EU Law - Science topic

The European Court of Justice (ECJ) plays a critical role in shaping the legal landscape of the European Union, including the regulation of emerging technologies such as cryptocurrency. As the EU's highest judicial authority, the ECJ interprets EU law, and its rulings often have far-reaching implications for the regulation of financial markets, inc...

In an increasingly digitized global economy, the seamless transfer of data across national borders has become integral to facilitating international commerce, digital service delivery, and economic progress. This study critically examines the legal structure established by the European Union (EU) for regulating international transfers of personal d...

The legal recognition of animals in European Union (EU) legislation remains inconsistent, particularly regarding invertebrates. While vertebrates enjoy robust protections under EU law, insects and other invertebrates are systematically excluded from legal definitions of "animals". This note focuses on Directive 2010/63/EU-the key EU legal instrumen...

The article offers a step-by-step guide to legal defense strategies against extradition from Spain to Ukraine. Written by practicing lawyers, it combines legal analysis with real-world insights drawn from their professional experience. The authors examine each procedural stage, from the initial Interpol Red Notice and pre-trial detention hearing in...

Purpose Off-label drugs are being used in laryngology. Prescribing of a medicinal product is a decision taken within the relationship between a patient and his/her treating health care provider (HCP). The purpose of this article is to discuss the medicolegal aspects of off-label drug use, to provide recommendations for obtaining informed patient co...

Energy has been a fundamental precondition for human survival, economic development, and preserving dignity throughout history. At the same time, the increasing digitalisation of energy systems, especially in the EU’s energy transition, creates new challenges, especially concerning rights such as data protection and privacy. Although European Law r...

The European Central Bank (ECB), in response to the eurozone crisis, famously pledged to do "whatever it takes" to preserve the euro. This promise materialized in the Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) program me a controversial policy allowing the ECB to purchase government bonds in secondary markets. While the European Court of Justice (ECJ) up...

The Court of Justice of the European Union (the Court) has famously sought to eliminate intra-European Union (EU) investment arbitration under bilateral investment treaties and the multilateral Energy Charter Treaty. In doing so, the Court has navigated settled case law concerning commercial arbitration. In this regard, Achmea and subsequent ruling...

This contribution analyses the first case presented to the Court of Justice of the EU that questions the independence of the judiciary in Croatia. The case has several unique aspects. First, it addresses threats to judicial independence from within the judiciary itself, which is unusual, as most cases typically involve external pressures from the e...

Using the PRISMA-ScR methodology, this scoping review systematically analyzes how EU laws and regulations influence the development, adoption, and deployment of AI-driven digital solutions in energy generation, transmission, distribution, consumption, and markets. It identifies key regulatory barriers such as stringent risk assessments, cybersecuri...

The need to provide alternative forms of justice to ordinary courts in the European context has been considered a fundamental chapter in consumer protection policies for many years, addressing the so-called “weaker party£ in a contractual relationship. The evolution of European legislation and the proliferation of alternative systems have “mandated...

The main aim of the European Small Claims Procedure (ESCP) is to simplify citizens’ access to justice by accelerating adjudication in small value disputes in cross-border cases, decreasing the costs of the proceedings and simplifying the recognition and enforcement of ESCP judgements rendered in another Member State. Therefore, the ESCP is organise...

It is well known that EU law tends to offer rather generous protection for product shapes, not least under industrial design and copyright law. Until recently, however, the statement had to be qualified with regard to works or designs not originating in the EU (or the EEA). For designs, this resulted from the fact that, pursuant to the majority opi...

This paper explores whether directors must account for impacts on public goods through structured proportionality, a concept rooted in the common law tradition of nuisance and EU law of proportionality in constraining private harms. As corporate governance increasingly intersects with environmental protection, human rights, and systemic risk, struc...

Since the beginning of full-scale military aggression of Russia and the introduction of martial law, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine has adopted several laws that have led to a significant transformation of the labor legislation of Ukraine. This is primarily the Law of Ukraine “On Organization of Labor Relations in Martial Status”, tht Law of Ukraine...

Although national courts are the primary forum for the application of EU law, only very few studies have empirically examined their operation in practice and their impact on the EU vertical model of judicial federalism. Various unique challenges stand in the way of creating a multi-country multi-court database of the national judicial review of EU...

