Electrical & Electronics Engineering - Science topic

LoRaWAN Class A possesses bi-directional communication capability and is power efficient. It only initiates uplink communication and this makes it suitable for event-driven applications like alarms, sensors, etc.

LoRaWAN Class B devices can open extra receive windows at scheduled intervals and these devices are also able to synchronize with a network beacon to better coordinate downlink communication.

LoRaWAN Class C devices are open to receive but at the expense of higher power consumption.

Since TOA is critical in LoRaWAN because it depends on power efficiency, network capacity and regulatory compliance. So, the spreading factor is a trade-off that needs to be carefully considered based on the specific requirements of a LoRaWAN deployment.

TOA = preamble time + payload time

Both preamble time and payload time are dependent on the spreading factor, among other things. As the spreading factor increases, these times increase, leading to a higher TOA.

I don't have direct access to the internet to search for current articles or equipment, but I can provide you with some guidance on how to find articles and equipment related to detecting and measuring electrification charge.

**1. Academic Databases:**

Search reputable academic databases like PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Use keywords such as "electrification charge measurement," "electrostatic charge detection," or specific terms related to the field you're interested in.

**2. Research Journals:**

Look for relevant research journals in fields such as physics, materials science, electrical engineering, and industrial applications. Journals like the Journal of Electrostatics, Journal of Electrostatics and Electrification, and IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications might have relevant articles.

**3. Conference Proceedings:**

Check the proceedings of conferences related to electrostatics, materials science, and electrical engineering. Conferences like the International Conference on Electrostatics, the IEEE International Conference on Dielectric Liquids, and similar events might have papers on electrification charge detection and measurement.

**4. Manufacturer Websites:**

Many companies specialize in producing equipment for electrostatic measurements. Check the websites of companies that provide instruments for electrostatic measurements or charge detection. They often provide detailed information about their products, specifications, and applications.

**5. Research Institutions:**

Visit the websites of universities, research institutions, and laboratories that focus on electrostatics and related fields. They may publish research findings, papers, and reports on charge measurement techniques and equipment.

**6. Books and Review Articles:**

Look for books and review articles that cover the topic of electrostatics and charge measurement. These can provide a comprehensive overview of the techniques and equipment used in the field.

**7. Professional Organizations:**

Check out professional organizations related to electrostatics and electrical engineering, such as the Electrostatics Society of America (ESA) or the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). They might have resources, articles, and contacts related to charge detection and measurement.

Remember that the field of charge detection and measurement can span various disciplines, including physics, engineering, materials science, and industrial applications. Be open to exploring different sources and approaches to find relevant information and equipment for your specific needs.

Yes, applying a positive or negative bias on the gate of certain power semiconductor devices can result in different leakage currents (IGSS - Gate-to-Source Leakage Current). Leakage currents refer to the small currents that flow through the device when it is supposed to be in the off-state (blocking state). The magnitude and direction of the IGSS depend on the type of power semiconductor device and its internal structure. Two common types of devices where the bias on the gate affects the IGSS are MOSFETs and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs):

1. MOSFETs:

- For N-channel MOSFETs: When a positive voltage (VGS) is applied to the gate (relative to the source), it enhances the flow of electrons in the channel, turning the MOSFET "on" or into its conducting state. In this case, the IGSS is typically very low because the MOSFET is in the on-state.

- For P-channel MOSFETs: When a negative voltage (VGS) is applied to the gate (relative to the source), it enhances the flow of holes in the channel, turning the MOSFET "on." In this case, the IGSS is also typically very low because the MOSFET is in the on-state.

- For both types, when the gate voltage is zero (VGS = 0), the MOSFET should be off. In this off-state, there is a small reverse leakage current (IGSS) flowing through the gate-to-source junction, which is usually very low but can be affected by temperature and other factors.

2. IGBTs:

- When a positive voltage (VGE) is applied to the gate (relative to the emitter), it enhances the conductivity of the IGBT, and it enters the on-state. In this state, the IGSS is generally low.

- When a negative voltage (VGE) is applied to the gate (relative to the emitter), it reduces the conductivity of the IGBT, but it might not turn off completely, and some leakage current (IGSS) can flow through the device.

