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Electrical & Electronics Engineering - Science topic

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My name is Sandeep. I am the CEO and founder of Space to Space. I am doing my MS in Data Analytics for Science at Carnegie Mellon University. I did my MS in High Energy Physics from IIT( Indian Institute of Technology).
Space to Space is an ambitious project that could launch up to 30 Kg payloads., consecutively and assemble them in space.
As a physicist, my approximation of coil guns and linear motors leads me to believe that sticking payload mass up to 30 Kg will make this mass-driver practical and will reduce much technical complexity. We want to build this as a long 50Km long. We are building a solid business plan to raise funding for that, and we are now able to assure returns to investors. We raised $100k in pre-seed. We want to do a system-level simulation for linear motors or coil guns to know which is the cheapest and least complex. Even our research found that making our own power-generating system is more efficient and long-lasting than saving energy in supercapacitor banks.
I used Ansys Maxwell, which is not useful at high frequency. So, we want to partner with a university to do a simulation at a system level to study feasibility and economics.
Which universities or faculties are best for this, I need your help
Yours Faithfully
Sandeep
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To explore system-level simulations for coil guns and linear motors, you would benefit from collaborating with universities that excel in fields like electromagnetic systems, high-frequency simulation, and space systems engineering. Here are some potential institutions and faculty members that could provide valuable expertise:
1. Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE): CMU is renowned for its research in electromagnetics, simulation, and system design, which would be critical for the kind of system-level simulations you seek.
- Prof. Shawn Blanton (ECE): His work focuses on electronics design automation, which may help with system-level simulations.
2. MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center: MIT has strong expertise in electromagnetic propulsion, linear accelerators, and simulation tools that could aid in coil gun or linear motor research.
- Prof. David Perreault (Electrical Engineering): His research involves power electronics, which could help in designing power-generating systems for your project.
3. Stanford University
- Stanford Energy Systems Engineering: Known for its advanced research in energy systems, Stanford could provide expertise in both power generation and simulation for high-frequency applications.
- Prof. Shanhui Fan (Electrical Engineering): His research in energy systems and simulation models could assist with system-level studies.
4. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)
- Electromagnetics and Power Systems Group: UIUC’s focus on electromagnetics and system-level simulations makes it an excellent candidate.
- Prof. Philip Krein: An expert in power electronics and motor drives, Prof. Krein could assist in modeling and simulation efforts.
5. University of Michigan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering: Their focus on propulsion systems could provide insights into mass-driver designs.
- Prof. Iain Boyd (Aerospace Engineering): His work on plasma dynamics and electric propulsion systems may align with your needs.
6. University of California, Berkeley
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (EECS): Known for cutting-edge research in high-frequency systems, UC Berkeley could offer the computational tools you need.
- Prof. Seth Sanders: He focuses on electric power systems and electromagnetic propulsion, which would be highly relevant.
Suggested Approach:
- When contacting these faculties, highlight your project's ambition and current progress, including the $100k pre-seed investment. Be clear about your need for high-frequency simulation tools that go beyond Ansys Maxwell's capabilities and your interest in determining the feasibility and economics of both coil guns and linear motors.
These institutions have the resources and expertise to help simulate and refine your mass-driver system, ensuring that it is both economically viable and technically sound.
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Have any of you come across in publications the definition of the left-side limit of 1/f noises ?
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I am also looking for publications on the effect of low gravity on 1/f noise.
Regards,
Andrew
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Is there any article or project about interaction of the "Schumann Resonance" on the brain alpha or theta waves?
  • The Schumann resonances (SR) are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency portion of the Earth's electromagnetic field spectrum :: Schumann Resonance Freq. : 7.83 Hz
  • Alpha waves are neural oscillations in the frequency range of 8–12 Hz
More:
Best Regards
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I am currently studing Electrical & Electronics Engineering. For my individual research my institution asked to do only software or simulation based research. Please suggest an IOT or electronics side topic without hardware implementation.
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Let me see if I can paraphrase your question. You are being asked to analyze 'something' using only software or a software-based simulator. The 'something' needs to be either an IOT device or system, or a piece of stand alone hardware, but in either case no hardware implementation is to be attempted. For example, in the case of a piece of stand alone hardware, you would only have a schematic circuit diagram but no actual hardware, and you would simulate this hardware with, say, SPICE. Do I understand your question, correctly?
Regards,
Tom Cuff
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we think of a point as a spot in an Euclidean plane
indicating a position.Intuitively we assign arbitrary
framework.The confusion (for me) is when
we consider a line segment.It is made of
infinite points aligned in a certain direction.
So a segment results when all these “ directions”
are added vectorial, but a zero vector is
conceptually an infinite direction entity
so how is this vector direction specified for
a point nathematically. physically of course
we have a visible dot with visible dimension,
Any insight or explanation from all sources
is welcome.
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I am not sure if I really understand your question but:
A point is not a direction or a vector.
A Point is an element of the euclidean space which can be represented by its position vector.
A line segment is a subset of all points which match a specific rule concerning the position vectors.
I hope that helps.
If not, please give some more details of your question.
Volker
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Good day Fellow Electrical/Electronic Engineers I am having a conceptual challenge here when deriving the DC Current transfer functions (i.e Relationship between Input Current (Ii) from Unregulated DC input power supply and Load Current (Io) drawn by the load from the regulated Boost Converter operating in Continuous Conduction mode). So the challenge is this, when i use the Volt-Second balance equations and derive the ON-time and OFF-time ratios which are equal to the Voff and Von voltage ratio....i can actually replace the ON-time with Voff, and OFF-time with Von in the Duty cycle equation to get a relationship between Vin (unregulated DC voltage input) and Vo (Regulated DC voltage output) connected by the Duty cycle for switching ON and OFF the MOSFET or BJT switches. Using the Power Balance equation, i.e Pin=Pout, which implies 100% efficiency, assuming no power losses in the rectifier diode when forward biased and the BJT in saturation mode, i then found that Ii=Io/(1-D). Now, if i try to derive this expression, i.e Ii=Io/(1-D), using basic concepts i get stuck. WHY? In continuous conduction mode, the Inductor current of the Boost regulator is not allowed to discharge till the Inductor current reaches 0A or NO conduction in the OFF-state. This means the inductor does not completely discharge before the next ON-state cycle begins. Now, during the OFF-state of the BJT or MOSFET switch, the inductor current discharges and the current waveform is a negative gradient moving from the peak inductor current to some arbitrary current below the average inductor current=input current (Ii). Literature seems to show the average load current as Io=Ii*Toff/T=Ii*(1-D)...which implies Ii=Io/(1-D). However, when i analyze this i actually get confused because then it implies that the total charge discharged during the OFF-state is Ii*Toff and that charge which is discharged during the OFF-state actually charges the output Capacitor of the Boost Regulator with Io*Ton charge and also supplies the load with Io*Toff charge which implies that during the OFF-state the inductor charges the Capacitor with enough charge that it, the Capacitor, can supply the load Io current for Ton duration during the ON-state when the inductor is cut-off from the output circuit by the rectifier diode. It also means that the inductor supplies Io current for Toff duration during the OFF-state.. However, where does this charge come from....If Ii*Toff=Io*Ton+Io*Toff=Io*(Ton+Toff)=Io*T...this implies that the charge to charge the capacitor and supply the load during the OFF-state is actually the total charge, or Area, under the current discharge waveform of the Inductor in the OFF-state which contradicts the Continuous Conduction Mode philosophy. Who can assist?
