Earthquake - Science topic

On Feb 6, 2023, a 7·8 magnitude earthquake hit Türkiye and Syria. This was followed by numerous aftershocks and a second earthquake of 7·6 magnitude. These earthquakes were the deadliest to hit Türkiye since 1999, when a similar magnitude tremor devastated the densely populated eastern Marmara Sea region near Istanbul, killing thousands of people....

The occurrence time and magnitude of injection-induced seismicity are influenced by engineering factors, such as wellhead pressure, injection location, injection volume, and injection rate. Understanding the relationship between injection operations and seismic magnitude is of great significance for optimizing industrial production and reducing ear...

Many existing high-rise buildings in Japan conform to outdated codes and require seismic retrofit to meet current standards. While installing additional seismic devices is a proven solution, these devices usually bring additional stiffness, alter dynamic characteristics of structures and exacerbate uneven stress distribution. This paper proposes a...

Human intervention cannot halt natural disasters like earthquakes, but machine learning applications expertise can be utilized to detect patterns in data and increase understanding and predictive power. Recent development of machine learning models has increasingly developed interest in forecasting and predicting the magnitude of earthquakes. In th...

Rock friction tests have made profound contributions to our understanding of earthquake processes. Most rock friction tests focused on fault strength evolution during velocity steps or at specific slip rates and the characteristics during stick‐slip events such as dynamic rupture propagation and the transition from stable sliding to instability, wi...

The 2023 Elbistan (Mw 7.6) earthquake, the second event of the Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye doublet, occurred by bilateral sub‐ and supershear fault ruptures toward northeast and southwest, respectively. Utilizing the data from a dense network of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers in Türkiye, we investigated the Rayleigh surface wave sig...

Moment-resisting frame systems have been widely used in structural buildings. However, the risk of earthquakes requires a steel structure system that is tough, reliable, easy, and fast to repair after an earthquake. Recently, there has also been a paradigm shift in the design of moment-resisting connections. Research has been developed using energy...

Plain Language Summary The Eryuan‐Yangbi seismic zones in northwestern Yunnan, China, experience frequent but irregular earthquakes. These earthquakes are not linked to any known faults, suggesting a different underlying cause. A 3–D resistivity model reveals that the earthquakes occur along low‐resistivity zones in the middle and upper crust. Deep...

The frequency and magnitude of landslide disasters triggered by heavy rainfall are on the rise. Investigating the mechanisms behind landslide formation and assessing their stability is essential for enhancing our capabilities in the prevention and control of such disasters. This paper analyzes and summarizes the fundamental characteristics and form...

Strain accumulation and release in shallow sections of subduction zones results in a broad variety of fault slip behaviors, from slow aseismic creep to abrupt coseismic slip. The variety of slip styles in megathrust environments remains a matter of debate although the role of pressurized fluids is increasingly substantiated. Yet, understanding the...

Inadequate freezing is an inevitable intermediate state in freeze–thaw cycles and an important factor affecting the seismic behavior of moraine-soil slopes along Sichuan–Tibet railway. A self-made incubator was employed to complete the inadequate freezing process of the moraine-soil slope, and serial shaking table tests on moraine-soil slopes were...

In the seismic design of steel moment-resisting frames (MRFs), the panel zone region can significantly affect overall ductility and energy-dissipation capacity. This study investigates the influence of panel zone flexibility on the seismic response of steel MRFs by comparing two modeling approaches: one with a detailed panel zone representation and...

This study investigates the use of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) in earthquake prediction, focusing on New Zealand, a seismically active region. Traditional earthquake prediction methods struggle with accuracy and real-time warning capabilities. SNNs, inspired by the brain’s biological processes, excel at handling dynamic time-series data, making...

Plain Language Summary The mechanisms of deep‐focus earthquakes remain a puzzle for decades. Although it is believed to be caused by olivine‐spinel phase transformation (PT), it does not deliver answers to many enigmas, including the most important one: how does the PT occur so fast to produce high seismic strain rate (10–10³/s) while olivine does...