It's important to note that the magnitude of IGSS is usually quite small in both MOSFETs and IGBTs when they are in the off-state. However, in high-voltage applications or situations where minimizing power loss is crucial, leakage currents become more critical, and device selection and proper driving techniques become important factors to consider. Additionally, the characteristics of IGSS may vary between different device families and manufacturers.

It’s yet another summer of extreme weather, with unprecedented heat waves, wildfires, and floods battering countries around the world. In response to the challenge of accurately predicting such extremes, semiconductor giant Nvidia is building an AI-powered “digital twin” for the entire planet.

This digital twin, called Earth-2, will use predictions from FourCastNet, an AI model that uses tens of terabytes of Earth system data and can predict the next two weeks of weather tens of thousands of times faster and more accurately than current forecasting methods...

Can you also forward the drive and software to me. My email is sargol.okhovatian@mail.utoronto.ca

David Crompton , David Martínez-Vargas Janelle M Fine and Eric Kenji Lee

https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/67160-randomwalk.

see this link. Break your problem into small parts and solve them one by one.

To achieve real-time processing and visualization of the filtered data, you need to modify the code as follows:

Move the filter coefficient calculation ([b1, a1] = butter(4, fc/(fs/2), 'bandpass');) outside the while loop. This ensures that the coefficients are only calculated once and not repeatedly in each iteration.

Create a buffer array (ecg_buffer) to store a window of the ECG data.

Update the buffer with the new ECG samples in each iteration.

Apply the filter to the buffer (ecg_filtered = filter(b1, a1, ecg_buffer);).

Plot the filtered data (subplot(2,1,2); plot(ecg_filtered);).

Flip-flop are the bricks from them more complex functional units can be built. These can be, for instance, registers, counters, frequency dividers, state machines, or SRAM modules that you mentioned. Complex state machines are CPUs, integrated in microcontrollers, they contain a plenty of flip-flops. Some of them are used in the CPU to process the instructions or store data. Other ones build CPU's RAM or I/O registers, counters, etc.

Thank You Very much Yazen Alawaideh !!

A hybrid energy source-based BLDC (Brushless DC) motor drive can be an efficient solution for electric vehicle applications. In this type of system, multiple energy sources are used to power the BLDC motor, which provides better efficiency and performance.

The most common hybrid energy source-based BLDC motor drives use a combination of a battery and an ultracapacitor as energy sources. The battery provides a stable and continuous power supply to the motor, while the ultracapacitor provides short bursts of high-power energy. This combination allows the motor to achieve better acceleration, regenerative braking, and overall efficiency.

The control system of the hybrid energy source-based BLDC motor drive is crucial to achieving optimal performance. The system must be able to monitor and manage the energy flow between the battery and ultracapacitor, as well as control the speed and torque of the motor.

Overall, a hybrid energy source-based BLDC motor drive is an efficient and reliable solution for electric vehicle applications, providing improved performance and reduced energy consumption.

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to optimize the output power of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. There are several MPPT techniques available, including:

The choice of the best MPPT technique depends on the specific application and the characteristics of the PV panel. In general, P&O and Incremental Conductance are the most commonly used techniques, as they are simple and effective for most applications. However, for more complex systems or panels with non-linear characteristics, MPC may be the best option. Ultimately, the best MPPT technique will depend on the specific requirements of the application, such as efficiency, cost, and complexity.

Yes, electricity can also be generated from cold temperature waves through a process called thermoelectric power generation. Thermoelectric power generation is based on the Seebeck effect, which is the conversion of temperature differences into electric voltage or potential difference. This is possible because certain materials have the property that when a temperature difference is applied across them, they generate an electric potential difference. This electric potential difference can be used to generate electricity.

However, the efficiency of thermoelectric power generation from cold temperature waves is currently very low and it is still an emerging technology. The practical applications of thermoelectric power generation from cold temperature waves are limited at this time.

Thank You very much Ram Tenneti !!

Thank You very Much Aparna Sathya Murthy !!

your response is so apt and succinct.

