Ecology - Science method

I was wondering if you could suggest how to analyze insect community (multivariate) data collected across multiple sites and time points. Specifically, I aim to assess differences in community composition between Treatment and Control conditions.

What are my options regarding:

I’m aware of Multivariate Time Series analysis applied in fields like Finance and likely many other approaches that could be relevant. However, I am struggling to determine the most appropriate method for my case.

If you have experience in this area or can recommend a good blog, tutorial, or resource, I would greatly appreciate your suggestions.

Thank you for your time!

Darwinian evolution's central tenet, survival of the fittest, exhibits marked similarities with market economy principles, where successful businesses thrive while others perish. This notion has evolved into a sophisticated scientific theory explaining evolution through natural selection, with profound implications for chemical evolution, language development, social organization, and cultural transmission, particularly in Organizational Ecology research. This organizational studies subfield utilizes an ecological approach to investigate organizational populations, analogous to biological investigations of organismal diversity. Organizational Ecology views organizations as evolutionary adaptations to their economic and social environments, resulting in diverse organizational forms through natural selection. Critics, however, contest Organizational Ecology's evolutionary status due to discrepancies between organizational and biological populations. Generalized Darwinism, grounded in evolutionary economics, extends biological evolutionary processes to social domains, rendering social change Darwinian, despite criticisms regarding ambiguous social population reproduction and interaction mechanisms and inadequate similarities with biological phenomena. The Darwinian framework also illuminates chemical evolution research, exploring chemical catalyst development through selectionist frameworks. Nonetheless, concerns persist regarding the applicability of heritability and fitness concepts in chemical evolution, requiring more precise compartmentalization and genetic definitions.

--- http://youtube.com/post/UgkxqZUDo7nNWCVx8JSc22aKo_RRrHkLkx2_?si=EsvyruYmMnOEKUPJ

----- First International Conference on a Dialogue between Vedanta and Science on the Origin of Life and Evolution (Vedanta and Science Dialogue Series: VSDS — 2024) November 23—24, 2024 Aksharaa School, Kathmandu, Nepal https://scienceandscientist.org/conference/vsds/2024

1. Background and expertise

2. Sericulture industry overview

3. Ecological sustainability initiatives

4. Economic viability and market trends

5. Livelihood enhancement strategies

6. Policy and support recommendations

Looking for updated textbook recommendations on Sustainable Development Goals for an interdisciplinary audience of upper level undergraduates mostly.

Academia Environmental Sciences and Sustainability. I want to know about this journal.

Is it predatory or not??

Which one do you think you should suggest? according to the demand of the Middle East?

Ecology, Diversity, Statistics

Dear Researchers, Scientists, Friends,

In recent years, the need to accelerate and increase the efficiency of the green transformation of the economy has been growing in importance. This is due to the need to increase the scale of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, as generated by energy, industry, transportation, livestock farms, etc. continue to generate high greenhouse gas emissions and the global warming process is accelerating as a result. If the processes of green transformation of the economy are not significantly accelerated then the exceeding of 1.5 degrees C of the average temperature of the planet's atmosphere (counting from the beginning of the first industrial revolution) will happen even before the end of the current decade and the occurrence of a global climate catastrophe in the second half of this 21st century will become inevitable. One of the key elements of the green transformation of the economy is the cessation of deforestation processes and the development of reforestation programs for civilizationally degraded areas, post-industrial areas, post-mining heaps, urban areas as part of the reduction of concretions, and post-agricultural areas where the soil has been depleted due to the intensification of agriculture in the industrial model. By 2023, the deforestation rate in the rainforests of the Amazon natural rainforest has been almost halved in Brazil. This is a very good trend, in which perhaps finally the scale of protection of these natural highly biodiverse forests is beginning to improve significantly. This is especially important because the highly biodiverse rainforest ecosystems of the tropical natural forests of the Amazon contain more than 300 million unique species of flora and fauna and the Amazon forest is still the largest natural area of forest ecosystem that plays a key role in the natural process of absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere and emitting oxygen. The ongoing logging of trees in the Amazon forest, and the logging of trees in other areas of natural forest ecosystems as well, which is being carried out in a formula of predatory pseudo-management, should be recognized as a crime of destroying the planet's strategic natural resources generating an increase in the threat to human existence on planet Earth. Perhaps in this way, through appropriate changes in legal regulations, the large-scale deforestation of forest areas still taking place in many parts of the world and/or the predatory pseudo-management of forests that is being carried out would finally be ended.

I presented the issue of human security in connection with the green transformation of the economy, pro-environmental policies and the implementation of sustainable development goals in the article:

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Supposing that I have 2 habitats namely a trail and a forest and I want to compare the allocation of plants to flowers, roots and stem. I get the proportion to all organs based on a total of 1 for an individual plant (example: 0.3 to flowers, 0.4 to roots and 0.3 to stem). I repeat process to make a mean of many values of these proportions for my 2 habitats. My data would be continuous proportion type. Am I right to use the values in a conventionnal factorial ANOVA to compare mean between the habitats? It looks like all the test suited for proportions are made for binary type values and not for ones divided in more than 2 parts. Plus, regression models are often used but I want to compare means. Thank you

