Ecosystem Ecology - Science topic

I have six ecosystems in two substrate categories (Triplicates essentially). I have determined shannon wiener index values for each ecosystem and also for the two categories separately. I have done this for two separate sets of data that were sampled in two separate years. Is it possible to statistically compare the development of the biodiversity between each of the categories i.e., the development of biodiveristy in ecosystem 1 between the two years, using the shannon wiener values somehow? Are there any other tests that could work? I am aware of the hutcheson t test however, some of my data is not normally distributed.

I would really appreciate some help!

Is it very literally subbing in shannon wiener index values instead of species abundances?

In recent years, the establishment of additional urban parks, green areas, flower meadows, botanical gardens, etc., in the areas of urban agglomerations has been growing in importance. The purpose of increasing the scale of green areas in cities while reducing areas of concrete sidewalks and asphalt roadways is to improve living conditions for residents, reduce atmospheric temperatures and increase humidity, which is particularly important during increasingly severe summer heat and dry periods, improve aesthetics and increase the scale of pro-climate land use, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality, create places for recreation and rest, create conditions that allow pollinating insects, birds and other animals to feed. On the other hand, the scale of establishing home flower gardens, flower and vegetable gardens, vegetable and fruit gardens, etc. is also growing. The functions of home flower gardens, mini botanical gardens are analogous to those described above. However, the purpose of establishing also home vegetable and/or fruit gardens is to create a source of one's own crops, fruits and vegetables, which are usually grown without the use of pesticides and other pesticides and most of the cultivation, gardening, agricultural work is done by hand. As a result, most small-scale home flower, vegetable and/or fruit gardens are run in the formula of sustainable, pro-environmental and pro-climate gardening. In this way, those who run home vegetable and fruit gardens save money by spending less of it on groceries, eat healthier by eating less highly processed and industrially produced food products. Besides, the decreasing scale of citizens' purchases of agricultural crops and food products processed from them in stores, shopping centers, hypermarkets and discount stores generates a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions emitted by vehicles transporting the said food products from factories, agro-processing plants to wholesalers, logistics centers and then to the said retail stores. Besides, in connection with the trend towards sustainability, within the framework of creating sustainable gardens, the said gardens are designed to be as naturalistic as possible, highly biodiverse, consisting of different species of meadow flower plants, species of fruit plants, vegetables, shrubs, trees, etc., selecting certain different species of the said plants so that they can coexist with each other. A good solution for running sustainable, pro-environmental and pro-climate gardens is also to create one's own water source, i.e. by building deep water wells and creating retention systems and ministaves to catch and collect rainwater. A good solution to increase the scale of biodiversity, humidity and improve aesthetic value is the creation of byways, ministaws, water reservoirs, where specially selected species and varieties of aquatic plants, fish and other pond animals exist. In addition, in order to increase the ecological security of flower pollination, a good solution is to establish a small apiary, adapted to the size of the local garden and/or nearby other gardens and green areas, where populations, honeybee colonies will exist. The design of this kind of nice, highly biodiverse flower garden containing zones of shrubs, trees, vegetable and fruit crops, as well as ponds, naturalized rest zones, etc., requires the application of a great deal of time and knowledge in the fields of horticulture, crop cultivation, landscaping design, plant biology, ecology of ecosystems composed of coexisting multiple plant species, but also animals such as specific species of fish and other pond animals. In addition, in this kind of multifunctional, biodiverse garden, an important role can be played by a composter which will be an important element of sustainability and closed-loop economy, reduction of post-horticultural, agricultural and other organic waste. Therefore, new ICT information technologies, knowledge resources available on the Internet and their multi-criteria and intelligent processing implemented with the help of generative artificial intelligence may prove helpful in this kind of design, in which it is necessary to take into account many different conditions of the specific location of the planned garden, specific terrain, local climate, etc., and the various determinants mentioned above.

I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY

I invite you to discuss this important topic for the future of the planet's biosphere and climate.

I have described the key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology in my article below:

OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In the global agricultural sector, sustainable organic agriculture is still in a significant minority vis-à-vis unsustainable production and expansive agriculture, which, within the production of meat raw material, is one of several major GHG-emitting sectors of the economy. The sector of unsustainable, high-carbon, expansive agriculture conducted in a production model that does not respect the planet's climate and biosphere should be included in the green economy transformation programs being developed. This is one of the key issues of the necessary increase in the scale and efficiency of green economy transformation processes. The aforementioned increase in the scale and efficiency of the processes of green transformation of the economy is necessary in order to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase the chances of stopping the increasingly rapid process of global warming, including, above all, stopping the increase in the average temp. of the planet's atmosphere at a level in the neighborhood of 1.5 degrees C compared to the state before the first industrial revolution. The development of sustainable organic agriculture of the production of vegetable crops without the use of pesticides and other pesticides is not only the production of healthier vegetable crops, devoid of chemicals in their composition. The development of sustainable organic agriculture of the production of vegetable crops in a formula that takes into account the realization of the goals of sustainable development, social climate responsibility and environmental responsibility are also, among other things. protection of pollinating insects, protection of soils from barrenness, stopping deforestation of forests and replacing this process with aforestation of wasteland and civilizationally degraded areas, increasing the scale of use of vegetable agricultural waste for the production of compost for fertilization of agricultural fields and soil fertilization, a significant reduction in the level of environmental pollution, powering the farm with energy from renewable and emission-free energy sources, building rainwater catchment and collection facilities for irrigation of gardens and farmland, replacing carbon-intensive production of meat raw material with alternative sustainable technologies for animal protein production, building biogas plants to produce biofuels to power agricultural machinery, creating areas and green belts separating individual farm fields, developing sustainable agro-tourism and manufactories for the production of local food products from agricultural crops the origin of sustainable organic farming, etc.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Transdisciplinary research is an approach to inquiry that transcends disciplinary boundaries and integrates knowledge, methods, and perspectives from different disciplines to address complex problems. This type of research goes beyond interdisciplinary collaboration, aiming to create a holistic understanding that cannot be achieved within the confines of a single discipline. Here are some key aspects of transdisciplinary research:

In summary, transdisciplinary research is a collaborative and integrative approach that aims to break down disciplinary silos, tackle complex problems, and contribute to solutions that are both scientifically sound and socially relevant.

