Ecosystem Ecology - Science topic

Are there any open sources where I can access weather details from past 25 years? (Especially India)

What are the challenges in adopting climate-smart agriculture?

What is meant by ecosystem health?

Give an idea of ecosystem health profile.

State the indicators of ecosystem health?

How health deterioration is diagnosed?

How can health of an ecosystem be recovered?

What protective and ameliorative or therapeutic strategies can be adopted?

How indicators can tell about the good health, the bad health, deteriorating health or the recovering health?

How do the pools, ponds form in the middle of the forest and are they highly dependent on rainfall?

Our planet has suffered damages, its capacity for recovery is being tested. Some ecosystems are fragile, and they can easily be triggered into collapse. What are the irreversible damages already done?

On 16.11.2022 at the UN Climate Summit COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, debates and speakers address, among other things, the issue of the loss of biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems caused by the increasingly rapid process of global warming caused by anthropogenic factors, i.e., primarily by civilization's greenhouse gas emissions. Due to the accelerating deforestation of forests, the burning and clearing of rainforests to create more areas to grow crops for export, the planet's biodiversity is rapidly declining. In addition, also due to the increasing scale of land and sea pollution, oceanic pollution and the accelerating process of global warming, the level of biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems is rapidly declining. Due to the predatory management of burning and clearing of the Amazon rainforest, the area of these natural boreal forests described as the natural lungs of the planet has been declining rapidly in recent years. In addition, due to the greenhouse effect, ocean water temperatures are also rising and coral reefs, including the Great Barrier Reef in Oceania, are dying. The decline in biodiversity noted in recent years correlates with the rapid mass die-off of many species of flora and fauna. In view of the above, it is necessary to urgently stop forest deforestation, including the burning and clearing of tropical rainforests and also other forest formations and natural ecosystems located in all climate zones. It is necessary to increase the scale of implementation of afforestation programs for civilization-degraded areas, post-mining heaps, wastelands, and the creation of additional urban parks in urban agglomerations. Besides, it is necessary to urgently carry out a full green transformation of the economy, including a pro-climate transformation of the energy sector by replacing the dirty energy of burning fossil fuels with clean energy based on renewable and emission-free energy sources. With the rapid development of ICT information technology, Industry 4.0, satellite analytics, 5G big data transfer, etc. as important elements of the current fourth technological revolution, it is possible to improve techniques and systems for monitoring the state of biodiversity of natural ecosystems.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer with reasons,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Warm regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I explored species association using survey plot data in Tibetan Plateau, the highest plateau in world, where very unique herbaceous communities occurred. However, I found the number of associated pairs of species fluctuated based on a four-year interval data. Could I assume that the slow-growth community remain stable or equilibrium so that their association keeps stable too?

What kind of scientific research dominate in the field of The importance of biodiversity, the environment, environmental protection?

Please reply. I invite you to the discussion

I think that ectoin enzyme is important for the soil and terrestrial plant ecosystem. I think that the origin of this enzyme, which increases the resistance of plants to drought, should be discussed. Thank you for your ideas and comments that will contribute to this issue.

Kind regards,

Turan Yüksek (Ph.D.)

Professor of Ecosystem Ecology

In the context of accelerating the development of industry, global production, exploitation of raw materials, pollutants and waste emissions, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, accelerating the global warming process, protection of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, nature protection and biodiversity is one of the main challenges of the 21st century.

In view of the above, what do you think are the most effective methods, technologies, instruments for nature protection, natural ecosystems and biodiversity currently?

Please reply

Best wishes

I thought there would be more work done on the topic; there doesn't seem to be very many papers.

Perhaps there are databases on the internet. Animal carcasses are an important component of terrestrial ecosystems. I want to make an overview of the confinement to the corpses of a certain taxonomic affiliation of insect necrophages. I will be glad to discuss methodological approaches to solving this issue. If you are interested, write I will be glad to cooperate.

Dears all

I would like to know what are the relationships among watershed health, watershed sustainability and watershed stability!

Please share your experiences with me.

Thanks

In many countries, in individual regions and urban agglomerations, tree planting projects are currently underway as part of afforestation programs for civilization-modified areas. In some countries afforestation of civilizational modified areas is considered one of the most important instruments to neutralize the negative effects of greenhouse gas emissions. The main premise of this thesis is the fact that certain species of trees and shrubs absorb significant amounts of CO2 and improve microclimate and water management in surface layers of soil. However, according to the results of scientific research in a situation of high greenhouse gas emissions, afforestation will not solve the problem of global warming. If in a given country, in a given agglomeration the majority of households, motor vehicles and enterprises from the energy sector relies on burning of minerals, the emission of greenhouse gases is so high that afforestation may reduce this emission to a very small extent. In this situation, apart from afforestation, other projects should be developed that will enable the implementation of the principles of sustainable, pro-ecological development based on the concept of a new, green economy. These other pro-ecological undertakings include, first of all, the development of renewable energy sources, increasing the efficiency of waste segregation, recovering secondary materials, development of electromobility in the automotive industry, development of programs for implementation, implementation and financing of eco-innovations, such as the construction of small household ecological power plants based eg on installing house roofs photovoltaic panels replacing stoves, in which often poor quality minerals are burned, etc. Therefore, afforestation does not solve the serious problem of global warming but should be developed as one of many instruments to reduce the negative greenhouse gas emission effects.