Great Aleutian underthrusting earthquakes produced destructive tsunamis impacting Hawaiʻi in 1946 and 1957. Prior modeling of the 1957 tsunami deposit and runup records on eastern Aleutian and Hawaiian Islands jointly with tide-gauge observations across the Pacific Ocean constrained a rupture model with shallow slip up to 26 m along 600 km of the p...

We re-examine the aftershock sequence of the Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake in south-central Chile using deep learning on 10 months of continuous seismic data from 156 temporary stations along the rupture zone (March 2010–March 2011). By integrating back-projection and matched filtering with PhaseNet (a deep-learning phase picker), we initially identify 9...

The directional effects of near-fault earthquake motions significantly influence the extent of damage to buildings and infrastructure in areas with intense seismic activity, revealing clear directional characteristics. For transportation infrastructure, these directional characteristics are primarily manifested in subdisasters such as roadbed colla...

Subsurface fluids are important to earthquake physics since they influence every phase of the earthquake cycle: from inducing earthquakes, generating slow slip, dynamically weakening a fault, to producing afterslip. Despite this prominent role, comparatively little thought has been directed toward intentionally controlling fault slip. I take the sp...

Understanding the dynamics of microearthquakes is a timely challenge with the potential to address current paradoxes in earthquake mechanics, and to better understand earthquake ruptures induced by fluid injection. We perform fully 3D dynamic rupture simulations caused by fluid injection on a target fault for Fault Activation and Earthquake Rupture...

Earthquake and tsunami forecasting are critical components of disaster preparedness and mitigation efforts. This paper presents a novel HawkTide ProForecast model that integrates the Refined Red-Tailed Hawk (RR-TH) algorithm for feature optimization and the Enhanced Time-series Dense Encoder (ETiDE) model for forecasting seismic events and tsunamis...

The surrounding rock of deep engineering is under high stress and often affected by dynamic disturbance loads such as excavation blasting, fault sliding, and earthquake. These loads may cause rock instability and even rockburst disaster. To study the dynamic responses of deep marble under high stress, true triaxial compression (TTC), true triaxial...

Z Krizi önceden öngörmek mümkün olabilir ancak krizi tamamıyla engellemek mümkün değildir. Kriz yönetim süreci, kriz esnasında ve sonrasında oluşabilecek zararları en aza indirmek için yapılan faaliyetleri kapsar. Toplumun her kesimini etkileyen krizler, işletmeleri de olumsuz etkilemektedir. 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde merkez üssü Kahramanmaraş'ta meyd...

Location-allocation is a widely used approach to optimally select earthquake shelters and efficiently allocate the population in case of an emergency. A significant limitation often ignored by the vast majority of studies is the utilization of static aggregations of residential population, which may lead to sub-optimal location decisions and ineffi...

Although the concepts of mental well-being, difficulties in emotion regulation, resilience, and psychological distress have been investigated in cross-sectional studies, their absence from a longitudinal study demonstrates a gap in the literature. Following the earthquake disaster in Türkiye, addressing these concepts together in a longitudinal stu...

The first part of this paper outlines a simple method for assessing seismic damage to rock tunnels prior to an earthquake, based on the Seismic Damage Classification of Tunnels (SDCT), proposed by Reddy and Singh (2024) ['A Simplistic Method for Assessing Seismic Damage in Rock Tunnels Before Earthquake: Part 1-Damage Prediction and Validation Usin...

This work develops the earthquake early warning (EEW) scaling relations for NE India and surrounding regions using P-wave onset data from observed and simulated records. We first validate the modified semi empirical technique (MSET) aimed at P-wave simulation for the 1988 IndoBurma, 2009 Bhutan, and 2011 Sikkim earthquakes that occurred in the stud...

SSG‑18 describes all flooding hazards for nuclear installations. Since tsunamis and seiches can be major flooding hazards for nuclear sites located on the coast, this Safety Report supports the specific areas of SSG‑18 relating to these and provides detailed methodologies and case studies that can be used by Member States for the evaluation of tsun...

ABSTARCT Santorini volcanic activity occurred 3600 years ago, while the Kolumbo volcano eruption occurred in 1650 AD. Volcanic activity related earthquakes is observed along the South Aegean volcanic arc, as in the south of Incirli-Nisiros Island in 2014 and 2021, and Santorini in 2011-2012. Santorini-Kolumbo seismic activity reached its first maxi...