In modern digital scopes the A/D conversion runs continuously. It allows them to show your waveform even before the trigger event. If your trigger position is in the middle of the screen, the left side shows your signal before the trigger event, while the right side after it.

Thank you Very Much Aparna Sathya Murthy !!

Thank You !! Shouxing Qu Aparna Sathya Murthy !!

Thank You very much all!! Aparna Sathya Murthy Shouxing Qu Shujat Ali Janak Trivedi

Multipath propagation may result in ISI because of the delay spread. In general, the time delays of different paths are different. That is, the signals from some paths arrive at the receiver earlier, but from some paths arrive at late. When signals from different paths arrive at the receiver, different symbols are overlapped and ISI occurs. From another point of view, when a narrow pulse passes through a such kind multipath channel, the output is a wider dispersive pulse.

On the other hand, if all paths have a same delay, and all signals from different paths arrive at the receiver at the same time, then the delay spread is zero, and no ISI occurs.

Sorry, it is jesus.mh@chihuahua.tecnm.mx

Hello. Take a look at this paper https://selinc.com/api/download/125783/.

I am not sure if its exactly what you're after but as for microstrip lines I would also follow the same logic using line models, I think it might be of use to you.

Hope it helps

Franklin Uriel Parás Hernández The capacitance of a power distribution overhead wire between phase and ground may be calculated using the formula:

C = 2 * π * ε * L / ln(d / r)

Where: C = capacitance (in farads) ε = relative permittivity of air (approximately 8.85 x 10^-12 F/m) L = length of the line (in meters) d = distance from the line to the ground (in meters) r = radius of the conductor (in meters)

Once you have estimated the capacitance, you can use it in the formula for the charging current:

I = ω * C * [V_phase-phase / sqrt(3)]

Where: I = charging current (in Amperes) ω = angular frequency (2 * π * f)

f = frequency of the AC power (in Hz)

V_phase-phase = voltage between two phases of the line (in Volts)

Please keep in mind that these are only estimates, and the real capacitance will vary depending on factors such as the shape of the conductor, the height of the line above ground, and the presence of other adjacent conductors or buildings. To obtain a more precise measurement, simulation software or field experiments are advised.

Mohammad Mamunur Rashid I realize how difficult it might be to come up with an appropriate topic for your final year assignment. Here are a few project ideas that may be of interest to you if you are interested in Renewable Energy Systems, Smart Grid, and Energy Management Systems:

1. Build and Implementation of a Microgrid System Using Renewable Energy Sources: The goal of this project might be to design a microgrid system that incorporates various renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro power. An energy management system might also be included in the project to maximize the utilization of the various energy sources.

2. Artificial Intelligence for Smart Grid Control and Optimization: This project might focus on applying Artificial Intelligence techniques to optimize the control and operation of a smart grid system. The project might make use of

3. Develop and Implementation of a Smart Home Energy Management System: The goal of this project might be to design and implement a smart home energy management system that enables for real-time monitoring and control of energy consumption. The project might entail the collection and analysis of energy use data using IoT devices and cloud-based platforms.

4. Battery Energy Storage System for Renewable Energy Integration: The goal of this project might be to develop and build a battery energy storage system that would allow renewable energy sources to be integrated into the grid. The project might entail the usage of several types of batteries and the investigation of their performance under various operating situations.

5. EV Charging Station Power Management and Control: This project might focus on creating and implementing an EV charging station power management system. The project may incorporate the application of modern control techniques to improve the charging process and assure grid stability.

These are just a few examples of possible project ideas; there are many more based on your interests and talents. I hope this assists you in getting started with your study.

Sandeep Kumar To calculate power dissipation in latches and flip-flops, first determine the switching activity of the circuit. This may be accomplished by counting the number of transitions (the number of times the signal changes state) during a certain time period.

Once the switching activity is known, the power dissipation may be estimated using the following formula:

Power dissipation = switching activity x capacitance x voltage2 x frequency

Where capacitance is the entire capacitance of the circuit, voltage is the supply voltage, and frequency is the switching frequency.