In addition, it is particularly important to protect existing forest resources, including natural forest ecosystems characterized by high biodiversity, and therefore a high biological value, such as rainforest, tropic rainforest of the Amazon. However, this is only an example of the largest, existing natural forest ecosystem on Earth. All other such ecosystems should be under strict protection and should be excluded from the predatory, devastating forest exploitation economy, i.e. harvesting timber from these natural forest ecosystems, because in the context of the problem of global warming they are one of the most important, most valuable resources of the planet Earth.

In view of the above, the current question is: Can the afforestation of civilization-modified areas significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.

Global warming affects many processes in biological ecosystems.

Different species of flora and fauna change their habitats and geographical areas according to climate change and specific geographical environments.

Areas of occurrence of specific species, for example insects in terrestrial areas and fish and arthropods in the seas and oceans, change.

For example bird habitats change, so migrations of some bird species may also be subject to modification. In the situation when forest areas dry out and turn into steppes and deserts, changes in natural habitats and areas of occurrence of species change and concern simultaneously many species of flora and fauna.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

Should the dimension and scope of ecological knowledge in contemporary education and schooling systems be increased in the context of the growing problems of the modern world?

Contemporary XXI century is, among other things, the age of national and globally recognized growing problems regarding environmental protection, ecology, protection of ecosystems and species of various life threatened by extinction, growing risk of climatic cataclysms associated with the progressing greenhouse effect on Earth, exhausting some categories of resources necessary for development modern industries, the need for energy transformation, conversion of classic sources of energy based on minerals to renewable, ecological energy sources. In view of the above, the question becomes more and more relevant: Should the dimension and scope of ecological knowledge in contemporary education and schooling systems be increased in the context of the growing problems of the modern world?

Please, answer, comments,

I invite you to the discussion,

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Most of us, including myself, learned in our introductory ecology lessons that the prey number is controlled by the predator number, and the two maintains a dynamic equilibrium if no other interfernece occurs, which we also teach our students so. However, when we think about the relationship, we might be too used to deem it as a dichotomy and ignore the dual's relationship to the environment. It is a comprehensible mistake since the consequence on environment usually takes time to emerge, and this waiting time is mostly long. Nevertheless, there do be consequences.

I rememebr that how the rabbits devastated the vast area of Australia grassland and depleted their own food source in some area and died in mass. It is just not quick enough for us to see clearly. And so we know all the facts and mechanisms but rarely teach it the way it should be in class.

The new article(https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03991-5) and related op-ed(https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02951-3) provides a better example for us to refer to when next time we teach the lesson. Since the prosper of diatoms is mainly restricted by iron in the ocean, and the major iron-souce for them is from the poops of baleen whales (and the dispersion from whales' movement), the predator is in direct control of not only the prey number but also the producer's number. The turnover rate of materials is accelerated in this case, and the effect of whaling on the whole food chain comes much faster than in most other ecosystems.

I wonder if you know any other example(s) to showcase the same mechanism.

How should the systems of nature protection and biodiversity of natural ecosystems be dispersed in order to increase the effectiveness of these systems and reduce the scale of degradation of the natural environment?

What do you think should be improved in nature conservation systems and biodiversity of natural ecosystems in addition to just increasing financial outlays on nature conservation policies conducted by government agencies and ministries of the environment?

A significant part of financial expenditures of nature conservation and biodiversity policy is devoted to the promotion of nature protection and natural environment protection issues. However, the effectiveness of this type of promotional campaigns is low, because without applying legal restrictions, enterprises do not change their technologies to be more ecological if they do not see in this business realized in a short time. Even the occasional UN climate summits in which government representatives from the majority of countries take part do not cause significant real changes in the policy of nature protection and biodiversity? Usually, the largest industrial economies in the world do not sign the obligations of rapid reduction of greenhouse gases and the issue of increasing spending on environmental innovation in the energy sector. Why, despite the growing scale of public awareness, there is no significant improvement in the implementation of nature conservation and biodiversity policy, there are no real measures that would result in a significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the slowing of the global warming process?

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

New, online media, including social media portals, should be engaged to promote the need for development of ecological activities, including the need to protect and develop forests and other issues related to environmental protection, protection of natural, biological ecosystems. Due to the progressing global warming process, with ever-emerging climatic disasters and weather anomalies, with increasingly drought, shrinking arable areas and areas of natural greenery, there is a growing need to increase expenditure on nature conservation and reclamation of areas devastated by human development of civilization .

As the importance of social media portals as sources of information is growing among children and adolescents, these portals of new online media should be used to promote the idea of ​​developing pro-ecological activities, the necessary development and implementation of ecological innovations into economic processes, development of renewable energy sources, excellence in waste segregation techniques , resignation from the use of non-biodegradable plastic from packaging, in addition to activation for the development of recycling, development of organic farming, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from various production processes, to the development of electromobility, nature protection also in urban parks, and also to promote the idea of ​​area development forestry, afforestation needs of areas degraded by the development of industry and protection of natural sites of biological ecosystems, such as ecosystems of rainforests, including, among others, the largest areas natural forest ecosystems, i.e. rainforests of the Amazon. To this end, social media portals should be increasingly used.

