Electric Vehicles - Science topic

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[Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) have seen significant advancements and mainstream adoption, prompting in-depth analysis of their economic, technical, and environmental impacts. Economically, while EVs offer lower operational costs than internal combustion engine vehicles, challenges remain, particularly for urban users reliant on public charging stations and the potential implementation of new road taxes to offset declining fuel tax revenues. Technically, electric motors in EVs have fewer moving parts, but battery management and cybersecurity complexities pose new risks. Transitioning from Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) to Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP) batteries reflects efforts to enhance thermal stability and mitigate fire hazards. Environmentally, lithium extraction for batteries has profound ecological impacts, including for water consumption and pollution. Battery production and the carbon footprint of the entire lifecycle remain pressing concerns, with battery recycling and second-life applications as crucial mitigation strategies. Smart integration of EVs with the energy infrastructure introduces challenges like grid stability and opportunities, such as smart, intelligent, innovative charging solutions and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. Future research should develop economic models to forecast long-term impacts, advance battery technology, enhance cybersecurity, and conduct comprehensive environmental assessments to optimise the benefits of electromobility, addressing the multidimensional challenges and opportunities presented by EVs.]

The Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) is often lower than that of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles over the long term, but the outcome depends on several factors, including purchase price, operating costs, incentives, and regional conditions. Here's a breakdown of the key factors affecting the TCO comparison:

Assume a 5-year ownership period for a compact car in a region with average electricity and fuel prices:

Conventional automotive consumes oil as fuel to generate energy by combustion or pressurized than electric vehicle use battery as power source

Old vehicle test data are hard to abtained. If you need the performance data on that vehicle ,we are able to conduct these tests on our own proving groud. We CAERI have wind tunel and proving ground including performance facilities and instrument in Chongqing, China.

Fatima Bennia Can you illustrate more?

Production will be a topic to discuss. And if you are charging it with electricity from the grid, then you have to consider the representative electric CO2 emission from the electricity mix of your country.

Hello, Dear Colleagues,

I have struggled with a similar problem of applying the Bernerdi equation in Fluent by using named expressions, and recently decided to take a different approach. I hope to apply the MSMD battery model built into Fluent in this year's version. Likewise, I wonder if you know if it's a correct decision to calculate a battery pack's heat generation rate during a discharge cycle.

It is important for electric vehicle drivers to be aware of how their decisions and behaviors can influence the vehicle's range. Many electric vehicles also feature assistance systems and energy management technologies that can help maximize efficiency and range.

Human behavior can have a significant impact on the driving range of electric vehicles (BEVs). Here are some things to consider:

1. Driving style: The energy consumption efficiency of an electric vehicle can vary depending on the driving style. Driving aggressively, with sudden acceleration and braking, can decrease efficiency and reduce battery life. A smoother, more efficient driving style can maximize range.

2. Use of air conditioning systems: Heating or air conditioning can significantly affect the range of an electric vehicle. Using these systems, especially in extreme temperature conditions, may require more battery power and reduce range.

3. Charging and discharging: The way the battery is charged and discharged can also influence autonomy over time. For example, charging the battery to its maximum capacity frequently or completely discharging it regularly can affect the life of the battery and therefore the range.

4. Terrain conditions: Driving on mountainous terrain or in adverse conditions, such as wet or snowy roads, can affect the efficiency of the vehicle and, therefore, its range. Energy management systems in some electric vehicles can automatically adjust power distribution to accommodate these conditions.

5. Vehicle maintenance: Keeping your vehicle in good condition, such as maintaining proper tire pressure, can contribute to greater efficiency and, ultimately, greater range.

Would increased the loading on grid, but main problem of pollution control by electrical transportation is not solved, as is transferred to generating stations using focile fule. Though could be solved by worldwide, road side charging stations working with solar-wind power independently without grid connections with restrooms roofing of solar panels like Germany 🇩🇪, and would be blessings for remote road sides in world 🌎

Along with above disadvantages charging stations are consuming power, which is supplied by generating stations using fossil fuels increasing the pollution and balanced the the advantage given by electric cars….