Ongoing research shows that included in Goal 15 (out of the UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals) is the restoration of the natural environment of biodiverse ecosystems in post-industrial areas, the restoration of highly biodiverse forest ecosystems, the development of afforestation programs, which should already be implemented on a large scale by 2020 (Task 15.1. included in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: By 2020, ensure the protection, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and other ecosystems, particularly forests, wetlands and drylands, and mountains, in accordance with international commitments). has still not been implemented in some countries. In some countries, in recent years, there are still many post-industrial areas, including mining spoil heaps, that have not been developed in accordance with the principles of sustainable development, i.e. restoration of the natural environment has not been undertaken. In addition, in some countries, still instead of sustainable forest management consisting of strict protection of old-growth, natural highly biodiverse forest ecosystems, restoration of biodiverse forest ecosystems referring to the natural ones occurring for thousands of years in a specific area characterized by a specific mix of natural and climatic conditions, industrial cultivation of only some tree species for industrial cutting is carried out, and predatory pseudo forest management consisting of cutting all trees in a specific area is carried out, including cutting down old-growth forests and by the way destroying entire biodiverse ecosystems, which also results in accelerated degradation, soil barrenness, deterioration of water retention and local microclimate. On the other hand, it has been widely known for many years on the basis of the results of thousands of research works that restoration of the natural environment, including biodiverse forest ecosystems, increases the scale of sustainability in terms of human-biosphere, climate and biodiversity relations. In turn, the restoration of the natural environment in post-industrial and other areas degraded by unsustainable human activity increases the areas of the biosphere and reduces the scale of the negative effects of civilizational unsustainable human activity, including reducing the scale of environmental pollution and reducing the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The effect is to slow down the progressive greenhouse effect and thus reduce the scale of global warming. Reducing the scale and slowing down the progressive process of global warming generates a reduction in the scale of the negative effects of the ongoing climate change, i.e. a reduction in the scale and frequency of weather anomalies and climatic disasters, including, above all, the increasingly severe periods of drought covering more and more land areas, in addition to the yearly occurrence of higher and higher summer temperatures, increasingly severe shortages of drinking water and/or increasingly violent storms with torrential rains and floods. Therefore, the restoration of the natural environment in areas degraded by the development of industry, ongoing mining activities or unsustainable agriculture in the industrial formula, including the development of afforestation programs, restoration of biodiverse forest ecosystems contributes to improving the local microclimate, improves water retention processes, slows down the processes of soil barrenness and/or reverses these processes, contributes to the restoration of highly fertile and biodiverse microbial soils, results in increasing the scale of ecological and climatic sustainability, increases the scale of resilience of the planet's highly biodiverse natural ecosystems and/or flexibility to adapt to a changing climate, and improves livelihoods for humans as well. Therefore, taking into account the above-mentioned great positive qualities of the processes of restoration of the natural natural environment, including biodiverse forest ecosystems then, in parallel, the scale of strict nature conservation should be increased, including increasing the areas of natural ecosystems, including natural natural ecosystems and those being restored. In this way, the amount of greenhouse gases accumulating in the atmosphere will increase more slowly, and thus the process of global warming, which has been accelerating over the past several decades, can be slowed down. In view of the above, due to the high level of relevance of the process of restoration of the natural environment, reclamation of areas of natural ecosystems devastated by man, protection of highly biodiverse natural ecosystems for the climate and biosphere of the planet and also for future generations of people, restoration of the natural environment, including biodiverse forest ecosystems in post-industrial and other areas degraded by unsustainable human activities should be considered one of the priority elements of the green transformation of the economy. Implemented fully and seriously, the green transformation of the economy, in which an important role is played by pro-climate, pro-environmental, pro-biodiversity and thus realistically also pro-social policies, should also fully take into account the UN 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Unfortunately, this is still not practiced in all parts of the world.

I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Regards,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

What are the modern approaches to the organization and sustainable management of greenery in urbanized cities? How can ecological and recreational functions be introduced into the landscape and territorial planning of city parks?

I suppose there have been questions of this kind, but I do not know how to find them. (Maybe somebody can tell me.)

A task: to transport one ton (1000 kg), at the distance of 100 km, by sped of 100 km/h.

How much pollution is produced, and how much energy is spent to perform this (or similar) task by: (1) steam locomotive, (2) electrical car?

In case (2), the pollution must include the production and decommissioning of batteries, as well as the fact that most electricity is produced by fossil fuels (such as coal). The consumption must include all the losses of energy in transformations, from the power plant to batteries, and from the batteries to electrical engines in the car.

Clean vehicles are surely good for cities, but I do not know how good they are for the planet.

I'm analyzing abundances from various ecological surveys. So data was collected across multiple independent years from three sites within each year. The years fall under two temperature conditions(warm or cold). In order to analyze differences between the two conditions a Mann Whitney U test was used in place of a t.test since the data is not normally distributed. However, I want to see if there is any significant difference across a factor of year. If ANOVA can't be used, is a Kruskal-Wallis test appropriate for this kind of data? I'm getting mixed responses from other sources and I am not very familiar with non-normal data tests. The data isn't ranked data, which is why I'm hesitant to Kruskal test for it. I plan to use the test to also check for significant differences in richness, Shannon diversity, and evenness index.

Hello,

These NPPs were found in modern soil samples from the central Tunisian Dorsale mountain range. NPP6, 7, 8 and 9 seem to belong to Glomus-type. Could anyone provide a more precise identification?

Thank you in advance for your help,

Best regards,

Yannick Miras

I have 6 ecosystems, 3 of which are substrate A and the other 3 are substrate B. each ecosystem has about 10 species. I have calculated a simpsons value for each ecosystem and a simpsons value for each substrate. I would like to statistically compare the two index values of substrate A and B, is this possible in any way? Since I would like to statistically compare the biodiversity between the two substrates, what is the best way to go about this?

I have six ecosystems in two substrate categories (Triplicates essentially). I have determined shannon wiener index values for each ecosystem and also for the two categories separately. I have done this for two separate sets of data that were sampled in two separate years. Is it possible to statistically compare the development of the biodiversity between each of the categories i.e., the development of biodiveristy in ecosystem 1 between the two years, using the shannon wiener values somehow? Are there any other tests that could work? I am aware of the hutcheson t test however, some of my data is not normally distributed.

I would really appreciate some help!

I have six ecosystems in two substrate categories (Triplicates essentially). I have determined shannon wiener index values for each ecosystem and also for the two categories separately. I have done this for two separate sets of data that were sampled in two separate years. Is it possible to statistically compare the development of the biodiversity between each of the categories i.e., the development of biodiveristy in ecosystem 1 between the two years, using the shannon wiener values somehow? Are there any other tests that could work? I am aware of the hutcheson t test however, some of my data is not normally distributed.

I would really appreciate some help!

Is it very literally subbing in shannon wiener index values instead of species abundances?

Planet Earth inclusive of humanity is facing the unprecedented twin crisis of global warming and climate change which are impacting all systems and sectors transgressing all boundaries. There are two main approaches: mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation for preventing greenhouse gases to build up in the atmosphere by curtailing its release at the source as well as by enhancing GHG sink. The second strategy involves measures for living with the climatic changes. A balanced mix of multiprong measures is to be taken from individual to institutional levels, from local, regional to global scale.

All the researchers, thinkers and RG friends are invited to take part in this important discussion with your insightful views and useful literature about the state of the art of mitigation and adaptive strategies - both traditional ecological knowledge and modern tools and technologies.

Dear,

Normally the Shannon-Weaver index and Simpson index are correlated.

However, in my study on the diversity of 2 bacterial communities following results were obtained.

Shannon-Weaver index:

X: 2.72

Y: 2.83

Inverse Simpson index:

X: 5.50

Y: 8.14

My question is if these results are plausible, or should I not trust them?