In view of the above, social media portals should be used as key marketing tools in planning and implementing social campaigns that promote the need to protect nature, including natural bilogic forest ecosystems, but also others, such as urban park ecosystems, for example, putting houses for birds and for insects , resignation of grass till the flower meadows needed for pollinating insects, etc. It is also necessary to also promote the protection of aquatic ecosystems, ie ecosystems of rivers, lakes, seas and assessments, which are increasingly polluted and also change biologically under the impact of the ongoing global warming process. Social media portals should be used to promote the need to implement sustainable economic pro-ecological development based on the philosophy of transformation of the classical economy in green economy into economic processes.

Of course, one of the most important elements of the necessary proecological reforms is also the need to protect natural clumping ecosystems, the need for their reclamation and reconstruction in the areas devastated by industrial development and the need for afforestation development both outside built-up areas and in urban agglomeration areas. This type of necessary pro-ecological activities should be promoted on social media portals. The state should finanate this type of social campaigns conducted in new online media, in particular in social media portals. Apart from state institutions, also various non-governmental organizations, social organizations should run such campaigns on social media portals, because such social campaigns conducted through social media portals using viral marketing instruments do not have to require the involvement of large financial resources.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

In order to effectively promote the issue of natural ecosystems in the context of developing models of sustainable development, it is first necessary to develop an information program that will act as the content of specific social campaigns conducted in various types of media, including new media, also on social media portals. Both social information campaigns should be conducted on a large scale. In addition, there should be successive changes to the law, ie new legal regulations that will motivate the transformation of business models towards the development of green economy and sustainable development. These campaigns should also motivate research centers to create new ecological innovations and new technological solutions in the field of renewable energy sources.

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.

The current technological revolution, known as Industry 4.0, is determined by the development of the following technologies of advanced information processing: Big Data database technologies, cloud computing, machine learning, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, Business Intelligence and other advanced data mining technologies.

In view of the above, what kind of information technologies from the Industry 4.0 range and how will they help to protect the natural environment and biodiversity?

Please reply

Best wishes

For two populations A and B, there are situations in which there is a two way exchange of individuals between the populations, and there are situations in which there is no exchange of individuals between the populations. I have thought before of a situation involving one way isolation between two populations, in which it's easy for individuals from population A to immigrate to population B, but impossible for members of population B to immigrate to population A.

Are there any examples of the one way isolation I mentioned between populations?

Any example for marine populations?

Do you know the names of any of the specific species that would be examples of this?

Due to the current civilization progress in recent decades, acceleration of the development of industry, automotive, urban agglomerations, intensification of agricultural production, etc. and related greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, ozone layer depletion in the atecologicalecologicalmosphere, increase of environmental pollution, growing problem of smog in urban agglomerations, the increase in pollution of the seas and oceans to which unsorted waste is thrown away is cut out as part of the predatory economy of tropical forests in the Amazon and other largest natural forest ecosystems.

In addition, the secondary effect of global warming of the Earth's climate is the increasing, more frequent weather anomalies, including drought, leading to steppe and desertification of areas that were previously natural forest ecosystems or areas exploited by agriculture.

As a result of the above-mentioned processes, every year many species of flora and fauna disappear forever.

As a result, natural biodiversity diminishes, which for millions of years evolved evolutionally on Earth.

In this way the natural resources of the planet Earth are irretrievably in decline.

In view of the above, the issue of environmental protection and biodiversity is one of the most important challenges of humanity in the 21st century.

Classical economics must change towards a green economy based on the strategy of sustainable pro-ecological development.

Therefore, I am asking you for the following query:

How can environmental protection and biodiversity be improved by using current ecological technologies?

Please, answer, comments.

I invite you to the discussion.

Best wishes

Hi, what is the reasonable cut-off percentage of species contribution for SIMPER analysis? Most papers I've seen are at 90%, but there are those at 60%. Is the value determined by the author or is there a specific rule to this?

Thank you in advance.

Has the classic economy lost its relevance to the energy market and therefore whether the process of necessary proecological reforms in the energy sector involving the replacement of energy sources, ie classic energy sources based on burning minerals for renewable energy sources should be coordinated by the state as a pro-environmental interventionist anti-crisis state?

Still at the end of the 21th century, in many publications written in the convention of classical economics, theses were formulated that energy should be shaped by the mechanism of market-harmonizing sides of demand and supply. However, this philosophy concerned classic energy based on the combustion of minerals. Mineral energy deposits in certain parts of the world are determined for several decades of extraction.

If the development of mining technology allows to reach and extract energy from deeper deposits than currently exploited and decks located under the sea and ocean bottoms, such estimated deposits would allow mining of these deposits in some places of the world for much longer than 100 years. However, humanity can not wait so much for pro-ecological reforms in the energy sector and the slow process of switching to renewable energy sources, which is happening in some countries, including the largest economies in the world, the largest emitters of greenhouse gases.

Currently, the philosophy of the energy sector is starting to change. Now the obvious issue is the need to quickly implement pro-ecological reforms without contemplating the depleted energy resources of the Earth's crust. This wait could take about 100 years or more than 100 years in many countries and this is too long, because at the end of the 21st century, according to climate change analysis, drastic climatic catastrophes will occur due to the predicted acceleration of the global warming process in the following decades.

According to the published and presented results of climatologists' research during the recent UN Climate Summits and Conferences on the problem of progressing global warming process, unless by 2030 at the latest the world will not show the classic energy based on the burning of minerals for renewable energy sources and motorization for electromobility and there will be no appropriate improvement of segregation waste and recycling, by the end of the 21st century, the average temperature at the Earth's surface will increase by 3-4 degrees Celsius globally, and the scale of climate cataclysms and weather anomalies will increase many times in relation to the current state.

