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Dear all,
I hope you are doing well.
This semester, I have a power system analysis course; I am now teaching the chapter devoted to unbalanced operation modeling of power systems.
Using the book by Dr. Elgerd as one of my references, I have seen something strange in his book. Before applying the symmetrical components transformation to the voltage-current relation of a synchronous generator, he states that the equations in the abc domain are as follows:
📷
with the impedance matrix Z to be in this form:
📷
This matrix, as is evident, is NOT symmetrical but cyclic symmetrical. This means that Z12 is different from Z21. That is, the mutual impedance from phase b to phase a is different from the mutual impedance from phase a to phase b!
It seems that he is taking a non-salient pole generator into account (as all the diagonal elements are equal). Under such conditions, all the off-diagonal terms should seemingly be equal in opposition to this textbook!
Am I missing something? This is really strange as in physical sense, the mutual impedances should be reciprocal (please take into account that we have still not applied any abc==>dq0 transformation).
I humbly ask you to help me in this regard.
For the sake of completeness, I give you the link to the full text of the book, as follows:
Please go to page 228/291.
Best wishes
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Dear Dr Mohammad.
The only possiblity for the un symetry is that the common point is not isolated. Other wise i think
Z12=Z21
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2025 International Conference on Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation (REEC 2025) will be held in-person on January 10-12, 2025 in Xinyu, Jiangxi, China.
Conference Website: https://ais.cn/u/2mMjEb
---Call For Papers---
The topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to:
◕ Renewable Energy
· Renewable Energy Engineering(Solar, Biomass, Wind, Nuclear, Hydrogen, etc.)
· Renewable Energy Power Generation
· Renewable Energy Power System Modeling, Analysis and Simulation
· High Reliability Relay Protection Technology for Renewable Energy Power Systems
◕ Energy Technology, Utilization and Development
· Energy Saving and Environmental Protection Technology
· Sustainable Coal Utilization and Clean Coal Technology
· Natural Gas Hydrate Development Technology
· Clean Production and Green Chemical Technology
· Energy Internet Technology
· Energy Efficiency
· Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
· Energy Clean Utilization
◕ Electricity, Electrical Systems
· Electric Motors and Drives
· Power Converter
· Electric Battery and BMS
· Smart Grid Power Transmission and Distribution
· Noise, Vibration, EMI and EMC
· Power Quality
· Power System Analysis
· New Power System Technologies
· Power Systems and it's Automation
· MEMS-Microsensors and Structures
· Sensors and Micro Machines
......
---Publication---
All papers submitted to REEC 2025 will be reviewed by two or three expert reviewers from the conference committees. After a careful reviewing process, all accepted papers will be published in the Conference Proceedings, and submitted to EI Compendex, Scopus and Inspec for indexing.
---Important Dates---
Full Paper Submission Date: December 30, 2024
Notification Date: January 10, 2024
Final Paper Submission Date: January 03, 2024
Conference Dates: January 10-12, 2025
--- Paper Submission---
Please send the full paper(word+pdf) to Submission System:
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Good Luck
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Do you think that the following online course covers all types of power system stability studies?
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Thank you for answer, but there are several stability issues associated with converter based technologies even if they are embeded in micrigrids or distribution level. These are referred to converter-driven stability as you know.
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I have seen that some lecturers claim the leakage flux of a transformer will automatically become zero in case it has an ideal iron core. I want to say NO!
This is correct for a system with a core and a single winding: referring to the magnetic equivalent circuit, there can not be any leakage flux as the leakage reluctance is in parallel with a zero reluctance, i. e. the core reluctance.
But is case we have two windings, a close look at the magnetic equivalent circuit reveals that the zero core reluctance condition just leads to the balance of the two ampere-turns, that is the current ratio for an ideal transformer will be obtained. Nevertheless, there can still be leakage fluxes in both the primary and the secondary, although the core has been assumed completely ideal.
Am I correct?
Please see the details in the attached file.
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Naser,
If the interpretation of ideal iron core is that it is a core of zero reluctance, then yes - leakage flux will automatically become zero !
The reason is that a zero reluctance path acts as a magnetic short across any other path of finite non-zero reluctance that occurs in parallel to the ideal core (such as any leakage path), so the core (like any short) will "pull all magnetic lines of flux" within itself, leaving none for leakage !
But of course as you rightly say, this is a very, very ideal condition, that never occurs in practice.
(I still haven't found time to go through your earlier motors document, though I still have it with me ! Tomorrow I have my end-semester examination, followed by evaluation hours until about 9-10 May, after which I will get down to your document, and see if I can make sense of it.
Sorry for the very prolonged wait !!)
With best wishes.
-Sanjay
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𝟯𝗿𝗱 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗻 𝗘𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹, 𝗣𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗚𝗿𝗶𝗱 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺𝘀 (𝗜𝗖𝗘𝗣𝗚𝗦 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟰) 𝘄𝗵𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗯𝗲 𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝗞𝘂𝗮𝗹𝗮 𝗟𝘂𝗺𝗽𝘂𝗿, 𝗠𝗮𝗹𝗮𝘆𝘀𝗶𝗮. 𝗼𝗻 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟮𝟲-𝟮𝟴, 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟰.
---𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐏𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬---
The topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to:
· Solar Power
· New Energy Power Generation
· Transmission of Electrical Energy
· Signal and System
· Power Systems and Automation
· Electrical System Modeling
· Power System Communication and Control
· Computational Intelligence in Electrical Engineering
· Electrical Materials and Equipment
· Power System Protection and Control
· High Voltage and Insulation
· Smart Grid
· Microgrid
· Smart Sensors
· Smart Networks and Communications
· Materials for Electrical and Optoelectronics
· Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Power Systems
· Big Data Application in Power Systems
All accepted papers will be published in the Conference Proceedings, and submitted to EI Compendex, Scopus for indexing.
𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬:
Full Paper Submission Date: December 10, 2023
Registration Deadline: December 30, 2023
Final Paper Submission Date: January 12, 2024
Conference Dates: January 26-28, 2024
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐌𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐬 𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐭:
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Usman Anka Abdulaziz Yes,the conference's Final Paper Submission Date is before January 12, 2024.
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Understanding and predicting the complex or chaotic behaviors of complex and nonlinear systems is very interesting and challenging, especially when we deal with it in practical systems, like smart city or energy systems It turns out that complexity and chaos theories may provide us with a framework to explore these. Complexity in energy systems involve multiple factors, such as weather changes, unseen failures, demand, energy prices, and consumer behavior, which can exhibit unforeseen behaviors like emergence that are difficult to predict.
What is your opinion on the link between Complexity and Chaos Theories, and energy systems, which concerns the following questions:
  • Can complexity and chaos theories be used to better understand and predict the behavior of energy systems?
  • What challenges and limitations do we face when applying complexity and chaos theories to energy systems?
Recent studies have explored the use of computational techniques, such as machine learning and entropy-based information theoretical methods, to analyze complex systems and identify chaotic behavior. For example, one study proposed using complex system characteristics as features for time series data to identify chaotic behavior, achieving high precision on test data [1]. Another study explored the use of deep learning methods for classifying chaotic time series, achieving an impressive accuracy of 99.45 percent on unseen samples [2]. A third study utilized entropy-based methods to develop an effective approach for classifying time-series data [3].
Join us in this discussion and share your thoughts on how we can use complexity and chaos theories, as well as and other computational techniques to better understand and predict the behavior of complex systems in energy systems, and the like. Let's explore the potential of these methods and discuss the challenges and limitations we face in applying them to real-world energy systems.
References:
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Picture belongs to Ref. 3 of the Discussion.
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Dear Professor, Scientists and Technicians in the field :
I'm looking up on how to determine the Charging Current in a distribution (15, 25 or 35 kV) overhead power line.
These lines are Polyethylene-covered cables. But, since there is always a non cero Capacitance between Ground and the line, there always exists a Charging Current in the direction from the phase, to the Ground.
Does anyone know about the subject ?
How I can compute such result ?
Charging Current.
Best Regards!
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Hello. Take a look at this paper https://selinc.com/api/download/125783/.
I am not sure if its exactly what you're after but as for microstrip lines I would also follow the same logic using line models, I think it might be of use to you.
Hope it helps
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Is there any code / package / script to automatically generate single-line diagrams from PYPOWER/MATPOWER casefile or IEEE CDF formats?
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Dear Professor, Scientists and Technicians in the field :
I'm trying to compute the Charging Current for a particular distribution Overhead line (25 or 35 kV).
And I found a paper where I found a couple of equations which allows you to calculate it.
However, in both of the equations you need to know the value of the Capacitance; between the line and the Ground
(in the attached image the equivalent electric circuit of this can be seen)
Two different circuits are shown here (a & b), because the paper where I took that, gives two different sub-methods to calculate the Charging Current of the line. Bith in both the Capacitance is needed.
I have no clue how to be able to figure out the value for the Capcitance.
Does anyone know about this subject ?
By the way, the formula for the Charging Current which appears in this paper is :
I = omega * C * [ V_phase-phase / sqrt(3) ]
I will really thank if someone can help
Regards !
PS. Paper attached too
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Franklin Uriel Parás Hernández The capacitance of a power distribution overhead wire between phase and ground may be calculated using the formula:
C = 2 * π * ε * L / ln(d / r)
Where: C = capacitance (in farads) ε = relative permittivity of air (approximately 8.85 x 10^-12 F/m) L = length of the line (in meters) d = distance from the line to the ground (in meters) r = radius of the conductor (in meters)
Once you have estimated the capacitance, you can use it in the formula for the charging current:
I = ω * C * [V_phase-phase / sqrt(3)]
Where: I = charging current (in Amperes) ω = angular frequency (2 * π * f)
f = frequency of the AC power (in Hz)
V_phase-phase = voltage between two phases of the line (in Volts)
Please keep in mind that these are only estimates, and the real capacitance will vary depending on factors such as the shape of the conductor, the height of the line above ground, and the presence of other adjacent conductors or buildings. To obtain a more precise measurement, simulation software or field experiments are advised.
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A complex power system with N generators was reduced to the internal nodes. The magnitude of the internal voltage behind the stator reactances (E1, E2....En) are also specfied. The parameters of the swing equation for all the machines are also known except the electrical power output Pei. Please 1) what is the best way to determine the steady state angles considering their interrelationship? 2) Must a refrence node be assigned?
Thank you
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You have built an equation system with n unknowns and n given equations, i.e., this is a classical root finding problem.