Transdisciplinary research is particularly well-suited to studying resilience in ecosystems due to the inherently complex and dynamic nature of ecological systems. Here are several reasons why this approach is beneficial:

In summary, the complexity of ecosystems and the multifaceted nature of resilience make transdisciplinary research a valuable approach. By integrating knowledge from diverse disciplines and engaging stakeholders, researchers can develop a more nuanced understanding of ecosystem resilience, leading to more effective conservation and management strategies.

This question is an extension and an attempt join the following papers:

It also aims to advance a decade long effort to formulate and articulate a new theory of learning as initiated by this visual essay/ research report:

Eudaimonia in ancient Greek philosophy and the Dao (Tao) in Chinese philosophy, particularly in Daoism (Taoism), share some similarities in their overarching themes and perspectives on living a meaningful and fulfilling life.

However, they arise from distinct cultural, philosophical, and historical contexts. Here are some comparisons between Eudaimonia and the Dao:

Eudaimonia: In Greek philosophy, living in harmony with nature is associated with the idea of aligning one's life with the order of the cosmos and with reason. It involves recognizing and fulfilling one's potential as a rational being.

Dao: Daoism emphasizes harmony with the Dao, which is often described as the fundamental principle or force that underlies and unifies the universe. Living in accordance with the Dao involves attuning oneself to the natural order and rhythms of existence.

Eudaimonia: Virtue is a central component of Eudaimonia, and philosophers like Aristotle identified specific virtues (e.g., courage, wisdom, justice) as essential for a flourishing life.

Dao: Daoism also values virtues, but it often emphasizes a more spontaneous and natural expression of virtue. Virtuous conduct is seen as flowing from being in harmony with the Dao rather than being rigidly prescribed.

Eudaimonia: While Greek philosophy emphasizes the importance of virtuous action and the development of one's potential, it doesn't explicitly advocate a concept similar to Daoism's wu wei (non-action or non-striving).

Dao: Wu wei is a central concept in Daoism, suggesting that one should act in accordance with the natural flow of the Dao, without unnecessary effort or force. It involves spontaneous and effortless action, aligning with the Dao's inherent order.

Eudaimonia: The focus in Greek philosophy is often on individual flourishing and the development of personal virtues within the context of the polis (city-state) and social life.

Dao: Daoism often takes a more cosmic and holistic perspective, emphasizing the interconnectedness of all things. The Dao is not just a personal path to follow but a universal principle that permeates everything.

Eudaimonia: Greek philosophy, particularly in the ethical teachings of philosophers like Aristotle, provides a systematic framework for moral reasoning and the cultivation of virtues.

Dao: Daoism, while valuing moral conduct, tends to approach ethics in a more intuitive and context-dependent manner, with an emphasis on spontaneity and responsiveness to the situation.

The holobiont is a biological concept that refers to a host organism and its associated community of symbiotic microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiota. This concept challenges the traditional view of an organism as an individual and emphasizes the interconnectedness between a host and its microbial inhabitants. Let's explore how the holobiont concept might relate to the synthesis of Eudaimonia and Dao:

In essence, the holobiont concept provides a biological metaphor that can be extended to philosophical and ethical considerations. It encourages a more interconnected and holistic perspective, aligning well with the synthesis of Eudaimonia and Dao that seeks to integrate individual virtues with a broader understanding of cosmic harmony and balance.

To integrate insights from Eudaimonia, Dao, and the holobiont concept to propose a holistic theory of learning that goes beyond traditional educational paradigms. This theory posits that learning is not merely an individual cognitive process but a symbiotic relationship between the learner, their virtues, the cosmic order (Dao), and the broader learning ecosystem.

Thus the Liquid (Holobiont) Learner theory envisions a symbiotic relationship between the learner, virtues, cosmic harmony, and the learning ecosystem. It embraces diversity, spontaneity, and adaptability, fostering not just the accumulation of knowledge but the development of virtuous individuals who contribute to the flourishing of the broader learning community and the cosmic order.

Please see also:

Image Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2020.566968/full

I wish to measure substrate-induced respiration of microbes in field-collected soil samples. I have prepared these samples (30g, air-dried) in cylindrical plastic containers (~10 cm in diameter and 5cm deep), the diameters of which matches the sleeve of the soil respiration chamber of the Li-6400. Is this an appropriate thing to do? My concern arises because in what I've read, I have not come across the use of the soil respiration chamber in a laboratory setup.

Thank you.

