Earth Sciences - Science topic

Try to represent your data with a contouring software like "surfer" (by goldensoftware)

Good luck

Rainer

3. Technological Adaptations:Advancements in SLR technology have mitigated some daytime observation challenges. For instance, the use of ultra-high repetition rate lasers (e.g., 100 kHz) and single-photon detectors has enabled effective daytime ranging by improving the SNR and compensating for increased background noise. Studies have demonstrated successful daytime SLR at high repetition rates, achieving millimeter-level accuracy.

Frontiers

4. Operational Considerations:Daytime SLR requires additional measures, such as narrowband optical filters and precise timing systems, to counteract the effects of sunlight and atmospheric turbulence. These adaptations can increase system complexity and operational costs.

Yes - but it's quite small. There is a recent paper in Nature Geoscience on this: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01478-2

You can change your skills in settings on your profile :)

Hello, Shanker KC!

The second derivatives Wzx and Wzy characterize the rate of change of gz (that is, its gradient) horizontally (in the XOY plane, tangent to the surface) and have a dimension of 1/ sec^2. They are called horizontal gravity gradients.

The vertical gradient of gravity is of great practical importance, its use can significantly expand the possibilities for the localization and interpretation of gravitational anomalies. The use of the measured vertical gradient of gravity on the earth's surface will improve the accuracy of the measured values of the acceleration of gravity to the reference surface, as well as find the average curvature of the level surface.

That is a really interesting question. I am sure that these terminologies are all widely used in the literature to kinematically describe complex slip behaviors along the fault. These words are not exclusive and can be the same thing sometimes, such as the aseismic transient creep.

In my understanding, slow slip is mentioned as the counterpart of the fast slip. Slow or fast slip is the kinematic description in terms of the speed of the slip. For example, slow slip corresponds to a velocity of several orders of magnitude less than several meters per second (i.e., seismic ruptures).

Aseismic slip is used as the counterpart of the seismic slip. It means that the slip does not generate seismic waves, like common earthquakes. As a result, aseismic slip can be detected only by geodetic observations or indirectly by the accompanied seismic events, such as tremors.

Transient slip is used as the counterpart of the steady slip. It means the slip is transient regarding the time scale, not a long-term steady slip behavior. It can refer to the postseismic transients, transient creep, or triggered slip.

Creep is an important slip behavior in the whole modes of fault slip, including fault locking, creep, slow earthquakes, usual earthquakes and so on.

I think that the very huge masses of Himalayan Mountain Creates a great Upward attraction Force between the Himalayan mass and the Mass of the Earth So the measured gravity at Himalayan is positive but at north Indian the measured gravity is negative due to the presence of a large sedimentary Basin of low density .

Thanks for sharing. It seems a good opportunity as pointed out by Muhammad Haseeb.

In Iraq, the destruction of archaeological sites has been a prominent phenomenon since 2003 until now, as a result of many factors, including internal political problems, the ISIS war, religious institutions, and urban expansion.

Emergence has become the front and center of my research in the couple of last years. To be capable to understand its working in depth, I had developed several open-source Python programs (ranging from the simplest one to the most advanced one) that enables everyone first to understand the cellular automata programming, and later apply them to studies of emergence that is occurring in so-called 'Game of Life'.

Quite a few videos depicting animated emergent structures are accessible in my profile at sections about data and software: e.g., logic-gates AND, OR, NOT, and quite a few emergent structures emerging in generalized neighborhoods of the original GoL. The latest paper is describing another interesting area, the design of error-resilient emergents, which can withstand the of 1% of errors into their evaluation process.

With respect to the questions provided in this answer. I highly recommend watching said videos and even run the open-source GoL-N24 Python software and try to play with emergence on your own. The personal experience with those simulations is always the best way to start to understand that we do not understand the theory of emergence!