In view of the above, the world can no longer wait for the depletion of energy minerals. This issue, which is particularly important for humanity and life on Earth, can not be left to the market mechanism and classical economy, whose philosophy has long been undermined, already in the period of the Great Depression of 1929-1934 it was demonstrated that Keynsovian state interventionism is needed to bring the economy out of the deep economic crisis if the liberalized private sector led to a crisis and the economy quickly does not return itself to balance and high economic growth on the basis of self-acting market mechanisms.

We currently have a similar situation. The world inevitably aims at increasing climatic cataclysms caused by the accelerating global warming process. these unfavorable processes for humanity and life on Earth will become a source of intensification of migration of people from subtropical areas, on which it will be impossible to live and live in a few dozen years due to high temperatures and droughts. In addition, there will be economic crises resulting from the global warming process. Humanity has no time to put off the necessary pro-ecological reforms for the future, these pro-ecological reforms in the energy sector need to be implemented now and it should be a process coordinated by the state in the context of pro-environmental anti-crisis state interference.

Do you agree with my opinion on this matter?

In view of the above, I am asking you the following question:

Has the classic economy lost its relevance to the energy market and therefore whether the process of necessary proecological reforms in the energy sector involving the replacement of energy sources, ie classic energy sources based on burning minerals for renewable energy sources should be coordinated by the state as a pro-environmental interventionist anti-crisis state?

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

The yield of plants is found to be increased with the conservation of perennial to annual plants what are the processes, advantages, and disadvantages?

What kind of scientific research dominate in the field of Protection of the natural environment, natural biological ecosystems and biodiversity?

Please, provide your suggestions for a question, problem or research thesis in the issues: Protection of the natural environment, natural biological ecosystems and biodiversity.

Please reply. I invite you to the discussion

Best wishes

Any probable technique or catalytic agent to degrade the plastic material without polluting environment? Kindly share your opinion or any article related to this.

Should chemistry and monoculture be reduced in sustainable and ecological agriculture and agricultural techniques referring to natural ecosystems should be developed?

Many studies show that the most effective organic farming involves cultivating a formula that refers to natural, complex, biologically multispecies ecosystems.

The formula of ecological agriculture consisting in cultivating many different plant species side by side, referring to the formation of a natural ecosystem, allows to eliminate chemical plant protection products and reduce biological fertilization.

Only the use of biologically neutral machines and technical devices for crops to correct the functioning of organic crops would allow the improvement of this formula and the pursuit of sustainable agriculture.

Only the question of the legitimacy of using or possibly resigning from the creation of new, more resistant to various diseases and pests of new varieties of cultivated plants through the application of genetics engineering would remain to be considered.

It is not about creating new species of plants or animals through genetic manipulation techniques, but about breeding more resistant to diseases and pests new crop varieties as a perfecting cultivation formula referring to the natural ecosystem.

Crops referring to the natural biological system should be improved by the creation and introduction into these complex crops of these new varieties of crop plants in order to restore biological balance, which was previously significantly reduced through the widespread use of monoculture crops grown under classical agriculture.

In this way, it is possible to recreate sustainable agriculture in the future in areas where formerly monocultural farming crops or reclamation areas were previously operated.

Therefore, I would like to ask you:

Should chemistry and monoculture be reduced in sustainable and ecological agriculture and agricultural techniques referring to natural ecosystems should be developed?

Please, answer, comments.

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

Key questions for humanity in the 21st century:

- Will the man manage to switch the classic energy to renewable energy sources to slow down the global warming process and prevent global climate catastrophe and the destruction of most life forms at the end of the 21st century, if so little will be done on the issue of the implementation of the necessary proecological reforms?

- In the 21st century, will man be able to convert most of the classic energy into renewable energy sources to achieve a fully sustainable ecological economy based on the concept of green economy?

- In the 21st century, will man be able to switch most of the classic energy based on the burning of minerals by turning this source of environmental pollution and a source of global warming to renewable energy sources to achieve a fully sustainable ecological economy based on the concept of green economy?

- In the 21st century, will a man in the development of civilization manage to achieve a fully sustainable ecological economy based on the concept of green economy before the global climate catastrophe?

The ever-faster greenhouse effect on Earth has already been recognized by many research centers as fact.

If the global warming process is not stopped by introducing environmentally-friendly economic policy reforms, the development of ecological and innovative technologies, primarily in the field of renewable energy, electromobility, waste segregation, recycling, etc. Earth at the end of the 21st century is threatened by global climate disaster related to global warming and rising frequency and scale of emerging weather anomalies and climatic cataclysms.

In view of the above, I am asking you the following question:

In the 21st century, will a man in the development of civilization manage to achieve a fully sustainable ecological economy based on the concept of green economy before the global climate catastrophe?

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Best wishes

Is ecological sustainable agriculture developed according to the concept of natural ecosystems, including the genetically-based genetically-scaled species that will be used in a limited, fully controlled environment, help in the 21st century in increasing the productivity of crop production in the situation of declining areas of arable land?