Increasingly, future global climate catastrophe is being combined with global biodiversity catastrophe in scientific deliberations. Still high civilization's greenhouse gas emissions are causing global warming to accelerate. If nothing changes in this regard, according to the predictions of climatologists, climate geophysicists, ecologists, researchers operating in interdisciplinary areas, etc., in a few decades planet Earth will face a global climate catastrophe, which will result, among other things, in a many times higher frequency and scale of emerging periods of severe drought, heat, forest fires, etc., which will result in the impossibility of human existence on most of the planet's land areas. This will be associated with lack of water, permanently breaking out fires, inability to grow crops, etc. In addition, in these areas, the level of biodiversity of natural ecosystems will decline many times over. To a large extent, most of the planet's biosphere will be affected. The scale of the ongoing mass extinction of many species of flora and fauna, the scale of the current great 6 species extinctions (6 within the history of life on Earth) will increase many times over. The biodiversity of the planet will decrease many times over, that is, what has evolved for hundreds of millions of years as part of the evolution of life on Earth, man will destroy in a relatively short period of a few centuries at most (counting from the period of the first industrial revolution). Therefore, the results of many scientific studies already support the thesis that a global climate catastrophe will also generate a global biodiversity catastrophe, and therefore the two catastrophes should be studied simultaneously as closely related. Do you agree with this thesis? Whether you agree or not then please provide substantive arguments, studies, publications.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite you all to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Are there any open sources where I can access weather details from past 25 years? (Especially India)

What are the challenges in adopting climate-smart agriculture?

How do the pools, ponds form in the middle of the forest and are they highly dependent on rainfall?

Our planet has suffered damages, its capacity for recovery is being tested. Some ecosystems are fragile, and they can easily be triggered into collapse. What are the irreversible damages already done?

On 16.11.2022 at the UN Climate Summit COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, debates and speakers address, among other things, the issue of the loss of biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems caused by the increasingly rapid process of global warming caused by anthropogenic factors, i.e., primarily by civilization's greenhouse gas emissions. Due to the accelerating deforestation of forests, the burning and clearing of rainforests to create more areas to grow crops for export, the planet's biodiversity is rapidly declining. In addition, also due to the increasing scale of land and sea pollution, oceanic pollution and the accelerating process of global warming, the level of biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems is rapidly declining. Due to the predatory management of burning and clearing of the Amazon rainforest, the area of these natural boreal forests described as the natural lungs of the planet has been declining rapidly in recent years. In addition, due to the greenhouse effect, ocean water temperatures are also rising and coral reefs, including the Great Barrier Reef in Oceania, are dying. The decline in biodiversity noted in recent years correlates with the rapid mass die-off of many species of flora and fauna. In view of the above, it is necessary to urgently stop forest deforestation, including the burning and clearing of tropical rainforests and also other forest formations and natural ecosystems located in all climate zones. It is necessary to increase the scale of implementation of afforestation programs for civilization-degraded areas, post-mining heaps, wastelands, and the creation of additional urban parks in urban agglomerations. Besides, it is necessary to urgently carry out a full green transformation of the economy, including a pro-climate transformation of the energy sector by replacing the dirty energy of burning fossil fuels with clean energy based on renewable and emission-free energy sources. With the rapid development of ICT information technology, Industry 4.0, satellite analytics, 5G big data transfer, etc. as important elements of the current fourth technological revolution, it is possible to improve techniques and systems for monitoring the state of biodiversity of natural ecosystems.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer with reasons,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Warm regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I explored species association using survey plot data in Tibetan Plateau, the highest plateau in world, where very unique herbaceous communities occurred. However, I found the number of associated pairs of species fluctuated based on a four-year interval data. Could I assume that the slow-growth community remain stable or equilibrium so that their association keeps stable too?

What kind of scientific research dominate in the field of The importance of biodiversity, the environment, environmental protection?

Please reply. I invite you to the discussion

I think that ectoin enzyme is important for the soil and terrestrial plant ecosystem. I think that the origin of this enzyme, which increases the resistance of plants to drought, should be discussed. Thank you for your ideas and comments that will contribute to this issue.

Kind regards,

Turan Yüksek (Ph.D.)

Professor of Ecosystem Ecology

In the context of accelerating the development of industry, global production, exploitation of raw materials, pollutants and waste emissions, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, accelerating the global warming process, protection of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, nature protection and biodiversity is one of the main challenges of the 21st century.

In view of the above, what do you think are the most effective methods, technologies, instruments for nature protection, natural ecosystems and biodiversity currently?

Please reply

Best wishes

Perhaps there are databases on the internet. Animal carcasses are an important component of terrestrial ecosystems. I want to make an overview of the confinement to the corpses of a certain taxonomic affiliation of insect necrophages. I will be glad to discuss methodological approaches to solving this issue. If you are interested, write I will be glad to cooperate.

Dears all

I would like to know what are the relationships among watershed health, watershed sustainability and watershed stability!

Please share your experiences with me.

Thanks

In many countries, in individual regions and urban agglomerations, tree planting projects are currently underway as part of afforestation programs for civilization-modified areas. In some countries afforestation of civilizational modified areas is considered one of the most important instruments to neutralize the negative effects of greenhouse gas emissions. The main premise of this thesis is the fact that certain species of trees and shrubs absorb significant amounts of CO2 and improve microclimate and water management in surface layers of soil. However, according to the results of scientific research in a situation of high greenhouse gas emissions, afforestation will not solve the problem of global warming. If in a given country, in a given agglomeration the majority of households, motor vehicles and enterprises from the energy sector relies on burning of minerals, the emission of greenhouse gases is so high that afforestation may reduce this emission to a very small extent. In this situation, apart from afforestation, other projects should be developed that will enable the implementation of the principles of sustainable, pro-ecological development based on the concept of a new, green economy. These other pro-ecological undertakings include, first of all, the development of renewable energy sources, increasing the efficiency of waste segregation, recovering secondary materials, development of electromobility in the automotive industry, development of programs for implementation, implementation and financing of eco-innovations, such as the construction of small household ecological power plants based eg on installing house roofs photovoltaic panels replacing stoves, in which often poor quality minerals are burned, etc. Therefore, afforestation does not solve the serious problem of global warming but should be developed as one of many instruments to reduce the negative greenhouse gas emission effects.

