Earth System Science - Science topic

In-season, pre-harvest crop yield forecasts are essential for enhancing transparency in commodity markets and improving food security. They play a key role in increasing resilience to climate change and extreme events and thus contribute to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 2 of zero hunger. Pre-harvest crop yield forecasting is a co...

This book examines the role of the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) in public and scholarly discussions of the meaning of the Anthropocene proposal. The status of the Anthropocene, both as a geoscientific concept and as a cultural concept becoming increasingly familiar in the public sphere, has been highly controversial. While geoscientists focus o...

TheAnthropoceneis thusfar the only epochin Earth history in which humankindas a “geologicalactor” has directly intervened in and thus impacted on the Earth system. In the early twenty-first century two totally different narratives co-exist: The peaceand securityorwar and peace narrativeand theecological and environmental narrative. This author argu...

Complexity-related ideas were directly referred to in the discussion on the Anthropocene a few years after its origins. Later, after 2010, the number of publications on the Anthropocene and complexity rapidly increased. They cover a great many ideas, beginning from mathematical models and simulation models through various applications of complexity...

There is much interest in the phenomenon of rate-induced tipping, where a system changes abruptly when forcings change faster than some critical rate. Here, we demonstrate and analyze rate-induced tipping in the classic “Daisyworld” model. The Daisyworld model considers a hypothetical planet inhabited only by two species of daisies with different r...

Funding: The DFG for support of their joint research through the project "Shelter technologies in action: humanitarian geographies of precarious housing across North-South divides" (VE 978/1-1, MA 7127/2-1). ABSTRACT Based upon the opening keynote address at the German Congress of Geography held in Frankfurt am Main in 2023, this article traces the...

Earth System Science stands as the future operating framework to monitor the pulse of the Earth, and to diagnose and address the challenges of global change. Magmatism and volcanism are primary processes connecting the solid Earth to the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. In addition to regulating the Earth system, they are both an unavoidable...

This volume explores the historical relationship between humans and their environments from the perspective of geoanthropology. Focusing on waterscapes, the volume considers the importance of longue durée processes, cross-cultural perspectives, and knowledge production dynamics for understanding the complex conditions behind the Anthropocene and th...

Leveraging Earth System Science and Modeling to inform Civil Engineering Design (Part 2): Coastal Flood Hazards and Straight-line Winds (OTI041223).

The development of a kilometer-scale E3SM Land Model (km-scale ELM) is an integral part of the E3SM project, which seeks to advance energy-related Earth system science research with state-of-the-art modeling and simulation capabilities on exascale computing systems. Through the utilization of high-fidelity data products, such as atmospheric forcing...

In the age of big data and open science, what processes are needed to follow open science protocols while upholding Indigenous Peoples’ rights? The Earth Data Relations Working Group (EDRWG), convened to address this question and envision a research landscape that acknowledges the legacy of extractive practices and embraces new norms across Earth s...

Recent advancements in Earth system science have been marked by the exponential increase in the availability of diverse, multivariate datasets characterised by moderate to high spatio-temporal resolutions. Earth System Data Cubes (ESDCs) have emerged as one suitable solution for transforming this flood of data into a simple yet robust data structur...

Graduate student project: Technological advancements in sensor development have revolutionized geophysics, and there’s a growing need for high-performance instruments that can accurately detect subsurface features. In the Sustainable Earth Systems Sciences department, we have a pool of geophysical sensors, including GPRs, that require testing, cali...

News /Media Information Disorder: Fundamentals, Advances And Challenges. Part One. Prepared for review by the Working Group of the IEEE P7011 Standard for the Process of Identifying and Rating the Trustworthiness of News Sources and the Working Group of the IEEE P7800 Recommended Practice for Addressing Sustainability, Environmental Stewardship and...

黄河科考以黄河全流域系统为对象，从地球系统科学多圈层多尺度多要素的视角，考察研究黄河流域气候变化、大规模人类活动、生态环境安全和水沙平衡，为黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展提供科技支撑。科考队通过2023年和2024年的考察，取得了初步进展和认识。①上游：受全球变暖的影响，水源涵养区水资源时空格局发生显著变化，未来黄河上游水量可能增加，但能够持续多长时间仍需要加强预测研究；上游峡谷段发育有一系列巨型滑坡，在降雨增多的影响下部分滑坡已出现局部复活迹象；上游大型水电开发与地质环境之间存在互馈效应，泥沙堆积和库岸滑坡对水电站正常运行产生潜在影响。②中游：黄土高原退耕还林还草、固沟保塬、治沟造地、光伏治沙、集雨补灌、乡村振兴等方面有很多新思路值得推广，但对人工植被恢复与水资源承载力的制约关系认识不足，对...