Furthermore, several CAD programs like as HSPICE, Pspice, and others may be used to simulate and calculate power dissipation for various switching activities in sequential elements.

It's also worth noting that power dissipation may be influenced by other factors such as leakage current, temperature, and process changes, therefore keep these in mind while studying power dissipation in a circuit.

If you can see it with your eyes then your should be able to use a standard camera. You would likely need to look for a specific pixel intensity in the channel that is close to the the same wavelength as the LED. If using a red LED, look at the red channel in the image. If there is any pixel above your background threshold, then you assume that this is a result of a hole in the foil. If the foil is in motion, e.g. in a roll-to-roll process, you could also look for the motion of the pixels to verify that it is in the foil and not from some other stationary light source. Also, reflections are not likely to be at the same speed and direction as the foil motion. There are many image processing games that you could play to adjust the performance of the system.

There are other devices, like photodiodes, that you could use to detect the light but you will need to have a large field of view which will mean a large background signal. It may be difficult to get a good signal to noise ratio when using single element devices.

Best of luck.

Usually, considerable noise is not generated by a battery but by circuits driven by the battery. The current through your 9 strain gauges is about 375 mA; please have a look at this table:

But by just putting a voltage follower between voltage source and load the noise is not cancelled. At least, you have to insert a low pass filter between the 5V battery and the non-inverting input of the op amp.

Actually, you don't need the 5V battery anymore because the power is delivered by the 12V source. It would be enough to have a voltage divider plus a low pass filter which is driven by the 12V source and delivers 5V.

Hope this helps.

Power is proportional to I² so the current is carefully controlled. Under normal operating conditions only load current can flow. There can be no overcurrent. There is only a need for a fuse in the main line if the transistor(s) fail.

I would not be surprised if a manufacturer takes a shortcut and relies on the circuit breaker supplying the appliance. Just to save a few cents.

The nano layer thickness is very very small layer, otherwise it's cannot use by Resistivity method and it has VES limitation.

Best regards.

P. Hakaew

Dear

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I hope it will be helpful..

Best wishes..

If gamma is a complex number it is already in the form you want. The S11 you started with is actually S11(dB) which is 20*log10(abs(a+ib)).

S11(complex) is a+ib.

Sometime a and b are not available in a data file, but S11(dB) is and also the phase S11(radians) or S11(degrees), so you can still get the complex number.

The electrical properties are frequency dependent and are dependent on the electromagnetic field profile around the wire. For example, in a high frequency situation, the electric current will travel close to the surface of the wire. Consider a coaxial cable: if the center conductor is round (circular) and the shield is circular and collinear, the electric field will be evenly distributed around the center conductor and the current (tangential magnetic field) will also be evenly distributed. Hence, the resistance per unit length of the wire will be 1/(2*pi*a*delta*sigma), where a=radius of wire, delta=skin depth, sigma=wire material conductivity.

Now, suppose we have a "star" shaped wire. The electric field (and longitudinal current) will be concentrated at the points of the star. The effective area of the current flow will be reduced in this case and the wire will have a higher resistance than the smooth round wire.

If you have access too electromagnetic field simulator software, why not try some numerical experiments?

ADS, CST MICROWAVE STUDIO, HFSS

Dear Durga Sravan ,

try to measure^[1], if possible, the AC-resistances^[2] (impedances, at 1kHz), also.

Dear

You can benefit from this Link about your topic:

@https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2022

You can enter the name of any university that you want to know its rank in the search box.

I hope it will be helpful...

Best wishes...

Dear sir, I guess the Teensy is used to acquire the signal (use one of the analog inputs; for instance, pins for 14 to 23 Analog). The signal is of course converted (Analog to Digital) inside the Teensy. Then, you can display what you read using SPI (pins 10 to 13 of Teens) on SPI LCD Screen. For the Bluetooth device, I don't know what is it used for; maybe to save the data on an SD card and send the data (acquired ECG) to a remote station (computer I guess). You can use it. It is not difficult to assemble that and programs exist for each task: 1. Acquire analog signal using Teensy; 2. Display a value, figure using SPI of Teensy on an SPI LDC display; 3. Send data using a Bluetooth device.