Kind regards

In the 21st century, new megatrends of global, long-term, multi-year processes, including processes of climate change, processes of environmental change, social processes, economic processes, processes of changing economic paradigms and processes of green transformation of the economy, are taking place or are just beginning to take place. What all these processes have in common is that they are proceeding on a multi-year scale, they are multi-faceted, complex, interrelated, they operate as objective processes, they are increasingly visible, the role and importance of these processes is growing. However, what is particularly important and what differentiates these processes from each other is the rate of progressive change, including the development of the determinants that generate these processes. Well, taking into account the period since the first industrial revolution, both the process of global warming is progressing faster and faster, as well as the process of people noticing these climate changes and their effects, the process of development of pro-climate and pro-environmental awareness of citizens, as well as the process of green transformation of the economy, which has been taking place since relatively recently, is also progressing faster and faster every year. However, the pace of the progressive process of increasing the level of pro-ecological, pro-environmental and pro-climate awareness and the processes of man-made green transformation of the economy, which are aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, slowing down the processes of climate change, reducing the scale of the negative effects of these processes, reducing the scale of the level of environmental pollution, reducing the scale of nature degradation, increasing the scale of climate and biosphere protection, reducing the scale of the loss of biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems are still progressing too slowly in view of the accelerating process of global warming.

Given the speed of the progressive process of global warming and the pace of the green transition process being implemented, the important change that can also be made in a relatively longer period of time is the change in the consciousness of citizens to a more pro-climate, pro-environment and pro-environment. However, how much of a change in consciousness it may take, involving, for example However, how long it may take to change people's consciousness, such as fully understanding the need to change their diet to a meat-free one, not using motor vehicles powered by combustion engines or at least turning off the engine when the vehicle is stationary, not mowing lawns but changing them into flower meadows, planting trees where possible, not buying new clothes when the ones used so far are not damaged, not buying different kinds of products when the ones used so far are still fully functional, repairing previously used household appliances and other equipment instead of buying new ones, and if buying it at second-hand equipment sales, etc.? perhaps depends on many factors. This kind of change in consciousness to pro-climate, pro-environment and pro-environment will perhaps take a generation, perhaps shorter or longer. This issue is determined, among others, by such factors as education; the message coming from the media; the information policy of the new media, including online social media; climate, environmental, energy, agricultural policies shaped by politicians; the addition of the goals of sustainable development, green business transformation, environmental social responsibility, climate responsibility, etc. to the development strategy and mission of a company, enterprise, bank, public institution, etc. Besides, the aforementioned factors are interrelated, influence each other and act as an interconnected system of vessels. The key issue of changing the level of pro-environmental and pro-climate awareness is the information policy shaped by decision-makers, by governments, by key public institutions on the issues of ecology, climate, the environment, the role of man in the greenhouse gas emissions generated by civilization, the accelerating process of global warming, the increasingly prevalent and growing negative effects of these processes, environmental degradation, the rapid decline in the biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems, the green transformation of the economy, etc..., the specific climate, environmental, energy policies applied by the governments of the countries and, therefore, real pro-social policies, the role of the media in promoting the above-mentioned issues, including, among others, the accelerating process of global warming and the need to accelerate the processes of green transformation of the economy, the role of youth education in these issues, etc.

I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:

I invite you to discuss this important topic for the future of the planet's biosphere and climate.

I invite you to familiarize yourself with the issues described in the publications given above and to scientific cooperation in these issues.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

What are some trends within environmental sciences and habitat biodiversity? Any ideas are appreciated. Thanks very much.

In recent years, more and more different political options during election campaigns before parliamentary and other political elections have added to their election slogans the issues of sustainable economic development, green transformation of the economy, increasing pro-climate and pro-environmental policy measures, including a significant increase in the development of renewable energy sources, decarbonization of industry, development of sustainable organic agriculture, sustainable energy-efficient construction, electromobility, recycling, development of sustainable tourism, development of urban agglomerations in accordance with the concept of green smart city, significant increase in the scale of reclamation of natural environments in areas degraded by industrial development, increase in the scale of protection of biodiverse natural ecosystems, natural forest ecosystems, increase in the scale of reforestation and other aspects of a sustainable green circular economy, and after winning the elections, they only slightly implement their election promises to citizens, or do not implement these promises at all. Since the scale of this phenomenon is growing so the importance of the discussions held in the issues of not fulfilling election promises on the issues of sustainable economic development, green transformation of the economy, increasing pro-climate and pro-environmental policy measures by the political options winning the elections is also increasing. When this kind of situation is repeated repeatedly in a certain country then citizens begin to consider the possibility of recognizing this kind of unreliable political activity as antisocial and perhaps also not in accordance with basic human rights and the Constitution.

I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:

I invite you to discuss this important topic for the future of the planet's biosphere and climate.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Since the beginning of the first industrial revolution, anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases resulting from human activities have been increasing. During this period, the average level of atmospheric temperature has also been rising as a result of the greenhouse effect generated by the accumulation of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the planet's atmosphere, including primarily methane, a particularly greenhouse gas. The said greenhouse effect is the source of climate change, the main element of which is the accelerating process of global warming. The accelerating process of global warming is causing many adverse effects on human existence and on the planet's biosphere. The negative effects of the accelerating process of global warming include increasingly severe droughts occurring more frequently and covering larger and larger land areas, shortages of drinking water appearing in more and more new areas in many parts of the various continents, violent storms with heavy downpours becoming more frequent in some places, soil barrenness, increasingly higher temperatures and heat in the summer, a decline in the biodiversity of natural ecosystems, and so on. The impact of these processes varies considerably across the world's land regions. For example, according to the World Meteorological Organization and the Copernicus program, i.e. the European Union's Earth observation program, Europe is the fastest warming continent. Since the beginning of the industrial age, the average temperature of the planet has risen by about 2.5 degrees C. Globally, the increase has been about 1 deg C lower. Also, the impact of the ongoing global warming process, i.e. the negative impact on individual industries and sectors of the economy, is and will also vary considerably. Agriculture, for example, is one of those sectors of the economy that will be particularly extremely negatively affected by the global warming process. Accordingly, in some countries, the agriculture carried out in the formula of traditional, intensive, production-intensive, unsustainable agriculture is already being converted to sustainable organic agriculture, which not only produces healthy and mainly or exclusively vegetable crops without the use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and also applies the goals of sustainable development, the principles of the circular economy and generates energy from renewable and emission-free energy sources. In addition to the conversion of intensive-production formula agriculture to sustainable, emission-free organic farming, in some countries farms are already being prepared and hedged for the future scenario of deepening global warming in the coming years. In order to ensure that the level of crop yields does not drop significantly in the coming years, it is becoming necessary to build rainwater catchment facilities, building ponds and other retention tanks to collect rainwater. To this end, financial subsidies are offered to farmers from the state's public finance system for building such rainwater catching and collecting installations. In a situation where the green transformation of the economy is proceeding far too slowly relative to the needs, i.e. so as to quickly reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions and slow down the process of global warming, the potential negative scenario of failure to carry out the plan to stop the increase in the average temperature level of the planet's atmosphere at up to 1.5 degrees C (since the beginning of the first industrial revolution) should be considered highly probable. However, if possible, it is necessary to carry out the green transformation of the economy as quickly and efficiently as possible, so that the exceedance of the 1.5 deg C level is as low as possible and thus the escalation of the negative effects of the progressive global warming process is as low as possible. Since agriculture is one of those sectors that are most vulnerable to the negative effects of the progressive process of global warming, then in addition to the green transformation of agriculture that is being carried out, it is necessary to protect farms from the negative effects of climate change, which are steadily increasing from year to year, including increasingly frequent periods of drought, summer heat, weather anomalies, severe storms, etc., in a multifaceted way. In addition to this, it is also necessary to create new crop varieties that will be more resistant to the mentioned negative effects of climate change.