Deep sea sedimentary mineral resources mainly include cobalt- rich crusts, polymetallic nodules and REEs- rich sediments, of which the former two are rich in cobalt, nickel, copper, rare earth elements (REEs) and other critical metal elements, and the latter is rich in medium and heavy REEs, which are potential strategic mineral resources in the fu...

Landforms are fundamental components of the Earth surface, providing the base on which surface processes operate. Understanding and classifying global landforms, which record the internal and external dynamics of the planet's evolution, constitutes a critical aspect of Earth system science. Advances in Earth observation technologies have enabled ac...

Surrogacy, as an alternative reproductive technology, has garnered widespread attention due to its intricate legal, ethical, and health-related intricacies. The escalation of surrogacy agreements, particularly transnationally, highlights the need for stringent oversight to ensure that practices adhere to legal norms and safeguard all involved parti...

This article details how AN Zhisheng and his colleagues, through decades of dedicated research, began with the study of loess in China and integrated it with climatic and environmental researches. AN and his team developed a novel research approach to identifying the dynamics of changes of natural environments, including loess environment in East A...

The root zone is a vital part of the Earth system and a key element in hydrology, ecology, agronomy, and land surface processes. However, its definition varies across disciplines, creating barriers to interdisciplinary understanding. Moreover, characterizing the root zone is challenging due to a lack of consensus on definitions, estimation methods,...

The chapter addresses the problem of the socio-ecological transformation of industrialized societies determined by the ideology of growth. It points out that the knowledge of the impossibility of sustainable growth on a planet with finite resources has been available at least since the 1960s. However, economic policies, as well as organizational pr...

Rapidly changing climate conditions and the increase in extreme events are posing severe challenges to human life and infrastructure, requiring sophisticated analytical capabilities for hazard prediction and disaster risk management. Earth System Data Cubes (ESDCs) have become an essential tool in Earth System Sciences (ESS) by organizing large-sca...

The accurate characterization of soil structure is fundamental to groundwater science, environmental ecology, and Earth systems science. To address the challenge of quantifying the high spatial variability of large-scale soil structures, this study used a laser particle size analyzer to measure the distribution of soil particle size in 207 samples...

There is much interest in the phenomenon of rate-induced tipping, where a system changes abruptly when forcings change faster than some critical rate. Here, we demonstrate and analyse rate-induced tipping in the classic "Daisyworld" model. The Daisyworld model considers a hypothetical planet inhabited only by two species of daisies with different r...

Non-technical summary Neoclassical economics (NCE) theory and neoliberal economics practice together form one of the principal driving forces of environmental destruction and social injustice. We critically examine ten key hypotheses that form the foundations of NCE, and four other claims. Each fails to satisfy one or more of the basic requirements...

Artificial intelligence and machine learning are accelerating research in Earth system science, with huge potential for impact and challenges in ocean prediction. Such algorithms are being deployed on different aspects of the forecasting workflow with the aim of improving its speed and skill. They include pattern classification and anomaly detectio...

With the rapid advancement of satellite remote sensing technology, many scientists and organizations, including NASA, ESA, NAOC, and Roscosmos, observe and study significant changes in the geomagnetic field, which has greatly promoted research on the geomagnetic field and made it an important research direction in Earth system science. In tradition...

The Anthropocene is a reflexive concept and an opportunity for interdisciplinarity in the area of teaching and learning. Developing didactic approaches for the Anthropocene requires understanding the origins of the debate. This article therefore first reconstructs the interconnections of the Anthropocene with Earth System Sciences. It then briefly...

A crise climática enfrentada atualmente pela humanidade vem sendo considerada sem precedentes na história da civilização. Especialistas de distintas disciplinas, solicitados a trabalhar conjuntamente em busca de se evitar o colapso, encontram respaldo nas Ciências dos Sistema Terrestres (CST). O artigo objetiva discutir alguns aspectos do problema...