In addition, it is particularly important to protect existing forest resources, including natural forest ecosystems characterized by high biodiversity, and therefore a high biological value, such as rainforest, tropic rainforest of the Amazon. However, this is only an example of the largest, existing natural forest ecosystem on Earth. All other such ecosystems should be under strict protection and should be excluded from the predatory, devastating forest exploitation economy, i.e. harvesting timber from these natural forest ecosystems, because in the context of the problem of global warming they are one of the most important, most valuable resources of the planet Earth.

In view of the above, the current question is: Can the afforestation of civilization-modified areas significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.

Global warming affects many processes in biological ecosystems.

Different species of flora and fauna change their habitats and geographical areas according to climate change and specific geographical environments.

Areas of occurrence of specific species, for example insects in terrestrial areas and fish and arthropods in the seas and oceans, change.

For example bird habitats change, so migrations of some bird species may also be subject to modification. In the situation when forest areas dry out and turn into steppes and deserts, changes in natural habitats and areas of occurrence of species change and concern simultaneously many species of flora and fauna.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

Should the dimension and scope of ecological knowledge in contemporary education and schooling systems be increased in the context of the growing problems of the modern world?

Contemporary XXI century is, among other things, the age of national and globally recognized growing problems regarding environmental protection, ecology, protection of ecosystems and species of various life threatened by extinction, growing risk of climatic cataclysms associated with the progressing greenhouse effect on Earth, exhausting some categories of resources necessary for development modern industries, the need for energy transformation, conversion of classic sources of energy based on minerals to renewable, ecological energy sources. In view of the above, the question becomes more and more relevant: Should the dimension and scope of ecological knowledge in contemporary education and schooling systems be increased in the context of the growing problems of the modern world?

Please, answer, comments,

I invite you to the discussion,

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Most of us, including myself, learned in our introductory ecology lessons that the prey number is controlled by the predator number, and the two maintains a dynamic equilibrium if no other interfernece occurs, which we also teach our students so. However, when we think about the relationship, we might be too used to deem it as a dichotomy and ignore the dual's relationship to the environment. It is a comprehensible mistake since the consequence on environment usually takes time to emerge, and this waiting time is mostly long. Nevertheless, there do be consequences.

I rememebr that how the rabbits devastated the vast area of Australia grassland and depleted their own food source in some area and died in mass. It is just not quick enough for us to see clearly. And so we know all the facts and mechanisms but rarely teach it the way it should be in class.

The new article(https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03991-5) and related op-ed(https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02951-3) provides a better example for us to refer to when next time we teach the lesson. Since the prosper of diatoms is mainly restricted by iron in the ocean, and the major iron-souce for them is from the poops of baleen whales (and the dispersion from whales' movement), the predator is in direct control of not only the prey number but also the producer's number. The turnover rate of materials is accelerated in this case, and the effect of whaling on the whole food chain comes much faster than in most other ecosystems.

I wonder if you know any other example(s) to showcase the same mechanism.

How should the systems of nature protection and biodiversity of natural ecosystems be dispersed in order to increase the effectiveness of these systems and reduce the scale of degradation of the natural environment?

What do you think should be improved in nature conservation systems and biodiversity of natural ecosystems in addition to just increasing financial outlays on nature conservation policies conducted by government agencies and ministries of the environment?

A significant part of financial expenditures of nature conservation and biodiversity policy is devoted to the promotion of nature protection and natural environment protection issues. However, the effectiveness of this type of promotional campaigns is low, because without applying legal restrictions, enterprises do not change their technologies to be more ecological if they do not see in this business realized in a short time. Even the occasional UN climate summits in which government representatives from the majority of countries take part do not cause significant real changes in the policy of nature protection and biodiversity? Usually, the largest industrial economies in the world do not sign the obligations of rapid reduction of greenhouse gases and the issue of increasing spending on environmental innovation in the energy sector. Why, despite the growing scale of public awareness, there is no significant improvement in the implementation of nature conservation and biodiversity policy, there are no real measures that would result in a significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the slowing of the global warming process?

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

New, online media, including social media portals, should be engaged to promote the need for development of ecological activities, including the need to protect and develop forests and other issues related to environmental protection, protection of natural, biological ecosystems. Due to the progressing global warming process, with ever-emerging climatic disasters and weather anomalies, with increasingly drought, shrinking arable areas and areas of natural greenery, there is a growing need to increase expenditure on nature conservation and reclamation of areas devastated by human development of civilization .

As the importance of social media portals as sources of information is growing among children and adolescents, these portals of new online media should be used to promote the idea of ​​developing pro-ecological activities, the necessary development and implementation of ecological innovations into economic processes, development of renewable energy sources, excellence in waste segregation techniques , resignation from the use of non-biodegradable plastic from packaging, in addition to activation for the development of recycling, development of organic farming, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from various production processes, to the development of electromobility, nature protection also in urban parks, and also to promote the idea of ​​area development forestry, afforestation needs of areas degraded by the development of industry and protection of natural sites of biological ecosystems, such as ecosystems of rainforests, including, among others, the largest areas natural forest ecosystems, i.e. rainforests of the Amazon. To this end, social media portals should be increasingly used.

In view of the above, social media portals should be used as key marketing tools in planning and implementing social campaigns that promote the need to protect nature, including natural bilogic forest ecosystems, but also others, such as urban park ecosystems, for example, putting houses for birds and for insects , resignation of grass till the flower meadows needed for pollinating insects, etc. It is also necessary to also promote the protection of aquatic ecosystems, ie ecosystems of rivers, lakes, seas and assessments, which are increasingly polluted and also change biologically under the impact of the ongoing global warming process. Social media portals should be used to promote the need to implement sustainable economic pro-ecological development based on the philosophy of transformation of the classical economy in green economy into economic processes.