I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

As the level of pro-climate and pro-environmental awareness of citizens increases, so does the number of companies and enterprises that portray themselves in advertising campaigns as business entities pursuing specific sustainable development goals, in line with the trends of green transformation of the economy. To a large extent, these issues are highly correlated with each other and act in feedbacks to each other. On the one hand, the growing level of pro-climate and pro-environmental awareness of citizens motivates business entities to add to their missions and development strategies the issue of achieving sustainable development goals, undertaking business ventures that are part of the green transformation of the economy. On the other hand, in a situation where more and more companies, enterprises, financial and public institutions are presenting themselves as green business entities presenting in various brand promotion activities and advertising campaigns informing about the company's product and/or service offerings also descriptions and characteristics of green business ventures, presenting the business entity's implementation of certain sustainable development goals and green investment projects undertaken, where they develop their own energy sources based on renewable and emission-free energy sources, building wastewater treatment plants so as not to generate waste that pollutes the environment, developing and improving waste segregation and recycling techniques, carrying out economic projects involving environmental reclamation and restoration in post-industrially degraded areas, reforestation of industrially exploited areas and implementation of other green economic activities that are part of the processes of green transformation of the economy. however, as an institutional system for assessing the level of “greenness” of the aforementioned activities presented as realizing the goals of sustainable development and/or being part of pro-climate, pro-environmental, pro-ecological economic ventures has still not been built, so a significant number of business entities are overemphasizing the issue of presenting themselves in the framework of company brand promotion campaigns as green entities implementing ventures that are part of the green transformation of the economy. In recent years, there has been a strong increase in the number of companies, enterprises and financial institutions that portray themselves as green economic entities pursuing certain goals, including pro-environmental and pro-climate sustainability goals, while the scale of real activities in this regard is negligible or almost nonexistent. In addition, the introduction of mandatory expanded, non-financial ESG reporting motivates business entities to pursue green business ventures, which are often not green in reality. This is because a system of verification of the level of “greenness” of companies and enterprises, the level of factually inconsistent portrayal in the media and advertising campaigns carried out by business entities as green, pursuing sustainable development goals, respecting norms and standards for the protection of the climate, biosphere and environment, has still not been built to effectively systemically reduce the development of greenwashing, i.e. the so-called “eco-cheating”, eco-lying.

I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:

I invite you to discuss this important topic for the future of the planet's biosphere and climate.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Message from Tom M. L. Wigley

Based on my research, I conclude that the green business transformation of business entities, including companies, enterprises, financial and public institutions, should be a key component of corporate social responsibility, namely environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility. Accordingly, environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility should be recognized as key factors in corporate reputation and non-financial ESG reporting. An important factor for effectively carrying out the pro-environmental and pro-climate transformation of the classic growth brown linear economy of excess to a sustainable green zero-carbon growth zero-carbon economy and a closed loop economy is to increase the pro-environmental and pro-climate awareness of citizens. Awareness of the urgent and effective implementation of the green transformation of the economy, including the implementation of the plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions until the creation of a zero-carbon economy, to slow down the process of progressive global warming to save the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems is a key determinant of ensuring the conditions of existence on the planet for future generations of people. Accordingly, the issue of pro-environmental and pro-climate awareness of citizens should be correlated with the environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility of business, i.e. economic entities, including companies, enterprises, financial institutions and other organizations. Meanwhile, environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility should be an important factor in the green reputation of companies, businesses, financial and public institutions, and also an important element of non-financial ESG reporting.

Key aspects of the implementation of the goals of sustainable development and the necessary acceleration of the processes of green transformation of the economy to decarbonize the economy, slow down the process of global warming, protect the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems I described in the article:

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Name of literature review: Plastic and Human Health: A Micro Issue?

For example, in the country where I operate during the winter season, during a period where for many previous decades of time there was usually snow and temperatures were minus temperatures reaching as high as 20-30 degrees Frost is during the current "winter" in February 2024 there are positive temperatures all over the country, even positive double digits. Hoteliers, owners of ski slopes in the Tatra mountains are reporting much lower interest in their services. Fruit growers fear the return of morning frosts, which would cause the buds of flowers, which appear exceptionally early on shrubs and fruit trees, to freeze. Beekeepers fear for their bees, which have begun to leave their hives unusually early. But these are not the only effects of weather anomalies, climate disasters, climate change, the process of global warming, which has been occurring with increasing frequency in recent years. The negative effects of the increasingly rapid process of global warming on the environment, on agriculture, on the economy as a whole, on human existence in cities and in the countryside are constantly increasing, and the scale of the negative impact of climate change is constantly growing. In the country in which I operate in the summer season in recent years there have been record high temperatures, increasingly persistent heat, longer and longer periods of drought, little rainfall and increasingly frequent forest fires. In some regions of the country, water supplies are already beginning to run out during periods when citizens are watering their gardens and flowerbeds, washing cars, filling swimming pools, etc. At that time, local authorities are recommending restrictions on the use of tap water and imposing periodic bans on the use of clean water from the municipal water supply for watering lawns, washing cars and filling swimming pools. On the other hand, financial incentives, i.e. subsidies for the creation of water reservoirs for rainwater collection, rainwater catchment systems and irrigation of gardens, lawns, green areas, etc. with the help of rainwater thus collected, are being introduced as part of the increase in the scale of economical water consumption. The scale of the negative effects of the ongoing process of global warming is increasing every year. In many regions of the world, due to the accelerating process of global warming, the productivity of agricultural crops in agriculture is declining, the number of pollinating insects is declining, green areas in cities are drying up, living conditions in urban areas are deteriorating, the demand for electricity is increasing, which is caused, among other things, by the increase in the scale of use of cooling equipment during summer heat waves, the level of biodiversity in areas of natural natural ecosystems is decreasing, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate the processes of green transformation of the economy, including green transformation of such economic sectors as energy, agriculture, transportation, construction, heavy industry, etc.