This is pretty common as part of power flow equations models. You can either use standard solvers such as Newton-Raphson (cf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-flow_study)or you could model your problem in any open-source power flow model framework to let the simulation framework solve the equations for you, e.g. , https://github.com/lanl-ansi/PowerModels.jlor https://github.com/e2nIEE/pandapower
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I am working on orthoferrites and studying their dielectric properties. One of the samples I prepared shows a dielectric relaxation peak (observed in real part of dielectric constant, at high frequency). Near the same frequency range, the imaginary part of dielectric constant take negative value. Is it possible to have negative value of imaginary part of dielectric constant? What does it mean?
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See please, Y.-F. Chen, P. Fischer, and F. W. Wise,“ Negative Refraction at Optical Frequencies in Nonmagnetic Two-Component Molecular Media” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 067402 (2005).
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I would like to design a microgrid based on an IEEE bus system for the purpose of validation of a certain technique. Should the MG have the same standard loads of the IEEE bus system ?
Can I design the MG (say based on 14 bus system) and have only few Kilowatts as a load (50 KW load) , does this make sense or it deems impractical?
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A system has to be evolved based on the generation and load requirements. If we try to use lower loading in the system designed for higher capacity there will be a under utilization of the system capacity.
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Dear Researchers :
Hope someone can help me to understand this :
In the Power Energy Industry, most o the insulators and Accesories/Elements in contact with the Electric Power Lines are made of Dielectric Materials such as Polyethylene, or Silicon Rubber (an Elastometer).
But all these materials should to be able to withstand Electrical Breakdown phenomena, like Partial Discharges in the interior of the Material, Electrical Treeing and Electrical Tracking.
Aiming for this, it is required, in the technical literature, and from Manufacturers' standards, to use Materials with low Dielectric Constant (Relative Permittivity)
But, What is the relationship between the Dielectric Constant and the phenomenon of Electrical Breakdown in a Dielectric Medium ?
How should I understand this ?
Best Regards to all !
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During alternation voltage source, dielectric material lead losses due to polarization, so we use minimum dielectric material constant for insulators.
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Can anyone please elucidate the difference between Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Space? I have seen some literatures where they haver mentioned social networks, sensor networks etc as examples of non-euclidean spaces. Is a power grid also an example of non-Euclidean?
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I am confused. Your citations appear to be mostly concerned with animal or machine learning in non-Euclidean spaces. Which of these citations directly discusses electrical power systems, such as the national electrica power grid? And what problems, concerning electrical power grids, can only be solved by the non-Euclidean space approach that cannot be solved by the old 2-dimensional Euclidean representation of such a network?
Regards,
Thomas Cuff
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 Is it just in order to eliminate the circulating currents among DGs by maintaining    same voltage and angle ? Also how does it improve the stability of the system?
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In essence, a virtual impedance is a way of altering the control of an inverter so that it appears as though an additional impedance was inserted between the inverter and the load in the physical circuit. In other words, the control designer is able to change the effective impedance between the inverter and the load.
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Hello everyone,
I am trying to solve a power flow study to predict congestion in the lines but I do not know how to choose the slack bus and whether this will impact the power flow, and therefore the congestion in the network.
Thanks!
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It would be better to select slack bus far away from the area of contingency/study /interest. In addition, its generation should be near to its acceptable limits to reduce the absorption of system losses and changes in the power flow pattern.
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Rotational loads are definitely linked to the reactive power readings in distribution network.
Are there any direct or indirect relationships derived between the two?
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In LV distribution networks, reactive power is not efficient in modifying electrical parameters due to X/R ratio of conductors. Although works discuss the effects on voltage in LV, IM tends to generate voltage problems like undervoltage.
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In my neighborhood once there was a event that causes much damage to electrical appliances. The red phase conductor peeled of and the peeled section of wire touched the yellow phase when wind blows . This continues happens touch then move away.
As soon as the connection between two phases make the speed of fan increases drastically.
Now I'm confused if there is line to line fault then voltage must be reduced from nominal level and if voltage is reduced then speed of any induction motor must drop. But on the other hand speed increases drastically. During line to line fault the neutral current must be zero so is there any chance of neutral voltage rise.
Secondly the mcb doesn't trip which means that current is within limit as mcb doesn't trip on overvoltage case.
So why there is overvoltage during this event.
Does the voltage of healthy phase rises during line to line fault.
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Line to line fault the fault current flow by the phase difference rather than amplitude difference in lines to ground faults, yet in both cases the voltage of unhealthy phases would dropped depending on offered inductive reactance during faults……
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I am simulating a power converter circuit on Simulink platform. This also include a 400 V AC grid. I am not sure about a generic thumb rule to define the impedance of the cables for this 3ph 400V Grid system. Any suggestions?
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As an alternative, you can measure the grid impedance for the 400 V AC system directly. Please check our below publications for in-circuit impedance measurement:
[1] Z. Zhao, "Measurement setup consideration and implementation for inductively coupled online impedance extraction," Ph.D. thesis, Nanyang Technological University, advised by Prof. Kye Yak See, Mar. 2021.
[2] Z. Zhao, K. Y. See, E. K. Chua, A. S. Narayanan, W. Chen, and A. Weerasinghe, "Time-variant in-circuit impedance monitoring based on the inductive coupling method," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement., vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 169-176, Jan. 2019.
[3] Z. Zhao, K. Y. See, W. Wang, E. K. Chua, A. Weerasinghe, Z. Yang, and W. Chen, "Voltage-dependent capacitance extraction of SiC power MOSFETs using inductively coupled in-circuit impedance measurement technique," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1322-1328, Aug. 2019.
[4] Z. Zhao, A. Weerasinghe, Q. Sun, F. Fan, K. Y. See, "Improved calibration technique for two-probe setup to enhance its in-circuit impedance measurement accuracy," Measurement, 2021, vol. 185, Art no. 110007.
[5] A. Weerasinghe, Z. Zhao, N. Narampanawe, Z. Yang, T. Svimonishvili, K. Y. See, "Single-probe inductively coupled in-circuit impedance measurement," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2021, doi: 10.1109/TEMC.2021.3091761.
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I require the machine (generator) data for H, Rs, Xd, Xtd, Xq, Xtq, Td0, Tq0 and D; as well as the exciter data (kA, TA, kE, TE, kF and TF).
If you can share the machine data file or link, it will be quite useful.
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I am running RMS simulations in powerfactory with simulation scan for frequency and voltage violations and can see the results of the scan in the output window, however, I have no idea how to access these results like I would for other results variables. I need the time of violations ultimately in csv format. I see there is a function in the python reference and I have tried to access it via the following command - violations = app.ScnFrt.GetNumberOfViolations() but I am still unable to get this data. I was wondering if anyone has any experience with this or maybe an example of getting the results from simulation can following an RMS simulation? Many thanks!!
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Advanced Smart Grid Functionalities Based on PowerFactory
By: Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt and José Luis Rueda Torres
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I am looking for some standard literature containing the details about the dimensioning procedure (methodology for primary, secondary, and tertiary) of different countries' frequency operating reserves.
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Akhilesh Panwar, take a look at articles 153 (FCR dimensioning), 157 (FRR dimensioning) and 160 (RR dimensioning).
For FCR, you should consider the "reference incident", i.e. the worst-case scenario load and generation loss you may have in your system. For FRR and RR, statistical methods are used. But some TSOs use statistical methods for FCR as well, specially in highly meshed systems, such as Central Europe.
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I have dataset which shows the length of power lines. I need to classify the lines based on the line length. Is there a rule to classify the High voltage (HV) and low voltage (LV) lines based on line length? For instance, can we say lines below 500m (meters) are considered as LV lines and lines above this length are HV lines?
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Dear Mr Muhammad Ali
You were about to hit the target but missed for just a little bit. Here is the answer to your question in brief.
Transmission lines are classified into two standards.
  • Voltage Rating
  • Length of Line
As per voltage rating, there are 5 types of transmission existing
  1. Low Voltage (LV) < 1000V
  2. Medium Voltage (MV) 1000V < V < 69kV
  3. High Voltage (HV) < 138kV
  4. Extra High Voltage (EHV) 345kV < V < 800kV
  5. Ultra High Voltage (UHV) > 800kV
As per the length of the line, there are 3 types of transmission existing
  1. Short Transmission Line < 50km
  2. Medium Transmission Line 50km < L < 150km
  3. Long Transmission Line > 150km
Once again these standards can vary in different countries. Hope that information will be helpful for you. Good Luck!
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Hello, I am developing my degree work on the coordination of hydraulic and thermal units in an energy network and I was wondering if there is any test network with which I can evaluate or compare the results obtained with my work. Thank you very much in advance
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see this paper : A Four-Dimensional Model of Hydro Generation for the Short-Term Hydrothermal Dispatch Problem Considering Head and Spillage Effects
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What are the various techniques to predict missing data in power systems?
Mostly referring to the measurement data coming in from sensors or smart meters.
References are welcome.
Thanks in advance!
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It is well-known that traditional 3-phase electrical circuits present 2 topologies: 3 wires or 4 wires (if a neutral wire is present). Power engineers have tools to analyze these circuits in both time or phasor domain (Symmetrical components, Clarke transformation, etc). This is not a major problem.
Let's now suppose that we have a "black box" supply and a "black box" load. They are linked by 4 wires. Should we consider the system a 3-phase 4-wire circuit or a 4-phase 4-wire circuit?
What are the implications? is a 3-phase 4-wire circuit a special case of an asymmetrical and unbalanced 4-phase 4-wire circuit? Do 3-phase and 4-phase Symmetrical Components lead to the same results?
Of course, this can be generalized to n-phase (n+1)-wires....
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I agree with your previous statement, but only if your original question is amended to explicitly state that the investigator is not allowed to completely disconnect the black box load from the black box source. Otherwise, a voltmeter should be sufficient to distinguish the phases from one another and from the neutral (if it is present) and/or ground (if it is present). In a real world power system, the ability to disconnect all the phases - but not the neutral and/or ground - would usually be required by the electrical code for safety reasons. With regard to your previous statement and your original question, there is an implied absence of any over current protection, which would clear a phase to gound fault, for example. I am not trying to be difficult, here. I am just asking for clarification of the rules implicit in your original question, or as ISO would put it: say what you mean, and mean what you say.
I won't take up anymore of your time. Thanks for an interesting question.
Regards,
Tom Cuff
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Generator can be modelled using the Classical Swing Equation model as well as higher order models. What are the advantages (and disadvantages) when the order of the model is increased?
Is there any norm of which model we can choose for any certain application or studies?
Citing references can help.
Thanks!
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The selection of an appropriate modeling details is based on the target. If you would like to capture more details electromechanical/electromagnatic dynamics, then more details are preferable. It is a matter of compromise between simplicity and accuracy. In many transient stability studies, only the 2nd order dynamic model of the machine is used for simulating the electromechanical dynamics. If the field circuit dynamics are of interest, then the 3rd order dynamics is used.