In this article, I discuss the obligations of administrative authorities in European Union (EU) member states applying EU law from the perspective of some of the views presented by Hans Kelsen in his Pure Theory of Law. Reference is made particularly to the case of Fratelli Costanzo (Judgment of the Court of 22 June 1989, 103/88, Fratelli Costanzo...

The EU English governs the language style in developing the legislative acts on the EU integration track in Ukrainian institutions. The formation of the Ukrainian version of Eurolect, commonly known as a special code, is decisive for the compatibility and interoperability of the Ukrainian law-making system with the EU acquis and runs parallel to pr...

The subject of the research is civil legal relations arising in relation to digital assets, with the chosen topic also defined. The aim of the research is to determine the compliance/non-compliance of the legal regime of digital assets established by Ukrainian legislation with the standards of European Union law. Using a comparative legal method, i...

This article is the first panoramic survey of the various, idiosyncratic procedures relating to the removal for cause of EU institutional officeholders scattered throughout the Union’s primary and secondary law. After describing these provisions, the article argues that these procedures may be considered as impeachment. The article then examines th...

The chapter discusses the importance of the EU continuing to promote improved living and working conditions for its citizens without simultaneously risking competition between workers from different member states. The problem discussion is based on the significance of social improvements for the EU to maintain support among citizens and the challen...

The future of Ukraine depends on its relations with the EU. What is the law governing accessions? What are the main challenges facing Ukraine on the path towards EU membership? Going through the pre-accession scrutiny in times of war, Ukraine sets a unique precedent, where more experimentation could be possible to mitigate a huge risk that the EU r...

The question of self-defence is a central concept in war theory and international criminal law, but how is this relevant in EU law? Security questions and the law of war are seemingly far from the traditional area of free movement in EU law. Yet the Russian full scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and the current security situation in Europe have put...

The concept of a “sufficiently serious breach of law” is critical in EU law for determining non-contractual liability and securing compensation for damages. As a legally vague term, it allows for broad interpretive leeway, granting courts the flexibility to consider individual circumstances, but simultaneously introduces challenges in predictabilit...

The relations between the EU institutions established by the Treaty of Lisbon, as well as the relations between EU competences and the constitutional sovereignty of the member states, call for constant examination. Through the inductive method of constitutional law, we arrive at the assessment of the European Union as a special composite two-level...

This chapter examines the relationship between privatizations of State-owned companies and neutrality of the EU Treaties towards national provisions governing property ownership, according to Article 345 TFEU (ex Article 295 TEC—ex Article 222 TEEC). It analyses the interpretation of Article 345 TFEU given by the CJEU in the context of golden share...

At its current stage of development the European Union is not only an organization for economic cooperation but also a community built around clearly defined values. Due to their importance, part of these values take the form of categories enshrined in law, i.e. the legal rules of EU political system. Hence all the goals of the EU should be pursued...

This paper discusses how epistemic and ontological commitments shape different understandings of European Union (EU) law and why it matters. Many key debates on EU law—and some of the fiercest disagreements in European legal scholarship—go back to divergent epistemic and ontological commitments. While these philosophical commitments usually operate...

The misuse of emergency pesticide authorisations under Article 53 of Regulation 1107/2009 by EU Member States systematically undermines the Regulation’s core objective of prioritising health and environmental protection over improving plant production. The Member State authorities competent to decide on these authorisations lack independence and tr...

This piece analyses the recent judgement of the EU Court of Justice in the case of Deldits (C-247/23). This ruling is momentous, as the CJEU explicitly abandons its medicalised understanding of transgender identity, thus expanding the protection of trans* rights under EU law.

Background: Benchmarks are crucial instruments of financial markets. They allow financial institutions to operate and create new products and services while their administrators profit by licensing them. However, it is unclear on what grounds administratorsʼ claims of benchmark ownership rest, which in turn may prompt benchmark users to challenge t...

This article analyses the upcoming implementation of the Nature Restoration Law (NRL) based on current knowledge, from the perspective of ecological sciences. The EU regulation on nature restoration came into force in 2024. The official German legal term for the EU law is Wiederherstellungsverordnung (WVO). Central aspects are presented and the giv...

The exploratory coalition talks have led to an agreement on the financing of infrastructure and defence. The agreement preserves the debt ceiling of the Basic Law in place and at the same time circumvents it with the help of credit-financed special funds and exemption clauses. This raises the question of the extent to which the legal framework perm...