Of course, one of the most important elements of the necessary proecological reforms is also the need to protect natural clumping ecosystems, the need for their reclamation and reconstruction in the areas devastated by industrial development and the need for afforestation development both outside built-up areas and in urban agglomeration areas. This type of necessary pro-ecological activities should be promoted on social media portals. The state should finanate this type of social campaigns conducted in new online media, in particular in social media portals. Apart from state institutions, also various non-governmental organizations, social organizations should run such campaigns on social media portals, because such social campaigns conducted through social media portals using viral marketing instruments do not have to require the involvement of large financial resources.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

In order to effectively promote the issue of natural ecosystems in the context of developing models of sustainable development, it is first necessary to develop an information program that will act as the content of specific social campaigns conducted in various types of media, including new media, also on social media portals. Both social information campaigns should be conducted on a large scale. In addition, there should be successive changes to the law, ie new legal regulations that will motivate the transformation of business models towards the development of green economy and sustainable development. These campaigns should also motivate research centers to create new ecological innovations and new technological solutions in the field of renewable energy sources.

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.

The current technological revolution, known as Industry 4.0, is determined by the development of the following technologies of advanced information processing: Big Data database technologies, cloud computing, machine learning, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, Business Intelligence and other advanced data mining technologies.

In view of the above, what kind of information technologies from the Industry 4.0 range and how will they help to protect the natural environment and biodiversity?

Please reply

Best wishes

For two populations A and B, there are situations in which there is a two way exchange of individuals between the populations, and there are situations in which there is no exchange of individuals between the populations. I have thought before of a situation involving one way isolation between two populations, in which it's easy for individuals from population A to immigrate to population B, but impossible for members of population B to immigrate to population A.

Are there any examples of the one way isolation I mentioned between populations?

Any example for marine populations?

Do you know the names of any of the specific species that would be examples of this?

Due to the current civilization progress in recent decades, acceleration of the development of industry, automotive, urban agglomerations, intensification of agricultural production, etc. and related greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, ozone layer depletion in the atecologicalecologicalmosphere, increase of environmental pollution, growing problem of smog in urban agglomerations, the increase in pollution of the seas and oceans to which unsorted waste is thrown away is cut out as part of the predatory economy of tropical forests in the Amazon and other largest natural forest ecosystems.

In addition, the secondary effect of global warming of the Earth's climate is the increasing, more frequent weather anomalies, including drought, leading to steppe and desertification of areas that were previously natural forest ecosystems or areas exploited by agriculture.

As a result of the above-mentioned processes, every year many species of flora and fauna disappear forever.

As a result, natural biodiversity diminishes, which for millions of years evolved evolutionally on Earth.

In this way the natural resources of the planet Earth are irretrievably in decline.

In view of the above, the issue of environmental protection and biodiversity is one of the most important challenges of humanity in the 21st century.

Classical economics must change towards a green economy based on the strategy of sustainable pro-ecological development.

Therefore, I am asking you for the following query:

How can environmental protection and biodiversity be improved by using current ecological technologies?

Please, answer, comments.

I invite you to the discussion.

I pointed out the high level of relevance of the issue taken up in the above question in the article:

Please respond with what do you think about the issues described in this article?

Best wishes

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Hi, what is the reasonable cut-off percentage of species contribution for SIMPER analysis? Most papers I've seen are at 90%, but there are those at 60%. Is the value determined by the author or is there a specific rule to this?

Thank you in advance.

Has the classic economy lost its relevance to the energy market and therefore whether the process of necessary proecological reforms in the energy sector involving the replacement of energy sources, ie classic energy sources based on burning minerals for renewable energy sources should be coordinated by the state as a pro-environmental interventionist anti-crisis state?

Still at the end of the 21th century, in many publications written in the convention of classical economics, theses were formulated that energy should be shaped by the mechanism of market-harmonizing sides of demand and supply. However, this philosophy concerned classic energy based on the combustion of minerals. Mineral energy deposits in certain parts of the world are determined for several decades of extraction.

If the development of mining technology allows to reach and extract energy from deeper deposits than currently exploited and decks located under the sea and ocean bottoms, such estimated deposits would allow mining of these deposits in some places of the world for much longer than 100 years. However, humanity can not wait so much for pro-ecological reforms in the energy sector and the slow process of switching to renewable energy sources, which is happening in some countries, including the largest economies in the world, the largest emitters of greenhouse gases.

Currently, the philosophy of the energy sector is starting to change. Now the obvious issue is the need to quickly implement pro-ecological reforms without contemplating the depleted energy resources of the Earth's crust. This wait could take about 100 years or more than 100 years in many countries and this is too long, because at the end of the 21st century, according to climate change analysis, drastic climatic catastrophes will occur due to the predicted acceleration of the global warming process in the following decades.

According to the published and presented results of climatologists' research during the recent UN Climate Summits and Conferences on the problem of progressing global warming process, unless by 2030 at the latest the world will not show the classic energy based on the burning of minerals for renewable energy sources and motorization for electromobility and there will be no appropriate improvement of segregation waste and recycling, by the end of the 21st century, the average temperature at the Earth's surface will increase by 3-4 degrees Celsius globally, and the scale of climate cataclysms and weather anomalies will increase many times in relation to the current state.