A common sense: The Anthropocene was originally understood by Crutzen as not only representing humanity’s influence on Earth’s geological record (he was well aware of earlier anthropogenic impacts), but also reflecting a system with physical characteristics that had, since widespread industrialization, departed from the prolonged, relatively stable...

Terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems regulate climate at local to global scales through exchanges of energy and matter with the atmosphere and assist with climate change mitigation through nature‐based climate solutions. Climate science is no longer a study of the physics of the atmosphere and oceans, but also the ecology of the biosphere. T...

A new, Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity, DCESS II, is presented that builds upon, improves and extends the Danish Center for Earth System Science (DCESS) Earth System model (DCESS I). DCESS II has considerably greater spatial resolution than DCESS I while retaining the fine, 100 m vertical resolution in the ocean. It contains modules f...

Much of the discussion under the label of "climate security" focuses on potential conflicts and disruptions in peripheral locations in the global south putatively triggered by climate change. If, however the analysis starts with climate, and the earth system as the point of departure for analysis, then things look very different. The speed and scal...

Freshwater ecosystems are characterized by their unique longitudinal and lateral habitat connectivity. As a result, spatial units in freshwater-specific analyses can often not be considered independent of each other. Accounting for this connectivity in modelling analyses requires advanced skills in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for adequatel...

Deep learning (DL) has demonstrated strong potential in addressing key challenges in spatiotemporal forecasting across various Earth system science (ESS) domains. This review examines 69 studies applying DL to forecasting tasks within climate modeling and weather prediction, disaster management, air quality modeling, hydrological modeling, renewabl...

Recent advancements in Earth system science have been marked by the exponential increase in the availability of diverse, multivariate datasets characterised by moderate to high spatio-temporal resolutions. Earth System Data Cubes (ESDCs) have emerged as one suitable solution for transforming this flood of data into a simple yet robust data structur...

Based on the ongoing large climatic and environmental changes and the history of science coordination in Svalbard leading to the development of Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System (SIOS), we present an overview of the current gaps in knowledge and infrastructure based on a synthesis of the recommendations presented in the annual State...

Skillful subseasonal forecasts are crucial for various sectors of society but pose a grand scientific challenge. Recently, machine learning-based weather forecasting models outperform the most successful numerical weather predictions generated by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), but have not yet surpassed conventional...

No scientific concept in the twenty-first century has garnered more attention from scholars outside the scientific community than the Anthropocene. Despite the official rejection by the geological community in March 2024 of the proposal for an Anthropocene Epoch as a formal unit of the Geological Time Scale, it is expected to remain an invaluable d...

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) pose a challenge for achieving science that is both reproducible and replicable. The challenge is compounded in supervised models that depend on manually labeled training data, as they introduce additional decision‐making and processes that require thorough documentation and reporting. We addre...

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has deeply impacted various fields, including Earth system sciences. Here, AI improved weather forecasting, model emulation, parameter estimation, and the prediction of extreme events. However, the latter comes with specific challenges, such as developing accurate predictors from noisy, heterogeneous an...

Gravity and magnetic survey have been carried out in parts of the Kamrup district of Assam and the West Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya. The objective of the survey is to delineate the subsurface geological structure and identify the mineralization potential zone. Regional-residual separation, radially averaged power spectrum, Euler's depth solut...

Neste ensaio são analisados alguns dos principais contributos de José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva para a formação da moderna concepção das Ciências do Sistema Terrestre. Durante a sua estada em Portugal, e num longo périplo científico pela Europa, José Bonifácio desenvolveu uma concepção de Natureza que antecipa em muito o conceito de ecologia e a...

Soil moisture (SM) plays an important role in regulating regional weather and climate. However, the simulations of SM in current land surface models (LSMs) contain large biases and model spreads. One primary reason contributing to such model biases could be the misrepresentation of soil texture in LSMs, since current available large‐scale soil text...

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) rapidly accelerated its influence and is expected to promote the development of Earth system science (ESS) if properly harnessed. In application of AI to ESS, a significant hurdle lies in the interpretability conundrum, an inherent problem of black-box nature arising from the complexity of AI algorithms...