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Consider driving a car without hill start support on a sloped road. Even though you want to go forward, there is a situation where the car slides backwards to a certain extent. For the boost converter, this creates an effect that delays the system reaching stability.
In control systems, this situation is known as undershoot and is caused by a positive zero in the denominator of the system's transfer function (zero in the right half plane).
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Is synergetic control a model-free or model-based approach? Please tell me the reasons.
How about PID control?
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Synergetic Control:
Synergetic control, often involving the theory of synergetics which is related to self-organization and pattern formation in complex systems, can be applied in both model-free and model-based contexts. However, its implementation tends to be more aligned with a model-based approach. This is because synergetic control often requires a good understanding of the system dynamics to design the control laws that guide the system towards a desired self-organized pattern or behavior. It leverages mathematical models to predict and orchestrate the dynamics of the system components cooperatively, aiming for an optimal performance through self-organization principles.
PID Control:
PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control, on the other hand, is primarily a model-free control strategy. It does not require a model of the process to be controlled; instead, it relies on adjusting the control inputs based on the error between the desired setpoint and the actual output. The PID controller adjusts its output using three terms – proportional, integral, and derivative – which are tuned based on the error over time. This approach makes PID control widely applicable in various situations where a detailed model of the system is not available or is difficult to develop.
In summary:
- Synergetic control is typically more model-based, requiring knowledge of the system’s dynamics to effectively drive the system towards a desired behavior using principles of self-organization.
- PID control is model-free, relying solely on feedback from the system to adjust its outputs, making it versatile and straightforward to implement in many different applications without detailed knowledge of the underlying system dynamics.
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There is usually airgap between a radiating element and metasurface and I want to calculate the phase delay analytically. Like what is the reflecting phase from the meta? What is the phase delay from the metasurface to the antenna?
Thanks in advance.
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Hello,
A few papers are attached for help.
Thanks,
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What is the type of feedback for this circuit? and why?
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Hello Tariq,
I sense that simulation will exactly create the outcome described - that voltage will not proceed in 'lockstep' with current - but will oppose it.
But the derivation is, I gather, a good test for an engineering class.
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I have made connections as per the datasheet and I am getting HO output but I am facing an crucial problem, my HO and VS is internally shorted and so is LO and COM. This should not be the case in my opinion. I am getting a perfect output at HO which is apparently the same output for VS as they are shorted but I am not getting any output at Lo, I think that is because it has gotten internally shorted with COM. Could you please suggest me what can I do about it? I have to get it running. 
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Aoa Sir my IR2104 is also not working and i don't know what mistake i did kindly help me with it uf possible attaching the circuit below.Note:ignore the Not gate as i am not using it and its not short instead just giving 5V to Sd
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I want to design an 1000 Watt inverter using SMPS. It's my first time when I'm designing an inverter. I'm confused regarding calculated part. From where I start calculation and also I want to design battery charger with protection for this inverter. What factors I need to keep in mind during calculation of inverter and battery charger?
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Designing a 1000W inverter using SMPS is a complex and potentially dangerous task if not done properly. It requires advanced knowledge of electronics, safety regulations, and thermal management. Due to the high power levels and potential safety risks involved, I strongly recommend purchasing a commercially available inverter instead of attempting to build one yourself.
However, if you are still determined to proceed, here are some key points to consider:
Factors for Inverter Design:
  1. Input Voltage: Determine the DC input voltage (e.g., 12V, 24V, 48V) from your battery bank.
  2. Output Voltage and Frequency: Choose the desired AC output voltage (e.g., 120V, 230V) and frequency (50Hz or 60Hz).
  3. Topology: Select an appropriate SMPS topology like full-bridge converter, push-pull converter, or H-bridge converter. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages like efficiency, complexity, and cost.
  4. Components: Choose high-quality components with sufficient voltage and current ratings to handle the power. This includes MOSFETs, transformers, filter capacitors, inductors, diodes, and control ICs.
  5. Efficiency: Aim for high efficiency (>90%) to minimize heat generation and power loss.
  6. Safety: Implement safety features like short circuit protection, overload protection, thermal shutdown, and isolation transformers to prevent accidents and damage.
  7. Grounding and EMI: Design proper grounding and filtering to minimize electromagnetic interference and ensure safety.
  8. Cooling: Implement adequate heat dissipation through heatsinks, fans, or other methods.
  9. Testing and Certification: Thoroughly test and validate your design to ensure safety and compliance with relevant standards.
Factors for Battery Charger Design:
  1. Battery Type: Choose a charging solution compatible with your battery type (e.g., lead-acid, lithium-ion) and charging needs (e.g., constant current, constant voltage).
  2. Charge Rate: Select a safe and appropriate charging rate based on your battery capacity and desired charging time.
  3. Safety Features: Include features like overload protection, over-voltage protection, and temperature monitoring for safe charging.
  4. Efficiency: Seek a charger with high efficiency to minimize energy loss.
  5. Communication (optional): Consider communication capabilities with your battery management system for monitoring and control.
Additional Resources:
  • Safety: Always prioritize safety by studying relevant standards and regulations (e.g., UL, IEC).
  • Online Resources: Several online resources and forums discuss inverter design, but proceed with caution as the information may not be reliable or verified.
  • Professional Help: Consider seeking help from experienced electronics engineers or professionals for design and safety guidance.
Remember, building a high-power inverter involves significant risks and potential for harm. Before proceeding, carefully assess your skills, knowledge, and resources, and prioritize safety above all else.
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AI and machine learning (ML) are being utilized to tackle complicated issues and increase efficiency in a variety of sectors. Here are some instances of how AI and ML are being applied in various industries:
- AI and machine learning are being utilized in healthcare to evaluate medical pictures, aid with diagnosis, and build individualized treatment regimens. They are also used to identify people who are at risk of developing certain diseases and to create novel medications.
- Finance: AI and ML are being used to detect and prevent fraud, evaluate financial markets, and generate predictions about market movements. They are also utilized to deliver customized financial advice and to automate a variety of typical financial duties.
- Retail: Artificial intelligence and machine learning are being used to optimize prices and inventory, customize suggestions, and increase supply chain efficiency. They are also utilized to assist merchants in better understanding their clients and improving the online purchasing experience.
- Manufacturing: Artificial intelligence and machine learning are being utilized to streamline manufacturing processes, increase quality control, and minimize downtime. They are also used to forecast equipment breakdown, allowing maintenance to be arranged ahead of time, and reducing downtime and expenses.
- Transportation: Artificial intelligence and machine learning are being utilized to streamline logistics, route planning, and traffic control, boosting overall efficiency and lowering costs. They are also used to monitor the fleet and forecast repair needs, resulting in less downtime and lower expenses.
- AI and machine learning are being utilized in agriculture for precision farming, crop monitoring, and weather forecasting. They also aid in the optimization of irrigation and fertilization, the reduction of pesticide usage, and the improvement of agricultural yields.
In general, AI and ML may aid in the automation of repetitive operations, the processing of vast volumes of data, and the making of predictions and choices. This can result in increased efficiency, cost savings, and fresh insights in a variety of industries.
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Computers make mistakes and AI will make things worse — the law must recognize that
A tragic scandal at the UK Post Office highlights the need for legal change, especially as organizations embrace artificial intelligence to enhance decision-making...
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Hi,
I hope you are well.
There are different methods by using them it is possible to predict the response. For instance, we can use Machine Learning methods to predict seismic structural response. For this purpose, it is compulsory to have a reliable range of input data and output data. Then, using the regression analysis we can predict response. This is a functional procedure that is used in the literature. For Structural Engineering, this can be vital because it can decrease computational efforts considerably. Therefore, we won't have to use Finite Element programming (e.g., OpenSees) every single time with a huge volume of computational efforts.
I am looking for software that can predict responses in any field of expertise. If you have seen a kind of software that can predict a response within a second, and also, can decrease computational efforts exponentially in comparison with other methods, I would be grateful if you could share that with me.
Best regards,
Mohsen Masoomzadeh.
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Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are machine learning algorithms inspired by the human brain.
ANNs consist of interconnected nodes called neurons, which learn from data to solve problems like image recognition and speech processing. During training, the connections between neurons’ weights are adjusted to minimize errors between the desired and actual output.
Regards,
Shafagat
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There are a lot of researchers who go by the book the right approach and write results, and observations in their field of work, proving the existing information or suggesting improvement in the experiment for better analysis and so on, very hard working but then there are other who are crazy thinkers always suggesting things with little backup from existing experiments or know facts, always radical in their understanding of results, and these people mostly get dismissed as blip by the first category of researchers.
So if I have to take your opinion who will you back for hitting gold one who is methodical and hardworking or who are crazy thinker?
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I agree with your contention that some ideas initially strike most people as 'crazy' both in technical and nontechnical fields. Examples from nontechnical fields include: opposing slavery, gun control, democracy, women voting, environmentalism, climate change, etc. Examples from technical fields include: mRNA vaccines (COVID-19 vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer), prions (self replicating proteins), continental drift, quasicrystalls, Josephson junctions (SQUIDs), quantum mechanics, the personal computer, the Internet, the airplane, radio, TV, electricity, etc. One person's 'crazy' idea may eventually become widely accepted, and even commercially important. And don't forget, many 'crazy' ideas originated from by-the-book investigations: the idea of the quantum of energy arose from Max Planck's tireless attempts at trying to explain the shape of the blackbody curve using classical thermodynamics, and superconductivity in some metals was the result of a rather pedestrian checking of electrical conductivity of metals at liquid helium temperatures - no one expected superconductivity and no theory predicted it.
I really like your question.
Regards,
Tom Cuff
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Hello everyone!
I have started to work on my research project and I actively search for information on measuring electrification charges.
In the future I have to measure the charge of a tube with a fluid being pumped through it (a conductive tube connected to non conductive ones, the fluid is also non conductive, but will have some conductive additives).
I found a lot of theoretical works, but can't seems to find practical examples or equipment to use. The stuff I found are barebone depictions like: "There is a grounded tool installed along the pipe, that measures the charge", with no links to the source.
So I need some help to find methods and tools I can use to mesure the electrification charges.
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If you have access to the American Journal of Physics, you can find directions on how to build an electrostatic charge sniffer:
Charge sniffer for electrostatics demonstrations
Mihai P. Dinca
Journal: American Journal of Physics
Am. J. Phys. 79, 217–221 (2011)
Published: February 2011
Abstract: An electronic electroscope with a special design for demonstrations and experiments on static electricity is described. It operates as an electric charge sniffer by detecting slightly charged objects when they are brought to the front of its sensing electrode. The sniffer has the advantage of combining high directional sensitivity with a logarithmic bar display. It allows for the identification of electric charge polarity during charge separation by friction, peeling, electrostatic induction, batteries, or secondary coils of power transformers. Other experiments in electrostatics, such as observing the electric field of an oscillating dipole and the distance dependence of the electric field generated by simple charge configurations, are also described.
Topics
Operational amplifier, Transformer, Electrical properties and parameters, Voltmeter, Electrostatics, Electroscopes, Transition metals, Batteries, Polymers, Educational aids
Another article on homemade electrometers is the following:
JOURNAL ARTICLES
An Inexpensive Electrometer for Modern Physics Experiments
Fred W. Inman, Carl E. Miller
Journal: American Journal of Physics
Am. J. Phys. 40, 623–624 (1972)
Published: April 1972
If you want to do a key word search of this journal, go to the following URL: https://pubs.aip.org/aapt/ajp
Regards,
Tom Cuff
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What is difference in LORAWAN class A , B , C devices and what is spreading factor relation with time to air??
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LoRaWAN Class A possesses bi-directional communication capability and is power efficient. It only initiates uplink communication and this makes it suitable for event-driven applications like alarms, sensors, etc.
LoRaWAN Class B devices can open extra receive windows at scheduled intervals and these devices are also able to synchronize with a network beacon to better coordinate downlink communication.
LoRaWAN Class C devices are open to receive but at the expense of higher power consumption.
Since TOA is critical in LoRaWAN because it depends on power efficiency, network capacity and regulatory compliance. So, the spreading factor is a trade-off that needs to be carefully considered based on the specific requirements of a LoRaWAN deployment.
TOA = preamble time + payload time
Both preamble time and payload time are dependent on the spreading factor, among other things. As the spreading factor increases, these times increase, leading to a higher TOA.
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Dear all, I applied positive bias on gate, there is significant high leakage current on the transistor. However, when I applied negative bias on gate, the leakage current is insignificant. What can I infer from this?
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Yes, applying a positive or negative bias on the gate of certain power semiconductor devices can result in different leakage currents (IGSS - Gate-to-Source Leakage Current). Leakage currents refer to the small currents that flow through the device when it is supposed to be in the off-state (blocking state). The magnitude and direction of the IGSS depend on the type of power semiconductor device and its internal structure. Two common types of devices where the bias on the gate affects the IGSS are MOSFETs and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs):
1. MOSFETs:
- For N-channel MOSFETs: When a positive voltage (VGS) is applied to the gate (relative to the source), it enhances the flow of electrons in the channel, turning the MOSFET "on" or into its conducting state. In this case, the IGSS is typically very low because the MOSFET is in the on-state.
- For P-channel MOSFETs: When a negative voltage (VGS) is applied to the gate (relative to the source), it enhances the flow of holes in the channel, turning the MOSFET "on." In this case, the IGSS is also typically very low because the MOSFET is in the on-state.
- For both types, when the gate voltage is zero (VGS = 0), the MOSFET should be off. In this off-state, there is a small reverse leakage current (IGSS) flowing through the gate-to-source junction, which is usually very low but can be affected by temperature and other factors.
2. IGBTs:
- When a positive voltage (VGE) is applied to the gate (relative to the emitter), it enhances the conductivity of the IGBT, and it enters the on-state. In this state, the IGSS is generally low.
- When a negative voltage (VGE) is applied to the gate (relative to the emitter), it reduces the conductivity of the IGBT, but it might not turn off completely, and some leakage current (IGSS) can flow through the device.
It's important to note that the magnitude of IGSS is usually quite small in both MOSFETs and IGBTs when they are in the off-state. However, in high-voltage applications or situations where minimizing power loss is crucial, leakage currents become more critical, and device selection and proper driving techniques become important factors to consider. Additionally, the characteristics of IGSS may vary between different device families and manufacturers.
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Any researcher who is interested in working together in the field of Powers Electronics & Drives, Converter & Inverter Design, MPPT Techniques, Solar Photovoltaic Systems, Microgrid, EV Charging Stations. And also interested in publishing good quality paper. Kindly contact me. And also here Give your suggestion and feedback.
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We can do some collaborative work on solar power generation forecasting
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I will really appreciate it if somebody could share the software. My lab owns the stimulator but when we acquired it we didn't get the software nor the drivers. Grass doesn't exist anymore and "Natus" which is the company that bought it told me that "S88X" is a discontinued product and they do not longer provide support for it.
Its crucial for us to control the device from a PC.
Thanks in advance
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Can you also forward the drive and software to me. My email is sargol.okhovatian@mail.utoronto.ca
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I am a Research Student working on Beamforming in MATLAB. I want to generate a beam, track and investigate it. I want to send that beam in a specific rectangular region, pointing to a UE and then further track down the movement of the same.
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see this link. Break your problem into small parts and solve them one by one.
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I have been trying to get realtime ecg data from arduino using matlab.
I am able to visualise the real time data using this code.
Here the issue is I cannot get the filtered output at the same time as I am not aware of the fs.
Would like to know how we can process the signal realtime and plot the output.
I am attaching the result I am getting with this code (0 to 200)
The output is taken from arduino pin A0
clear
clc
close all
%get some user settings
%ledPin = 'D13'; %For blinking the led we should access this pin
%deltaT_blink = 0.5;
port = 'COM5';
board = 'Uno';
a = arduino(port,board); % we are creating an arduino object with this specific board and this specific port
%write a small for loop that flashes the LED on and off
% for k = 1:20
% %turn the arduino LED on
% a.writeDigitalPin(ledPin,1);
% pause(deltaT_blink*5);
% %turn the arduino LED off
% a.writeDigitalPin(ledPin,0);
% pause(deltaT_blink*2);
%
% end
init_time = 1;
x =0;
s=0;
f = 0;
tic
while(init_time<1000)
b = readVoltage(a,"A0");
x = [x,b];
% subplot(2,1,1)
plot(x)
xlim tight
% fs = 16; % Sample rate in Hz
% fc = [5 15]
% Passband frequency range in Hz
% [b1, a1] = butter(4, fc/(fs/2), 'bandpass');
% ecg_filtered = filter(b1, a1, x);
% subplot(2,1,2)
% plot(ecg_filtered)
% f1 = fft(x);
% s1 = spectrogram(x);
% subplot(3,1,2)
% f = [f,f1];
% plot(f)
% subplot(3,1,3)
% s = [s,s1];
% plot(s)
grid on
init_time = init_time+1;
drawnow
end
toc
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To achieve real-time processing and visualization of the filtered data, you need to modify the code as follows:
Move the filter coefficient calculation ([b1, a1] = butter(4, fc/(fs/2), 'bandpass');) outside the while loop. This ensures that the coefficients are only calculated once and not repeatedly in each iteration.
Create a buffer array (ecg_buffer) to store a window of the ECG data.
Update the buffer with the new ECG samples in each iteration.
Apply the filter to the buffer (ecg_filtered = filter(b1, a1, ecg_buffer);).
Plot the filtered data (subplot(2,1,2); plot(ecg_filtered);).
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Both SRAM and Flip-flop are volatile memory element. Is there any applications where both are used?
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Flip-flop are the bricks from them more complex functional units can be built. These can be, for instance, registers, counters, frequency dividers, state machines, or SRAM modules that you mentioned. Complex state machines are CPUs, integrated in microcontrollers, they contain a plenty of flip-flops. Some of them are used in the CPU to process the instructions or store data. Other ones build CPU's RAM or I/O registers, counters, etc.
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What is swerling target 0 , 1, 2,3,4 In Radars?
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Swerling target models are a set of statistical models used in radar signal processing to describe the statistical behavior of radar echoes from targets.
The Swerling models are named after Peter Swerling, who developed them in the 1950s. They are based on the assumption that a target's radar cross-section (RCS) fluctuates randomly as it moves relative to the radar, due to changes in its orientation, shape, and size.
There are five Swerling target models:
Swerling 0: A non-fluctuating target model where the RCS of the target remains constant over time.
Swerling 1: A fluctuating target model where the RCS of the target varies randomly over time according to a Rayleigh distribution. This model is often used to represent a target with multiple scattering centers, such as an aircraft.
Swerling 2: A fluctuating target model where the RCS of the target varies randomly over time according to a Chi-squared distribution. This model is often used to represent a target with a single dominant scattering center, such as a missile.
Swerling 3: A fluctuating target model where the RCS of the target varies randomly over time according to a mixture of Rayleigh and Chi-squared distributions. This model is often used to represent a target with a combination of scattering centers, such as a ground vehicle.
Swerling 4: A fluctuating target model where the RCS of the target varies randomly over time according to a Gaussian distribution. This model is often used to represent a target with a highly variable RCS, such as a small boat on the water.
Each Swerling model represents a different type of target and has a different statistical distribution for the target's RCS. Knowing the Swerling model for a given target can help radar designers optimize their systems for detecting and tracking that target
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I am happy to share my new paper related to EV applications, which is currently an emerging area of research. I request everyone to please share my paper with your knows or groups.
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A hybrid energy source-based BLDC (Brushless DC) motor drive can be an efficient solution for electric vehicle applications. In this type of system, multiple energy sources are used to power the BLDC motor, which provides better efficiency and performance.
The most common hybrid energy source-based BLDC motor drives use a combination of a battery and an ultracapacitor as energy sources. The battery provides a stable and continuous power supply to the motor, while the ultracapacitor provides short bursts of high-power energy. This combination allows the motor to achieve better acceleration, regenerative braking, and overall efficiency.
The control system of the hybrid energy source-based BLDC motor drive is crucial to achieving optimal performance. The system must be able to monitor and manage the energy flow between the battery and ultracapacitor, as well as control the speed and torque of the motor.
Overall, a hybrid energy source-based BLDC motor drive is an efficient and reliable solution for electric vehicle applications, providing improved performance and reduced energy consumption.