In view of the above, the world can no longer wait for the depletion of energy minerals. This issue, which is particularly important for humanity and life on Earth, can not be left to the market mechanism and classical economy, whose philosophy has long been undermined, already in the period of the Great Depression of 1929-1934 it was demonstrated that Keynsovian state interventionism is needed to bring the economy out of the deep economic crisis if the liberalized private sector led to a crisis and the economy quickly does not return itself to balance and high economic growth on the basis of self-acting market mechanisms.

We currently have a similar situation. The world inevitably aims at increasing climatic cataclysms caused by the accelerating global warming process. these unfavorable processes for humanity and life on Earth will become a source of intensification of migration of people from subtropical areas, on which it will be impossible to live and live in a few dozen years due to high temperatures and droughts. In addition, there will be economic crises resulting from the global warming process. Humanity has no time to put off the necessary pro-ecological reforms for the future, these pro-ecological reforms in the energy sector need to be implemented now and it should be a process coordinated by the state in the context of pro-environmental anti-crisis state interference.

Do you agree with my opinion on this matter?

In view of the above, I am asking you the following question:

Has the classic economy lost its relevance to the energy market and therefore whether the process of necessary proecological reforms in the energy sector involving the replacement of energy sources, ie classic energy sources based on burning minerals for renewable energy sources should be coordinated by the state as a pro-environmental interventionist anti-crisis state?

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

The yield of plants is found to be increased with the conservation of perennial to annual plants what are the processes, advantages, and disadvantages?

What kind of scientific research dominate in the field of Protection of the natural environment, natural biological ecosystems and biodiversity?

Please, provide your suggestions for a question, problem or research thesis in the issues: Protection of the natural environment, natural biological ecosystems and biodiversity.

Please reply. I invite you to the discussion

Best wishes

Any probable technique or catalytic agent to degrade the plastic material without polluting environment? Kindly share your opinion or any article related to this.

Should chemistry and monoculture be reduced in sustainable and ecological agriculture and agricultural techniques referring to natural ecosystems should be developed?

Many studies show that the most effective organic farming involves cultivating a formula that refers to natural, complex, biologically multispecies ecosystems.

The formula of ecological agriculture consisting in cultivating many different plant species side by side, referring to the formation of a natural ecosystem, allows to eliminate chemical plant protection products and reduce biological fertilization.

Only the use of biologically neutral machines and technical devices for crops to correct the functioning of organic crops would allow the improvement of this formula and the pursuit of sustainable agriculture.

Only the question of the legitimacy of using or possibly resigning from the creation of new, more resistant to various diseases and pests of new varieties of cultivated plants through the application of genetics engineering would remain to be considered.

It is not about creating new species of plants or animals through genetic manipulation techniques, but about breeding more resistant to diseases and pests new crop varieties as a perfecting cultivation formula referring to the natural ecosystem.

Crops referring to the natural biological system should be improved by the creation and introduction into these complex crops of these new varieties of crop plants in order to restore biological balance, which was previously significantly reduced through the widespread use of monoculture crops grown under classical agriculture.

In this way, it is possible to recreate sustainable agriculture in the future in areas where formerly monocultural farming crops or reclamation areas were previously operated.

Therefore, I would like to ask you:

Should chemistry and monoculture be reduced in sustainable and ecological agriculture and agricultural techniques referring to natural ecosystems should be developed?

Please, answer, comments.

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

Key questions for humanity in the 21st century:

- Will the man manage to switch the classic energy to renewable energy sources to slow down the global warming process and prevent global climate catastrophe and the destruction of most life forms at the end of the 21st century, if so little will be done on the issue of the implementation of the necessary proecological reforms?

- In the 21st century, will man be able to convert most of the classic energy into renewable energy sources to achieve a fully sustainable ecological economy based on the concept of green economy?

- In the 21st century, will man be able to switch most of the classic energy based on the burning of minerals by turning this source of environmental pollution and a source of global warming to renewable energy sources to achieve a fully sustainable ecological economy based on the concept of green economy?

- In the 21st century, will a man in the development of civilization manage to achieve a fully sustainable ecological economy based on the concept of green economy before the global climate catastrophe?

The ever-faster greenhouse effect on Earth has already been recognized by many research centers as fact.

If the global warming process is not stopped by introducing environmentally-friendly economic policy reforms, the development of ecological and innovative technologies, primarily in the field of renewable energy, electromobility, waste segregation, recycling, etc. Earth at the end of the 21st century is threatened by global climate disaster related to global warming and rising frequency and scale of emerging weather anomalies and climatic cataclysms.

In view of the above, I am asking you the following question:

In the 21st century, will a man in the development of civilization manage to achieve a fully sustainable ecological economy based on the concept of green economy before the global climate catastrophe?

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Best wishes

Is ecological sustainable agriculture developed according to the concept of natural ecosystems, including the genetically-based genetically-scaled species that will be used in a limited, fully controlled environment, help in the 21st century in increasing the productivity of crop production in the situation of declining areas of arable land?