The need to develop and provide integrated observation systems to better understand and manage global and regional environmental change is one of the major challenges facing Earth system science today. In 2008, the German Helmholtz Association took up this challenge and launched the German research infrastructure TERrestrial ENvironmental Observato...

Earth system science (ESS) and modelling have given rise to a new conceptual framework in the recent decades, which goes much beyond climate science. Indeed, Earth system science and modelling have the ambition “to build a unified understanding of the Earth”, involving not only the physical Earth system components (atmosphere, cryosphere, land, oce...

Advancements in Earth system science have seen a surge in diverse datasets. Earth System Data Cubes (ESDCs) have been introduced to efficiently handle this influx of high-dimensional data. ESDCs offer a structured, intuitive framework for data analysis, organising information within spatio-temporal grids. The structured nature of ESDCs unlocks sign...

The classic model of the carbon cycle suggests that the extensive burial of 12C-enriched organic carbon leads to a positive carbon isotope (δ13C) excursion (CIE), while massive oxidation of organic carbon results in a negative CIE. However, global events such as the BAsal Cambrian Carbon isotope Excursion (BACE) and the Steptoean Positive Carbon Is...

The global assemblage of human-created buildings, infrastructure, machinery and other artifacts has been called the `technosphere', and plays a major role in the present-day dynamics of the Earth system. It enables the rapid extraction and processing of materials from other spheres, combusts fossil fuels causing climate change, and transports mater...

This research advances a novel Geographic Information System (GIS)-based framework for optimizing gauging station placement, focusing on the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo basin-a region emblematic of challenges in hydrological monitoring due to climate change, unsustainable groundwater extraction, and complex water rights scenarios. Conventional station pla...

Non-technical Summary With unabating climate extremes, evidence of waning biosphere buffering capacity, and surging ocean surface temperature, Earth system analysts are posing the question: is global environmental change accelerating, driven by the depletion of our planet's resilience? No scientist contributed more actively to addressing this quest...

Hydrological modeling of flashy catchments, susceptible to floods, represents a significant practical challenge. Recent application of deep learning, specifically Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTMs), have demonstrated notable capability in delivering accurate hydrological predictions at daily and hourly time intervals (Gauch et al., 2021; Kratz...

India is a water stressed country and projected to face an acute water crisis in the next 10 years (2020 to 2030). Due to hydrological limits, the utilizable water cannot be increased in the country. However, prudent policies are needed to judiciously use water in different sectors of the economy. It is important to account for the green (rainwater...

HESCOR (Human & Earth System Coupled Research) is a collaborative research project recently established at the University of Cologne, funded by the “Profile Building 2022” initiative of North Rhine-Westphalia’s Ministry for Culture and Science. It provides a cross-faculty and multi-disciplinary structure to investigate how constellations and intera...

Keunggulan dalam model pembelajaran Earth System Science in The Community (Earthcomm) yaitu mampu mempersiapkan peserta didik dalam proses penyelidikan ke dalam menganalisis tentang fenomena. Kegiatan menganalisis pada saat melakukan penyelidikan dalam pembelajaran geografi, dibutuhkan kemampuan berpikir spasial yang baik. Namun, pengajaran geograf...

Data assimilation plays a dual role in advancing the “scientific” understanding and serving as an “engineering tool” for the Earth system sciences. Land data assimilation (LDA) has evolved into a distinct discipline within geophysics, facilitating the harmonization of theory and data and allowing land models and observations to complement and const...

A large number of giant ancient landslides are distributed in the upper reaches of the Yellow River from Lagan Gorge to Liujia Gorge, part of which used to block the Yellow River. Affected by geological action as well as human engineering activities, some of the giant landslides are still deforming, threatening major hydropower projects as well as...

Present-day lithosphere and upper mantle architecture (e.g., lithospheric thickness, slab geometries) and physical state (e.g., density) of the Alps is crucial to understand its geodynamic evolution as well as the coupling with surface-processes. Previous studies have addressed the variability in the seismic tomography models using statistical clus...

La ciencia del sistema Tierra ha demostrado que las condiciones que permiten la vida en la Tierra dependen de su sistema interconectado, complejo y adaptativo, compuesto por procesos naturales, ciclos biogeoquímicos y flujos de energía. Aunque el futuro de la Tierra depende de mantener este sistema en un estado funcional y estable, hasta la fecha,...