Greetings, my fellow researcher Mehrdad Mirafzal,

Let me break down the differences in the maximum discharge rates of these electrifying vehicles for you:

1. **PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle)**: PHEVs are a blend of traditional internal combustion engines and electric propulsion. Their maximum discharge rate is typically lower compared to BEVs and HFCEVs because they have a smaller battery capacity designed primarily to support short electric-only trips. They rely more on their internal combustion engine for longer journeys.

2. **BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle)**: BEVs are all about the battery. Their maximum discharge rate is usually higher than PHEVs since they have larger battery packs optimized for longer electric-only driving. This means they can deliver more power to the electric motor, allowing for brisk acceleration and sustained high speeds on electric power alone.

3. **HFCEV (Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle)**: HFCEVs are unique because they use a fuel cell to generate electricity on board from stored hydrogen. Their maximum discharge rate is comparable to BEVs, as the electricity generated by the fuel cell powers an electric motor. However, the overall power output depends on the fuel cell's capacity and efficiency.

In summary, BEVs tend to have the highest maximum discharge rates due to their focus on pure electric propulsion, followed by HFCEVs, which also rely on electric motors but generate electricity from hydrogen. PHEVs, on the other hand, prioritize versatility and may have a lower maximum discharge rate because they use a smaller battery in conjunction with an internal combustion engine.

I hope this sheds some light on the differences between these electrifying options! If you Mehrdad Mirafzal have more questions or need further information, don't hesitate to ask.

Warm regards

Radius depends on tire profile and load, and speed, because a wave may build ahead of contact patch increasing effective radius. Also, at very high speed, tire grows in radius, much like a tire used on a dragster race car. For low speeds you can do a roll-out: mark the tire and the ground, roll forward one revolution and mark the spot. The distance noted is one Diameter X Pi (3.1416). Divide by 2Pi for the radius.

A hybrid energy source-based BLDC (Brushless DC) motor drive can be an efficient solution for electric vehicle applications. In this type of system, multiple energy sources are used to power the BLDC motor, which provides better efficiency and performance.

The most common hybrid energy source-based BLDC motor drives use a combination of a battery and an ultracapacitor as energy sources. The battery provides a stable and continuous power supply to the motor, while the ultracapacitor provides short bursts of high-power energy. This combination allows the motor to achieve better acceleration, regenerative braking, and overall efficiency.

The control system of the hybrid energy source-based BLDC motor drive is crucial to achieving optimal performance. The system must be able to monitor and manage the energy flow between the battery and ultracapacitor, as well as control the speed and torque of the motor.

Overall, a hybrid energy source-based BLDC motor drive is an efficient and reliable solution for electric vehicle applications, providing improved performance and reduced energy consumption.

Hello Nekin Joshua ,

You can find the answer to your question on the Internet by simply typing the phrase "do electric vehicles have radiators" into the Google search field. One of the most important EV components that needs to have its temperature regulated is the battery. If the battery overheats, it can catch fire or explode. Most EV batteries are liquid cooled with the heat dissipated by a radiator.

Regards,

Tom Cuff

According to the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, the following are some advantages of combining storage and solar energy:

1- Balancing electricity loads – Without storage, electricity must be generated and consumed at the same time, which may mean that grid operators take some generation offline, or “curtail” it, to avoid over-generation and grid reliability issues. Conversely, there may be other times, after sunset or on cloudy days, when there is little solar production but plenty of demand for power. Enter storage, which can be filled or charged when generation is high and power consumption is low, then dispensed when the load or demand is high. When some of the electricity produced by the sun is put into storage, that electricity can be used whenever grid operators need it, including after the sun has set. In this way, storage acts as an insurance policy for sunshine.

2-“Firming” solar generation – Short-term storage can ensure that quick changes in a generation don’t greatly affect the output of a solar power plant. For example, a small battery can be used to ride through a brief generation disruption from a passing cloud, helping the grid maintain a “firm” electrical supply that is reliable and consistent.

3-Providing resilience – Solar and storage can provide backup power during an electrical disruption. They can keep critical facilities operating to ensure continuous essential services, like communications. Solar and storage can also be used for microgrids and smaller-scale applications, like mobile or portable power units.