I am conducting research on this issue. I study in a multifaceted and interdisciplinary way the issue of factors, determinants of climate change, the increasingly rapid process of global warming, and the effects of these processes on the environment, on civilization, agriculture, the economy, etc. On the other hand, I analyze the possibilities of smoothly carrying out a pro-environmental and pro-climate transformation of the classic growth, brown, linear economy of excess into a sustainable, green, zero-carbon zero-growth and closed-cycle economy. By building a green, sustainable closed loop economy, it will be possible to slow down the still accelerating global warming process and reduce the negative effects of these climate change processes. Will it be possible to reverse these processes? Unfortunately, this is unlikely with the green transformation of the economy progressing as slowly as it is now, and the still low level of awareness of many citizens on this topic, ignoring the high level of relevance of this issue in the business and political world. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

The journal could be multidisciplinary or scoped in environmental sciences/chemistry .

Thanks in advance

Monopolistically operating large energy companies, including mainly government-controlled state-owned companies, apply pricing policies that are not conducive to the development of renewable energy sources in the form of small household power plants set up by citizens, who would thus become prosumers of electricity. This point is also confirmed by the pricing policy applied by these large energy companies, which are government-controlled SOEs in the context of the 2022 energy crisis. In addition, it has happened over the past few years that in areas where such power plants have been set up as part of solar or wind power, they have produced so much electricity in situations of high sunshine or strong winds that the technologically outdated and underinvested transmission power grids have not been able to absorb this electricity produced by prosumer citizens. This is a kind of paradoxical and almost surreal situation in a country facing a serious energy crisis in 2022 due to the still existing archaic energy model based 3/4 on the production of electricity and even more on thermal energy from burning coal and lignite. It is therefore necessary to develop independent, local cooperatives running small renewable energy power plants, i.e. independent of large energy companies, including government-controlled state-owned companies with monopolistic pricing policies, limiting the development of renewable energy sources by citizens and increasingly portraying themselves in the media in advertising and umbrella campaigns as green, generating energy mainly from renewable energy sources which is at variance with the facts, so is an example of greenwashing. In view of the above, the development of local cooperatives operating small renewable energy power plants can significantly reduce the scale of monopolistic participation of large energy companies in the entire energy sector and thus can significantly increase the energy security of citizens and the security of the national energy sector.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion on this?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Warm regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Topic: Using of plasma activated water in seed science in point of view of environmental science

School: Comenius University Bratislava

Start of studies: school year 2024/25

Teaching language: English

More information: https://fns.uniba.sk/en/study/doctoral-studies/phd-english/admision-and-phd-positions/

Supervisor: bozena.sera@uniba.sk

Hello to everyone. I ran into this issue that most likely is a simple one. But, when performing the Sørensen-Dice index, what happens when there's no shared species with lower abundance? I mean, I have these two communities with n number of shared species, but all of them has the same abundance, what next? is it possible to calculate this index anway? the formula goes as follows: S-D index=2pN/aN+bN

Where pN is the sum of the lower abundances of all the shared species between communities. aN is the total number of individuals from site A and bN is the total number of individuals from site B.

Thanks for your attention.

In recent years, the establishment of additional urban parks, green areas, flower meadows, botanical gardens, etc., in the areas of urban agglomerations has been growing in importance. The purpose of increasing the scale of green areas in cities while reducing areas of concrete sidewalks and asphalt roadways is to improve living conditions for residents, reduce atmospheric temperatures and increase humidity, which is particularly important during increasingly severe summer heat and dry periods, improve aesthetics and increase the scale of pro-climate land use, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality, create places for recreation and rest, create conditions that allow pollinating insects, birds and other animals to feed. On the other hand, the scale of establishing home flower gardens, flower and vegetable gardens, vegetable and fruit gardens, etc. is also growing. The functions of home flower gardens, mini botanical gardens are analogous to those described above. However, the purpose of establishing also home vegetable and/or fruit gardens is to create a source of one's own crops, fruits and vegetables, which are usually grown without the use of pesticides and other pesticides and most of the cultivation, gardening, agricultural work is done by hand. As a result, most small-scale home flower, vegetable and/or fruit gardens are run in the formula of sustainable, pro-environmental and pro-climate gardening. In this way, those who run home vegetable and fruit gardens save money by spending less of it on groceries, eat healthier by eating less highly processed and industrially produced food products. Besides, the decreasing scale of citizens' purchases of agricultural crops and food products processed from them in stores, shopping centers, hypermarkets and discount stores generates a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions emitted by vehicles transporting the said food products from factories, agro-processing plants to wholesalers, logistics centers and then to the said retail stores. Besides, in connection with the trend towards sustainability, within the framework of creating sustainable gardens, the said gardens are designed to be as naturalistic as possible, highly biodiverse, consisting of different species of meadow flower plants, species of fruit plants, vegetables, shrubs, trees, etc., selecting certain different species of the said plants so that they can coexist with each other. A good solution for running sustainable, pro-environmental and pro-climate gardens is also to create one's own water source, i.e. by building deep water wells and creating retention systems and ministaves to catch and collect rainwater. A good solution to increase the scale of biodiversity, humidity and improve aesthetic value is the creation of byways, ministaws, water reservoirs, where specially selected species and varieties of aquatic plants, fish and other pond animals exist. In addition, in order to increase the ecological security of flower pollination, a good solution is to establish a small apiary, adapted to the size of the local garden and/or nearby other gardens and green areas, where populations, honeybee colonies will exist. The design of this kind of nice, highly biodiverse flower garden containing zones of shrubs, trees, vegetable and fruit crops, as well as ponds, naturalized rest zones, etc., requires the application of a great deal of time and knowledge in the fields of horticulture, crop cultivation, landscaping design, plant biology, ecology of ecosystems composed of coexisting multiple plant species, but also animals such as specific species of fish and other pond animals. In addition, in this kind of multifunctional, biodiverse garden, an important role can be played by a composter which will be an important element of sustainability and closed-loop economy, reduction of post-horticultural, agricultural and other organic waste. Therefore, new ICT information technologies, knowledge resources available on the Internet and their multi-criteria and intelligent processing implemented with the help of generative artificial intelligence may prove helpful in this kind of design, in which it is necessary to take into account many different conditions of the specific location of the planned garden, specific terrain, local climate, etc., and the various determinants mentioned above.