This chapter presents acid-base equilibria and simple methods to calculate the pH of solutions. The inorganic carbon system in water is introduced, including the concept of alkalinity, and methods to solve carbon dioxide equilibria in water are discussed. Earth system science relevant examples such as rainwater, surface waters in equilibrium with c...

The field of heliophysics encompasses a diverse range of research areas and rich plasma environments, from the solar dynamo and solar wind turbulence, to the complex terrestrial thermosphere‐ionosphere‐magnetosphere (TIM) system, to investigations of both induced and intrinsic magnetospheres across the solar system. This perspective paper delves in...

The concept of “root zone” is widely used in hydrology, agronomy, and land surface process studies. However, the root zone still lacks a precise definition. More essentially, the importance of root zone in the Earth system science is largely under explored. Furthermore, the methodology to estimate root zone is still controversial. In this study, we...

The need to develop and provide integrated observation systems to better understand and manage global and regional environmental change is one of the major challenges facing Earth system science today. In 2008, the German Helmholtz Association took up this challenge and launched the German research infrastructure TERrestrial ENvironmental Observato...

Urbanization has altered land surface properties driving changes in micro-climates. Urban form influences people’s activities, environmental exposures, and health. Developing detailed and unified longitudinal measures of urban form is essential to quantify these relationships. Local Climate Zones [LCZ] are a culturally-neutral urban form classifica...

The idea that the Earth system self-regulates in a habitable state was proposed in the 1970s by James Lovelock, who conjectured that life plays a self-regulatory role on a planetary-level scale. A formal approach to such hypothesis was presented afterwards under a toy model known as the Daisyworld. The model showed how such life-geosphere homeostas...

Soil temperature (ST) is a crucial parameter in Earth system science. Accurate ST predictions provide invaluable insights; however, the “black box” nature of many deep learning approaches limits their interpretability. In this study, we present the Encoder-Decoder Model with Interpretable Spatio-Temporal Component (ISDNM) to enhance both ST predict...

Global cooling began since 50 Ma, but a warm climate was maintained in the archipelagic tectonic system in Southeast Asia where a wealth of Cenozoic oil and gas resources was formed and preserved. From the perspective of Earth system, this study analyzes Cenozoic tectonic activities, climatic and environmental evolution, and petroleum enrichment in...

There is an inextricable link between ecosystem integrity and the potential for achieving sustainable development goals (SDG). This chapter highlights key ecosystem threats and their drivers within the southern African regional context to emphasize the role of earth system science in supporting the achievement of regional sustainable development go...

Introdução. Este artigo mostra o desenvolvimento do grupo de pesquisa colaborativa Interdisciplinaridade por meio da Ciência do Sistema Terrestre para formar professores de Geociências. Objetivo. O artigo explica como os professores adquirem conhecimento pedagógico e de conteúdo por meio da inter-relação entre eles mesmos e com pesquisadores da uni...

Atmospheric reanalyses combine observations and models through data assimilation techniques to provide spatio-temporally continuous fields of key surface variables. They can do so for extended historical periods whilst ensuring a coherent representation of the main Earth system cycles. ERA5 and its enhanced land surface component, ERA5-Land, are wi...

Paul Jozef Crutzen was a pioneer in the atmospheric sciences, a kind-hearted and humorous person with empathy for the private lives of his colleagues and students, and a man who upheld the highest scientific standards for himself and for others. He made fundamental scientific contributions to a wide range of scientific topics in all parts of the at...

Cumulative Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 1850–2022 (Note: Data for each country are included only in years for which continuous population data are available.) Data sources: Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2023). The Global Carbon Project’s fossil CO₂ emissions dataset (2023v36). Zenodo. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.10177738. Friedlingstein, P. et al. (2023). G...

Open Science is a catalyst for innovation. Across the Earth Observation value chain, from R&D to prototyping new products and development of commercial applications, openness can play an important role by promoting long-term sustainable, community-contributed science and technology. The FAIR principles provide essential support to implementing Open...

Amidst the open/big data revolution, Indigenous Peoples’ expertise has been largely excluded from Western systems of scientific inquiry practices. At the US federal level, there is growing momentum for incorporating Indigenous Knowledges in Earth Science research and land management activities and increased visibility for Tribes and knowledges held...