Yes, the signal will be reflected back and ods not reach the load. At the opposite end, the load will see some impedance varying from short to open depending on the electrical length of the transmission line between shorted point and the load.

Hello,

Few papers are attached for your help.

Thanks,

Dear Meysam Asadi ,

You can use silver foils and glue them with thin film of silver paste. It will work for long time without damage. You can also use thermal conducting ceramic paste, contact the heart think to it and fix the heat think to the chip by a clamp.

Best wishes.

Dear Hassan Nasser I really appreciate your response.

Thank you!!

Dear s.Milad:

You can benefit from this valuable article about your topic:

"Fuzzy Fractional-Order PID Controller for Fractional Model of Pneumatic Pressure System".

Abstract:

This article presents a fuzzy fractional-order PID (FFOPID) controller scheme for a pneumatic pressure regulating system. The industrial pneumatic pressure systems are having strong dynamic and nonlinearity characteristics; further, these systems come across frequent load variations and external disturbances. Hence, for the smooth and trouble-free operation of the industrial pressure system, an effective control mechanism could be adopted. The objective of this work is to design an intelligent fuzzy-based fractional-order PID control scheme to ensure a robust performance with respect to load variation and external disturbances. A novel model of a pilot pressure regulating system is developed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. Simulation studies are carried out in a delayed nonlinear pressure regulating system under different operating conditions using fractional-order PID (FOPID) controller with fuzzy online gain tuning mechanism. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed strategy and confirm the performance improvement for the pneumatic pressure system. To highlight the advantages of the proposed scheme a comparative study with conventional PID and FOPID control schemes is made.

@https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mpe/2018/5478781/

I hope it will be helpful...

Best wishes....

The transition to a circular economy is not uniform and varies depending on a series of factors such as the degree of industrialization, the level of technological development, the availability of qualified human resources and access to financing, among others.

Dear Raj:

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In it you will find the answer to all your questions at:

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You can design the PIN diode equivalent circuit in the Circuit and connect it to the HFSS design to see the performance.

I hope it will be helpful..

Best wishes...

Vikas Rohil sir, please help me.

There are 2 answers :

1. Theoretically : Yes, however you need a circuit modification.

- The flyback uses a transformer with air gap. A normal transformer does not have this.

- You can create an isolated dc/dc convertor with a normal transformer, at the cost of an extra inductor, an extra winding and an extra diode. I think it is called the 'forward' convertor.

2. Practically, what you show in the pictures:

- On the left: This is a low-frequency transformer, mains, max. 400 Hz frequency. (with very good iron.)

- On the right : A ferrite transformer, typically used in the horizontal drive circuit of a Cathode Ray Tube television. In these televisions, the horizontal drive circuit :

a. It controls the left-right sweep of the electrons in the tube. The standard is such that the frequency where it operates on, is about 16 Khz. (Depends on the TV standard used.) As such, you CANNOT change the core to an iron core.

b. Usually, this circuit is also used as the power convertor for the whole TV. Apart from the windings for the left-right movement of the electron beam, there are windings for a multitude of voltages in the TV. The most 'visible' of these is the high-voltage (10 kV for black/white, 30 kV for color) to accelerate the electrons toward the screen. The 10 kV, that is straight, single diode rectifier. For the 30 kV, usually a diode voltage tripler is used. Note that, in the picture, the 'bulky' look for the right transformer is caused by this 10 kVolt winding. This needs lots of isolation, creep distance etc. Note that a normal ferrite transfomer, nowadays operating at ~100 to ~200 Khz is much more compact than a 50-60 Hz transformer.

Dear all, please have a look at the following link and the attached file. My Regards

Mustapha Messaoudi

I suggest:

1. https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ije

2. https://aece.ro/about.php

3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/

Dear Anubhav Singh ,

There are some good answers by esteemed colleagues but I want to refer to very basic concepts which are the configurations of both amplifiers: the op amp and the differential and difference amplifier based on a circuit of the op amp.

As both amplifiers has a differential input then both have a differential gain and a common mode gain. In every configuration, there are two input voltages and one output terminal.