We propose a systematic fault displacement evaluation method using remote sensing techniques and discuss its present issues and prospects. By calculating relative displacements on measurement lines across a fault trace with a certain interval to the high-resolution 3-D surface movement data acquired using differential InSAR and LiDAR, the method su...

Continuous deep beams (CDBs) expose usually to repeated and cyclic load by loading and unloading states and the wave of an earthquake. Adding scraped tires rubber to the concrete mix (which is researcher interesting nowadays) improves its dynamic properties besides the sustainability purposes. Six CDBs were cast and tested experimentally under stat...

Earthquake is a major natural disaster triggered by the accumulation and release of crustal stress, and the accurate extraction of pre-seismic anomaly signals is crucial to improve the earthquake prediction capability. In this study, an anomaly detection method for borehole strain data based on the combination of Segmented Variational Modal Decompo...

The California Community Earth Models for Seismic Hazard Assessments Workshop (https://www.scec.org/workshops/2024/california-community-models, accessed December 16, 2024) was held online on March 4-5, 2024, with more than 200 participants over two days. In this report, we provide a summary of the key points from the presentations and discussions....

The Manila Trench, representing relatively young (16–36 Ma) subducting slabs, has been flexurally modeled to assess its subduction morphology. This modeling enables predictions of subduction-related earthquake locations and provides critical insights into subduction dynamics. We utilized a lithospheric flexural model controlled by trench axis flexu...

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in employing rotational motion measurements for seismic source inversion, structural imaging and ambient noise analysis. We derive reciprocity and representation theorems for rotational motion. The representations express the rotational motion inside an inhomogeneous anisotropic earth in terms of tran...

In this paper, we describe a possible statistical-mathematical model for the study and Earthquake forecasting and obtain also new mathematical connections with the DN Constant, Ramanujan Recurring Numbers and some parameters of Number Theory and String Theory

The Kumamoto earthquake is analyzed, mainly on the basis of InSAR data combined with strong earthquake and GNSS data, using a variety of joint InSAR methods and multisource data solution methods and by comprehensively considering the normalization and weighting of multisource data. The three-dimensional (3D) deformation field is determined. The res...

This study presents a comprehensive numerical analysis of dynamic rupture and fault-induced seismic risks in deep roadway excavation environments, focusing on near-fault conditions. A quantitative assessment was conducted for faults within 5 m of the roadway, a critical range for evaluating heightened seismic risks. Our results demonstrate that wit...

Seismic rupture in carbonate rocks influences fault friction behavior through thermal evolution and mineral reactions. Focusing on the 1959 Mw 7.2 Hebgen Lake event in western Yellowstone, Montana, the largest earthquake on a normal fault in the United States, we analyze fault rock microstructures and mineralogical changes to constrain frictional h...

On the 28th February1969, a massive earthquake stroke SW Iberia and NE Morocco triggering a tsunami recorded in more than 20 tide stations. The event occurred in the SW Iberian margin, the same seismogenic area of the 1st November 1755 mega event. Several studies were developed in the last 55 years to address its earthquake mechanism and the corres...

The tuned mass damper is one of the most frequently employed structural control devices for mitigating dynamic vibrations in structures subjected to earthquake ground motions. Conventional tuned mass dampers require substantial mass to effectively reduce the structure’s vibration. However, implementing multiple-tuned mass dampers can also improve s...

Faults in nature display complex surface characteristics, where fault asperities slip dynamically while other sections are more prone to creep. Fault roughness is critical in determining the contact conditions producing asperities, directly impacting their susceptibility to unstable sliding. Understanding the formation of asperities and how their s...

SDN 1 Jembatan Kembar Timur is located in West Lombok Regency, which is in a zone with a medium-high risk of earthquakes and tsunamis, so its residents must be prepared to face it, including schools that are gathering places for many young students who are at risk of panic during an earthquake. This community service activity aims to transfer infor...