Everyone is welcomed to play with emergence. One thing is sure, there are hiding huge treasures both experimental and theoretical in such 'playing' with the concept of emergence. Hopefully, this year will be published a paper that is going to address, at least, some root questions about emergence and its very principles (stay tuned).

References:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355043921_The_simplest_Python_program_simulating_a_cellular_automaton_model_of_a_complex_system_the_'Game_of_Life'

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356759719_Computer_Components_Simulated_Using_the_'Game_of_Life'_cellular_automaton_logic_gate_AND

There are all three logic-gates avaiable

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357285926_Python_program_simulating_cellular_automaton_r-GoL_that_represents_robust_generalization_of_'Game_of_Life'_sample_runs

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361818826_Robust_massive_parallel_information_processing_environments_in_biology_and_medicine_case_study

for me I see there is no significant differences between the obtained models, and to answer your question about (How to choose optimum model between many models) you have to integrate your models with another tool to achieve integration and see if both techniques provide good matching results for the problem at hand, if this is not available, thus, I can guarantee you that there nothing to do except studying the geological setting of the study area very well especially outcrops at or near your study area.

First of all, I experienced such problem before and I highly recommend you explore (ResIPy) for better error-analysis link below: https://github.com/hkexgroup/resipy/releases/download/v3.4.2/ResIPy-windows.exe

secondly, the problem maybe that the bad data points you exterminated to get lower inversion RMS error is the problem, it may eliminate the anomalous IP measurements.

finally, to better understand the problem I have to see IP measurements.

Hirwa Hubert

The distance from the road is considered an important input feature for machine learning earth science models because roads can have various environmental impacts that affect natural ecosystems and land use patterns.

For example, the construction of roads can lead to deforestation, fragmentation of habitats, and changes in hydrological cycles, which can alter the distribution and abundance of plant and animal species. Moreover, the traffic and pollution generated by roads can affect air quality, water quality, and soil health, which can further influence ecological processes.

By including the distance from the road as an input feature, machine learning models can better capture the spatial patterns and relationships between environmental variables and road proximity. This can help researchers and policymakers make informed decisions about land use planning, conservation, and natural resource management.

They offered me 40 % discount because they would appreciate if I would take part in that conference. According to my experience distinguished speakers get free accomodation, traveling and by chance a speaker's fee.

Because of that I consider that conference as an unserious one.

We don't know that plants migrated from the sea! Land plant may always have been the way they are. I personally do not accept evolution like that :)

Hello, in an atomic clock, frequency drift is generally a nonlinear variation. Atomic clocks are designed to minimize the effects of environmental factors and oscillator aging, but some drift remains inevitable. The drift can be caused by several factors, such as temperature variations, magnetic field fluctuations, and changes in the oscillator's properties over time. These factors can interact in complex ways, leading to a nonlinear drift pattern.

The extent and nature of the drift can vary depending on the specific atomic clock design and the quality of the components used. For example, some atomic clocks use temperature compensation techniques or magnetic shielding to minimize the impact of environmental factors, leading to a smaller drift. Moreover, higher-quality oscillators may exhibit less drift due to aging. However, even with these measures in place, atomic clocks still exhibit some level of frequency drift that is typically nonlinear.

It is important to note that atomic clock manufacturers perform extensive testing and calibration to determine the drift characteristics of their clocks. By understanding the nature of the drift, users can apply correction factors to improve the accuracy of their timekeeping systems.

To further elaborate on the calculation of frequency drift, let's consider the example of a typical cesium atomic clock. In a cesium atomic clock, the frequency of the clock is determined by the resonance frequency of cesium atoms when they transition between two energy levels. This frequency is extremely stable and provides a highly accurate reference for timekeeping.

However, even in a highly stable atomic clock like this, there can still be frequency drift due to various environmental factors. Let's assume that the clock has a frequency stability of 1 part in 10^14 over one day, meaning that the clock's frequency will drift by no more than 1 part in 10^14 over a 24-hour period.