This paper examines the transformation of copyright limitations on the free use of works for educational and research purposes in the context of distance learning. As technology advances, educational institutions increasingly use digital learning tools which include copyrighted material. The European Union has continuously tried to harmonise copyri...

Recent changes to EU fiscal policy, such as the landmark economic governance reform package passed in early 2024, have established a dense ‘coordination space’ that steers crucial social and economic choices at the EU and national levels. This coordination space, however, departs significantly from its historical predecessors. It largely operates w...

The aim of this article is to show the impact of the EU Victims’ Rights Directive on the Polish regulations. The main focus is placed on the concept of victim, the role of victims in criminal proceedings, and also individual assessment of crime victims’ needs. The findings of the analysis indicate that a set of victims’ rights adopted within the fr...

The article examines the recent changes to the EU’s Renewable Energy Directive, in short: RED. In order to accelerate the roll-out of renewable energy, the EU legislator has for the first time introduced spatial planning obligations to the RED and significantly changed the provisions on permitting. Possible conflicts between renewable energy plants...

As of today, the European Union and the Council of Europe play a key role in establishing standards for human rights protection. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) share a common fundamental goal – the protection of human rights. While they occasionally refer to each other’s case law, re...

Gibraltar is a strategic enclave located at the southernmost end of the Iberian Peninsula, adjacent to the Kingdom of Spain. Ceded to the United Kingdom in 1713, the territory has been and continues to be the subject of a territorial dispute between the United Kingdom and Spain, and a major point of tension in diplomatic relations due to various co...

The rapid development of digital technologies has changed the environments in which businesses and consumers are acting on the market and brought multiple challenges to EU consumer law. The adequacy of EU consumer protection legislation in the digital environment is currently being evaluated by the European Commission Fitness Check on EU consumer l...

20/2023 EU Law and Politics at the Crossroads: Navigating the Complexities of AI, Digitalization, Data Protection, Security, and Radicalization / coord.: dr. Mihaela Daciana Natea, dr. Simion Costea. – Cluj-Napoca : Napoca Star, 2023 Conţine bibliografie ISBN 978-606-062-762-3 Special volume L'Europe unie 20/2023About the Journal Print ISSN: 0248-2...

L'Europe unie/ United Europe 20/2023 Mihaela Daciana Natea, Simion Costea (coordinators) EU Law and Politics at the Crossroads: Navigating the Complexities of AI, Digitalization, Data Protection, Security, and Radicalization

This paper explores the challenges digitalisation poses to the traditional concept of working time, emphasizing the need for an objective, transparent system to measure daily hours and uphold labor standards. It also examines the evolving legal framework, with a focus on Italian legislation and case law, addressing the classification of workers emp...

Integration’, despite being mentioned as one of the key features of the New Pact on Immigration and Asylum, is relatively absent in the Pact itself. This article reflects on how the New Pact will influence immigrant integration in the EU. It first sets out a theoretical framework which will then be used to assess the impact of the New Pact on the i...

Since the eighteenth century, animal breeding has significantly evolved, culminating in the use of gene editing (GE) technologies like CRISPR-Cas9. These technologies offer unprecedented capabilities to modify animal genomes, potentially revolutionising breeding practices by achieving desired traits much faster compared to traditional selective bre...

The article examines the hierarchical structure of the EU legal sources system and the interconnections between them, with a particular focus on tax law. It explores the institutionalization of values within the European legal system and the mechanisms through which these values are codified and implemented. The study emphasizes the necessity of pr...

The article is devoted to the study of the features of harmonization of Ukrainian legislation on customs administration with European Union law (hereinafter referred to as the EU). It is established that Ukraine, as a state that has concluded an Association Agreement with the EU and has also received the status of a candidate for EU membership, fac...

Background: The advent of computers has transformed personal information into a valuable asset. Online behavioural advertising seeks to match advertising with Internet users. However, many online behavioural advertising companies often use data collection and processing methods that violate the rights of Internet users when extracting and analysing...

The Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine has triggered a massive wave of criminal prosecutions for war-related offences, including verbal offences consisting in the denial or justification of certain conflict-related crimes. This paper shows that current international law requires states to criminalize and prosecute a limited range of verbal...

This article considers the application of the precautionary principle as understood in EU law to EU decision-making on geoengineering, in particular solar geoengineering. It finds that the situation is riddled with more complexities than first appears; (i) the principle is used to argue against research, even though more research is usually itself...