I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY

I invite you to discuss this important topic for the future of the planet's biosphere and climate.

I have described the key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology in my article below:

OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Generative artificial intelligence technology is currently being used to carry out various complex activities, to solve tasks intelligently, to implement multi-criteria processes, to create multi-faceted simulations and generate complex dynamic models, to creatively perform manufacturing processes that require processing large sets of data and information, etc., which until recently only humans could do. Recently, there have been attempts to create computerized, intelligent analytical platforms, through which it would be possible to forecast complex, multi-faceted, multi-criteria, dynamically changing macroprocesses, including, first of all, long-term objectively realized economic, social, political, climatic, natural and other macroprocesses. Based on the experience to date from research work on the analysis of the development of generative artificial intelligence technology and other technologies typical of the current Fourth Technological Revolution, technologies categorized as Industry 4.0/5.0, the rapidly developing various forms and fields of application of AI technologies, it is clear that the dynamic technological progress that is currently taking place will probably increase the possibilities of building complex intelligent predictive models for multi-faceted, complex macroprocesses in the years to come. The current capabilities of generative artificial intelligence technology in the field of improving forecasting models and carrying out forecasts of the formation of specific trends within complex macroprocesses are still limited and imperfect. The imperfection of forecasting models may be due to the human factor, i.e., their design by humans, the determination by humans of the key criteria and determinants that determine the functioning of certain forecasting models. In a situation where in the future forecasting models will be designed and improved, corrected, adapted to changing, for example, environmental conditions at each stage by artificial intelligence technology then they will probably be able to be much more perfect than the currently functioning and built forecasting models. Another shortcoming is the issue of data obsolescence and data limitation. There is currently no way to connect an AI-equipped analytical platform to the entire resources of the Internet, taking into account the processing of all the data and information contained in the Internet in real time. Even today's fastest quantum computers and the most advanced Big Data Analytics systems do not have such capabilities. However, it is not out of the question that in the future the dynamic development of generative artificial intelligence technology, the ongoing competition among leading technology companies developing technologies for intelligent chatbots, robots equipped with artificial intelligence, creating intelligent control systems for machines and processes, etc., will lead to the creation of general artificial intelligence, i.e. advanced, general artificial intelligence that will be capable of self-improvement. However, it is important that the said advanced general advanced artificial intelligence does not become fully autonomous, does not become completely independent, does not become out of the control of man, because there would be a risk of this highly advanced technology turning against man which would involve the creation of high levels of risks and threats to man, including the risk of losing the possibility of human existence on planet Earth.

I have described the key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology in my article below:

OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion about it?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I am interested in learning about environmental science, climate change, and sustainable development concepts in children's and teachers minds and would like to do some research and review on the related topics. I need some help to know the topic of the environmental education subject and related reputed journals (UGC care list with less publishing time)

What is the role of physics in environmental science research?

The restoration of biodiverse natural forest ecosystems in civilization-degraded areas, post-industrial areas, post-mining spoil heap areas, post-agricultural areas characterized by permanent drought and depleted soil, areas increasingly exposed to the negative effects of climate change, including global warming, etc., is one of several key elements of restoration. is one of several key elements in the reclamation of the natural environment, and thus also one of the main factors in the green transformation of the economy, building a sustainable closed-loop economy, achieving the goals of sustainable development, protecting the planet's biosphere, biodiversity and climate. The technological advances taking place should help smoothly carry out the green transformation of the economy, protecting nature, biodiversity and the planet's climate. Accordingly, new technologies, including Big Data Analytics, artificial intelligence and other Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies, should be used in the restoration of biodiverse natural forest ecosystems. However, the aforementioned new technologies, including Big Data Analytics technology, artificial intelligence and other Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies, especially when they are used in large computerized data centers then consume large amounts of energy. Therefore, in order for the process of using new technologies, including Big Data Analytics, artificial intelligence and other technologies that consume large amounts of energy when they are used in large data centers to fit in with the trend of green transformation of the economy and the realization of sustainable development goals, they should be powered by electricity generated from renewable and zero-carbon energy sources.

I described the key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology in my article below:

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think on this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Sustainable construction, which involves the use of environmentally and climate-friendly and highly energy-efficient or zero-energy building materials, is one of several key segments of the ongoing green economy transformation process to build a zero-carbon, sustainable, green circular economy. In recent years, many examples of construction have been appearing, confirming the thesis that the new sustainable construction is, among other things, a return to the old, first construction techniques based on the use of natural building materials such as wood, straw and clay. In view of the above, the return to the old first construction technologies, such as the use of straw, wood, waste paper, lumber waste, in addition to sand, rock and clay in sustainable construction is therefore an important element of the green sustainable closed loop economy.

In terms of sustainable construction materials, among other things, partially processed raw materials of natural origin such as particle board and prefabricated building insulation products made from straw, waste paper, lumber waste, etc. are also used. In addition, clay is used to produce clay plaster, which can be an excellent substitute for traditional plaster.

The level of fire resistance of such building materials is also an important issue. When straw is compressed, combined with other materials and used as an insulating material it has a flammability class of S i.e. comparable to Styrofoam. In contrast, slabs, materials made from compressed straw when covered by other materials with a much lower flammability rating then the building can be highly resistant to fires. This kind of sustainable construction has been growing rapidly in some countries in recent years. In France, for example, there are already more than 10,000 buildings insulated with prefabricated products made from straw.

I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think on this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Throughout the literature, it is unclear whether algal turfs (i.e. dense assemblages of short, turf-forming algae) are a form of algae that occurs due to the effects of disturbance (waves, herbivory) or if they represent a morphological advantage that has evolved over time.