In connection with the warming up of the Earth's climate by the end of the 21st century, a significant part of the arable land will be either flooded by the seas and oceans or will be excluded from the production of crops due to intensifying drought. As part of the civilizational progress, including increasing the productivity of crop production per hectare, it will be necessary to continue research in this field. As part of the pro-ecological development of agriculture based on the assumptions of sustainable pro-ecological development, ie the concept of green economy, chemistry should be gradually reduced to reduce environmental pollution and reduce the impact of chemicals on human health and other life forms. In this way, the adverse impact of civilizational imbalances in natural ecosystems will be limited. In connection with the above, the aim of continuing increasing the production efficiency of agricultural crops per hectare in the future will be intensified by mechanization automation, robotization, improvement of weather forecasting and logistics systems for field works, and improvement of current crop varieties by increasing their resistance to viral and bacterial diseases, fungal, parasitic etc. An important field of research and scientific discipline, thanks to which it is possible to gradually improve current crop varieties by increasing their resistance to diseases is genetics. In addition, it is necessary to improve irrigation and greenhouse systems due to the progressive global warming and more and more often natural cataclysms. It is also important to improve the techniques of recycling and re-use of waste from intensified agricultural production, so that those wastes that are unsuitable for re-use were as few as possible. It is also important to limit the wastage of produced crops, reduce and develop the recycling of organic waste from the food production process in the agri-food processing sector. As part of the development of sustainable agriculture, it is also important to develop organic farming referring to natural ecosystems. This type of agriculture refers to natural ecosystems in which primary varieties of arable crops function or function. As part of this concept of ecological agriculture, different agricultural crops grow on one agricultural area, which also limits the potential scale of pest feeding and feeding, and ensures a better economy of savings in the use of plant protection products. Therefore, the use of genetics should be limited only to the successive improvement of current varieties of agricultural produce by increasing their resistance to viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic diseases, and not to create completely new species of flora and fauna. In this way, through the process of improving, increasing resistance to diseases of agricultural crops, genetics would help to restore or at least significantly increase the natural balance in intensified agriculture. For this process to work it is necessary to develop also the above-mentioned other techniques of environmentally-friendly sustainable development of agriculture. All of the above-mentioned techniques must be applied in a purposefully, precisely planned integrated system of managing sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture. In this way, the developed agriculture will be adequate to increase the risk of unfavorable effects of the progressive global warming of the Earth's climate and will be one of the most important determinants of the globally developed sustainable economic development of the entire human civilization, ie deliberately oriented development according to the concept of green economy.

In view of the above, the current question is: Is ecological sustainable agriculture developed according to the concept of natural ecosystems, including the genetically-based genetically-scaled species that will be used in a limited, fully controlled environment, help in the 21st century in increasing the productivity of crop production in the situation of declining areas of arable land?

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.

Protection of the environment, natural ecosystems and biodiversity should be an integral part of the concept of sustainable pro-ecological economic development?

In the context of growing and increasing environmental pollution and declining areas of natural ecosystems, the importance and need to improve environmental protection systems, natural ecosystems and biodiversity is increasing. Biodiversity is one of the most important issues of natural ecosystems and life on Earth. Maintaining high biodiversity on Earth should be a challenge and one of the main goals of human functioning on the Earth in the 21st century and in subsequent centuries.

In connection with the above, protection of the environment, natural ecosystems and biodiversity should be an integral part of the concept of sustainable ecological development. In some countries, the concept of sustainable pro-ecological economic development is implemented successively, primarily in the field of renewable energy sources, improvement of waste segregation techniques and recycling development. However, in many countries these issues are still insufficiently developed.

Still too small financial resources are allocated in many countries for the development of renewable energy sources, improvement of waste segregation and recycling techniques. In addition to the private sector, besides enterprises implementing ecological innovations, it is necessary to increase expenditures and develop strategic pro-ecological reform projects, including restructuring of the mining industry of minerals supplying classic energy sources and development of energy based on renewable energy sources. This development should be supported and coordinated by environmentally friendly state intervention, and due to the high investment costs of construction of power plants producing electricity from renewable energy sources should be co-financed from the state public finance funds.

In this way, it will be possible to slow down the ongoing global warming process in the 21st century and thus slow down the process of devastating the natural environment, draining green areas characterized by high biodiversity. Biodiversity is a very important issue in the context of the analysis of ecology, sustainable development and the protection of the natural environment, including, in particular, the natural positions of biologically complex ecosystems, i.e. those that are characterized by high biodiversity. Maintaining biodiversity of natural ecosystems is one of the most important problems and tasks for people in the 21st century.

Do you agree with my opinion on this matter?

In the context of the above considerations, the following question is still valid:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

Biodiversity is diverse in virtually unlimited degree, which results from the essence of processes of evolution of species, filet lines and entire ecosystems. It is thanks to the millions of years of evolutionary processes on Earth that there are so many different natural and highly diverse ecosystems in which different species of flora, fauna, fungi and microorganisms adapt to life in different and very diverse geographical and climatic environments.

The largest biodiversity of ecosystems and species functions in natural environmental environments in which ecosystems have evolved without human impact through millions of years of climatic and geographical conditions enabling the development of various life forms. These types of high biodiversity sites can be found in unpolluted rainforest ecosystems in tropical forests, in temperate climates and in coral reefs.

Unfortunately, human civilization activity contributes to the successive and accelerating process of biodiversity reduction by dying out species of living organisms. The areas of natural natural ecosystems are decreasing, including those in which the greatest biodiversity is diagnosed, such as the rainforests of the Amazon. The protection of naturalistic ecosystems and thus the protection of the planet's biodiversity is the most important challenge for mankind in the 21st century.

Do you agree with my opinion on this matter?

In view of the above, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

Climate change, i.e. the ongoing global warmin process, causes the drainage of many areas of the tropical and subtropical zones, and therefore freshwater resources are falling. This will probably be one of the most serious effects and problems of the global warming process that is progressing faster and faster. The issue of falling freshwater resources is one of the most serious problems and challenges for humanity in the 21st century. It is also a problem for biological ecosystems that undergo drying and, therefore, biodiversity, including biodiversity of flora and fauna on Earth, is also diminishing.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

What kind of scientific research dominate in the field of Protection of biodiversity and natural ecosystems?

Please, provide your suggestions for a question, problem or research thesis in the issues: Protection of biodiversity and natural ecosystems.

Please reply.

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

What kind of scientific research dominate in the field of Ecological innovations?

Please, provide your suggestions for a question, problem or research thesis in the issues: Ecological innovations.

Please reply.

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

There is always a dynamic balance in nature, be it homeostasis in local ecosystem to the grand scale of global homeostasis. Human is interfering with the working of nature and tending to destabilizing the feedback systems. Still it can maintain the balance and resistance and resilience stability within limits. By to what extent? We have now some  estimates of certain tipping points. Does it tell the whole story? Does it take into account all the aspects of nature's structural integrity and functional diversity and stability?

Hi everyone!

Reading many papers concerning soil repiration I've found different ways to report annual mean soil respiration rates:

The conversion from the first to the second (x/3600/44*10⁶) and vice-versa is  "simple", what about the third? How to convert CO₂ to C and C to CO₂? How to compare them?

Thank you very much!

Cheers!

Hello

I have tried to download the new version of the worldclim bioclimatic layers in the R console, since this way I can download spatial subsets. Does anyone have a code that works with the new worldClim version 2.1 layers?

The importance of Rhododendrons in Himalayan ecosystem cannot be denied, still what are the argument which could tell us they are keystone species? A couple of papers mention them as keystone species but without proper justification. How are keystone species designated, what are the criteria for designating keystone species, can anybody explain?

Ha logrado alguno críopreservar exitosamente los ovocitos de alguna especie de coral? Solamente he encontrado un caso para una gorgónea (Junceella juncea) por medio de vitrificación (Tsai et al. 2015, adjunto abajo). Se que algunos investigadores (comunicaciones personales) han logrado en algunos casos descongelarlas y reactivarlas después de realizar las inmersiones o el almacenamiento en nitrógeno líquido, sin embargo, pese a que los ovocitos salen 'vivos', estos pierden su capacidad de ser fertilizados (quedan infértiles).

Agradezco de antemano su apoyo y colaboración compartiendo sus respuestas y experiencia en este asunto.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277881464_Development_of_Cryopreservation_Techniques_for_Gorgonian_Junceella_juncea_Oocytes_through_Vitrification

Do you agree with my opinion that protection of the natural environment, biodiversity is one of the greatest civilization challenges of the 21st century?

Please reply

Best wishes

Tardigrades as Bioindicators for Environmental Monitoring 

" Pitfall trapping is the standard method for collecting ground-dwelling arthropods and soil fauna in studies of ecological and agricultural entomology " _{( Ruiz-Lupión et al. 2019).}

In my current research assistant position I am working on analysis of macro-fauna in forests. We use pitfall traps to assess the abundance of macro-fauna in a given area. I'm curious to learn more about other methods used for this sort of analysis.

In a study reviewing pitfall traps, Ruiz-Lupión et al. (2019) states the factors which should be considered by ecologists using pitfall traps. They state, "the capture rate of arthropods in pitfall traps is proportional to their activity, and the number of individuals that each trap catches may or may not reflect their true abundance, and instead just their activity. Thus, the rate of capture is proportional to the joint effects of abundance and activity, something that has very often been overlooked by ecologists for a long time... [Nonetheless,] activity estimates from pitfall trap catches can still be biased because of multiple factors such as the surrounding habitat structure or the environmental conditions such as temperature and water availability. Additional factors could be the vertical distribution of the soil and leaf litter layers, as well as the attraction or repulsion of preservative fluids, detergents, or baits, the effects of which vary according to the taxon, sex, season, and environment. Specifically, if a trap retains excessive amounts of water, it could act as an attractor for the fauna, especially during drought periods, therefore biasing the estimates of activity. "

The de facto slogan of modern industrial man is "Heat, beat and treat" or "take, make and throw". But Mother Nature do everything in the other way, following the sustainability principles. We can borrow the ideas, be inspired and emulated by her, can collect the pearls of wisdom and reflect them in our life - in all spheres, personal, social, industrial.

Please elucidate the master principles of Nature and her "trade secrets" and discuss how we can adopt and adapt them in our sustainability journey.

Hi, we aim to "quantify" cultural ecosystem services from urban forests of our study area (Karlsruhe, Germany). We know that cultural ecosystem services are difficult to quantify as they are often qualitative and have intangible significance. Our approach is to first do a detail survey on public and stakeholders' perception and preferences on selected cultural ecosystem services using questionnaire survey and Likert's scale of response. Then, we want to use our data from the questionnaire survey to develop a scoring systems. Do you know any method which can be helpful to us? Or, do you know how to valuate cultural ecosystem services? In addition to questionnaire survey, we also have data from urban forest plots on forest structure and composition. We followed the guidelines from i-tree-eco software's handbook and UFORE model developed by the US Forest Service (David Nowak). We will really appreciate if you can provide us some literature or provide some suggestions on methods to quantify cultural ecosystem services.