The article thoroughly analyzes the importance of Ukraine’s European integration and its obligations to approximate legislation to the EU acquis. It is determined that the successful implementation of this process depends not only on the formal adoption of regulatory acts, but also on real law enforcement, in particular in judicial practice. Partic...

The article examines, within the context of compatibility with the autonomy of the EU legal order of dispute settlement mechanisms established or designated by agreements, the boundaries of jurisdiction of international courts/tribunals drawn by the CJEU under EU law with their grounds in the preservation of external autonomy of the EU legal order...

Climate change is now one of the main threats to the modern world. An integrated activity of governments and legislative bodies of all countries on all continents is needed to combat this threat. Central banks also have a role to play in this “fight” – as part of monetary and supervisory policy – as is the case with the eponymous European Central B...

The following paper presents an empirical analysis of the information provided by ESG rating agencies concerning the term “social”. The study compares the results against various EU regulations, including the Proposal for a Regulation on the transparency of ESG rating activities, EU Regulation (EU) 2020/852, Directive (EU) 2022/2464, and the Social...

Nowadays Internet technologies are developing so much that they cover new social relations. Human life is undergoing rapid digitalisation, which inevitably leaves an imprint on the protection of fundamental rights. Political life is no exception either. Today the legal experience shows that the European states are already offering various effective...

La agresión de Ucrania por parte de Rusia, el 24 de febrero de 2022, ha marcando un antes y un después, que está incidiendo no solo en las relaciones geopolíticas y estratégicas sino en los valores fundamentales, sobre los que se han asentado los modernos Estados de Derecho (art. 2 y 21 TUE), especialmente los Estados miembros de la UE. Por primera...

The article focuses attention on the factors that became catalysts for the adoption of Council Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/382, which establishes the presence of a mass influx of displaced persons from Ukraine within the meaning of Article 5 of Directive 2001/55/EC and introduces temporary protection. The above-mentioned decision became the bas...

The scientific publication examines the issue of consumer rights protection in contracts for the provision of tourism services with a foreign element in the European Union and Ukraine. It is emphasized that consumers of tourism services are in a weaker position compared to tourism companies, thus necessitating a balanced approach to the regulation...

Respect and protection of human rights is one of the main areas of activity of the European Union in accordance with the objectives and principles of this organization, enshrined in the founding treaties. Any European country that adheres to the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as the rule...

In accordance with the provisions of the Association Agreement concluded between Ukraine and the European Union, our country has undertaken to begin the process of harmonizing Ukrainian legislation with EU law in the most important areas of the economy. One of the first steps taken in this direction, which concerned, in particular, the housing and...

For a long time, the institution of related-party transactions has remained outside the attention of scholars and practitioners due to the rather small regulatory framework governing the procedure for their execution. This is due to the fact that in Ukraine, a rather small number of business entities comply with procedure of execution and approval...

The digital era has brought about new security challenges. Security in the digital context is neither border centric nor a traditional security threat that can be contained into individual behaviour or which respects traditional borders. It may affect both privacy issues at the individual level and state security. What does this mean for the tools...

Four years before the Macedonian authorities submitted the request for membership in the European Union, they have started the process of tax harmonization with the EU law. Therefore, in 2000 the legislator adopted the Law on the Value Added Tax that was completely established on the basic principles of the VI VAT directive, considered as the raiso...

Values are a fairly common concept that is used extensively at the everyday level and is the subject of study in many sciences, including philosophy, sociology, psychology, cultural studies, religious studies, economic theory, political science, etc. Following the substantiation of values as a separate philosophical category, a branch of philosophy...

Accession to the European Convention on Human Rights has been on the European Union’s agenda for decades. The Lisbon Treaty has removed the initial legal barriers, but actual accession has not been achieved to date: the reconciliation of the special characteristics of EU law with the Convention has proved to be a rather complex issue, illustrated w...

The editors are pleased to present issue 2024/II of the Pécs Journal of International and European Law, published by the Centre for European Research and Education of the Faculty of Law of the University of Pécs. In the Articles section, Dimitris Liakopoulos provides an analysis of how EU law perceives and regulates renewable energy and its environ...

This study analyzes whether the tax progression proviso’s calculation method for foreign income exemptions under a tax treaty breaches EU law. This research question has not yet been examined in the literature. In such a case, a violation of the EU fundamental freedoms may result in taxpayers partially losing the tax-reducing effect of the basic al...