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If you are willing to work in MPPT then I suggest you to follow this paper. This paper helps you to choose the best MPPT algorithm for your system.
cation/369600395_Comprehensive_Review_of_Conventional_and_Emerging_Maximum_Power_Point_Tracking_Algorithms_for_Uniformly_and_Partially_Shaded_Solar_Photovoltaic_Systems
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Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to optimize the output power of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. There are several MPPT techniques available, including:
  1. Perturb and Observe (P&O) - this method involves periodically perturbing the operating point of the PV panel and observing the corresponding change in the output power. The direction of the perturbation is then adjusted to reach the maximum power point.
  2. Incremental Conductance - this technique is based on the fact that the maximum power point corresponds to the point where the slope of the PV panel's I-V curve is equal to the negative of the panel's incremental conductance.
  3. Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV) - this method uses the open-circuit voltage of the PV panel to estimate the panel's maximum power point. The panel's output voltage is then adjusted to match the estimated voltage.
  4. Constant Voltage (CV) - this technique involves maintaining a constant voltage across the PV panel and adjusting the panel's output current to reach the maximum power point.
  5. Model Predictive Control (MPC) - this method uses a mathematical model of the PV panel and the MPPT system to predict the panel's behavior and adjust the operating point accordingly.
The choice of the best MPPT technique depends on the specific application and the characteristics of the PV panel. In general, P&O and Incremental Conductance are the most commonly used techniques, as they are simple and effective for most applications. However, for more complex systems or panels with non-linear characteristics, MPC may be the best option. Ultimately, the best MPPT technique will depend on the specific requirements of the application, such as efficiency, cost, and complexity.
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Just a question i didn't have idea about and wanted to know as if we can generate electricity from cold waves then we can set power stations in polar regions.
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Yes, electricity can also be generated from cold temperature waves through a process called thermoelectric power generation. Thermoelectric power generation is based on the Seebeck effect, which is the conversion of temperature differences into electric voltage or potential difference. This is possible because certain materials have the property that when a temperature difference is applied across them, they generate an electric potential difference. This electric potential difference can be used to generate electricity.
However, the efficiency of thermoelectric power generation from cold temperature waves is currently very low and it is still an emerging technology. The practical applications of thermoelectric power generation from cold temperature waves are limited at this time.
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When we Launch rocket to put our satellite in orbit , how it is put in orbit so accurately? Because as I know their are debries in Leo, Meo & Geo so how they find their way out by going through debries , are their any radars to detect the debries , how they avoid this debries ??
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Thank You very much Ram Tenneti !!
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How do our Radars get the location of the Planes , jets or Missiles when they are moving ? like how does the stationory radar works?
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Thank You very Much Aparna Sathya Murthy !!
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Options for development of RES are based on FIT or TGC models of energy generation payment ?
What is better solution for country/investor? Why?
Any literature?
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your response is so apt and succinct.
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I understand trigger level as voltage level such that we acquire waveform just as the trigger level is reached.This helps to show the steady waveform. But I don't understand the role and meaning of trigger position.
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In modern digital scopes the A/D conversion runs continuously. It allows them to show your waveform even before the trigger event. If your trigger position is in the middle of the screen, the left side shows your signal before the trigger event, while the right side after it.
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Is this Correct That I can reduce Distrotions to Ideally zero and reduce noise upto a limit but no completly zero? right ,In digital communication
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Thank you Very Much Aparna Sathya Murthy !!
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As till now after the matched filter or correlator we get a projection of vector and now with with Maxmimum liklehood AND with MAP criteria how we arrive to decission ?
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What are the channel encoding techniques like LDPC in Digital communication?
what are the improvements and what are the tradeoffs ?
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Am I right that isi is caused by multipath fading and
that should pass through same zero crossing ??
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Multipath propagation may result in ISI because of the delay spread. In general, the time delays of different paths are different. That is, the signals from some paths arrive at the receiver earlier, but from some paths arrive at late. When signals from different paths arrive at the receiver, different symbols are overlapped and ISI occurs. From another point of view, when a narrow pulse passes through a such kind multipath channel, the output is a wider dispersive pulse.
On the other hand, if all paths have a same delay, and all signals from different paths arrive at the receiver at the same time, then the delay spread is zero, and no ISI occurs.
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I hope this message finds you'll well. My name is Onyero Walter Ofuzim. I am reaching out to express my interest in collaborating in the field of Electrical/Electronic Engineering mainly in Control Systems Engineering, Dynamic Networks, Machine Learning, IoT, and/or Robotics.
I am deeply passionate about these areas and have been actively involved in research and projects related to them. I firmly believe that collaborating with others in this field will not only increase my chances of getting into a foreign-funded Masters or Ph.D. program, which is my ultimate goal but also help drive innovation and advancements in the field.
I am eager to share my ideas and knowledge and learn from others to contribute to the growth and development of these cutting-edge technologies. I am confident that my skills and experience will be a valuable asset to any team, and I look forward to the opportunity to work with anyone who will be nice to have me.
Thank you for considering my request for collaboration. I look forward to hearing about a possible invitation.
Feel free to explore my profile as I am optimizing it to make my chances high.
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Dear Professor, Scientists and Technicians in the field :
I'm looking up on how to determine the Charging Current in a distribution (15, 25 or 35 kV) overhead power line.
These lines are Polyethylene-covered cables. But, since there is always a non cero Capacitance between Ground and the line, there always exists a Charging Current in the direction from the phase, to the Ground.
Does anyone know about the subject ?
How I can compute such result ?
Charging Current.
Best Regards!
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Hello. Take a look at this paper https://selinc.com/api/download/125783/.
I am not sure if its exactly what you're after but as for microstrip lines I would also follow the same logic using line models, I think it might be of use to you.
Hope it helps
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Dear Professor, Scientists and Technicians in the field :
I'm trying to compute the Charging Current for a particular distribution Overhead line (25 or 35 kV).
And I found a paper where I found a couple of equations which allows you to calculate it.
However, in both of the equations you need to know the value of the Capacitance; between the line and the Ground
(in the attached image the equivalent electric circuit of this can be seen)
Two different circuits are shown here (a & b), because the paper where I took that, gives two different sub-methods to calculate the Charging Current of the line. Bith in both the Capacitance is needed.
I have no clue how to be able to figure out the value for the Capcitance.
Does anyone know about this subject ?
By the way, the formula for the Charging Current which appears in this paper is :
I = omega * C * [ V_phase-phase / sqrt(3) ]
I will really thank if someone can help
Regards !
PS. Paper attached too
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Franklin Uriel Parás Hernández The capacitance of a power distribution overhead wire between phase and ground may be calculated using the formula:
C = 2 * π * ε * L / ln(d / r)
Where: C = capacitance (in farads) ε = relative permittivity of air (approximately 8.85 x 10^-12 F/m) L = length of the line (in meters) d = distance from the line to the ground (in meters) r = radius of the conductor (in meters)
Once you have estimated the capacitance, you can use it in the formula for the charging current:
I = ω * C * [V_phase-phase / sqrt(3)]
Where: I = charging current (in Amperes) ω = angular frequency (2 * π * f)
f = frequency of the AC power (in Hz)
V_phase-phase = voltage between two phases of the line (in Volts)
Please keep in mind that these are only estimates, and the real capacitance will vary depending on factors such as the shape of the conductor, the height of the line above ground, and the presence of other adjacent conductors or buildings. To obtain a more precise measurement, simulation software or field experiments are advised.
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I hope all of you doing well. My name is Mamunur Rashid, and I am a final-year student in Electrical & Electronic Engineering. I'm about to start my final year project/thesis. I'm struggling to find a novel/innovative topic to carry on this. My primary interests are Renewable Energy Systems, Smart Grid, Energy Management Systems etc. Is there anyone who can help me to find a suitable topic to start the review on. So I'm hoping for the best. Regards...
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Mohammad Mamunur Rashid I realize how difficult it might be to come up with an appropriate topic for your final year assignment. Here are a few project ideas that may be of interest to you if you are interested in Renewable Energy Systems, Smart Grid, and Energy Management Systems:
1. Build and Implementation of a Microgrid System Using Renewable Energy Sources: The goal of this project might be to design a microgrid system that incorporates various renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro power. An energy management system might also be included in the project to maximize the utilization of the various energy sources.
2. Artificial Intelligence for Smart Grid Control and Optimization: This project might focus on applying Artificial Intelligence techniques to optimize the control and operation of a smart grid system. The project might make use of
3. Develop and Implementation of a Smart Home Energy Management System: The goal of this project might be to design and implement a smart home energy management system that enables for real-time monitoring and control of energy consumption. The project might entail the collection and analysis of energy use data using IoT devices and cloud-based platforms.
4. Battery Energy Storage System for Renewable Energy Integration: The goal of this project might be to develop and build a battery energy storage system that would allow renewable energy sources to be integrated into the grid. The project might entail the usage of several types of batteries and the investigation of their performance under various operating situations.
5. EV Charging Station Power Management and Control: This project might focus on creating and implementing an EV charging station power management system. The project may incorporate the application of modern control techniques to improve the charging process and assure grid stability.
These are just a few examples of possible project ideas; there are many more based on your interests and talents. I hope this assists you in getting started with your study.
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How to calculate the power dissipation for different switching activity in sequential elements?
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Sandeep Kumar To calculate power dissipation in latches and flip-flops, first determine the switching activity of the circuit. This may be accomplished by counting the number of transitions (the number of times the signal changes state) during a certain time period.
Once the switching activity is known, the power dissipation may be estimated using the following formula:
Power dissipation = switching activity x capacitance x voltage2 x frequency
Where capacitance is the entire capacitance of the circuit, voltage is the supply voltage, and frequency is the switching frequency.
Furthermore, several CAD programs like as HSPICE, Pspice, and others may be used to simulate and calculate power dissipation for various switching activities in sequential elements.
It's also worth noting that power dissipation may be influenced by other factors such as leakage current, temperature, and process changes, therefore keep these in mind while studying power dissipation in a circuit.
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I'm looking for a simple idea that can detect holes in a line of printed aluminum foils. I attempted to put an LED light in the back of the foil so that if a hole is detected, the light can be seen with human eyes. But what basic electrical sensor can detect this light and alert me?
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If you can see it with your eyes then your should be able to use a standard camera. You would likely need to look for a specific pixel intensity in the channel that is close to the the same wavelength as the LED. If using a red LED, look at the red channel in the image. If there is any pixel above your background threshold, then you assume that this is a result of a hole in the foil. If the foil is in motion, e.g. in a roll-to-roll process, you could also look for the motion of the pixels to verify that it is in the foil and not from some other stationary light source. Also, reflections are not likely to be at the same speed and direction as the foil motion. There are many image processing games that you could play to adjust the performance of the system.
There are other devices, like photodiodes, that you could use to detect the light but you will need to have a large field of view which will mean a large background signal. It may be difficult to get a good signal to noise ratio when using single element devices.
Best of luck.
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I am trying to drive around 9 strain gauges with a 5V battery, after connecting the strain gauses to the battery, I found that the gauge outputs are very noisy. (since the strain gauges are used on moible platform, I can only use batteries rather than other power sourse with low noise)
To reduce the noise, I added a LM358N op amp as a voltage follower between the battery and the strain gagues. When the output pin of the op amp connects to no load, the output is 5V. However, when I connect that 5V output to the strain gauges, the output voltage of the op amp drops significantly as the number of the strain gauges increases. (even drops to less than 1V)
I think that the voltage drop may be caused by the low impedance of the strain gauges, which the LM358N can not handle. So my question is:
1. Are there any recommendations on op amps that can be used as voltage followers for low impedance outputs like strain gauges?
2. If proper op amps doesn't exist, what other components can I add in my circuit to eliminate or at least to reduce that voltage drop?
Looking forward to your suggestions and thank you in advance!
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Usually, considerable noise is not generated by a battery but by circuits driven by the battery. The current through your 9 strain gauges is about 375 mA; please have a look at this table:
But by just putting a voltage follower between voltage source and load the noise is not cancelled. At least, you have to insert a low pass filter between the 5V battery and the non-inverting input of the op amp.
Actually, you don't need the 5V battery anymore because the power is delivered by the 12V source. It would be enough to have a voltage divider plus a low pass filter which is driven by the 12V source and delivers 5V.
Hope this helps.
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In terms of short circuit capability, IGBT used in UPS/motor drive/welding/white goods/PFC are required.
For Inductive Heating, there are mainly two topologies (shown attached): half-bridge and single-ended. Why SC capability is not required here?
Thank you in advance!
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Power is proportional to I2 so the current is carefully controlled. Under normal operating conditions only load current can flow. There can be no overcurrent. There is only a need for a fuse in the main line if the transistor(s) fail.
I would not be surprised if a manufacturer takes a shortcut and relies on the circuit breaker supplying the appliance. Just to save a few cents.
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Hallo every one,
I did nanoidentation experiment :
1 photoresist with 3 different layer thicknesses.
My results show that the photoresist is harder when it has thicker layer..
I can't find the reason in the literature.
Can any one please explaine me why is it like that??
is there any literature for this?
best regards
chiko
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The nano layer thickness is very very small layer, otherwise it's cannot use by Resistivity method and it has VES limitation.
Best regards.
P. Hakaew
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Thermal management of electronics/PCB boards purely depends on the power it dissipates (component power dissipations). But the power dissipation values provided by the component suppliers are the maximum power dissipation and in realty on field the power dissipation is far from this max values. So, i am looking into other possible ways to determine this values, through physic or analytically maybe.
Any bit of information would be highly helpful !
Thanking in advance !!!
Regards,
Rajesh.
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Dear
You can benefit from this valuable Link about your topic:
"PCB Simulation: How to Simulate a PCB Design"
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Also this one:
"PCB thermal calculator & simulation"
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"7 Considerations for PCB Power Supply Design"
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"Five Approaches to Cooling Military Electronics"
@Five Approaches to Cooling Military Electronics
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"Basics: Power dissipation and electronic components"
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Online calculator for PCB circuits
I hope it will be helpful..
Best wishes..
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I am delivering power to my device using a VNA with frequency ranging from 300kHz to 8GHz. I am trying to figure out the current that passes through my sample, or DUT. I can set the output power of the VVNA and measure the S11. Here is my approach.