These are three emerging technologies:

1- Longer charges.

2- Saffer batteries.

3- Storing sunlight as heat.

Batteries are useful for short-term energy storage, and concentrated solar power plants could help stabilize the electric grid. However, utilities also need to store a lot of energy for indefinite amounts of time. This is a role for renewable fuels like hydrogen and ammonia.

Electric vehicles are still a relatively new technology, and as with any new technology, they tend to be more expensive than established technologies. Here are 10 major reasons why electric vehicles are so expensive:

1. Development and production costs: Developing and producing electric vehicles is expensive. The technology is still new and there are a lot of costs associated with getting electric vehicles on the road.

2. Batteries: Batteries are one of the most expensive components of electric vehicles. They are also one of the heaviest, which adds to the overall weight of the vehicle and increases production costs.

3. Charging infrastructure: Electric vehicles need to be charged and charging infrastructure is still in its infancy. There are costs associated with building out this infrastructure, and those costs are passed on to consumers.

Read more: https://www.mechanicalsite.com/2022/07/electric-vehicles-expensive.html

Yes sir, I'm interested..

I would like to work on Multi-level converters

Before answering your valuable question, please let me ask:

The differences between them are greats. They only car that I have now is an electric one. I will not repeat these differences between the two norms of cars that are already known by our honorable colleagues. But, I want to point to another point. These cars are not suitable for petroleum countries where the petrol price is very cheap. My government does not actually encourage them for some reasons that there is no need to be mentioned here. To prove that, the electric stations are mainly only in the capital of Jordan, Amman. If you go to other cities, you will find only zero or one station that can serve two cars at most.!!

For instance, I went to Irbid and wait in the queue for more than 6 hours; otherwise, I should upload my car in the car winch! Anyhow, I will not repeat that black experiment. My beloved car is only for Amman.

My government can solve the problem in few seconds by issuing the following decision: every gas station must have also two electric stations for serving at least two cars simultaneously.

Image' source

The answer is yes. Electric vehicles are a very promising area of ​​development and will see tremendous growth in the coming years. This long-awaited growth process is due, in large part, to the reduction in the load of environmental damage that this type of artifact produces in the first place.

It cannot be determined from now on how long electricity in transport will be a sustainable solution because from now on technological changes will occur at an increasingly accelerated rate, which will contribute to generating new and unexpected proposals for solutions.

The current problems that make electricity viable for public transport are also based on the wide possibilities of mass movement of people in all directions and in all countries that can take on this challenge.

The irregularities of the land are solved with the construction of tunnels and this helps in a satisfactory way to take advantage of the spaces and optimize the routes of the vehicles, that is to say that the use of the vehicle itself is not everything, it is also about investing in infrastructure .

The infrastructure, of course, is also an expense because if you only have vehicles and you don't have roads, good railways, airports or cable cars, then you simply won't have how to use these means.

Humanity belatedly began to enter the use of electrical energy in public transport but, finally, it seems that we are going down that path, other solutions will come later, but what is in the short term, we all know that it is an inevitable fact.

This data is held by car manufacturers (measured by the car and centralized via data plans), or the charging network providers.

On the car manufacturers side, the process is long for classic car builders, Tesla has a reputation to help research, and have an open-data policy, try to have a contact there.

To have the correct data, you'll have to connect with these professionals, and negotiate the access.

Another source could be virtual charge operators, that give you acces not only to one network, but their aggregated group of providers they give access to (like GreenFlux, GreenLots, ChargePoint, EVConnect, FLO...).

One last source could be academics (universities), or EV promotion non-gov associations.

Shubham Tiwari Dear, I completely agree with what you have stated "increase in charging infrastructure in the future undoubtedly will have the ability to perform both G2V and V2G, thereby EV will be available for 24 hours to support the grid".

Some argue that EVs will make the grid unstable, which could mean hefty investments. Facts and data show why they are wrong.

If 80% of all passenger cars become electric, this would lead to a total increase of 10-15% in electricity consumption. Moreover, When it comes to managing the peak electricity demand and low-voltage grid, smart charging can solve most of the challenges at the local level and in residential areas.