The article examines how the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) through its judgments enlarged the ambit of the ne bis in idem principle in a certain aspect and redefined attributes of national prosecutions. More poignantly, how the Court’s recognition of a possible res iudicata effect of prosecutorial decisions binding on other EU Membe...

This article examines limitations on the social rights of mobile EU workers in EU law through the national definitions of ‘worker’ and ‘socially insured’ person. It analyses EU laws and judgments of the CJEU and provides a comparative analysis of the core elements of the concept of ‘worker’ and ‘insured person’ in national laws and potential advant...

As the EU is positioned, and positions itself, as a global leader in digital regulation, it is more important than ever to challenge narratives that flatten disparities within the bloc. In this paper, I seek to problematise the perception of the European Union as the homogenous bloc sometimes alluded to, and even outwardly projected, in discussions...

Since Croatia’s establishment as a sovereign country in the early 1990s, foreign investments have been identified as a strategic priority of its economic policy. Croatia seeks to provide a stable legal environment for foreign investors through its domestic rules, EU law or bilateral investment treaties. Providing legal protection in international i...

Digital infrastructures, such as online platforms, and digital services, such as scoring, and the algorithms behind them, have often been described as a “black box.” This is a problem for consumers and consumer organizations that wish to enforce their individual rights or collective remedies in civil law litigation. The reason is that traditionally...

Food, being a pivotal commodity in EU trade, has exerted a profound influence on EU law. EU Food Safety Law impacts every EU consumer and extends beyond the EU borders, affecting consumers globally (Sinopoli and Purnhagen 2016). The predominant structure of EU Food Safety Law involves maximum harmonization, restricting Member States’ autonomy in ta...

The rapid advancement of digital health innovation, including Artificial Intelligence (AI), is transforming healthcare. The growing role the European Union (EU) plays in regulating the use of AI in healthcare renders national laws insufficient to safeguard patients from unique AI-related risks. This underscores the urgent need for the recognition o...

The rise of digital assets, particularly Bitcoin and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), has presented unprecedented challenges for value-added tax (VAT) systems across the European Union (EU). This study explores the complex legal landscape surrounding the application of VAT to these emerging assets, focusing on the implications of EU jurisprudence. By an...

The paper examines twelve legal regimes related to the governance and regulation of both the environmental risks and opportunities brought forth by the use of AI systems and AI models in the Artificial Intelligence Act (‘AIA’) of EU law. The assessment of risks and opportunities of AI related to the environment includes the high-risk management pro...

This article discusses European copyright law as applied to the development and training of generative AI and natural language processing in public interest research institutions and libraries. The article focuses on the scope of the new exceptions from copyright law for text and data mining (TDM) for research purposes and discusses them from the p...

This introductory article outlines three fundamental regulatory developments in the EU’s legislation addressing digitalization and automation of decision-making: One is that across many acts we see a move towards more complex multi-level composite procedures, involving not only public structures with agencies, EU bodies, national agencies, but also...

In its questions for preliminary ruling, the German Federal Court of Justice asked for clarification as regards the definition of pastiche under EU copyright law; and, in essence, whether and how this concept applies to musical sampling. In the present Opinion, the European Copyright Society takes the view that pastiche is an autonomous concept of...

The Special Issue, prepared in the framework of EUFutures, aims to assess the litigation strategies of interest groups in the digital field, at EU level and in the Member States, to analyse why these strategies were chosen, to explain the successes and failures of these interest groups, bottom-up, with a view to assessing the chances of success of...

The article explores data protection legal mobilisation before the Court of Justice of the EU (‘DPLM’). It provides a theoretical framework to study DPLM before the CJEU and undertakes, for the first time, a comprehensive mapping of this area. It does so by studying, all the data protection-related judgments delivered by the Court between 2014-2023...

This article examines the place of EU law in the actions of Schrems and his ‘linked’ NGO, None of your Business, ‘NOYB,’ in the context of its predominantly transatlantic nature. Existing literature pays insufficient attention to the narrow focus on Schrems on EU-US data transfers and the ways in which his use of EU law is mostly outside of EU cour...

In the last decade, the interaction between the European Court of Justice and the Romanian Constitutional Court followed a sinusoidal pattern: after the direct dialogue initiated by a preliminary question on the freedom of movement for same-sex couples, parallel monologues on the relationship between the national Constitution and EU law have become...

tefan-Ciprian Raicea, student-doctorand Şcoala Doctorală a Facultăţii de Drept, Universitatea din Craiova Conducător ştiinţific: Prof.univ.dr.habil. Anca Ileana Duşcă Rezumat Dreptul penal al mediului în UE datează din anii 1970, când legile de protecţie a mediului aveau adesea un puternic caracter administrativ. Mult timp, dreptul penal a fost con...

The jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights makes a notable contribution to the promotion of the importance of the environment in the member states of the Council of Europe. This is remarkable, insofar as the text of the European Convention on Human Rights does not guarantee an individual right to the environment, and environmental prot...

The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) uses a variety of tools in its activities, among which the most important are the methods of interpretation. Using a whole range of methods (methods) of interpretation, the CJEU fills existing gaps in the law or clarifies the meaning and scope of application of the rules of European Union law. The C...

Strategic litigation plays a crucial role in advancing human rights in the digital age, particularly in cases where data subjects, such as migrants and protection seekers, experience significant power imbalances. In this Article, we consider strategic litigation as part of broader legal mobilization efforts. Although some emerging studies have exam...

The climate emergency is unfolding. Efforts to reduced greenhouse gas emissions globally, including the efforts of the European Union and the Member States, are severely insufficient to hold global warming below the 1.5°C temperature limit. In light of this public institutional failure, civil society actors increasingly resort to strategic climate...

Strategic litigation is a form of legal mobilization, where actors bring cases before judges not only to win in court, but also to pursue broader political, social or economic ends. Various actors can use the law strategically – big corporations, specialized non-governmental organizations or individual academics. The ends can range from resisting m...

Both European Union law and the European Convention on Human Rights offer an opportunity structure for a broad array of interests to pursue their objectives through strategic litigation. The spectrum of rights that litigants can claim is sufficiently broad that no consensus has emerged on the general consequences of such litigation. While much rese...

This Article explores, from a participatory perspective of an engaged legal scholar, the case of homeless EU citizens in the Netherlands and the mobilization of their rights. By marking them as so-called niet-rechthebbenden (“non-rightholders”), Dutch municipalities have systematically denied homeless EU citizens access to overnight shelters and ge...

This Article inquires into the aftermath of judgments by the CJEU under the preliminary ruling procedure under article 267 TFEU in cases of strategic litigation. As the principal objective of strategic litigants is to effectively achieve broader societal, political, economic, or legal change, the afterlife of a judgment is crucial for them. While e...

This Article examines how private economic actors mobilize EU law to pursue broader legal, political, economic, or societal ends. It studies the strategic nature of corporate litigation before the Court of Justice of the EU in the context of the EU Emissions Trading System, a prime illustration of neglected strategic climate litigation. Corporate c...

In 2020, amid aggressive and inflammatory political discourse and an unprecedented wave of violent attacks against migration Non-Governmental Organizations and their staff, the Greek Government sought to establish a new legal framework for the registration of Non-Governmental Organizations active in the fields of international protection, migration...

The present contribution seeks to provide an empirical overview of how the amended internal review mechanism established under the EU Aarhus Regulation is currently being deployed by civil society organizations to mobilize EU climate change law. This Article argues that the 2021 reform of the Aarhus Regulation has broadened the legal opportunity st...

The preliminary reference procedure is a crucial tool for EU law enforcement. Yet, its usage varies greatly across the Member States. This paper deals with a notable case in which EU justice has not been mobilized: Greece. Until 2023, Greek judges had not made any preliminary references in the migration and asylum fields, despite significant migran...

This Article discusses the emerging strategic litigation practice in the European Union through the lens of participatory democracy. After situating such a practice both historically and conceptually within the specificities of the EU legal order, it explores whether and the extent to which strategic litigation, understood as an additional form of...

Artificial intelligence is reshaping our world, merging human consciousness with technology through tools like virtual reality, augmented reality, and brain-computer interfaces. These innovations blur the line between physical and digital realms, challenging traditional notions of subjectivity and opening pathways for self-expression and cognitive...

This article analyses remote proceedings as a new form of participation in the criminal process in the context of EU law, with particular reference to the question of whether remote participation could be considered (and established) as part of the defendant’s right to be present at their trial. The question of how technological developments may be...