Frictional interfaces are found in systems ranging from biological joints to earthquake faults. When and how these interfaces slide is a fundamental problem in geosciences and engineering1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19–20. It is believed that there exists a threshold shear force, called static friction, below which...

The integration of deep learning and remote sensing for the rapid detection of landslides from high-resolution remote sensing imagery plays a crucial role in post-disaster emergency response. However, the availability of publicly accessible deep learning datasets specifically for landslide detection remains limited, posing challenges for researcher...

The steep bedding rock slope (SBRS) is easily destabilized under earthquake action, so it is crucial to research the features of this kind of slope’s seismic dynamic reactions in order to prevent and mitigate disasters. Few researchers have examined these slopes from an energy perspective, and the majority of recent research focuses on the displace...

Among the physical characteristics of urban resilience, transportation networks are functional systems that form the backbone of routine operations and emergency responses. The integration and integrity of transportation networks are highly vulnerable to widespread disruptions caused by earthquakes experienced. Structural functionality disruptions...

This study aims to determine the earthquake hazard of the Simav Fault Zone (SFZ), one of the key tectonic features of Western Anatolia—a region that serves as a natural laboratory for geoscientists due to its complex tectonic structure and swarm-type seismic activity generated by multiple active graben systems. For this purpose, the a (6.33) and b...

Traumatic life experiences such as earthquakes are impactful on individuals’ mental health and positive psychological characteristics are key assets for the preservation of mental health after stressful situations. Strength-based parenting and optimism are considered among those strengths to combat psychological problems including depression. The c...

Earthquake detection is the base of seismological research. Recent advancements have highlighted the superior efficacy of deep learning techniques compared to conventional methods. However, deploying these techniques in highly heterogeneous environments poses significant challenges, primarily due to variations in datasets and the diversity of evalu...

Tsunami hazards in Southern California are expected to be exacerbated by the climate change driven sea level rise (SLR). Two key questions are how relevant is this exacerbation and whether tsunami design parameters are significantly affected. We perform a non‐stationary probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment (nPTHA) in the Southern California bays...

Indonesia's location in the middle of tectonic plates makes it vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunamis, especially in the megathrust zone around the island of Sumatra and the southern part of the island of Java. Research shows a seismic gap in southern Java, which poses a potential threat of megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis, impacting coastal are...

Extensional faults in Southern Calabria (Italy) have been widely studied for their capability of generating high magnitude earthquakes (Mw 7-7.2). An example is the historical seismic sequence occurred in 1783, which caused numerous fatalities near the villages located along the longest faults of this region: the Cittanova and the Serre faults. In...

On March 10, 2017, the Constitutional Court of South Korea officially upturned the ruling of the impeachment of President Park Geun-Hye by the National Assembly. Park has since left the Blue House and undergone questioning in prosecutors’ office. The impeachment of President Park Geun-Hye, for the first time in South Korean constitutional history,...

The fundamental components for evaluating seismic hazards and forecasting earthquake events in a region include a complete and homogeneous earthquake catalog. Previously, a few studies were performed to combine earthquake databases from various sources to produce a unified earthquake catalog for the Korean Peninsula. To conduct seismic hazard asses...

In 2011, a M 5.7, earthquake struck near Mineral, Virginia, about 130 km southwest of Washington, D.C., prompting studies on paleoliquefaction to better understand the earthquake potential of the Central Virginia seismic zone and the hazard it poses to the Mid-Atlantic region. Researchers identified earthquake-induced liquefaction features along th...

Maintaining structural integrity under earthquake stresses depends on seismic resilient steel frames. This study examines how well X-dampers improve the seismic performance of steel frames with 5-, 10-, and 15-story designs. Structural behavior under seismic pressure was assessed using pushover studies and time history. When strategically positione...

Plain Language Summary Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are well known to cause disturbances in space. However, it remains unclear whether changes in space weather can affect the Earth's internal stress field, and conversely, influence earthquake occurrence. In this paper, the authors introduce a new method called shift neighborhood matching corr...

This chapter systematically explores the theoretical foundation of computational gravimetry and its application in the analysis of earthquake disasters. Firstly, the chapter introduces the historical development of computational gravimetry, the critical role of gravity in the earthquake process, and the significance of computational gravimetry in e...