On the other hand, it relies on the grid source. Renewable is the perfect option in this. SO there is something absolutely certain is the investments (either govt. or corporate) must be targeted to updating infrastructures powered by renewable(s) for the sustainable future.

Best wishes.

In the near future, electric vehicles are likely to gain a significant market share. Apart from the numerous benefits of massive usage of electric vehicles, this can lead to some problems in the electrical system, such as the power quality and reliability of the electric distribution system. For example, when the battery is charged, the transformer may get overloaded and a faster-aging may occur. The use of solar photovoltaic (PV) in electric vehicle charging stations or in car parking spaces could be a solution. While intelligently coupling photovoltaic system and electric vehicles on the electric grid have the advantages like a significant reduction in energy and carbon emissions of the transportation sector, increased reliability of the system

I think the major car manufacturers already have at least one or two electric car models (I cannot actually name each of them for I don't know that much.) But I understand the strategy is that "good amounts of net profits from market IC cars is going into R&D, innovation side of the electric vehicles which is definitely a good sign that they are getting ready for the shift." The rise in jobs for power electronics and electrical machines within electric vehicle sector also signifies this fact. Personally, I was getting many calls from automotive sector as an electrical engineer.

But I think we need to see the numbers of new refineries or extensions that are happening all over the world too in terms of new projects. This shows us how much is going into investing under petroleum refineries. but that can be again for textiles or chemical manufacturing.

The shift from IC to EV will take longer in developing countries as everyone knows, that way, the major car manufacturers know that they still need to innovate in IC vehicles as well.

I want to know if anyone gives statistics for some of my answers. I can evaluate my approach towards it then!

Hi Asla,

I would suggest you perform a capacity test first by applying a very low current rate. Then, you could perform the current rate of 1C which should be calculated based on the practical capacity you've got. I think this is the proper step if you really want to examine the specific current rate capability of a specific material.

Best,

Egy

Dear Itishree Ghatuari,

I suggest you to see links on topic maybe you can found a solution of your problem.

Best regards

With the legal regulations on the European level (e.g. green deal / especially fit for 55), the need for a large share of purely electric passenger cars but also electrically powered commercial vehicles has been significantly increased in the coming years. Current estimates assume a share of 50-75% in the sales of purely electric vehicles by 2030 on EU level to meet the strict requirements. In Germany alone, the new coalition agreement calls for 15 million electric vehicles on German roads by 2030. Furthermore, in my view, all efforts that are technologically possible are needed to further advance the reduction of emissions. This includes hydrogen technology for heavy-duty applications, stationary applications and synthetic fuels, for example for aviation.

Reducing environmental impactas arising from batteries disposal

EVs charge their batteries from the power grid and may cause severe effects if not managed properly. On the other hand, they can provide many benefits to the power grid and get revenues for EV owners if managed properly. A good overview of potential negative impacts of EVs charging on electric power systems mainly due to uncontrolled charging and how through controlled charging and discharging those impacts can be reduced and become even positive impacts is provided in the following paper.

Nour, M.; Chaves-Ávila, J.P.; Magdy, G.; Sánchez-Miralles, Á. Review of Positive and Negative Impacts of Electric Vehicles Charging on Electric Power Systems. Energies 2020, 13, 4675. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184675

Mohamed-Mourad Lafifi thank you sir for such nice articles but i am looking for some codes to get more in depth knowledge.

You need to consider the aging of the batteries because the Depth of Discharge of the battery will be a very important stress factor. This can be tested with the cyclic and calendar aging test. Have a look:

check this paper for values:

Standard suppliers are CATL, Samsung, LG, BYD

Look at this book:

Or at our Github repository:

You have to work around series of standard for various tests like CISPER 25 for emission, ISO 11452 ISO 7637 for Immunity, etc.

Surajit Chattopadhyay A standard topology would be based on the physical difference of technical properties, which is my informed guess only.