The two amplifiers have the same terminology as they have similar configuration but the values of the values of Ad and Ac are surely different.

So, the matter is definition of the performance parameters.

Best wishes

Dear Anubhav Singh ,

The colleagues really gave satisfactory answers to your questions. However, I have to stress the main cause of using the binary numbers in signal processing.

It is the available electronic devices that impose the number system used in digital computers and consequently signal processing.

There are two major electronic devices imposing the binary system:

The memory cells are binary that is a cell sores either logic one or logic zero.

So, to wright or read them directly they have to handle binary numbers.

The other major device is the arithmetic and logic unit. It also use binary numbers in their operations.

So, any other signal format must be converted into the binary from including the samples of analog signals. Every sample must be converted into n bit code. Which is a strings of one and zeros.

The conversion from analog to digital and vice verse is accomplished by A.D converters. According to the required resolution, every sample is represented by an n bits binary codes.

Best wishes

Thanks for responding Mr @Joerg Fricke , Mr @Oussama Laayati and Mr @Rishav Pramanik

I want to clarify my question. Like, when we turn on our mobile phone's bluetooth, it shows nearby by bluetooth devices. In the same way I want to implement such technic using bluetooth module and Arduino nano for detection of nearby active bluetooth devices.

Dear Franklin:

I agree with the opinions of my colleagues mentioned above, that it's difficult to find the problem since we can't see all the settings.

But you could benefit from this valuable article about your topic:

"Heat Transfer Modeling of Power Cables in Tunnels"

@https://www.comsol.com/paper/heat-transfer-modeling-of-power-cables-in-tunnels-18877.

Electric power, in cities or for power plant outflow, is most often transmitted through underground cables. Due to increased electricity demands power suppliers make large investments to house these cables in deep or shallow tunnels.

The thermal environment is complex, with different kind of cables placed in different configurations, transmitting different powers. These are hard to take into account theorically, so thermal simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics® software were undertaken to measure the inaccuracy of the empirical models.

The Conjugate Heat Transfer interface is used, 2D and 3D models were developed and showed that several hypotheses lead to underestimation of the hottest cable temperature and two interesting possibility for improvement were found: the heat transfer correlations and cables proximity effects.

I have attached the pdf files ....

I hope it will be helpful...

With my best regards ...

Dear Bassam:

At the first, and as you know that several different factors influence the potential wind resource in an area. The three main factors that influence power output are: wind speed, air density, and blade radius. Wind turbines need to be in areas with a lot of wind on a regular basis, which is more important than having occasional high winds.

# Wind speed:

Wind speed largely determines the amount of electricity generated by a turbine. Higher wind speeds generate more power because stronger winds allow the blades to rotate faster. Faster rotation translates to more mechanical power and more electrical power from the generator. The relationship between wind speed and power for a typical wind turbine is shown in Figure (a).

Turbines are designed to operate within a specific range of wind speeds. The limits of the range are known as the cut-in speed and cut-out speed. The cut-in speed is the point at which the wind turbine is able to generate power. Between the cut-in speed and the rated speed, where the maximum output is reached, the power output will increase cubically with wind speed. For example, if wind speed doubles, the power output will increase 8 times. This cubic relationship is what makes wind speed such an important factor for wind power. This cubic dependence does cut out at the rated wind speed. This leads to the relatively flat part of the curve in Figure (a), so the cubic dependence is during the speeds below 15 m/s (54 kph).

The cut-out speed is the point at which the turbine must be shut down to avoid damage to the equipment. The cut-in and cut-out speeds are related to the turbine design and size and are decided on prior to construction.

#Air Density:

Power output is related to the local air density, which is a function of altitude, pressure, and temperature. Dense air exerts more pressure on the rotors, which results in higher power output.

#Turbine Design:

Wind turbines are designed to maximize the rotor blade radius to maximize power output. Larger blades allow the turbine to capture more of the kinetic energy of the wind by moving more air through the rotors. However, larger blades require more space and higher wind speeds to operate. As a general rule, turbines are spaced out at four times the rotor diameter. This distance is necessary to avoid interference between turbines, which decreases the power output.