Since the start of the 21st century, the widespread application of ion probes has promoted the mass output of high-precision and high-accuracy U–Th–Pb geochronological data. Zircon, as a commonly used mineral for U–Th–Pb dating, widely exists in the continental crust and records a variety of geological activities. Due to the universality and stabil...

ProKARSTerra-Edu is a specialized educational strategy, developed by the Experimental Laboratory of Karstology at NIGGG-BAS in international cooperation. Through innovative educational forms, it aims to provide the necessary minimum of knowledge, skills and competencies for karst and create the conditions for training specialists with key skills in...

We focus on how geological heritage sites are managed and the principles that underpin them. Given the diversity of objectives and backgrounds of regional stakeholders, common principles are applied both in the training of guides and in the enhancement of natural visitor sites. The notion of nature is approached beyond the biosphere, by also taking...

Svalbard has the opportunity to become a showcase for renewable energy and a sustainable society. The current coal based energy system will switch in autumn 2023 to a short transition period with diesel and then moving towards a more renewable off-grid system. Since no renewable energy systems are specifically designed for the High Arctic they must...

Global change research demands a convergence among academic disciplines to understand complex changes in Earth system function. Limitations related to data usability and computing infrastructure, however, present barriers to effective use of the research tools needed for this cross-disciplinary collaboration. To address these barriers, we created a...

Interfacial and multiphase chemical processes involving gases typically involve adsorption and desorption onto liquid or solid substrates. The desorption energy, which depends on the intermolecular forces between adsorbate and substrate, determines the residence time of chemical species at the interface. In this study, we demonstrate how variations...

Background Landscape fire smoke, including smoke from all vegetation burning in natural and cultural landscapes, remains a threat to the health of the population. However, the future health impacts of landscape fire smoke in China have not been sufficiently investigated. We aimed to estimate the mortality risk attributable to landscape fire-related...

Many subsystems of Earth are constantly monitored in space and time and undergo continuous anthropogenic interventions. However, research into this transformation remains largely inaccessible to the public due to the complexity of the big data generated by models and Earth Observation (EO). To overcome this barrier, we present the Leipzig Explorer...

Our understanding of cross-disciplinary connections for Antarctica’s role in the Earth system remains incomplete, especially around its coastal margins. The focus here is on sea-ice, oceanic, and atmospheric drivers in the joint Ross Sea-far East Antarctic Region (RSfEAR)—one which spans a large longitudinal range and connects a number of ice shelv...

With rapid population growth and the high influence of climate change on agricultural productivity, providing enough food is the main challenge in the 21st century. Irrigation, as a hydrological artificial process, has an indispensable role in achieving that goal. However, high pressure and demand on water resources could lead to serious problems i...

Abstract: Teaching Earth System Science (ESS) integrates knowledge related to the planet from an interdisciplinary and holistic perspective. This approach is believed to enable learners to change their perception and value the context in which they live/interact, contributing to environmental and heritage conservation. However, ESS is not included...

Earth system science is an interdisciplinary effort to understand the fundamentals and interactions of environmental processes. Interdisciplinary research is challenging since it demands the integration of scientific schemes and practices from different research fields into a collaborative work environment. This paper introduces the framework F4ESS...

Causal inference in complex systems has been largely promoted by the proposal of some advanced temporal causation models. However, temporal models have serious limitations when time series data are not available or present insignificant variations, which causes a common challenge for earth system science. Meanwhile, there are few spatial causation...

A vast literature now exists on how modern communication and computational technologies (CCTs)—such as artificial intelligence and big data, and their use in smart grids, smart cities, smart health, and energy demand management—can help overcome both the environmental and socio-economic challenges cities (especially large ones) presently face. Smar...

Earth has a prolonged history characterized by substantial cycling of matter and energy between multiple spheres. The production of organic carbon can be traced back to as early as ∼4.0 Ga, but the frequency and scale of organic-rich shales have varied markedly over geological time. In this paper, we discuss the organic carbon cycle and the develop...

The increasing availability of digital research products – typically encompassing data and software – in the Earth System Sciences (ESS) calls for new approaches to facilitate the management and reuse of these digital resources. NFDI4Earth addresses this gap and targets the harmonization of services related to digital research products in the ESS....