Since the total current (the sum of the incident and reflected waves) at the DUT can be expressed as:
I=V0/Z0 (1-Gamma)
then, use P0=I*V0, so current becomes
I=sqrt(P0*(1-Gamma)/Z0), where Gamma=10^(S11/20)
Is this approach current? Another method that I thought of is to first measure the DC resistance, R. Then, the current can be derived as:
I=sqrt(P0*(1-Gamma^2)/R).
Is any of these correct? Any help is much appreciated.
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If gamma is a complex number it is already in the form you want. The S11 you started with is actually S11(dB) which is 20*log10(abs(a+ib)).
S11(complex) is a+ib.
Sometime a and b are not available in a data file, but S11(dB) is and also the phase S11(radians) or S11(degrees), so you can still get the complex number.
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In a hypothetical situation where I have two wires, ones cross section is a cylinder, and the others a star. Both have the same cross section area, both have the same length. What are the differences in electrical properties ?
Are there any experiments done looking into this ?
Also what would happen if a wire had a conical shape, by length ?
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The electrical properties are frequency dependent and are dependent on the electromagnetic field profile around the wire. For example, in a high frequency situation, the electric current will travel close to the surface of the wire. Consider a coaxial cable: if the center conductor is round (circular) and the shield is circular and collinear, the electric field will be evenly distributed around the center conductor and the current (tangential magnetic field) will also be evenly distributed. Hence, the resistance per unit length of the wire will be 1/(2*pi*a*delta*sigma), where a=radius of wire, delta=skin depth, sigma=wire material conductivity.
Now, suppose we have a "star" shaped wire. The electric field (and longitudinal current) will be concentrated at the points of the star. The effective area of the current flow will be reduced in this case and the wire will have a higher resistance than the smooth round wire.
If you have access too electromagnetic field simulator software, why not try some numerical experiments?
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I want to simulate a circuit having pin diode to verify switching function of PIN Diode in x-band. What are the softwares that i can use..?
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ADS, CST MICROWAVE STUDIO, HFSS
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It is a network of 30 earth pits. 3 sets of10 pits.
I have disconnected all the 3 sets. However, when I check for the resistance between the network of first 10 and that of the second set, I get 45ohms. Should it not show in k or M ohms as they are not galvanically coupled. One thing is for sure that they are not shorted as the resistance is as high as 40+
If I disconnected one pit from the remaining 9 in the first set, I get around 250ohms with multimeter.
I am trying to decouple all the 3 sets from each other but to no avail.
is it due to the high conductive compound that has gone into these pits?
Meanwhile, I'll try to explore more on this
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try to measure[1], if possible, the AC-resistances[2] (impedances, at 1kHz), also.
1. "8. Method for the Earth measurement of a large earthing system" https://www.kew-ltd.co.in/2019/05/02/a-guide-to-earthground-resistance-test/
2. "What is the resistance of Earth Pit?" https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-resistance-of-Earth-Pit
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Out of these 5 universities can you rate them from top to bottom which is best for coursework and research opportunities for Masters in Antenna Specialization.
Arizona State University, North Carolina State University, Virginia Tech, The Ohio State University, UT Dallas.
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Dear
You can benefit from this Link about your topic:
You can enter the name of any university that you want to know its rank in the search box.
I hope it will be helpful...
Best wishes...
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Hi,
I was working on a thesis project on a portable ECG device, I checked these
So it was basically biopotential->Amplifier->logging->displaying using Teensy(Programmable chip), Adafruit(Bluetooth Module), SPI LCD Screen, and resistors and capacitors.
I developed and assembled all except Teensy, adafruit, SPI LCD screen, as I don't have circuit on how to connect output to these 3 devices.
Can anyone share some other resources it would be very much valuable.
Thank You
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Dear sir, I guess the Teensy is used to acquire the signal (use one of the analog inputs; for instance, pins for 14 to 23 Analog). The signal is of course converted (Analog to Digital) inside the Teensy. Then, you can display what you read using SPI (pins 10 to 13 of Teens) on SPI LCD Screen. For the Bluetooth device, I don't know what is it used for; maybe to save the data on an SD card and send the data (acquired ECG) to a remote station (computer I guess). You can use it. It is not difficult to assemble that and programs exist for each task: 1. Acquire analog signal using Teensy; 2. Display a value, figure using SPI of Teensy on an SPI LDC display; 3. Send data using a Bluetooth device.
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case1 : when Radio frequency wave transmision line is loaded with matched impendace, then entire signal is taken by load without any reflections..
case 2: when a Radio frequency wave transmision line is loaded with short circuit, then entire signal is reflected back...
Now what happens when both the above cases are combined?
where will the signal go and how much will be the reflection coefficient?
will the matched impedance load get any signal?
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Yes, the signal will be reflected back and ods not reach the load. At the opposite end, the load will see some impedance varying from short to open depending on the electrical length of the transmission line between shorted point and the load.
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I am trying to design a PIN Diode switch for a WR90 Rectangular waveguide ( X - Band) using HFSS software. I have learnt from some discussion that PIN Diode can be modelled using sheets and boundaries but how exactly that model i can use inside a waveguide as a switch? what are the parameters or extra devices i need to add? I couldn't find any open publications on PIN Diode switch in x-band rectangular waveguide Can someone recommend me some books or publications or blogs for better understanding of PIN Diode simulation in HFSS inside a waveguide.
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Hello,
Few papers are attached for your help.
Thanks,
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We have chips on which there is tin, which disappears after a while. Tin is used on the chips to glue the heatsink.
What is your solution for chips that have lost their tin?
Due to the lack of poor heat transfer, we can not use silicone paste.
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You can use silver foils and glue them with thin film of silver paste. It will work for long time without damage. You can also use thermal conducting ceramic paste, contact the heart think to it and fix the heat think to the chip by a clamp.
Best wishes.
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Hi there,
I hope you are doing well.
Do you know, which camera is used recently for the GRENOUILLE technique in order to measure the pulse length of ultra-short pulses?
what features the camera should provide? Should it be fast or regular camera works as well?
This article names a camera but I am not sure it is used recently in experiments or it is out of date!
Attached is a document in this regard.
I appreciate your time and any feedback.
Best regards,
Aydin
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Dear Hassan Nasser I really appreciate your response.
Thank you!!
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I have just designed a fuzzy system, and now I want to redesign it based on the fractional order. However, I have no idea where to start from and what to do. Could you please tell me what I should do and mention any related sources to study?
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Dear s.Milad:
You can benefit from this valuable article about your topic:
"Fuzzy Fractional-Order PID Controller for Fractional Model of Pneumatic Pressure System".
Abstract:
This article presents a fuzzy fractional-order PID (FFOPID) controller scheme for a pneumatic pressure regulating system. The industrial pneumatic pressure systems are having strong dynamic and nonlinearity characteristics; further, these systems come across frequent load variations and external disturbances. Hence, for the smooth and trouble-free operation of the industrial pressure system, an effective control mechanism could be adopted. The objective of this work is to design an intelligent fuzzy-based fractional-order PID control scheme to ensure a robust performance with respect to load variation and external disturbances. A novel model of a pilot pressure regulating system is developed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. Simulation studies are carried out in a delayed nonlinear pressure regulating system under different operating conditions using fractional-order PID (FOPID) controller with fuzzy online gain tuning mechanism. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed strategy and confirm the performance improvement for the pneumatic pressure system. To highlight the advantages of the proposed scheme a comparative study with conventional PID and FOPID control schemes is made.