I would suggest reading the following papers:

1-ttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Training/AFV/Research/rfusnevsssummit.ashx?la=en&hash=76D02082FA84EFB8CD5E8539427C97291286A43B

2- ttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Training/AFV/Research/rfusnevsssummit.ashx?la=en&hash=76D02082FA84EFB8CD5E8539427C97291286A43B

3- Understanding U.S. And European Standards For Electric-Vehicle Charging | Electronic Design

The only solution is to expand the development of other economic sectors to avoid the country's dependence on the oil industry in the future.

For immediate infrastructure creation, all Fuel filling stations should also have EV charging stations.

https://in.mathworks.com/help/physmod/sps/ug/24-hour-simulation-of-a-vehicle-to-grid-v2g-system.html

Mujtaba Farrukh This example already in available on MATLAB, a vehicle-to-grid system used to regulate the frequency on a microgrid for a full day.

Dear Muhammad, this is certainly an important technical question of broad general interest to many RG members. As an organometallic chemist I not a proven expert in this field. However, I can recommend to you a potentially useful review article which might help you in your analysis. Please have a look the the following paper entitled:

This article has been posted as public full text on RG. Thus it can be freely downloaded as pdf file.

Besides LFP, NMC, and LTO type lithium ion batteries, LMO (lithium manganese oxide, LiMn₂O₄) and NCA (lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide, LiNiCoAlO₂) technologies are named here.

Good luck with your work!

Check https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6287639/9312710/09386107.pdf

I suggest to use FIDES methodology since it has models for Li-ion batteries.

You can have a look at our shared data.

Dear Frank T. Edelmann,

Thanks for your quick response. I will have a look

check our publicatons of Werner Schmid and in the project Me

Try our open source libraries:

There are various types of pollution, so each one or combination may take a specific survey or inventory, and assessment. Some of the various types may include solid waste, sanitary waste (human, animals, pets, etc.), industrial wastes, air pollutants, water pollutants, soil pollutants, etc. Coming up with a working proposal would probably necessitate involvement of leaders, community, landowners, and others interested, such as industry, hospitality such as hotels, citizens, etc. Leaders might include political representatives, health, religious, agencies, police or enforcement, various technical pollution experts, etc. Funding to develop comprehensive plans, improvements and management as well as monitoring may be another important area to address. Plans or programs might be developed to help address specific types of pollution, or circumstances, and some of these might be voluntary citizen responsibilities, and some might be legalized or regulated, and funded by taxation, communities, industries, or government actions.

Hi Syed, the validation of the SOC estimation methods are always conducted with the battery testers. The current sensor of the battery testers need to be quite accurate so that Coulomb Counting method can be used to calculate the real value of the SOC of the battery with the initial SOC of the battery determined based on the OCV-SOC relationship. The OCV-SOC relationship can also be measured by the battery tester under OCV test or qOCV test.

من خلال كثره الطلب على سلعه معينه بهذه الطريقه ممكن ان نعمل إحصائية

Hi Mr. Vostrov, first of all thanks for your detailed answer! That was a free expression thought looking to improve mass EV adoption within renewables and improved charging time.

You are right the Flywheel itself won´t be able to improve the charging time if the battery still figures as the bottleneck. But if there is a huge power available to be quick discharged as the Flywheel can perform, maybe it would motivate battery technologies be improved as well. That might figure as a shortcut instead of waiting for Grid improvement that hardly rely on Government actions.

The main factors in the development of the automotive industry producing electric cars include systemic instruments for supporting the development of electromobility, including, in particular, the system of financial subsidies for the development of this type of industry and / or subsidies for citizens and companies purchasing electric vehicles. In addition, significant determinants of the development of electromobility include the development of the infrastructure of battery charging stations located in many public places, by roads and in garages of individual vehicles, as well as the state of general environmental awareness of the society and the need to participate in the pro-ecological transformation of the economy.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

As I know, even though there are a lot of works, where the sensorless control works nicely in no-load condition, the control often goes wrong when the load torque is applied. Also, the control accuracy at low speed remains an actual issue.

In fact, as I know, to calculate energy density, you need information about the anode as well as the mass of your material. If you don't know the mass of your material, you can just calculate the specific energy density. For a full battery it has an anode parallel to the cathode, as 2 resistors in parallel. So specific energy density = average voltage / (1/anode specific capacity + 1/cathode specific capacity). And multiply with mass of both electrodes, the energy density is obtained.