For the entire world nations with sea, oceans, lakes, rivers all these will never constant from the point of Geographical indications, but predicted it will be varies in dimensions of the whole world. The main reason is that there will be movement from lower sky level to upper sky level in terms of peoples, regions and many more things etc., So all...

Western Nepal experienced two moderate earthquakes at the end of 2023. The first, measuring magnitude M L 6.3, struck Bajhang District on October 3rd, followed by a second earthquake of M L 6.4 in Jajarkot District on November 3rd. This area has been under scrutiny by scientists, who have been anticipating a major earthquake, as the most recent gre...

In the face of burgeoning urbanization, cities and residential areas are increasingly vulnerable to diverse hazards. This research develops a spatial-temporal assessment of Bojnord City’s earthquake risk and resilience, concentrating on the morning, evening, and nighttime periods. After a thorough assessment of the literature, the research identifi...

In major seismic events (e.g., the 2011 Tohoku-Taiheiyou-Oki Earthquake, the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake in Japan, and the 2023 Kaharamanmaraş Earthquake in Turkey), many building structures are subjected to a series of earthquake sequences. Therefore, evaluating the seismic demands of building structures under earthquake sequences is important. This...

We present slip versus time histories derived from in situ ³⁶Cl cosmogenic dating for three active normal faults in the southern Apennines, Italy. In this region the total extensional strain is accommodated by either a small number of faults located across strike from each other or, in places, a single fault where no other active faults exist acros...

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, stress, anxiety levels, sleep problems, and nutritional status among earthquake survivors. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted nine months after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes with 201 adult earthquake survivors, including 87 m...

Plain Language Summary Understanding the silent slips of large‐scale strike‐slip faults and their connection with nearby earthquakes is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms and causes of shallow creep, a topic that remains debated. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar is a powerful tool for mapping millimeter‐level deformation and its spatial...

Computational modeling of faulting processes is an essential tool for understanding earthquake mechanics but remains challenging due to the structural and material complexities of fault zones. The phase-field method has recently enabled unified modeling of fault propagation and off-fault damage; however, its capability has been restricted to simpli...

This study investigates the seismic damage sustained by reinforced concrete frames in public buildings located in Ipoh, Malaysia, as a result of the Aceh Earthquake event of 2004. The research focuses on assessing the extent of structural damage, understanding the vulnerability of reinforced concrete (RC) frames, and providing insights into potenti...

In seismic design and analysis, understanding the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures under varying ground motions is crucial. Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) is a powerful tool that allows engineers to evaluate the structural response under a range of earthquake intensities. A critical step in IDA is the scaling of ground moti...

Sabah, a state located on the island of Borneo in Malaysia, is prone to seismic activity due to its position along the Pacific Ring of Fire. The vulnerability of public buildings in this region to earthquakes poses significant concerns for public safety, infrastructure stability, and disaster preparedness. This study explores the seismic vulnerabil...

This paper presents an empirical evaluation of the vulnerability of non-engineered reinforced concrete structures, utilizing damage data from the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. The study aims to assess the structural weaknesses inherent in these buildings and identify the factors contributing to their failure during seismic events. By analyzing the damag...

Since the filling of the Baihetan Water Reservoir (BWR) in April 2021, a significant number of earthquakes have occurred, with varying levels of seismicity in different regions. Therefore, studying the seismogenic environment and seismic mechanism is crucial for understanding the variability of earthquakes in the BWR area. We utilized continuous wa...

This paper investigates the seismic upgrading of existing RC frames whose design was governed by the gravity loads in earthquake-prone regions, using new hybrid energy dissipation devices with recentering capability and applying the analytical methods of the second-generation of Eurocode 8. The energy dissipation devices combine in parallel three c...

Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) is a powerful tool for assessing the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures by simulating their response to varying earthquake intensities. A critical step in conducting IDA is the proper scaling of ground motions, which ensures that the input seismic records represent a range of realist...

Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) is a powerful tool for assessing the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures by simulating their response to varying earthquake intensities. A critical step in conducting IDA is the proper scaling of ground motions, which ensures that the input seismic records represent a range of realist...