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In a multi-bus system like 33-bus distribution network, how can we find the load on a bus that is connected to a local generator?
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Agree with Muhammad Al-sadi, but somehow, you can't ignore losses, if you calculate that particular losses and subtract from generator load on generator, you will get the load on that bus.
In short, active and reactive power must be kept in mind.
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I am interested to simulate distribution networks with distributed generation utilizing custom controls. Simulink is quite versatile in control system design and is friendly for people preferring visual approach to programming. But I am not always satisfied with how it solves power flow for detailed network models.
Lets say that I am looking for more reliable power flow solvers, but with control system design versatility of Simulink (preferably with visual programming). Any suggestions?
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For ∆-Y power transformer Y-∆ CT connection is used. The Low voltage side is connected is connected with Current transformers that are star connected . Why this cross connection is done and how it prevents from operating on external faults and zero sequence current.
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Normally, UC works on intervals of 1hr, so day ahead UC results can be acheived while ED works on 15min interval. My idea is to do UC for day ahead to find scheduled generators and then do ED for 15 min interval but my problem is related to multi area coordination. If my idea is yet correct, this could create a very complex coordination problem. If my idea is wrong, please guide me and suggest the right way. So how UC and ED should be combined that satisfies the basic concepts of these two?
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Following!!!
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I want to use multiple DSTATCOM in my project,thus it's price is very important to be minimum.This device is the same with single phase inverter, but it injects reactive current only to the connected node in parallel to the 1-phase load.could anyone please inform me./thanks/
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Yes, if possible u can also contact to Semikcron, they will share you exact price list of STATCOM.
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Blockchain could be used to cope with increasingly complex electric power systems. Because the electric power sector is highly regulated, policymakers will play a crucial role in determining how much of blockchain’s potential can be realised. In order to effectively regulate blockchain, policymakers should first invest in understanding it.
Can we think of decentralized way (using technology and policy adoption) of using this technology. If yes, what could be the possible impacts??
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Please read the following paper : Ferrag, M. A., Derdour, M., Mukherjee, M., Derhab, A., Maglaras, L., & Janicke, H. (2019). Blockchain technologies for the internet of things: Research issues and challenges. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 6(2), 2188-2204. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8543246/
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Resistances in transmission system are negligible, so 1.0pu voltage assumption holds. However, in distribution system, resistances are not negligible. Please provide information about some simple ACOPF relaxation method. Thanks.
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In distrib. systems u cant neglect resistances of lines, so I think u should use full AC OPF not just the linearized DC OPF.
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Consider a sinusoidal supply at fundamental frequency as shown, with a series inductive reactance leading to a bus. Let a diode rectifier load be connected to the bus. The switch Sw for resistive load be open. In this condition, the diode rectifier draws fundamental current from the source and also sends back harmonic current to it. Thus, the voltage drop in series reactance is distorted by the harmonic and so bus voltage is also correspondingly distorted. Now if switch Sw is closed, the resistive load draws both fundamental current as well as harmonic current from the distorted bus voltage. Both current components will lead to power dissipation in resistance as bus voltage contains both the corresponding voltage components. The question is from where is the harmonic power supplied to the resistor ? The sinusoidal source by basic understanding, cannot deliver any power corresponding to harmonic currents as its voltage remains sinusoidal, even though its current contains harmonics.
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Dear Sujit,
Now i will give a conceptual answer and after that i may return again to share in the analysis of the give circuit.
The conceptual answer is that there is no ideal voltage source. A real voltage source has a resistance and may be also and inductance because of the wiring.
The ideal source voltage will remain sinusoidal. But assume that you have a voltage source Vs with a source resistance Rs,
A current i is passing through it, then its terminal voltage will be
v= Vs- iRs.
If i is distorted then v will be distorted.
In order to prevent the distortion you must make
either Rs=0
or I is pure sinusoidal.
Best wishes
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Incremental conductance is slightly harder to implement than perturb and observe.
It has to do with environmental variations, especially moving clouds. Are there any other advantages to offset this difficulty?
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simplicity and cost
drawbacks: oscillation around the maximum power point, tracking error in case of fast change in operating climatic conditions
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What would be the possibilities, advantages and limitations of using direct current (DC) in home electrical systems?
Currently, commercial power systems and corresponding charges are arranged for the use of electricity in alternating current (AC), this because the technological possibilities of the past only allowed to raise AC voltage, to reduce transport losses, however , this is currently possible in DC, but there are also photovoltaic generation systems that deliver their production in DC and most of the electric charges being arranged for AC, their core of energy consumption is in DC. Is it possible to have home DC systems to reduce electrical losses?
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Choophong Lairat thanks a lot for your answer and the useful link
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Flash over occured in  HT Motor Feeder Driving a Centrifugal Pump which having leakage in its Non Return Valve. Thats Why over current was drawn by motor. The Motor has been fed through 6.6 KV Vaccum Contactor Feeder. In case of over current the fuse has to blow instead the power fuses were broken into pieces because on flash over. How to prevent this situation.
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Improper size and MOC of fuse conductor are two factors.
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Is there differents between 5G and orhers ICT infrastrure in terms of smart grid applications? For example, is there any different between 5G and LTE?
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Mahdi, please note that 5G is widely believed to be smarter, faster, and more efficient than 4G. It promises mobile data speeds that far outstrip the fastest home broadband network currently available to consumers. With speeds of up to 100 gigabits per second, 5G is set to be as much as 100 times faster than 4G. Therefore, it is able to handle more data exchange capability and may help the controllers of renewable resources, etc to respond faster and thus, improve the dynamic performance of smart grids. However, what's more important, I think, is the topology and configuration of the communication system. It is expected that future communications systems configurations are inclined to be more distributed through distributed micro-antenna.
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HVDC System
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Corona is there because of the ionization around a charge carrying conductor. Since the negative terminal of a DC link carries negative charge, it repels the negative charge around the conductor reducing the chances of ionization and hence less corona is observed around it.
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To verify the model simulation data is not enough. To support the research, I need to authenticate and synchronize the model with the original data. If anyone is familiar with it, please help me out.
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Ok, l understand
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I have seem active power ramp rates defined across 60 second intervals (or a minute), with the corresponding units reading as MW/min or kW/min.
I am working with original active power data that are recorded on average every 7 seconds, and am wondering if I can derive and calculate ramp rates over 7 seconds with units reading kW/7Sec ?
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The answer is yes. I suppose the smaller intervals would be better especially in RES systems...But you should always consider the burden of calculations if it is important in your work. It matters to run a time-accuracy trade-off in this regard.
Good luck
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I wondered if anyone knows of regulatory requirements or building standards/codes around the world that obliges developers / builders to incorporate demand side response (DSR) in their buildings?
I only know of one (California Title 24 building code 2019 ) that requires all new and retrofit buildings to be ready for two-way, automated utility-to-customer energy management. But i am interested to know what other country might have DSR as a obligatory requirement for 'buildings' as opposed to large industrial energy consumers.
Thanks
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Well done Preston,
I didn't know of this document.
Although it encourages all steps to facilitate Demand Response, as a report it doesn't have regulatory implication for building codes (nor does it mention building codes specifically).
It would still be lovely to know if any advance nations is considering enforcing DR in their building codes.
Thanks for your contribution.
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For example, if I want to find the stochastic OPF of a system, shift factors can provide a way to find shifted power for different scenarios. Therefore, OPF for each scenario is not required but only for base case. This will reduce simulation time. Please share relevant code if possible. Thanks.
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Thanks for your kind response.
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Can anybody suggest why in IEC61850 use Wi-Fi for Substation Automation?
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how many bits can be transferred through a single channel of IEC 61850?
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Hello everyone,
I have three questions about connecting onshore wind farms to substations:
1) I know, that larger onshore wind farms are connected to higher voltage levels (110 kV or 132 kV). But which voltage level would I choose, if I only have one wind turbine? does a rule of thumb exist depending of the wind turbine / farms capacity (MW)? A reference to cite would also be nice.
2) I have a wind farm which is already connected to a substation. Another wind farm is newly built and is nearer to the first wind farm than to the substation. Is it also possible to connect the wind farms, instead of the connecting line to the substation?
3) Do you have references for costs to connect wind farms to substations for UK? For example costs per km.
Thank you very much!
Jann
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As i want to add the simulink model of PMU to my simulation but From where I can get the PMU simulink model?or from and how I construct the simulink model of PMU in MATLAB?
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still finding
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Thank you very much in advance for your help.
I measured the light intensity from a solar simulator for each wavelength, for example, When wavelength=400 nm, I= 32 mW/cm2, wavelength=500 nm,.....
So, I want to compare these values, the measured values, with calculated values by using equations; therefore, my question is, what is the equation which relates the power and wavelength of a light beam?
Also, how can I calculate the total power, or total intensity, of this light beam from the solar simulator?
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Respected Behnam Farid &Aimen Zeiny .
Actually i am using 3W (365nm) uv light and distance bewteen the source and detector is 15 cm.How i calculate the intensity (w/cm2).
I will be grateful to you for your kind answer
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I am studying the effects of FACTS devices on power oscillations in a system.For this purpose I have used an IEEE 9 bus system and created a three phase fault on bus 5.The UPFC should provide damping to clear the fault and hence decrease the fault clearing time.But I am not getting the usual results. The load angle versus time curves are attached. Can someone help me to figure out where I am going wrong?
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Dear friend
Please check the follow reference
Mihalic, R., Zunko, P., & Povh, D. (1996). Improvement of transient stability using unified power flow controller. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 11(1), 485-492.
Best regards.
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Hi,
Suppose there is loss of 50 degree C against the target skin temperature of furnace. So, how to calculate estimated energy saving by reducing this 50 degree C to 0 degree C (Heat loss= how much energy?)
Please share detailed calculation sheet if possible.
Thanks.
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Dear Anurag
Heat loss from solid wall of furnace to the ambient air can be calculated using Newton's law:
Q=hA(T1-T2)
where T1 and T2 are the wall and air temperature respectively. h is convection heat transfer coefficient and is a function of fluid properties, flow regime and ....
in the case of natural convection, h depends highly on the temperature difference, so the ambient temperature is important in such calculations. you can use the following reference to define h.
1- Holman, Jack Philip. Heat Transfer-Si Units-Sie. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2002.
2- Bergman, Theodore L., et al. Introduction to heat transfer. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
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Can you please point out research possibilities in Power system Analysis, load flow or anything similar that needs to be solved through research. A possible PhD Thesis.
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Riccardo Nebuloni The list of CIGRE Study Committees is given here http://cigre.org.uk/news-2/study-committees-scopework/ .
You can download some things with no being a member. It is troublesome to find what you need, but possible sometimes.
I would help you if I was a CIGRE member.
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Through Simulink 'Powergui FFT Analysis Tool', we can directly obtain the plots of different harmonics in Bar or List display style. However, I am looking for ways to plot these harmonic contents with respect to time and to show their decaying nature during transformer energization (as stated in the literature).
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Please check your inbox for reference figures file.
Thanks
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I am looking for the values of SNR for voltage and current measurements for 20 kV, 10 kV or 0.4 kV power networks.
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Dear Tarik,
I would say that your question is not well posed, in that you use the term SNR for power distribution networks, but then probably you mean the distortion of the network with respect to a sinusoidal reference, i.e. Harmonic Distortion first of all, whereas I would use the term "SNR" for the measurement of voltage or current. The measurement quality, as measured by SNR of the read quantities, depends of course on the measurement system, e.g. transducers, data sampling (so number of bits of the ADC, oversampling, averaging), post processing methods ... a lot of things for one question.
Assuming that you wanted to speak of distortion of network, then as you say we may distinguish between voltage and current: a load is connected to a distribution network, this load absorbs distorted current (such as a 3-phase rectifier), that is characterized by some harmonic distortion: there are limits for individual harmonics (IHD) and for the total harmonic distortion (THD). A good reference is the IEEE Std. 519 (I attach its Table 2); as you see limits are given depending on the short circuit current ratio, that is the largest the ration, the stiffer the network, so the lower the impedance offered to the load and its current, and the lower the caused network voltage distortion.
So, we come to the voltage quality: it depends on the combined effect of all distorting loads and the amount of installed power. Usually, there are not real limits for normal loads in terms of voltage distortion (they are expressed in current, as we see above), but they are "guaranteed" a voltage with some quality, so low distortion. A standard for this is the EN 50160, but IEC 61000-2-2 is more instructive and complete (I attach its Table 1).
To conclude, when you have the amount of individual harmonics and the THD you can also calculate the SNR, because you interpret the harmonics as noise (that is not, from a signal processing standpoint, and not only that). The reciprocal of the sum of squares of the % limits gives you the SNR in power; taking the square root it will be in amplitude.
There are many references for values of network distortion or Power Quality assessment. Personally I measure Power Quality in electric transportation systems (railways, metros,...) and you can find some refs of mine.
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Dear all ;
Am working on MINLP to minimize the total power losses of the network.
All the used equations were typed correctly.But when i run the GAMS code it gives this error : Infeasible solution. Reduced gradient less than tolerance?
I need assistance in that error ?
Best Regards.
Amna
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  • Try to solve your model with a different NLP solver
  • Try to solve it with a global solver. This may give an indication whether feasible points exist at all.
  • Provide a better starting point. The default starting values of zero are often not appropriate.
  • Provide better bounds and look at the scaling of the model.
  • Try to solve some smaller instances of the model.
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What is the actual role of counter electrode in 3-electrode system ?
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In three electrode system: generally the function of counter electrode is supply of current to the system.
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If we have a transfer function in matlab (1/1+sT) and there is uncertainty (+- 20%) in the time constant 'T'. How can we simulate this transfer function including this uncertainty.
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Thomas Pursche Thanks I will take this into consideration.
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Hello dear scholars,
in the context of the hydropower generation, what is the limit of power generation?
Should I see it limited by the nominal capacity of generators, from above?
Because, I see that in the Turbine Hill-Chart, and its safe operation region, it can produce way more than nominal capacity of the generators of the power plant.
let me know if I could not express my question, clear enough.
Thank you
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Hydro power plants work as peak load supplier. It means these plants regulate deficit power required to maintain power balance and system frequency. Therefore, power output of the units are anything within their minimum generation level to the maximum generation level. Also, some times such plants are used as base load supplier in which units operate at their maximum power limit. As the cost of fuel (water) is freely available, so, it is always advantageous to use as more hydro power as possible. However, water must to available with sufficient head to continue to rotate the turbine.
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Dear colleagues
We have developed a technique for revealing electricity market behavior. We need as much as practical data to show the effectiveness of our proposed technique. In this regards, we need data from an electricity market in which congestion is negligible, since our proposed approach does not consider congestion in this stage.
It is intended to apply the proposed technique from the prospective of an electricity market. Any guidance would be highly appreciated.
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Hello Dear Mohammed ,
according to my information, the electricity market depends on the country you are in and each country has its own market
You can determine your question, which country do you mean? Or you mean in general
Best Regards
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Nominal power and frequency: 55 MVA, 50 Hz
Number of windings on left side: 1 (Nominal voltage: 230.94 kVA)
Number of windings on right side: 2 (Nominal voltages: 41.86 kVA, 20.25 kVA)
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Hello Asghar,
If you are modellign an ideal transformer, you can set the turns on each winding equal to the voltage of the respective winding.
If the transformer is not ideal, you have to limit the transformer core flux to the maximum of the core material you are using. The following equation can be used to calculate the number of turns in the primary:
E(rms) = 4.44fNAB(peak)
Then use the secondary to primary voltage ratio times the primary turns to calculate the turns of each winding on the secondary.
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Normally, multi area in power system means areas are at same voltage level. But my opinion is that TSO DSO coordination also come under umbrella of multi area. Please correct me if i am wrong.
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Thanks for clarification Aamir. Your problem statement is clear, but there is still a point of ambiguity while taking the multi-area approach. The traditional multi-area systems involve weak coherency (loose coupling) due to large electrical distances. In contrast, the transmission and distribution systems are strongly coupled via substation transformers. Thus, due to a rather strong coherency, the transmission and distribution systems are taken as a single area.
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Please share some real world examples of outages or contingencies caused in both system that effected them mutually. Thanks
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I agree with Dr. Arouna Oloulade
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Dear scholars,
I am interested in subtracting the baseload from the total electricity demand (hourly). Is there any general way to do so ?
(Assuming that I can not contact the Central Dispatch or people in charge of the provided data. )
I wanna do so because I need to simulate a hydropower daily operation, and as you know, hydropower is a load-following or peak-following power plant.
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Plot the chronological load curve as shown in Fig. 1.2 in ( ). You will be then capable of identifying easily the base load as the region of invariant load over the whole chronological load curve.
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In order to start up a hydro unit and connect it to the grid, it needs to reach the frequency of the grid first, then can be safely connected,
I wonder, is there any way to measure, calculate or approximate the amount of water needed for synchronization? How long does it take usually?say, for a Francis turbine and generator of 250MW and 50Hz gird.
I would appreciate if you can introduce me some references on this technical subject too.,
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The power for synchronisation of the hydro-generator should overcome the electrical, mechanical, and hydraulic losses at no load conditions. Roughly this amount is about 5%. If the water head is constant, then the discharge required during the synchronisation approximately equals to the no load losses /(9.81*head) on SI units. You are welcome to read the relevant sections in the second volume of my dynamic security book that is available at my RG page. Good luck
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In the Unit Commitment Problem, for a hydropower system, trying to meet the forecasted demand.
If the scheduled generation ( solution of optimization)
have variations with the demand, say 0.01 MW, is it something practical?
Will it be accepted and operated by the operators? or is it too much?
I do place tolerance because It kind of helps the solver to reach feasible and optimal solution in MINLP problem. As you know, originally it should be an equality equation.
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A power system has several power plants. Each power plant has several generating units. At any point of time, the total load in the system is met by the generating units in different power plants. Economic dispatch control determines the power output of each power plant, and power output of each generating unit within a power plant , which will minimize the overall cost of fuel needed to serve the system load.
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The estimated angle (x_est) in linear(DC) State Estimation using WLS criteria is calucted as follows: 
x_est= [ Inverse {Transpose (H) * W * H } *Transpose (H) * W ] * z
Here z= Matrix Real Power Injections into the buses
W = diagonal matrix 
Question: How to extract   H matrixusing matpower 
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Hi
Can you help me for find H and Z matrix for case 118?
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We would like to buy a new Battery Test Station (Battery Cycler) for testing 150Ah LFP Batteries in Crate (0.1-2C). Apart from the Max Voltage and Current range of the test system, what else has to be considered while buying a test system?
It would be very helpful if anyone can suggest some good test systems suppliers for this test (>300A)?
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Dear Raam Kasinathan
the following attachment will give good idea about
Battery Test System
Regards
Alkathy
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I'm working on "Proper Placement of DG(Renewable Resources) and Reliable Protection Scheme for Power System "
I need help in placement of Inductor in Power system to minimize the Fault Circuit current, without DG and with DG.
I have attached Simulink Model bellow.
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I performed a similar study for a refinary you can find some useful information in the following paper.
Benefits assessment of fault current limiters in a refinery power plant: a case study
A Cali, S Conti, F Santonoceto, G Tina
Power System Technology, 2000. Proceedings. PowerCon 2000. International
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From the attached article, SSSC is modeled using PIM, however for the control of power flow of a local line, i.e. line of SSSC insertion.
In this model, the SSSC current is a function of the specified/required amount of flow on the line.
By remote line I mean a line other than the SSSC line of insertion while a local line is the SSSC line of insertion.
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this paper presents a simple model
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Greetings,
I'm going to apply a robust control strategy to a three-machine power system with turbine/governor dynamical model considered in the following paper:
"Robust decentralized turbine-governor control using linear matrix inequalities"
I have the admittance matrix of the network and have simulated the model in an m-file.
we want to consider the situation where a symmetrical three-phase short-circuit fault occurs at t=0.1s on the transmission line between generator #1 and generator #2 for different values of landa=0.99, 0.5 and 0.1.
the question is how to perform these short-circuit faults in m-file Matlab code?
It would be appreciated if any one could help me.
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Yes Dr. Shimy, the method is for temporary faults. I suppose what Saeed is trying to do is study the affect of these different faults and design a unified optimal controller for his system. As per your suggestions, PST can definitely perform enhanced fault studies but since he was working on an m-file, I had to suggest an easy method that can provide him atleast a starting point for his work.
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The keywords of a specific discipline are very important in identifying the research scopes, directions, and trends of research. If you know a specific website that provides updated keywords of the electric power and energy discipline, please inform me about it.
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Say we got a solar array which supply power to battery through a DCDC converter. We want to design two control loops for the converter.
One is the inner(fast) loop which regulates the converter output voltage or current. This loop can be analysis by the traditional converter small signal model.
Another one is outter(slow) loop which is regulate the converter input voltage or current  (solar array output voltage or current). How can we analysis the stability for this loop? Do we need to include the small signal module of solar array? If the voltage or current is regulated by some algorithms, how to model the algorithm?
Any tips would be very helpful, thank you
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I looked online and found various models which are device based which talk about modeling the solar, wind characteristics and the inverter control. If I was primarily interested in the load flow and the energy management of the microgrid could I model the sources as current sources? Is there any reference that talks about how to do such modeling?
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