Regards.

I think this problem is difficult to predict on the basis of quantitative data only (through econometric modeling), because in developing countries the electric vehicle market depends primarily on government regulation and the national government's approach to it.

There are different methods which can measure or estiamte the capacity of the cell during opeartion. Ah counting is a quite standard way to do that together with the voltage measurement. There are also more advanced methods like: equivalent circuit model based methods and machine learning based methods. You can refer to the following two papers from our group for further information.

Dear All,

I'm totally agree with colleague Paul Oke.

Best regards

How can electric cars be improved?

Best regards

Energy is equal to a half of capacity time square of its voltage

You can use the following link:

Copy the IGBT model from here and use it with your DC converter. You can use any IGBT's datasheet to update the library. Efficiency calculation and plotting is also shown in the given model. Hope it will help.

I suggest you to read links on topic:

Article Control and automation functions at the TSO and DSO interfac...

Dear Mohammed Al-Saadi,

I suggest you to read links on topic:

I think you must explain your problem more clearly.

If I understood you you have a source composed of supercapacitors connected in series. The open circuit avolated of the one capacitor is eqaul to its rated voltage of 2.7V. You have 12 capacitors connected in series with a series resistance of one capacitor= 8.7 10^-3 Ohm.So the total resistance will be 12x8.7 10^-3.

About .08 ohm. So, there is about 4 V drop on this resistance and the current amounts to approximatively to 4/.08= 50 A.

So, you have to measure the current withdrawn from the capacitor bank to check that the drop is the voltage is due to the current flowing in the series resistances.

Please give us feedback!

Best wishes

Good question, follow

Good question, follow

Good question, follow

Good question, follow

Good question, follow

Good question, follow

Good question, follow

Hagos Abay As you know, one of the challenges is electricity supply. There are options for electric Bajaj and vehicles, but this would significantly increase demand on an already constrained and inconsistent electricity grid. The is one of the reasons for the government's effort to increase electricity supply. This presents a significant barrier mass adoption at this time, but hopefully will be alleviated as major hydroelectric dam projects add capacity.

See some related work on my researchgate page

Comparative study on Japan n Korea... In recent years, the development and market participation of major makers of next-generation eco-green vehicles has been accelerating. Consumer interest has also increased. Consumer characteristics, consumption type, characteristics of next-generation eco-friendly vehicles, and government policies on next eco-green vehicles. In Korea, there was no significant difference by gender, age, monthly average income, and consumer type. However, there was no significant difference in purchase intention by gender, age, and monthly income, Respectively. In the case of Japan, there was no significant difference by gender, age, monthly income, and consumer type. In Korea, on the other hand, images such as brand, color, and design have positive effects on eco-friendly vehicles. In the case of Japan, image and stability have a positive effect on consumers' purchasing behavior. Therefore, it is important for Japanese consumers to consider not only the image of purchasing an eco-friendly vehicles, but also the safety of the vehicles body, appear. In the case of Korea, the socio-environmental value-seeking type has a significant relationship with the purchasing intention. In the case of socio-environmental value-seeking type, the government's support policy such as carbon dioxide tax, direct support from the national or local governments, gasoline tax, Carbon tax and fuel related tax relief showed positive effects. In the case of Japan, the price-seeking type and the socio-environmental value-seeking type were found to have a significant relationship with the purchasing intention. Both the price-seeking type and the socio-environmental value-seeking type showed that the carbon dioxide tax, Direct support, gasoline tax, gasoline tax, and carbon tax, etc. have positive effects... Yim, K. H., & Chong, M. Y. (2017). A Study on the Influence of Consumer Type on the Choice of Next-Generation Eco-Friendly Vehicle and Consumer Purchase Intention-Comparative Study on Japan and Korea. Journal of digital convergence, 15(11), 133-146.

Read about this topic on my researchgate page

Have a look at https://au.mathworks.com/videos/how-to-develop-battery-management-systems-in-simulink-part-1-bms-overview-1574416523692.html

https://au.mathworks.com/solutions/power-electronics-control/battery-management-system.html