1. Abstract Sabah, a state on the island of Borneo in Malaysia, is prone to seismic activity due to its proximity to fault lines and tectonic plate boundaries. With increasing urbanization and infrastructure development in the region, it is essential to assess the vulnerability of existing buildings to earthquakes, particularly moderate ones. This...

Mitos refletem o pensamento religioso, cultural e ético de antigas civilizações, assim como sua interpretação da natureza. Ao explicar um evento ou feição geológica, este caracteriza-se como geomito. Conjugado a pesquisas empíricas, geomitos podem fornecer informações sobre eventos catastróficos, como terremotos e erupções vulcânicas, ocorridos há...

In regions with high seismic activity, the resilience of structures to earthquakes is a critical consideration in ensuring public safety. In Pakistan, the threat of seismic events, particularly in areas like the northern and southwestern regions, requires significant attention to building safety standards. The Pakistan Building Code (BCP 2021) intr...

Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) is a powerful tool for assessing the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures by simulating their response to varying earthquake intensities. A critical step in conducting IDA is the proper scaling of ground motions, which ensures that the input seismic records represent a range of realist...

The mechanism that induced the 2019 Changning earthquake sequence is still a subject of debate. The discussion focuses on the dip angle of the seismogenic fault, which is directly associated with the intersection of the fault and the salt well of the Changning salt mine. This study employs Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global...

This study aims to assess the dynamic response of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in Sabah, Malaysia, subjected to moderate Peak Ground Accelerations (PGA) using linear elastic dynamic analysis. Sabah, being located in a seismically active region, faces a potential risk of earthquakes that could severely impact its infrastructure. In this resear...

The island of Bohol in central Philippines is tectonically active with frequent seismic activities. The disastrous October 2013 earthquake, which occurred on a previously unmapped active fault, shows the urgent need for better under‐ standing of potential seismogenic structures in and around the island. Toward this end, we mapped and analyzed the l...

It is well known that nonlinear site effects may arise in soils during strong ground motion. This translates into a decrease in propagation velocity, shift of resonance frequencies, increased material damping, and lessened ground motion amplification. In this study, we introduce a time-frequency resonance analysis (TFRA) technique to unveil nonline...

A triple impulse is used as a mathematical model of forward-directivity inputs, which are fault-normal components of near-fault earthquake ground motions. In this paper, two types of the triple impulse input are employed. One is the triple impulse with the same time interval. The critical triple impulse of this sequence is defined as the triple imp...

The Colombo Port City, Sri Lanka's major coastal project, has been constructed by transforming 269 hectares of sea into a vibrant residential, retail, and business land area using 65 million cubic meters of dredged sand. Coastal areas undergoing land reclamation often face challenges related to liquefaction, primarily induced by natural seismic eve...

Plain Language Summary The continents on Earth move away from each other forming a rift valley. It is commonly accepted that the rift valley forms from fracturing of the Earth, forming geological faults which make a low lying downfaulted rift valley. The fracturing and faulting cause the rift to get wider through time. However, many rift valleys su...

Model parameters, extracted from observed data that inherently contain uncertainties, necessitate estimation as probability distributions. In geophysical problem-solving, especially when dealing with a few model parameters, the conventional approach employing a grid search is widely used to determine model parameters that explain observed data. How...

In base all’analisi di accelerogrammi naturali acquisiti dagli accelerometri della Re.Si.R. (Rete Sismica Regionale gestita dall’Osservatorio Sismico “A. Bina per conto della Regione Umbria), è stato possibile quantificare gli effetti della componente accelerometrica verticale ed orizzontale del moto sismico in funzione di un ampio range di distanz...

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a crucial tool in the monitoring and research of anthropogenic earthquakes (AEs). Despite its utility, AEs monitoring faces significant challenges due to the intricate signal characteristics of seismic events, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in data, and insufficient spatial coverage of monitoring network...

We develop a harmonized earthquake forecasting model for Europe based on the epidemic-type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model to describe the spatiotemporal evolution of seismicity. We propose a method modification that integrates information from the 2020 European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM20) about the spatial variation in background seismicity dur...