Are there any laws/theoretical foundations about how diversity of species relate with total biomass on Earth?

While there is a lot of esoteric sort of talk "humanity dis-balances the live on the Earth", I though there are formally seen hard facts (correct me if I am wrong):

biomass of human species and species we need (plants/cattle etc) is increasing;

diversity of species is decreasing

So it looks like some sort of global system change (correct me if I am wrong), but how does biology science discuss them (in case my inquiry can be anyhow scientifically formulated)?

Gap Light Analyzer (GLA)?

Can-Eye?

HEMIv?

etc.

What are the basic identifying characteristics or features of a freshwater swamp forest.

And what will be the appropriate tools to identify a forest or come to a decision about a forest that, it is a freshwater swamp forest.

25 years ago while replanting a 100-mile gas pipeline north of Reno in BLM lands in a cheatgrass area, at http://www.ecoseeds.com/greatbasin.html discovered that the exotic animal grazing had lowered the soil nutrients and organic matter below the thresholds needed for the local native seedling survival, that you can see at http://www.ecoseeds.com/good.example.html

By finding the soil nutrient thresholds in the top 5 cm, from around the seedlings of the desired native, and then testing the project area soils, and then adding fertilizers and organic matter along with the seeds, was able to get a cheatgrass-free planting in only six months, that remained 100% cheatgrass free for at least five years.

So my conclusion is that cheatgrass, instead of an "invasive" plants, the cheatgrass is what I call a "default" weed, only growing in soil too poor for the local natives and indicating poor soil conditions.

THE QUESTION IS, has anyone else used fertilizers to permanently eradicate other populations of cheatgrass, or added fertilizers to bring the soil nutrient thresholds up, so that the desirable plants are favored, and they can out-compete with the poorer-soil adapted weeds?

To the problems resulting from the predatory economy of obtaining wood from the Amazon rainforest, nowadays we should add the more frequent drought and fires of this Amazon rainforest.

In recent years, the number of cases of weather anomalies and climate disasters caused by climate change related to the increasingly faster global warming process is growing rapidly. The increasingly faster global warming process is the result of an increase in greenhouse gas emissions emitted by industry and the energy sector producing electricity and heat based on the burning of minerals. In addition, the increase in greenhouse gas emissions is due to the development of the automotive industry also powered by burning minerals. Greenhouse gases are also emitted by agriculture, mainly livestock production carried out using traditional production technologies without complying with the principles of organic farming. In addition, the burning of rubbish, including plastics, causes greenhouse gases and toxic to humans and other forms of life chemical compounds to be released into the atmosphere. Due to the warming climate of the Earth, the consumption of electricity is growing, because the houses are installed larger refrigerators, refrigerators, air conditioners and more electronic devices enabling access to the Internet. The increase in demand for electricity causes a rapid increase in generation capacity in traditional power plants generating this energy based on traditional energy, consisting in burning increasingly larger amounts of hard coal, lignite, mazout from crude oil and other minerals.

Due to the above, a very negative effect of the progressing global warming process are more and more frequently occurring weather anomalies and climatic disasters, above all the more frequent drought causing forest fires. Increasingly larger forest fire areas cause degradation of natural environments. For example, at present (August 2019) there are forest fires of the Siberian Tundra at the Arctic Circle, fires of large areas of the Amazon rainforest, forest fires in many places in Europe and in many other places of other continents. This is another very negative effect of the more and more frequent drought and other weather anomalies being a derivative of the progressing global warming process. Droughts and fires very quickly cause impoverishment of biodiversity, soil sterility, degradation of natural environments, decline in the number of living organisms, extinction of many species of flora and fauna and other negative processes.

These fires, especially the Amazon rainforest fires in Brazil are very negative for the Earth's ecosystem due to climate change. The Amazon rainforests produce up to 20 percent of the Earth's atmosphere. oxygen. During current fires (end of August 2019), part of the Amazon rainforest with an area of 1.5 football field burns every minute. the government in Brazil has announced that it does not have the resources to counteract this problem. It does not have enough firefighters and firefighting equipment to even try to put out the fire. This is a problem not only for Brazil but for the whole world. This is a global problem. The problem of the burning enormous rainforests of the Amazon rainforest should be the subject of urgent convening of a special UN conference as soon as possible, including the participation of many other international ecological organizations, governments of many countries, internationally operating financial institutions and industrial corporations capable of providing assistance and organizing measures and necessary actions to put out the fire as soon as possible. The Amazon rainforest fire is already a serious SOS signal for the Earth, for humanity, for the lives of many species of flora and fauna that the critical point caused by the global warming process has clearly been exceeded.

Therefore, quick actions are necessary to extinguish this fire and implement in Brazil and other countries programs of systemic implementation of sustainable pro-ecological development in accordance with the green economy philosophy. It is not easy in the situation of a developing country, a country that is just developing its industry and technology in order to achieve a level of economic development similar to the level of income, equipment with technologies etc. in highly developed countries. Therefore, systematic international assistance is needed for Brazil and other developing countries, which lack funds for implementing eco-innovations and implementing ecological reforms, among others in the field of development of renewable energy sources and limiting the plundering economy of obtaining wood from the Amazon rainforest. The Amazon rainforest fires are a serious SOS signal sent by nature towards humanity. There is less and less time for the implementation of the necessary pro-ecological activities. These are no longer paraphylosophical deliberations as was thought in public opinion at the turn of the 20th century. The progressing global warming process is a fact. It is also a fact that climate change, which is unfavorable for life on Earth, is primarily the responsibility of man.

Climatologists estimate that the necessary pro-ecological reforms in global terms should be carried out by 2030 at the latest for effective slowing of the global warming process to be effective. If this plan is not implemented, then by the end of the 21st century the average temperature at the Earth's surface will increase by another min. 3-4 degrees, which will result in an increase in climate disasters. Earlier there will be a complete melting of glaciers, the release of methane from the thawing Siberian tundra and other polar regions, an increase in drought, fires and volcanic eruptions. This will cause a chain reaction of climatic disasters that are a derivative of global warming and at the same time the same processes will be the source of further greenhouse gas emissions and an increase in the average temperature at the Earth's surface. If the climate change process enters the aforementioned chain reaction of climate disasters related to the global warming process, then it will not be possible to stop and significantly slow down these negative processes on Earth's life. However, there are still a few, max. several years to implement environmentally friendly reforms globally, implement sustainable economic development in economic processes carried out in accordance with the green economy philosophy. Therefore, the current question is: Will humanity use this remaining time to implement this plan. It is the biggest global civilization challenge for humanity in the 21st century.

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this topic?

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following questions:

Please reply

I invite you to discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In the recycling cost that i am asking for, must be included these costs:

-collection cost,

-energy cost,

-working force cost.

I am working on my Master Thesis and I need these informations as soon as possible.

Thanks in advance.

Will the development of robotics and smart technology solve the problem of dramatically increasing pollution of the natural environment, including pollution of rivers, lakes, seas and oceans?

To the natural environment of rivers, lakes, seas and oceans, increasingly large amounts of industrial wastes and various types of waste are getting into the environment, including non-degradable plastic wastes. There are more and more stains on the assessors, piles of garbage, mainly plastic, which are not biodegradable and pollute the natural environment of flora and fauna of marine and oceanic ecosystems. As a result, the global, international problem of pollution of the seas and oceans is growing, which should be solved systematically at the supra-national level.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

Please reply

Thank you very much

In my opinion, additional taxation of enterprises in order to obtain funds in this way for the development of renewable energy, development of eco-innovations and reduction of environmental pollution is not the best solution. A better solution is to generate high economic growth based on the successively introduced model of sustainable green economic development implemented according to the green economy concept.

It is necessary to conduct reliable, honest, ethical business and social responsibility of business socio-economic policy while educating the public on the need to implement the necessary pro-ecological reforms in the energy sector as soon as possible by developing renewable energy sources, developing electromobility, efficient waste sorting technologies, improvement recycling, zero-energy construction, elimination of plastic from packaging and conversion to biodegradable plastics, etc.

Then, using such a reliable social and economic policy, it would be possible to extend the periods of host growth in business cycles to generate budgetary surpluses. In the situation of budgetary surpluses in the state budget, a significant part of them should be allocated for state financing of investments in large infrastructural pro-ecological projects, such as nuclear power plants, wind farms, solar panels based on photovoltaic panels and other based on renewable energy sources.

After many years of running this type of pro-ecological socio-economic policy, certain technologies that allowed for the development of ecological innovations and their implementation on an industrial scale will gradually become, and after their dissemination, production costs of certain devices such as household mini-power plants producing renewable energy on the basis of renewable energy. Energy sources will be available for most families living, for example, single-family houses or multi-family housing estates. On the other hand, by popularizing these pro-ecological technologies, companies that produce specific ecological products will generate revenues and profits.

In view of the above, in this way the new green economy will become profitable and will be a kind of a new epoch of the neoclassical economics model enriched with pro-ecological goals and functions. In this way, initially through a centrally planned system, through state intervention in a mainly market economy, through a national pro-ecological socio-economic policy, a new model of the economic system will be built after years, which will function objectively within the framework of sustainable green economic development.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

I'm looking for papers or data about the global distribution of Alnus species to discuss the results of my model. Which papers or database can you propose for a discussion? If there is no data or paper about the global distribution, data about the distribution in Russia, China, Australia, Africa are very welcome.

Thanks all in advance

These two terms almost seem identical, but if for eg. I preserve something, I keep it at the same state that it was.

Although if I protect something it is probably either because that state is at risk or I don't want it to be at risk- (it's threatened).

The word to protect has been used in the environment subject from scientists, governments and the market. For example, the oil companies must preserve and protect the environment where they explore and exploit, although we often see them just protecting after they have disturbed the ecosystem.

Some times protecting can't bring the habitat to it's original state. That is why in my opinion, preserving should be the main focus.

Can you distinguish practises that preserve or protect the environment? eg. Policies and legislation? Should there be a framework to assess whether practices protect or preserve?

My fellow RG Colleagues, please join in this discussion, I would love to know if someone has been digging deeper into this.

Best regards,

Elena

Hi community, I have been looking for what happens to marine communities during storms and hurricanes and what effects they could have, unfortunately most of the papers focus are about the economic impacts, is there any author or paper that you guys could recommend? Thank you for your time.