In connection with the warming up of the Earth's climate by the end of the 21st century, a significant part of the arable land will be either flooded by the seas and oceans or will be excluded from the production of crops due to intensifying drought. As part of the civilizational progress, including increasing the productivity of crop production per hectare, it will be necessary to continue research in this field. As part of the pro-ecological development of agriculture based on the assumptions of sustainable pro-ecological development, ie the concept of green economy, chemistry should be gradually reduced to reduce environmental pollution and reduce the impact of chemicals on human health and other life forms. In this way, the adverse impact of civilizational imbalances in natural ecosystems will be limited. In connection with the above, the aim of continuing increasing the production efficiency of agricultural crops per hectare in the future will be intensified by mechanization automation, robotization, improvement of weather forecasting and logistics systems for field works, and improvement of current crop varieties by increasing their resistance to viral and bacterial diseases, fungal, parasitic etc. An important field of research and scientific discipline, thanks to which it is possible to gradually improve current crop varieties by increasing their resistance to diseases is genetics. In addition, it is necessary to improve irrigation and greenhouse systems due to the progressive global warming and more and more often natural cataclysms. It is also important to improve the techniques of recycling and re-use of waste from intensified agricultural production, so that those wastes that are unsuitable for re-use were as few as possible. It is also important to limit the wastage of produced crops, reduce and develop the recycling of organic waste from the food production process in the agri-food processing sector. As part of the development of sustainable agriculture, it is also important to develop organic farming referring to natural ecosystems. This type of agriculture refers to natural ecosystems in which primary varieties of arable crops function or function. As part of this concept of ecological agriculture, different agricultural crops grow on one agricultural area, which also limits the potential scale of pest feeding and feeding, and ensures a better economy of savings in the use of plant protection products. Therefore, the use of genetics should be limited only to the successive improvement of current varieties of agricultural produce by increasing their resistance to viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic diseases, and not to create completely new species of flora and fauna. In this way, through the process of improving, increasing resistance to diseases of agricultural crops, genetics would help to restore or at least significantly increase the natural balance in intensified agriculture. For this process to work it is necessary to develop also the above-mentioned other techniques of environmentally-friendly sustainable development of agriculture. All of the above-mentioned techniques must be applied in a purposefully, precisely planned integrated system of managing sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture. In this way, the developed agriculture will be adequate to increase the risk of unfavorable effects of the progressive global warming of the Earth's climate and will be one of the most important determinants of the globally developed sustainable economic development of the entire human civilization, ie deliberately oriented development according to the concept of green economy.

In view of the above, the current question is: Is ecological sustainable agriculture developed according to the concept of natural ecosystems, including the genetically-based genetically-scaled species that will be used in a limited, fully controlled environment, help in the 21st century in increasing the productivity of crop production in the situation of declining areas of arable land?

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.

Protection of the environment, natural ecosystems and biodiversity should be an integral part of the concept of sustainable pro-ecological economic development?

In the context of growing and increasing environmental pollution and declining areas of natural ecosystems, the importance and need to improve environmental protection systems, natural ecosystems and biodiversity is increasing. Biodiversity is one of the most important issues of natural ecosystems and life on Earth. Maintaining high biodiversity on Earth should be a challenge and one of the main goals of human functioning on the Earth in the 21st century and in subsequent centuries.

In connection with the above, protection of the environment, natural ecosystems and biodiversity should be an integral part of the concept of sustainable ecological development. In some countries, the concept of sustainable pro-ecological economic development is implemented successively, primarily in the field of renewable energy sources, improvement of waste segregation techniques and recycling development. However, in many countries these issues are still insufficiently developed.

Still too small financial resources are allocated in many countries for the development of renewable energy sources, improvement of waste segregation and recycling techniques. In addition to the private sector, besides enterprises implementing ecological innovations, it is necessary to increase expenditures and develop strategic pro-ecological reform projects, including restructuring of the mining industry of minerals supplying classic energy sources and development of energy based on renewable energy sources. This development should be supported and coordinated by environmentally friendly state intervention, and due to the high investment costs of construction of power plants producing electricity from renewable energy sources should be co-financed from the state public finance funds.

In this way, it will be possible to slow down the ongoing global warming process in the 21st century and thus slow down the process of devastating the natural environment, draining green areas characterized by high biodiversity. Biodiversity is a very important issue in the context of the analysis of ecology, sustainable development and the protection of the natural environment, including, in particular, the natural positions of biologically complex ecosystems, i.e. those that are characterized by high biodiversity. Maintaining biodiversity of natural ecosystems is one of the most important problems and tasks for people in the 21st century.

Do you agree with my opinion on this matter?

In the context of the above considerations, the following question is still valid:

Please reply

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Biodiversity is diverse in virtually unlimited degree, which results from the essence of processes of evolution of species, filet lines and entire ecosystems. It is thanks to the millions of years of evolutionary processes on Earth that there are so many different natural and highly diverse ecosystems in which different species of flora, fauna, fungi and microorganisms adapt to life in different and very diverse geographical and climatic environments.

The largest biodiversity of ecosystems and species functions in natural environmental environments in which ecosystems have evolved without human impact through millions of years of climatic and geographical conditions enabling the development of various life forms. These types of high biodiversity sites can be found in unpolluted rainforest ecosystems in tropical forests, in temperate climates and in coral reefs.

Unfortunately, human civilization activity contributes to the successive and accelerating process of biodiversity reduction by dying out species of living organisms. The areas of natural natural ecosystems are decreasing, including those in which the greatest biodiversity is diagnosed, such as the rainforests of the Amazon. The protection of naturalistic ecosystems and thus the protection of the planet's biodiversity is the most important challenge for mankind in the 21st century.

Do you agree with my opinion on this matter?

In view of the above, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

Climate change, i.e. the ongoing global warmin process, causes the drainage of many areas of the tropical and subtropical zones, and therefore freshwater resources are falling. This will probably be one of the most serious effects and problems of the global warming process that is progressing faster and faster. The issue of falling freshwater resources is one of the most serious problems and challenges for humanity in the 21st century. It is also a problem for biological ecosystems that undergo drying and, therefore, biodiversity, including biodiversity of flora and fauna on Earth, is also diminishing.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

What kind of scientific research dominate in the field of Protection of biodiversity and natural ecosystems?

Please, provide your suggestions for a question, problem or research thesis in the issues: Protection of biodiversity and natural ecosystems.

Please reply.

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

What kind of scientific research dominate in the field of Ecological innovations?

Please, provide your suggestions for a question, problem or research thesis in the issues: Ecological innovations.