In order to save the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of natural ecosystems for future generations of people, it is necessary to significantly accelerate and increase the scale of implementation of the green economy transformation process. Given the large scale of degradation of the biosphere, loss of biodiversity and climate change that has occurred so far, so one of the most important challenges for humanity in the 21st century is to protect the earth's biosphere and natural biodiversity. One of the natural ecosystems characterized by high biodiversity is the tropical rainforests of the subtropical zone. The area of these forests is decreasing year by year. Thus, planet Earth is becoming poorer in terms of biodiversity, including the many unique species of flora and fauna that live in these forest formations. Besides, other climate zones also have significant forest resources that absorb CO2, i.e. one of the main greenhouse gases. Unfortunately, the importance of forests, including natural biodiverse forest ecosystems for maintaining natural and climatic balance, in terms of absorbing cCO2 from the atmosphere, etc. is still underestimated in many countries. Still many countries' policies are primarily influenced by business, which counts on quick profit and does not care about the state of the environment, the state of the biosphere, biodiversity and the planet's climate. As a result, still in many countries, instead of developing programs for reforestation of post-industrial, civilization-degraded areas, instead of restoration of damaged natural environments, instead of restoration of green areas on areas of soil exhausted by the use of intensive agriculture carried out in the model of industrial production of agricultural crops, etc., it is cutting down more areas of forest. The ongoing deforestation on planet Earth is one of the most serious problems of environmental policy. Thus, the magnitude of negative climate change is increasing and the planet's natural biodiversity is rapidly decreasing, as well as nature's ability to absorb CO2, the production of oxygen to the atmosphere is decreasing. In view of the above, in order to counteract the adverse effects of climate change, including the increasingly rapid process of global warming, it is necessary to increase investment and development of afforestation programs, increase areas of green space and expand the protection of natural forest ecosystems. The impact of forest trees is particularly important as one of the important factors in counteracting adverse climate change and counteracting the increasingly rapid process of global warming. It is therefore necessary to increase forest areas. The most naturally and ecologically effective forest ecosystems are restored according to the formula of restoring these ecosystems in such a way that they are as close as possible in species composition of flora and fauna to their natural counterparts, i.e. natural forest ecosystems that in a given area and/or climate zone occur in their original state or that in a given area in the past occurred before they were cut down during the development of civilization.

In this connection, it is necessary to develop afforestation programs for civilization-degraded areas and green areas also in areas of urban agglomerations. In this connection, it is also necessary to increase investment and development of afforestation programs within the framework of national environmental policies. Within the framework of these programs, it is also necessary to increase the scope of protection of natural forest ecosystems.

On the importance of the above issues, including the importance of afforestation as an essential element in carrying out a green transformation of the economy and saving the planet's biosphere and climate, I have included the following article and several others of my articles available on my Research Gate portal profile:

I invite you to discuss this important topic for the future of the biosphere and climate of the planet.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion about it?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

To consider the question of the role of so-called "carbon credits" in the context of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, one would have to assume that such a system actually reliably works. However, from what is reported by independent journalists, environmentalists, people who care about protecting the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems, including the forests of the Amazon, even those declared patches of natural Amazon Rainforest taken for protection under the so-called carbon credits are nevertheless often cut down.

Perhaps something will finally begin to change, to improve, in terms of protecting the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the natural ecosystems of the Amazon Rainforest in connection with the first Amazon Forest Conservation Summit in 14 years, currently being held in Belém, Brazil. Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon fell by 60 percent in July compared to the same month last year. The announcement of the positive trend coincides with the start of a summit in Belém of the 8 countries whose territories include the Amazon forest. This summit is attended by representatives of the governments of the 8 countries whose territory includes the natural Amazon Forest. Perhaps plans and commitments will be made to realistically protect this largest terrestrial reservoir of natural biodiversity and natural forests characterized by a particularly high contribution to absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere and producing oxygen. It may also be that the processes of increasing the scale of protection of these forests and reducing their still large-scale logging will be accelerated so that by 2030 at the latest, the deforestation of these forests will be completely ended. This is a particularly important issue because more than 20 percent of the Amazon rainforest has already disappeared due to human activity.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Another security line has been crossed in 2023. The increase in average global temperature will reach 1.4 degrees Celsius above the level of the Industrial Revolution this year, the World Meteorological Organization is warning.

This year's preliminary report by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), titled "State of the Global Climate," confirms that 2023 will be the warmest year on record for measurements, surpassing the so far record-breaking year of 2016, when an increase of 1.2 degrees Celsius in average global temperature was recorded. This signals that the world, despite declarations to the contrary, is moving away from its stated goals for action to limit temperature increases. Climatology research shows that there has been a record increase in average atmospheric temperature in the global scla in 2023. The World Meteorological Organization has published a report presenting the results of research conducted on long-term climate change analysis. The publication of this report took place in early December 2023, i.e. at the beginning of the UN Climate Summit COP28 in Dubai.

The crossing of the aforementioned next security limit confirming the thesis of the increasing scale of the natural and climate catastrophe unequivocally means that the declarations made by the leaders of the world's leading countries on combating climate change at the UN Climate COP, among others, do not fully coincide with actions and the actions taken are still far too limited. Unfortunately, individual countries are not meeting their declared targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to a sufficient degree. The recent UN Climate Summit COP28 in Dubai indicates that this does not look like it will change any time soon. WMO Secretary-General Peterri Taalas, commenting on the theses of a report prepared by the organization he heads, said, "Greenhouse gas emissions are at record levels. The average global temperature is at record levels, water levels in the oceans and seas are rising, the Antarctic ice sheet is at record thinness."

WMO Secretary-General Peterri Taalas also announced that "these are not just statistics. We risk losing the battle to save the glaciers and halt the rise in sea and ocean levels. We can't go back to the 20th century, but we must act today to reduce the risk of a climate that is very unfavorable to life." In support of these words, the report's authors point out that in 2023, the Arctic's ice cap area is only one million square kilometers, less than the previous infamous record in this category. In addition, glaciers in the Swiss Alps have shrunk by 10 percent in the past two years. The scale of forest fires has increased. Forest fires in Canada that occurred in 2023 covered a record 5 percent of the country's total forested areas. These are just some examples of events that are related to climate change. But from the aforementioned report there is also a small spark of hope for humanity and the planet's biosphere.

Well, the conclusions of the authors of the WMO report, however, do not mean that we have already permanently crossed the threshold of a 1.5-degree increase in average temperature, which the Paris Agreement defined as a level that means catastrophic and irreversible global climate change. On the other hand, however, it is a threatening prediction, a highly probable long-term forecast of what may happen in the near future. Besides, what until recently was referred to as a long-term prediction of how climate change will shape up over the next few decades is likely to take place over a much shorter period, as the processes of climate change, including the progressive process of global warming, have accelerated significantly in recent years.

According to data reported by Reuters, there are many indications that 2024 may see further records of the planet's atmospheric temperature increase. As a result, 2024 could be another year of records in terms of changes in average global temperature. One of the additional factors intensifying the magnitude of the planet's temperature increase in 2024 is the phenomenon known as El Nino, i.e. the phenomenon of the persistence of above-average surface temperatures in the equatorial zone of the Pacific. Well, during the operation of the El Nino phenomenon, large amounts of energy flow from the ocean to the atmosphere, causing a short-term increase in the average temperature of the Earth's surface and increasing the likelihood of a year with record high average temperatures. The full release of the State of the Global Climate 2023 report is expected in the first half of 2024.