# There's a phenomenon, which referred to as the reduced wake effect:

During curtailment, less power is extracted from the wind and thus the wake effects are reduced. This leads to a wind speed increase at the downstream turbine and therefore to an apparent increase of its available power. This phenomenon is referred to as the reduced wake effect.

# So you could benefit from this valuable article about this topic:

"Analysis of the reduced wake effect for available wind power calculation during curtailment"

# Abstract:

With the increase of installed wind power capacity, the contribution of wind power curtailment to power balancing becomes more relevant. Determining the available power during curtailment at the wind farm level is not trivial, as curtailment changes the wake effects in a wind farm. Current best practice to estimate the available power is to sum the available power calculated by every wind turbine. However, during curtailment the changed local wind conditions at the wind turbines lead to inaccurate results at the wind farm level. This paper presents an algorithm to determine the available power of a wind farm during curtailment. Moreover, results of curtailment experiments are discussed that were performed on nearshore wind farm Westermeerwind to validate the algorithm. For the case where a single turbine is being curtailed, it is shown that the algorithm reduces the estimation error for the first downstream turbine significantly. Further development of the algorithm is required for accurate estimation of the second turbine. All further downstream turbines did not experience a change in wake conditions.

I hope it will be helpful ...

With my best regards ...

finnally i found a solution

close all , clear all ,clc

%% parameters %%

P=1000:70:4000; phi=0.174:pi/50:pi/2; f=250e3; Vo=300; Vg=33.33; n=3/4;

%% Required leakage inductance with respect to operating power rating % and phase shift for DAB converter

[X,Y]=meshgrid(P,phi);

L=((pi*Y-Y.^2)*Vo*Vg)./(2*pi^2*f*n*X);

figure

h=surf(X,Y,L)

colorbar

title('Required leakage inductance with respect to operating power rating and phase shift for DAB converter')

xlabel('Power (W)')

ylabel('Phase shift (rad)')

zlabel('Inductance (H)')

There is no specific answer to your question. to choose the best routing algorithm in an Ad hoc network you must specify the type of application, the size of the network, and the mobility model.

The most known routing protocols are

1- AODV and DSR as reactive protocols.

2- OLSR and DSDV as proactive Protocols.

3- ZRP and TORA as Hebrid Protocols.

I recommend to read and cite the related paper

Both are different things :

1.phase shift between input and output across a device

2. phase shift between current and voltage across a device

Two capacitors in series can not provide phase shift of 180 between input and output. So, it depends upon the quantities in which you need phase shift. No, nowadays amplifiers are available in miniature form or IC form (maybe you can use that, comparable or even smaller than the size of conventional capacitors).

That's how I can help, may be some faculty or researcher from the concerned domain may provide a useful answer and suggestion to your query.

Engineering with computers IF=7.9

Soft computing IF=3.6

Indeed you could benefit from this URL:

Hi, Hooman Firoozi, there is not an easy answer for all questions.

I can share with you the incident characteristic we found on one electric company in Colombia, you can read on

for the last question 4. What is the easiest way to detect and prevent/reduce this type of loss in networks?

I think there is not create a detect system of NTL because of the dynamic behavior of the energy theft when you improve the energy network security, you have a time of response while the new methods for thefts raise from the users. Another important issue is the regulatory law in each country. For example, the law can allow it is cheaper to pay a penalty fee than the energy used in the theft period. So user can prefer to generate NTL instead of paying the energy bill and waiting for the penalty fee.

You have to study several topics you need to mix to understand this complex problem.

Maybe this can help:

Dear Tariq Kanaan sir,

1) Yes both the circuits produces the square wave but the noise immunity in first circuit is more due to the usage of bistable multivibrator (Bistable multivibrator in general are more noise immune due to two threshold voltages: larger hysteresis voltage indicates more noise immunity).

2) The frequency of the generated square wave depends upon the circuit elements (R and C) but the maximum frequency of the opamp will be limited by the slew rate of the opamp.

check this paper for values:

Standard suppliers are CATL, Samsung, LG, BYD