If we express this drift as a frequency value, we can calculate it as follows: Frequency drift = 1 part in 10^14 x clock frequency Assuming the clock frequency is 10^10 Hz, the frequency drift will be: Frequency drift = 1 part in 10^14 x 10^10 Hz = 0.1 Hz per day

This means that over a period of one day, the clock's frequency will drift by no more than 0.1 Hz. While this might seem like a small amount, it can still impact the clock's accuracy over long periods, which is why atomic clocks employ sophisticated algorithms to correct for drift and maintain high accuracy over time.

Yes, ecology will become one of the key aspects of globalization in the 21st century. Globalization has facilitated the rapid growth of international trade and investment, along with an increase in the movement of people, goods and services across borders. As a result, the global environment is becoming increasingly interconnected, with human activities having an increasingly significant impact on ecosystems and climate. In this context, ecology will become increasingly important as businesses, governments and citizens seek to understand and mitigate the environmental effects of their activities. This will require a comprehensive approach to environmental management, including the development of new tools, mechanisms and technologies to reduce environmental impacts and increase resource efficiency. It will also mean engaging in ecological research, education and public awareness initiatives to ensure that ecological issues are taken into consideration in the decision-making process. Finally, it will involve the development of international agreements and regulations to ensure that environmental concerns are adequately addressed.

Dear Antonio García Palmeiro ,

I am not so familiar with the area you are researching. 27 years before I had to leave the profession... But since then I've been working in my former profession as a hobby... You should pay attention to what Ralph Thomas Becker said : 'The famous outcrop of Ouidane Chebbi and other Kem-Kem outcrops show a medium-scale hill and valley Devonian-Carboniferous topography transgressed by flat lying Cretaceous beds. So it seems that there was no alpine-style mountain range left in the Jurassic.'! Very logical!

If you look at his work he made paleontological study near the East of Anti-Atlas Range: Dra Walley... That is why you can use as prove his works... Regardless of that, without doing any research there - there is no possibility to do - my opinion was that the area worked as continental medium in Jurassic... You don't have an easy job... You need to do research in East (West Algeria, There has to exist drilling's Data! and seismic 3D surveys, 2D seismic sections) . In principle, you should be thinking about what the Moroccan Anti-Atlas would have looked like in the Early Jurassic nearly as it looks now... Only its West, North-West Area had other features. you have to determine correctly, why? I cannot say more about Hungary from here... It is clear what you have to do.

Regards,

Laszlo

As a rough guide in the field, the S type granites commonly contain two mica types (muscovite and biotite), because they are more Al2O3 rich than I type granites. They also commonly lack hematite dusting of the potassic feldspars (i.e. they are usually creamy white, rather than pink).

Both sides of an equation are equal when they are equal to a fixed value

Thanks Ahmadbek Jalilov and Mário A. Gonçalves for the interesting details.

There is a Li mine project 2 km from where I live (Cáceres, Extremadura, SW Spain). It would be the second largest Li mine in Europe. The experts said that "the material is formed by Ordovician slates, quartzites and sandstones crossed by a system of quartz veins and dykes and mineralized quartz and quartzpegmatites of Sn and Li, which constitute in general a superficial stockwork originated by the potential influence at depth of a granitic intrusion". The green hydrogen is what the company says they would produce by electrolysis. That is why I asked. It is clear to me from their answer that they should treat the ore further away from the city. Thank you very much.

By comparing photos and analyzes at different times

📷

I used 1 material in biology lab and recycle it that's used it in Field work

Abdur Rauf Have a look: https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/search/concepts/C1214613791-SCIOPS.html

Dear Sandu,

You have right, In the zone happened three earthquakes around 'M: 7.4' onto the base of Google map see the attached file.

Regards,

Laszlo

Dear Ayaz Mohmood Dar:

The Moho, the boundary separating the Earth's crust from the mantle, is defined from seismic methods, an increase in seismic velocity at the crust-mantle interface, gravity (an increase in density), and magnetic (a reduction in magnetic susceptibility).

As concerning the deep structures, geophysical studies based on seismic - deep seismic and wide-angle reflection/refraction profiling - and potential field data, providing information on the Moho depth. The seismic reflection/refraction is the finest imaging, but its coverage in general words is always not available or insufficient, or for low detail to carried out crustal velocity models by using depth distribution and kinematic info from hundreds of seismological focal mechanisms or by limited size-area. Therefore, I suggest that if your research is related to the Moho boundary, used integrating information from gravity, magnetic, seismological data, wide-angle reflection/refraction seismic, and structural geology.

A couple of software-related with gravmag modeling and inversion:

IGMAS+ is software for 3-D modeling of potential fields and their derivatives under the condition of constraining data and independent information.

IGMAS+ website for more information: www.gfz-potsdam.de/igmas

Geosoft Oasis Montaj (the best for me):

Geophysical Software Solutions Pty for gravity and magnetic:

Best regards, Mario E. Sigismondi

Yes. Please see the following useful link for insights.

Just shine infra-red light on vessel and temp will rise faster the higher the CO2 conc. This is basically the mechanism for warming in the atmosphere and is so well understood that one way we measure atmospheric CO2 concs is using absorption of infra-red light

I do agree with Radia Djelloul.

In theory, the SPEI can be calculated on a sub-monthly basis, but in practice, this is not recommended. It is highly recommended that the user looks at a minimum averaging window of 4 weeks. One could compute a 1-week SPEI, but the reality is that one will likely encounter many dry day events (0.00 rainfall even in non-arid climates), which makes the SPEI behave erratically, therefore this approach is not recommended. However, updating the SPEI every day or every week for a 1-month up to a 24-month time frame is acceptable. This “moving window” approach does not compromise the program as it is still looking at a minimum of 4 weeks of data each day it moves. Longterm SPEI data from Climate Research (CRU) Unit is available with a 0.5 degrees spatial resolution and a monthly time resolution (https://spei.csic.es/database.html).

El calentamiento global es un fenómeno físico q puede ocurrir al deterioro de la capa de ozono. Los científicos y expertos buscaran una solución para conservar la vida en el planeta Tierra. Por ahora debemos protegernos de los rayos solares y el cuidado del medio ambiente.

In the context of the subject of this discussion, I propose the following research topic: Analysis of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic on a change in the scale of implementation of the goals of sustainable development, pro-ecological transformation of the economy, systems and instruments of nature protection.

Greetings,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Anas Osman GEOCOL and GEOGRID for gross-error detection.

Good luck

Forecasting climatic, geological, natural and other processes that may occur in the next several dozen years is burdened with a very large scope of research error. Despite the progress made in the field of predictive analytics, the impact of the development of civilization on the climate and the biosphere of the planet Earth is still large and growing. Therefore, forecasting the development of climatic, geological and natural processes that may appear in the next several hundred years may border on the proverbial "fortune-telling on tea grounds".

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

It is a branch of geology to study the geological features through aerial photography. There are three types of aerial photography like vertical, low oblique and high oblique. Yes, it is a usual field withing geology.

0) From my experience, practically there is no way to do it. The main problem to make waveform MT inversion viable in the lab using AE sensors is to account for transfer function of AE sensors that works, as you know, in resonant mode. Moreover, you have to apply this correction IN-SITU, in your pressure vessel, which make this problem time-dependent. There is enough problems with amplitude inversion in the lab experiments (see some of my papers), and enough difficulties with applying corrections for amplitude inversion. So putting it on even higher level is problematic for AE sensors.

3) We worked quite a bit so far in all scales of earthquake rupture processes (see full list of references here: https://induced.pl/about). If you want one sentence answer, the problem is frequency band of observation. If you want to analyze small event with standard seismological methods, you need to cover reliably much higher frequency band. For M -4 event (source size of couple of cm) you in theory need band up to ca. 50 kHz to cover most of seismic energy (I rely here on assumption posed at some point be Ide and Beroza, that you need to integrate energy flux to ca. 10x the corner frequency of seismic event). This is not achievable with pendulum based sensors, so you have to go to AE sensors. And AE sensors, as you certantly know, is completely different ball game.

4). Judging the difficulties listed above, go for amplitude inversion first to get a feeling. Follow up: Any approach that removes transfer function, site effects and suppresses as much the propagation effects is the way to go (calibrating AE sensors in-situ, relative moment tensor etc.). Please see some of my papers for results on amplitude moment tensor inversions in laboratory tri-axial experiments and in the in-situ laboratories (DOI: 10.1029/2017JB014715; DOI: 10.1130/G39147.1; DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.11.005; DOI: 10.1002/2014GL060159).

"Capella makes a portion of its historical archived imagery available through the Open Data Program".

Hi

I think sir you first seek the perspective or goal or purpose of UNDP. ...

Once cleared you will get your answer with respect to publication

For me it is a global development network which connects whole world for advocating experience and resources to help people.. Upliftment them through skill and knowledge and provide better life to them...

Dear Nicolas

Raising awareness and having a discussion on predatory journals and alike (depending on the definition) is a good thing, but I'm not sure whether RG is the best place for naming, shaming and listing.

Yet, I’ll share some thoughts and practices that pertain directly or indirectly to this matter:

When I receive an ‘invitation’ from a predatory journal (or should we say anti-scientific journal?), I immediately mark the sender in my spam filter. With a bit of experience it takes about 1/10 of a second to recognize such a journal. I currently receive just a few invitations per week and this was much more in the past, so I assume it helps.

Occasionally I check Beall’s list https://beallslist.net/ when I come across a published paper or publisher of unknown reputation to me. This is not full proof, but at least provides some information to consider.

For the field of paleontology, I occasionally browse through the excellent journal list of Kenneth De Baets in order to find a suitable journal to publish. https://www.gzn.nat.fau.eu/palaeontologie/team/wissenschaftler/de-baets/journals-for-paleontological-research/

If the name of a journal in the field of paleontology is not on this list, it may be a good indication of an anti-scientific journal. This list is particularly useful to early career scientists in the field, since it contains also information on metrics, like impact factors, and that is considered very important by our administrators and funding agencies (but rather unscientific – other discussion).

I once wrote a critical comment in the newsletter of The Micropalaeontological Society (TMS) on a specific new journal in the field of paleontology by a predatory publisher and called for a reaction by editorial board members including the Editor-in-Chief that were also (esteemed) TMS members (see pdf for details). Perhaps surprisingly, this reaction never came. None of the editors took a stand. Perhaps some or most did not even know they were listed as editor. On the positive side: the journal was terminated after some years for lack of submissions.

This brings me to a core problem with predator journals: as long as established scientists fall into the trap of being ‘honored’ by becoming an editorial board member we exacerbate the problem of predatory/anti-scientific journals.

I planned to keep this reply short – and utterly failed. I’m looking forward to seeing more responses.

nuclear and chemical weapons

Due to COVID-19, maybe there is some suspension in the review process. But if you feel a wastage if time simply, withdraws that paper and submit to another journal of the same field for timely publication.

Spatial Data Infrastructures provide a platform that offers an interaction between spatial data, with networks, standards and policies. This framework can be used to develop institutional arrangements, legal and political tools, social resources to facilitate the integration of spatial data and its maximum potential use. To do this, there must be a channel involving data providers, resellers and users, helping to interact with technical, policy and standards tools to coordinate and use the data correctly. SDI offers minimization of costs and time when integrating data from multiple sources. However, this has not yet been achieved. More research is needed to achieve efficient data integration in the context of the SDI project; the results can assist in the development of technical, political, institutional and management tools. When this is achieved, data integration will facilitate sustainability.

First, you need to know the resistivity curve types.

Second: you must first know to interpret the data manually using master curves and auxiliary graphs.

Third: you can use after that software to reduce time and search for high quality data. Some software as Winsev, Risexp, Res2D ....etc based on your data is 1D, 2D or 3D

Thankyou for your response Stephen!

Hi! Fabrício A Pamplona

Microbiology works well I guess! Very nice effort and detailed illustrations; Kudos to the team!

Well done #Mindthegraph

Rushika Patel what do you say?

"Geology has not brought losses in any country of the world" (Antoine de Saint-Exupery, the author of "The Little Prince").

I think USGS is the best agency to provide up to date landslide inventory on a global scale. A while ago, I could find global inventory, but today I could not locate it. You might want to contact one of them from the contact list. I think NASA has developed a list of rainfall-induced landslides only.

For example, for the USA

Hi Shipra,

Your observation is correct, this is indeed the example of mammatus clouds.

When we talk about interesting cloud shapes, we most often think about the forms visible from the surface. Recently, I realized that after expanding the scale of observations by considering satellite images, we can observe even more astonishing forms such as the Actinoform clouds, of the coast of Australia, January 29, 2020, from NASA which are shown in the attached image.

These cloud forms are too large tom be seen from the surface.

Christoper Jan Landicho , thank you, and I hope you are doing great.

That information should be easily available from school or university websites as was suggested above. Information on this from Universiti of Brunei Darussalam is given below. Earth Sciences is not taught at school or college levels here, so, this should cover the entire country for you.

http://fos.ubd.edu.bn/undergrad/geology.html

Hope this helps.

Kind regards

ambient noise consist of body and surface waves and their complex interference (diffarciton, scattering, dispersion etc.). Within this scope P waves echos in the range of 'broad band' frequencies between 0.1-2 Hz. You can use therotical p wave/s wave amplitude spectrum in order to obtain h/v transfer function for deep basin (as your case-5 km)

Woodlice have an appetite for willow foliage and potato peels.

Regards,

Joachim

Dear Andreas Uslar ,

If friction was a function of another input parameter, the it was more straight forward and you could set up a function in ANSYS Workbench, however, since it is a function of an output parameter the situation is a bit different and you can can do this with scripting method.

a simple way of manipulating Ansys is connecting an Excel file with Ansys workbench. this way you extract the output from Ansys and transferring it to Excel and calculate the new friction value and running next iteration.

The thing is that you need to be familiar with Python scripting a bit. Attached please find a sample that is showing how Ansys can be connected and manipulated with Excel. After you learned the concept, then you can extend the Python script and put it into a loop and complete your analysis.

Hope this answer helps.

Good Luck!!

Dear László and colleagues:

It is not an easy answer your doubt, even more: it is my doubt too. Keep in mind that certain of plate boundaries are not defined so simple than others by earthquakes, such as the South America – Nazca – Antarctica example that I made to Jeffrey´s original question.

To try to answer the László´s question, "What is the Lithosphere thickness in ‘subduction zones’ of Mediterranean?" I researched using satellite data from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and I got an estimate of the Crust – Upper Mantle boundary. Also, I use the earthquakes database from the USGS to map the main earthquakes between the period 1919 – 2019.

Please, allow me to share with you and colleagues four images of the results obtained, in the PDF file attached in this answer: 1- gravity anomaly; 2- Moho depth; 3- earthquake depth and 4- earthquake magnitude.

If you have a specific database of Europe region in mind it might be worth looking up these data. It’s also worth noting that I will help you to understand better your question. This means your focus should be on getting quality gravity and, also, magnetic data, I will do my best job.

Best regards

Mario E. Sigismondi

In the Lagrangian frame of reference, the residence time of a given quantity of chemical species is determined by the location of the emission, the flow path, the lateral mixing, the vertical diffusion, the deposition (wet and dry), chemical reactions and the transfer between the gas phase and particles. The solution of the mass conservation equation for a given trajectory leads directly to the estimation of a residence time.

Considering the fact that all the parameters of the considered system exhibit a significant variability, we should look at the problem of the residence time more in the sense of the distribution of the residence times evaluated for the ensemble of the trajectories. Calculations can be accomplished using a Lagrangian model that includes all the relevant processes indicated in the first sentence

In the Eulerian frame of reference, we can use a method suggested by Professor Bolin and his coworkers the article: "Residence time of atmospheric pollutants as dependent on source characteristics, atmospheric diffusion processes and sink mechanisms"

When considering the modifications of the method suggested in this paper, it is advisable to use a three-dimensional transport model with a realistic Planetary Boundary Layer scheme, good schemes for dry deposition coupled to a cloud model. In my opinion, we are still trying to master three-dimensional transport models with the properties required to make realistic estimates of residence time.

The remaining question is: which method is better?

In my opinion, the most accurate and realistic methods are based on the ensemble of trajectories because of their ability to estimate the distribution of the residence times.

The geological map shows the distribution of the formations and their contact ( different kinds of rocks and faults).

There are three major types of maps they use: topographic, cross-sectional, and structural.

A structural map shows the geologic features of an area. Its appearance is similar to that of a topographic map, but a topographic map displays elevations of the Earth's surface and a structure map displays the elevation of a particular rock layer, generally beneath the surface. a geologic map shows the distribution of geologic features, including different kinds of rocks and faults.Rock units or geologic strata are shown by color or symbols to indicate where they are exposed at the surface. Isopach maps detail the variations in thickness of stratigraphic units.

A cross-sectional map shows the cross-section from the side.

So you can't talk about stratigraphic maps, but rather structural maps at different stratigraphic levels,

Water Mnagemmet techniques either applied to crops or settlment is the need of the hour. The water scarcity on both sides drinking as well as the agricultural use is getting worsed day by day which draw attention of researchers to develop innovative technologies for judicious use of available water. It may include growing of less water requiring crops, application of drip irritation systems and using lazer leveling in the fields to ensure the evenly distributed water. Secondly wastage of water should be stopped. Water supply needs to meterd if necessary to curb water wastage. The water saved can be provided to the areas where it required or may be stored for future use through the water shed management..... Ctc....

I think it will be best if you make your own georeferenced map by collecting the data for years. Then you can make weighted the determination of sampling points.

This is the link for preparing the georeferenced map of your research - https://blog.cartographica.com/mapping-co2-emissions-world-wide.html

You can collect the CO2 data from this link-http://www.carbonmap.org/sources.html

If you need any help, I would be happy to help you

Please refer to a document ...NMSOP....written by GFZ groups.

In A Report on the Geology of the Henry Mountains (1877), p.118 Gilbert writes ‘Every slope is a member of a series, receiving the water and waste of the slope above and discharging its own water and waste on the slope below . . . And as any member of the system may influence all the others, so each member is influenced by every other’ (Young 1972).

Let us now follow Gilbert’s observations to the top of the hill where the divide or watershed is. Here, water plays a minor role except in weathering processes. If, for example, frost shattering breaks a rock fragment off, the fragment can only fall sideways or down and only then if there is no rock debris to stop it. This underlies the convexity found at divides. Creep of soil and rock debris downslope then clears the summit ridge allowing further weathering to continue. Further downslope water takes on an extended role as sheet wash begins to combine with soil creep to increase the convexity of the slope.

There comes a point when sheet wash and mass wastage such as debris and mud flows, slides etc. gradually comes into play. The change is transition, as any sudden change would result in a break of slope. With increasing water and waste movement the slope begins to develop a concave form, unless a river is eroding into the base of the slope.

Think carefully on what G. K. Gilbert said all these years ago. They laid the basis for Process/response geomorphology and also introduced the idea of dynamic equilibrium. I hope these thoughts help you Ijaz