In view of the above, there is not much time left to save the planet's climate, biosphere and biodiversity. To what extent it will be possible to save the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems for future generations depends on how quickly and efficiently the green transformation of the economy can be carried out, including the green transformation of the energy sector, and succeed in building a green, zero-emission, sustainable closed-loop economy.

I am conducting research on this issue. I have described key aspects of the above issue in the article: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY

I invite you to scientific cooperation in this problematic,

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

A key premise for formulating such questions is the adage that a drop beats a rock. Often, when we wonder whether to choose a bicycle instead of an internal combustion car as a means of transportation in a situation of driving to a nearby store, the answer appears that, after all, with this one gesture, this action performed only by us in a situation where many other people, including neighbors, friends, etc. do not do it, we ourselves will not save the climate and the biosphere. But, after all, this is what many people think. And each individual, if this thinking would change and replace the car with a bicycle then one drop will turn into thousands and then into millions of drops, into rain, into a river and large-scale changes will be realized. The same applies, for example, to the issue of segregating waste, to the use of pesticides in the home garden, to the creation of a flower meadow instead of mowing the lawn, to changing consumption habits to more prudent and sustainable ones, on the reuse of used products and recyclables in the sharing economy, etc. Of course, green financial subsidies, regulatory change are key instruments to motivate this kind of change, to systemically address the issue of smoothly carrying out the green transformation of the economy to build a sustainable, zero-carbon, green closed-loop economy. However, the adage that a drop drills the scale is valid. In this regard, it is particularly important to change the consciousness and mentality of individual people individually and, at the same time, of many people in society.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion about it?

What is your opinion on this topic?

Please answer,

I invite you all to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Warm regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In the global agricultural sector, sustainable organic agriculture is still in a significant minority vis-à-vis unsustainable production and expansive agriculture, which, within the production of meat raw material, is one of several major GHG-emitting sectors of the economy. The sector of unsustainable, high-carbon, expansive agriculture conducted in a production model that does not respect the planet's climate and biosphere should be included in the green economy transformation programs being developed. This is one of the key issues of the necessary increase in the scale and efficiency of green economy transformation processes. The aforementioned increase in the scale and efficiency of the processes of green transformation of the economy is necessary in order to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase the chances of stopping the increasingly rapid process of global warming, including, above all, stopping the increase in the average temp. of the planet's atmosphere at a level in the neighborhood of 1.5 degrees C compared to the state before the first industrial revolution. The development of sustainable organic agriculture of the production of vegetable crops without the use of pesticides and other pesticides is not only the production of healthier vegetable crops, devoid of chemicals in their composition. The development of sustainable organic agriculture of the production of vegetable crops in a formula that takes into account the realization of the goals of sustainable development, social climate responsibility and environmental responsibility are also, among other things. protection of pollinating insects, protection of soils from barrenness, stopping deforestation of forests and replacing this process with aforestation of wasteland and civilizationally degraded areas, increasing the scale of use of vegetable agricultural waste for the production of compost for fertilization of agricultural fields and soil fertilization, a significant reduction in the level of environmental pollution, powering the farm with energy from renewable and emission-free energy sources, building rainwater catchment and collection facilities for irrigation of gardens and farmland, replacing carbon-intensive production of meat raw material with alternative sustainable technologies for animal protein production, building biogas plants to produce biofuels to power agricultural machinery, creating areas and green belts separating individual farm fields, developing sustainable agro-tourism and manufactories for the production of local food products from agricultural crops the origin of sustainable organic farming, etc.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In my opinion, both unfavorable processes, ie the global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer in the atmosphere will increase in the future.

However, there is still some time to implement the necessary pro-ecological reforms to slow down these processes. It is estimated that there has been a decade of time to carry out the necessary pro-ecological investments, thanks to which it would be possible to implement sustainable pro-ecological development in the global economy.

Hedgehogs do not take these actions in the next decade, then these unfavorable climate processes will accelerate in the future and become permanently irreversible. Then, at the end of the twenty-first century, there will be a global climate cataclysm that will threaten the life of all humanity and a large part of other life forms that inhabit the planet Earth.

The problem is therefore serious and underestimated by politicians, entrepreneurs, industrialists and many other social groups. The problem of global warming and decreasing ozone layer in the atmosphere is too little publicized and the educated society is not educated enough.

In view of the above, the current question is: Are the biggest global problems of the future underestimated and ignored?

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.

The effective economic development of a region, municipality or local economy may also depend, among other things, on the development of cooperation developed between local government units and commercially operating business entities. The development of cooperation developed between local government units and commercial operators can activate the development of green entrepreneurship and eco-innovation. The development of cooperation developed between local government units and locally or regionally operating economic entities of the SME sector may be activated in order to increase the scale of development of pro-environmental, green entrepreneurship and eco-innovativeness. The development of the aforementioned cooperation can be an important element in increasing the effectiveness of the green economy transformation process. The green transformation of the economy should lead to the implementation of sustainable development goals, increasing the scale of biosphere, biodiversity and climate protection. The implementation of green economic projects can be carried out more efficiently and effectively through the systemic cooperation of public institutions, local governments and commercially operating companies and enterprises, which cooperate and implement joint green projects together, which should increase the scale of sustainability.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Warm regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Local government units carry out local or regional socio-economic policies. The said local or regional socio-economic policy plays an important role in the context of the government and central institutions of state power conducting socio-economic policies implemented on a national scale. Local authorities have opportunities to implement new development concepts, which are an important factor in activating local economic development, including the development of companies and enterprises operating in the region and their level of innovation, the development of cooperation with other local operating institutions. In addition, the local government has the opportunity to take into account the needs of the local community so that socio-economic, as well as cultural, environmental, climate policy, etc. can be more fully implemented to meet the expectations of citizens. As a result, local governments can also be pioneering entities, innovators implementing into locally or regionally implemented socio-economic policies also new environmental and climate policy goals, including the goals of sustainable development, the goals of green transformation of the economy, etc., which are extremely important for citizens currently living in the municipalities and future generations of citizens. As a result, these pro-environmental, pro-climate and therefore viable pro-social goals are finally being implemented in some local government units in Poland. For example, the concept of urban development, which has been developing since the beginning of the country's systemic and economic transformation, but also earlier, since the time of real socialism functioning until 1989, carried out within the framework of the so-called "betonosis", is being replaced by a pro-environmental and pro-climate strategy for the development of green areas in cities, areas of urban parks, the development of urban flower meadows and so on. But unfortunately, still this pro-climate, pro-environmental, pro-ecological and thus realistically pro-social trend is developing too slowly and too little in relation to needs.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion about it?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz