required resolution, every sample is represented by an n bits binary codes.
Best wishes
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I want to make a decision making device by nearby active bluetooth devices using HC-05 bluetooth module with arduino nano but I stucked at programming algorithm to find active devices.
It is similar as arogya setu app's concept.
Kindly give your attention on this question and provide me its resolution.
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Thanks for responding Mr @Joerg Fricke , Mr @Oussama Laayati and Mr @Rishav Pramanik
I want to clarify my question. Like, when we turn on our mobile phone's bluetooth, it shows nearby by bluetooth devices. In the same way I want to implement such technic using bluetooth module and Arduino nano for detection of nearby active bluetooth devices.
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Dear Researchers :
If someone is proficient in COMSOL and knows about the physics and applications of Electric Power Cables
Can help me on solving this model? What am I doing wrong ?
I need to compute the Temperature Distribution of this 2D model of a MV (35 kV) Power Cable.
The configuration is simple, and the application if for 25 kV AC.
I used a Study in two Steps
Step 1: a Frecuency Domain Analysis to solve first the Electric Currents (ec) and the Magnetic Fields (mf) physics. Followed from a
Step 2: a Stationary Study to solve the Heat Transfer phenomenon and its coupling with the (ec).
I'm attaching this image to shown how I can't get a Temperature Gradient, the Gradient I am getting is so tiny that practically the Temperature is uniform across all the Cable.
I'm doing something wrong
I'll appreciate the help,
Best Regards !
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Dear Franklin:
I agree with the opinions of my colleagues mentioned above, that it's difficult to find the problem since we can't see all the settings.
But you could benefit from this valuable article about your topic:
"Heat Transfer Modeling of Power Cables in Tunnels"
Electric power, in cities or for power plant outflow, is most often transmitted through underground cables. Due to increased electricity demands power suppliers make large investments to house these cables in deep or shallow tunnels.
The thermal environment is complex, with different kind of cables placed in different configurations, transmitting different powers. These are hard to take into account theorically, so thermal simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics® software were undertaken to measure the inaccuracy of the empirical models.
The Conjugate Heat Transfer interface is used, 2D and 3D models were developed and showed that several hypotheses lead to underestimation of the hottest cable temperature and two interesting possibility for improvement were found: the heat transfer correlations and cables proximity effects.
I have attached the pdf files ....
I hope it will be helpful...
With my best regards ...
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We know wind turbines extract energy from the wind in order to produce electricity, the wind downstream of a turbine has a lower energy content than the wind upstream. Suppose, the understudy region is formed of two zones (Figure attached). In the dark red zone, the initial wind velocity is greater than that in the light red zone.
Bearing in mind the different initial wind velocities, How to determine the resulting wind speed, due to the wake effect of turbine 1 on turbine 2 (case 1) and of turbine 3 on turbine 4 (case 2)?
Scenario: The problem in case 2, perhaps the recovered wind speed at turbine 4 is greater than V0 =8 m/s (initial speed at light red region)
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Dear Bassam:
At the first, and as you know that several different factors influence the potential wind resource in an area. The three main factors that influence power output are: wind speed, air density, and blade radius. Wind turbines need to be in areas with a lot of wind on a regular basis, which is more important than having occasional high winds.
# Wind speed:
Wind speed largely determines the amount of electricity generated by a turbine. Higher wind speeds generate more power because stronger winds allow the blades to rotate faster. Faster rotation translates to more mechanical power and more electrical power from the generator. The relationship between wind speed and power for a typical wind turbine is shown in Figure (a).
Turbines are designed to operate within a specific range of wind speeds. The limits of the range are known as the cut-in speed and cut-out speed. The cut-in speed is the point at which the wind turbine is able to generate power. Between the cut-in speed and the rated speed, where the maximum output is reached, the power output will increase cubically with wind speed. For example, if wind speed doubles, the power output will increase 8 times. This cubic relationship is what makes wind speed such an important factor for wind power. This cubic dependence does cut out at the rated wind speed. This leads to the relatively flat part of the curve in Figure (a), so the cubic dependence is during the speeds below 15 m/s (54 kph).
The cut-out speed is the point at which the turbine must be shut down to avoid damage to the equipment. The cut-in and cut-out speeds are related to the turbine design and size and are decided on prior to construction.
#Air Density:
Power output is related to the local air density, which is a function of altitude, pressure, and temperature. Dense air exerts more pressure on the rotors, which results in higher power output.
#Turbine Design:
Wind turbines are designed to maximize the rotor blade radius to maximize power output. Larger blades allow the turbine to capture more of the kinetic energy of the wind by moving more air through the rotors. However, larger blades require more space and higher wind speeds to operate. As a general rule, turbines are spaced out at four times the rotor diameter. This distance is necessary to avoid interference between turbines, which decreases the power output.
# There's a phenomenon, which referred to as the reduced wake effect:
During curtailment, less power is extracted from the wind and thus the wake effects are reduced. This leads to a wind speed increase at the downstream turbine and therefore to an apparent increase of its available power. This phenomenon is referred to as the reduced wake effect.
# So you could benefit from this valuable article about this topic:
"Analysis of the reduced wake effect for available wind power calculation during curtailment"
# Abstract:
With the increase of installed wind power capacity, the contribution of wind power curtailment to power balancing becomes more relevant. Determining the available power during curtailment at the wind farm level is not trivial, as curtailment changes the wake effects in a wind farm. Current best practice to estimate the available power is to sum the available power calculated by every wind turbine. However, during curtailment the changed local wind conditions at the wind turbines lead to inaccurate results at the wind farm level. This paper presents an algorithm to determine the available power of a wind farm during curtailment. Moreover, results of curtailment experiments are discussed that were performed on nearshore wind farm Westermeerwind to validate the algorithm. For the case where a single turbine is being curtailed, it is shown that the algorithm reduces the estimation error for the first downstream turbine significantly. Further development of the algorithm is required for accurate estimation of the second turbine. All further downstream turbines did not experience a change in wake conditions.
I hope it will be helpful ...
With my best regards ...
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Hello ,
how can i plot the same figure ( desired figure ) for Required leakage inductance with respect to operating power rating and phase shift for DAB converter i tried so many times i think i have problem with my Matlab code , can anyone help me with it ,
thanks
I'm sharing my MATLAB code and ( desired figure )
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finnally i found a solution
close all , clear all ,clc
%% parameters %%
P=1000:70:4000; phi=0.174:pi/50:pi/2; f=250e3; Vo=300; Vg=33.33; n=3/4;
%% Required leakage inductance with respect to operating power rating % and phase shift for DAB converter
[X,Y]=meshgrid(P,phi);
L=((pi*Y-Y.^2)*Vo*Vg)./(2*pi^2*f*n*X);
figure
h=surf(X,Y,L)
colorbar
title('Required leakage inductance with respect to operating power rating and phase shift for DAB converter')
xlabel('Power (W)')
ylabel('Phase shift (rad)')
zlabel('Inductance (H)')
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Kindly suggest which routing algorithm is better to implement for finding the optimal route in wireless adhoc networks? 
Performance criteria :end to end delay , packet delivery ratio, throughput
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There is no specific answer to your question. to choose the best routing algorithm in an Ad hoc network you must specify the type of application, the size of the network, and the mobility model.
The most known routing protocols are
1- AODV and DSR as reactive protocols.
2- OLSR and DSDV as proactive Protocols.
3- ZRP and TORA as Hebrid Protocols.
I recommend to read and cite the related paper
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Can I connect 2 capacitors in series/parallel to get 180 deg phase shift,? only 2 capacitors?
I need to have total impedance of 200 ohms at 2.4 GHz.
please advise
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Both are different things :
1.phase shift between input and output across a device
2. phase shift between current and voltage across a device
Two capacitors in series can not provide phase shift of 180 between input and output. So, it depends upon the quantities in which you need phase shift. No, nowadays amplifiers are available in miniature form or IC form (maybe you can use that, comparable or even smaller than the size of conventional capacitors).
That's how I can help, may be some faculty or researcher from the concerned domain may provide a useful answer and suggestion to your query.
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Journals with review time of 2-4 weeks and publication time of <6 months.Impact factor journals >1.
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Engineering with computers IF=7.9
Soft computing IF=3.6
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IS there any literature that analyze selection of window length of window in rooling/moving RMS of voltage signal?
I log data from oscilloscope, and then I calculate RMS voltage, but I am not sure the length of the window? Are there any rules about this?
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Dear researchers,
As you know, non-technical energy loss is a major problem in distribution networks especially in traditional ones with no smart meters. I know that the huge amount of non-technical energy loss is caused by electricity thefts mostly in rural areas. Nowadays, the novel configurations of networks are prevailing which can prevent at least electricity theft. However, it is still happening and results in huge amount of money loss! Here are my questions:
1. What are the other causes of non-technical loss and how can we reduce them?
2. Who must pay for it?
3. How can we consider it in novel electricity market places?
4. What is the easiest way to detect and prevent/reduce this type of loss in networks?
Any ideas would be appreciated.
Thank you in advance.
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Hi, Hooman Firoozi, there is not an easy answer for all questions.
I can share with you the incident characteristic we found on one electric company in Colombia, you can read on
for the last question 4. What is the easiest way to detect and prevent/reduce this type of loss in networks?
I think there is not create a detect system of NTL because of the dynamic behavior of the energy theft when you improve the energy network security, you have a time of response while the new methods for thefts raise from the users. Another important issue is the regulatory law in each country. For example, the law can allow it is cheaper to pay a penalty fee than the energy used in the theft period. So user can prefer to generate NTL instead of paying the energy bill and waiting for the penalty fee.
You have to study several topics you need to mix to understand this complex problem.
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Are there any models to predict when an "Electrical Tree" or a "Water Tree" will occur inside an electrical insulator (dielectric materials as Polyethylene, Polypropylene, etc.) working on its normal operating conditions for Medium Voltage or High Voltage applications ? i.e. the Electric Insulator material covering the conductor cable in underground power cables (MV and HV)
Are there any theoretical or empirical models to predict these phenomena ? When treeing will occur along the life of an electrical power cable?
Regards !
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Hello Dear colleagues
in the figure below there are two relaxation oscillator circuits they do the some function that generate triangular and signals. However, what are the technical difference between these circuits? and in particular when i use the circuit in figure (a) and when i use circuits in figure (b)?
Best regards
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Dear Tariq Kanaan sir,
1) Yes both the circuits produces the square wave but the noise immunity in first circuit is more due to the usage of bistable multivibrator (Bistable multivibrator in general are more noise immune due to two threshold voltages: larger hysteresis voltage indicates more noise immunity).
2) The frequency of the generated square wave depends upon the circuit elements (R and C) but the maximum frequency of the opamp will be limited by the slew rate of the opamp.
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The idea is to find supplier and prices of the most used batteries for EVs.
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check this paper for values:
Standard suppliers are CATL, Samsung, LG, BYD
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