Please reply.

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

There is always a dynamic balance in nature, be it homeostasis in local ecosystem to the grand scale of global homeostasis. Human is interfering with the working of nature and tending to destabilizing the feedback systems. Still it can maintain the balance and resistance and resilience stability within limits. By to what extent? We have now some  estimates of certain tipping points. Does it tell the whole story? Does it take into account all the aspects of nature's structural integrity and functional diversity and stability?

Hi everyone!

Reading many papers concerning soil repiration I've found different ways to report annual mean soil respiration rates:

The conversion from the first to the second (x/3600/44*10⁶) and vice-versa is  "simple", what about the third? How to convert CO₂ to C and C to CO₂? How to compare them?

Thank you very much!

Cheers!

Hello

I have tried to download the new version of the worldclim bioclimatic layers in the R console, since this way I can download spatial subsets. Does anyone have a code that works with the new worldClim version 2.1 layers?

The importance of Rhododendrons in Himalayan ecosystem cannot be denied, still what are the argument which could tell us they are keystone species? A couple of papers mention them as keystone species but without proper justification. How are keystone species designated, what are the criteria for designating keystone species, can anybody explain?

Ha logrado alguno críopreservar exitosamente los ovocitos de alguna especie de coral? Solamente he encontrado un caso para una gorgónea (Junceella juncea) por medio de vitrificación (Tsai et al. 2015, adjunto abajo). Se que algunos investigadores (comunicaciones personales) han logrado en algunos casos descongelarlas y reactivarlas después de realizar las inmersiones o el almacenamiento en nitrógeno líquido, sin embargo, pese a que los ovocitos salen 'vivos', estos pierden su capacidad de ser fertilizados (quedan infértiles).

Agradezco de antemano su apoyo y colaboración compartiendo sus respuestas y experiencia en este asunto.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277881464_Development_of_Cryopreservation_Techniques_for_Gorgonian_Junceella_juncea_Oocytes_through_Vitrification

Do you agree with my opinion that protection of the natural environment, biodiversity is one of the greatest civilization challenges of the 21st century?

Please reply

I pointed out the high level of relevance of the issue taken up in the above question in the article:

Please respond with what do you think about the issues described in this article?

Best wishes

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Tardigrades as Bioindicators for Environmental Monitoring 

" Pitfall trapping is the standard method for collecting ground-dwelling arthropods and soil fauna in studies of ecological and agricultural entomology " _{( Ruiz-Lupión et al. 2019).}

In my current research assistant position I am working on analysis of macro-fauna in forests. We use pitfall traps to assess the abundance of macro-fauna in a given area. I'm curious to learn more about other methods used for this sort of analysis.

In a study reviewing pitfall traps, Ruiz-Lupión et al. (2019) states the factors which should be considered by ecologists using pitfall traps. They state, "the capture rate of arthropods in pitfall traps is proportional to their activity, and the number of individuals that each trap catches may or may not reflect their true abundance, and instead just their activity. Thus, the rate of capture is proportional to the joint effects of abundance and activity, something that has very often been overlooked by ecologists for a long time... [Nonetheless,] activity estimates from pitfall trap catches can still be biased because of multiple factors such as the surrounding habitat structure or the environmental conditions such as temperature and water availability. Additional factors could be the vertical distribution of the soil and leaf litter layers, as well as the attraction or repulsion of preservative fluids, detergents, or baits, the effects of which vary according to the taxon, sex, season, and environment. Specifically, if a trap retains excessive amounts of water, it could act as an attractor for the fauna, especially during drought periods, therefore biasing the estimates of activity. "

The de facto slogan of modern industrial man is "Heat, beat and treat" or "take, make and throw". But Mother Nature do everything in the other way, following the sustainability principles. We can borrow the ideas, be inspired and emulated by her, can collect the pearls of wisdom and reflect them in our life - in all spheres, personal, social, industrial.

Please elucidate the master principles of Nature and her "trade secrets" and discuss how we can adopt and adapt them in our sustainability journey.

Are there any laws/theoretical foundations about how diversity of species relate with total biomass on Earth?

While there is a lot of esoteric sort of talk "humanity dis-balances the live on the Earth", I though there are formally seen hard facts (correct me if I am wrong):

biomass of human species and species we need (plants/cattle etc) is increasing;

diversity of species is decreasing

So it looks like some sort of global system change (correct me if I am wrong), but how does biology science discuss them (in case my inquiry can be anyhow scientifically formulated)?

What are the basic identifying characteristics or features of a freshwater swamp forest.

And what will be the appropriate tools to identify a forest or come to a decision about a forest that, it is a freshwater swamp forest.

25 years ago while replanting a 100-mile gas pipeline north of Reno in BLM lands in a cheatgrass area, at http://www.ecoseeds.com/greatbasin.html discovered that the exotic animal grazing had lowered the soil nutrients and organic matter below the thresholds needed for the local native seedling survival, that you can see at http://www.ecoseeds.com/good.example.html

By finding the soil nutrient thresholds in the top 5 cm, from around the seedlings of the desired native, and then testing the project area soils, and then adding fertilizers and organic matter along with the seeds, was able to get a cheatgrass-free planting in only six months, that remained 100% cheatgrass free for at least five years.

So my conclusion is that cheatgrass, instead of an "invasive" plants, the cheatgrass is what I call a "default" weed, only growing in soil too poor for the local natives and indicating poor soil conditions.

THE QUESTION IS, has anyone else used fertilizers to permanently eradicate other populations of cheatgrass, or added fertilizers to bring the soil nutrient thresholds up, so that the desirable plants are favored, and they can out-compete with the poorer-soil adapted weeds?