I hope it will be helpful...
Best wishes....
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Dear colleagues,
I would like to request your collaboration to take part in the survey, available at the links: (EN): https://lnkd.in/djVdWne (IT): https://lnkd.in/dnvK3eJ (PT-BR): https://lnkd.in/dVGWmHv This questionnaire is part of the project aiming to analyze the transition from a linear economy to a circular economy, comparing developed and developing countries, at a macro level (nations, regions, cities). The project is a partnership between the University of Brasilia (Brazil), coordinated by Professor Patricia Guarnieri and the University of Bologna (Italy), coordinated by Professor Augusto Bianchini.
Your participation is very important to us. Please share with your network! Sincerely,
Patricia Guarnieri, Dr. Professor and Researcher Faculty of Economics, Business Administration, Accounting and Public Policies Management (FACE/UnB) - http://www.adm.unb.br/ University of Brasilia - UnB -  http://www.unb.br/ ORCID : http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5298-5348
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The transition to a circular economy is not uniform and varies depending on a series of factors such as the degree of industrialization, the level of technological development, the availability of qualified human resources and access to financing, among others.
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From Few Discussion i got to know about PIN Diode Equivalent RLC circuit. Then in hfss created 2 cylinder blocks both in contact to each other, then for one cylinder i gave inductance and for other i gave resistance and capacitance for Diode off condition. Similarly for DIode ON condition, for one cylinder i gave inductance and for other resistance. But it is not working as expected. Please need some help to design it.
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Dear Raj:
You can benefit from this valuable Courses about your topic:
"Ansys Learning Fourm HFSS"
In it you will find the answer to all your questions at:
Please go through "Cosimulation Using Ansys HFSS” course to learn about how to do cosimulation using Ansys HFSS and Circuit from below link:
You can design the PIN diode equivalent circuit in the Circuit and connect it to the HFSS design to see the performance.
I hope it will be helpful..
Best wishes...
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I am trying to solve the differential equation. I was able to solve it when the function P is constant and independent of r and z. But I am not able to solve it further when P is a function of r and z or function of r only (IMAGE 1).
Any general solution for IMAGE 2?
Kindly help me with this. Thanks
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Vikas Rohil sir, please help me.
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Is it possible to replace a flyback transformer with a common transformer in a high voltage power supply by modifying the circuit? and if yes, what kind of modifications are needed?
I ask this because making a flyback is harder than making a common transformer.
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There are 2 answers :
1. Theoretically : Yes, however you need a circuit modification.
- The flyback uses a transformer with air gap. A normal transformer does not have this.
- You can create an isolated dc/dc convertor with a normal transformer, at the cost of an extra inductor, an extra winding and an extra diode. I think it is called the 'forward' convertor.
2. Practically, what you show in the pictures:
- On the left: This is a low-frequency transformer, mains, max. 400 Hz frequency. (with very good iron.)
- On the right : A ferrite transformer, typically used in the horizontal drive circuit of a Cathode Ray Tube television. In these televisions, the horizontal drive circuit :
a. It controls the left-right sweep of the electrons in the tube. The standard is such that the frequency where it operates on, is about 16 Khz. (Depends on the TV standard used.) As such, you CANNOT change the core to an iron core.
b. Usually, this circuit is also used as the power convertor for the whole TV. Apart from the windings for the left-right movement of the electron beam, there are windings for a multitude of voltages in the TV. The most 'visible' of these is the high-voltage (10 kV for black/white, 30 kV for color) to accelerate the electrons toward the screen. The 10 kV, that is straight, single diode rectifier. For the 30 kV, usually a diode voltage tripler is used. Note that, in the picture, the 'bulky' look for the right transformer is caused by this 10 kVolt winding. This needs lots of isolation, creep distance etc. Note that a normal ferrite transfomer, nowadays operating at ~100 to ~200 Khz is much more compact than a 50-60 Hz transformer.
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I have updated my manuscript but its the third time the reviewer send me this comment again.
What are the probable redox reaction during cyclic voltammetry?
Could anyone guide me on this, please
Thanks, A lot in advance for your precious time.
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Dear all, please have a look at the following link and the attached file. My Regards
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- Journals ranking (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4).
- Article Processing Charge (APC) <1500 USD.
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Hello everybody,
Is it possible to control (adjust) the charge generated by the PC or laptop USB port?
I mean using for instance a matlab code
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Hi Sina S. ,
if you mean by "charge" voltage and current used to power the connected devices (whose purpose might be recharging of some accumulators) then please have a look at the examples starting at page 511 of the attached file.
As you can see in the examples, the usual way to control the programmable power supply is via requests by the attached devices. So, you had to implement the USB protocol or to modify the program of an existing device (if you can get hold of the source code).
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If you refer to the images attached of opamp, one is open loop config of opamp and the other is the closed loop config of opamp. In both of these equations, the formula to obtain output voltage remains the same including the common mode signal affects. However, the Adm term, called as the differential gain of opamp or the circuit, in open loop config refers to the open loop gain of opamp while the Adm term in the second circuit refers to the closed loop gain of opamp. The books I have referred are: Microelectronic Circuits (Seventh Edition) by Sedra Smith, and Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits (Fourth Edition) by Ramakant A. Gayakwad.
Is the reason because the Adm and the Acm in the first circuit refer to the differential gain and the common mode gain of the circuit and the circuit is opamp itself so Adm and Acm are the differential gain and the common mode gain of the opamp itself? While in the second circuit, the Adm and the Acm are the differential mode gain and the common mode gain of the whole circuit? But I saw in Sedma Smith that for the second circuit, output voltage formula of opamp being used in terms of open loop gain without including the affect of internal common mode gain of opamp.
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There are some good answers by esteemed colleagues but I want to refer to very basic concepts which are the configurations of both amplifiers: the op amp and the differential and difference amplifier based on a circuit of the op amp.
As both amplifiers has a differential input then both have a differential gain and a common mode gain. In every configuration, there are two input voltages and one output terminal.
The two amplifiers have the same terminology as they have similar configuration but the values of the values of Ad and Ac are surely different.
So, the matter is definition of the performance parameters.
Best wishes
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I have been studying quantization in context of Digital Image Processing. I referred to the 4th edition of the book titled "Digital Image Processing" by Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods.
In the book, the intensity quantization levels are defined as
L=2^k
where k is an integer.
Now the first thing that comes to my find is why is that the quantization levels should be integer multiple of two and why not just any integer in general.
A paragraph has been attached regarding this from the book.
Then I found a homework problem and its solution online which are both attached as images.
In the homework question, I believe n is used in place of k to calculate bits per pixel or bits per picture elements. While k was defined as integer in Gonzalez, here n comes out to be 3.32 bits per pixel (not an integer). Isn't it a contradiction?