Science topic

ELT - Science topic

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Incorporating religious stories in English Language Teaching (ELT) textbooks would help in fostering a deeper connection with Allah and His teachings as they enhance virtual values. Additionally, these stories might play a significant role in enhancing learners' spiritual awareness. Do you agree?
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In the United States, this would be frowned on because of the requirement for the separation of church and state. There are probably church-based school that do this, but not schools operated by any level of government. It is not an appropriate role of the US government to advocate in favor of one religion over others.
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Dear Colleagues,
My name is Ali Abbasi Aram, and I am a Master's student in English Language Teaching. I am currently conducting a research on game-based English language teaching. As part of this research, I would be grateful if teachers and instructors could take a few minutes to complete a questionnaire.
Thank you in advance for your valuable cooperation in advancing this research.
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I completed your questionnaire based on my experience since I have constantly been using gamification in my English language classes. While doing so, I noticed similar patterns of behavior among learners in classroom settings regardless of their age and background knowledge. In a word, all age group learners enjoy and benefit from gamification. However, in your questionnaire you have included too many questions that are rather general and difficult to be answered precisely since there is no information regarding the specific learners, or settings, or materials that you have in mind. Hence, I would suggest that you perhaps compile another shorter questionnaire which would target specific population/sample of learners and materials in order that you collect much richer and reliable data.
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Hi. Everyone. I am a student of Science of Language Education Study Program who is curious on hypnoteaching in ELT. I get some problem on finding the references from reputable international Journals. So, I need some help on explaining about the hypnoteaching and finding the refernces. Thank you very much for your help.
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OK. Thanks alot Brian...
Your aswer is so helpful
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What are canons of ELT and must-read books?
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It depends on the university's courses. However, for a Master's in English Language Teaching (ELT), you'll want to read a combination of foundational texts, contemporary research, and practical guides. Here's a suggested reading list covering various aspects of ELT:
  1. Foundations of Language Teaching and Learning:"Learning Teaching" by Jim Scrivener "How Languages are Learned" by Patsy M. Lightbown and Nina Spada "Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching" by Jack C. Richards and Theodore S. Rodgers
  2. Language Teaching Methodologies:"The Practice of English Language Teaching" by Jeremy Harmer "Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy" by H. Douglas Brown
  3. Second Language Acquisition:"Second Language Acquisition" by Rod Ellis "Understanding Second Language Acquisition" by Lourdes Ortega
  4. Language Assessment:"Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom Practices" by H. Douglas Brown and Priyanvada Abeywickrama "Language Testing in Practice" by Lyle F. Bachman and Adrian S. Palmer
  5. Applied Linguistics:"An Introduction to Applied Linguistics" by Norbert Schmitt and Michael McCarthy "Applied Linguistics and Language Teacher Education" edited by Nat Bartels
  6. Materials Development:"Materials Development in Language Teaching" by Brian Tomlinson "Designing Language Courses: A Guide for Teachers" by Kathleen Graves
  7. Technology in Language Teaching:"Teaching English with Technology: A Handbook for TEFL Teachers" by Gavin Dudeney and Nicky Hockly "Digital Literacies" by Nicky Hockly, Gavin Dudeney, and Mark Pegrum
  8. Research Methods in ELT:"Research Methods in Language Learning" by David Nunan "Doing Second Language Research" by James Dean Brown and Theodore S. Rodgers
  9. Language Policy and Planning:"Language Policy" by Bernard Spolsky "English Language as Hydra: Its Impacts on Non-English Language Cultures" by Vaughan Rapatahana and Pauline Bunce
  10. Professional Development and Reflective Practice:"Teaching English Reflectively" by Anne Burns "The Reflective Practitioner in Teaching: Toward a Research Agenda" edited by Kenneth M. Zeichner and Daniel P. Liston
This list covers a broad range of topics within the field of English Language Teaching, providing a solid foundation for your MA studies. Remember to supplement these readings with academic journals, articles, and the latest research in the field to stay current with developments and trends.
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  • How many journals can I submit my research to for publication?
  • Can you recommend some high-quality, free journals in the field of English Language Teaching (ELT)?
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off course, one journal at each submission time
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I need some options for free corpus software which can be used for ET in the classroom.
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Can you recommend or suggest free journals without publication fees, for educational researches, English language teaching (ELT), ESL,language education,...?
Thank you.
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A few free journals without any publication charges that you may consider for educational researches, English language teaching (ELT), ESL, and language education:
English Language Teaching (ELT) Journal - This journal is published by Oxford University Press and is available online for free. It covers a wide range of topics related to English language teaching, including second language acquisition, teaching methodology, and assessment.
Applied Linguistics - This is an academic journal published by Oxford University Press that covers research topics in language education, including psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, and discourse analysis.
The Journal of Language Teaching and Research - This journal is published by Academy Publisher and covers a range of topics related to language teaching, including applied linguistics, language acquisition, and pedagogy.
Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching - This is a peer-reviewed academic journal that is published online and covers research topics in foreign language teaching, including language acquisition, language learning strategies, and curriculum development.
TESOL Quarterly - This journal is published by TESOL International Association and covers research topics in teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL), including language acquisition, language testing and assessment, and teacher education.
I hope this information helps you find the right platform to publish your research.
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Dear colleagues! Do you have your students learn special textson each topic studied, and if so, how do you balance understanding and exact reciting? In my case, reciting will do the job (I teach English in a governmental institution), but I want to introduce as much understanding as I can.
Thank you for any responses!
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Thank you, colleagues
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What kinds of theories can I use to review the literature in the title 'Internal assessment practice in English Teaching'?
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1. You collect information about theoretical frameworks and how to develop them on Youtube or Google. Read and take note of your required area. Afterward, you set your objectives. I think your objectives will guide your journey and outcomes subsequently. The attached thread may guide you a little. All the best.
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Recent developments in AI shows the impact of language models on various disciplines. This will depend on how they are used and integrated into knowledge dissemination process.
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I covered some of my analysis of the claim that ChaGPT is able to understand semantics in the thread:
While there is some experimental correlations, there is no link to causality that ChatGPT does understand semantics (this is based on the literature that I am aware of).
Now, the problem that I see with ChatGPT being used and relied upon to learn is the type of training done on these algorithms. In most training scenarios these types of algorithms (e.g. Bart, GPT, etc.) are trained with a small dataset that has been verified as reliable, then the algorithm is exposed to huge amounts of data and reinforcement learning is used (the engine is queried and told if its answer is correct or not). What I find problematic with this approach is that all the data is not verified for accuracy. It is expected that the law of large numbers applies and that wrong answers will disappear. This assumption is way too strong to assume for a learning tool on which students can rely on.
The above will lead to errors that will impact the adoption of such tools and modify the current adoption trend (including ELT). I think that the hype will eventually die out and the instances where it is useful will begin to rise. Until, then any measurement of impact is premature.
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First of all the different roles of ESP practitioner should be known to the ESP practitioner. As 'course designer- The ESP practitioner gets know some basic information and knowledge of the discipline in which the learners are in. For example, if you are teaching engineering students, you need to know the engineering terms, texts related to engineering and contexts in which engineers will be interacting with the stakeholders within their domain. Based on the needs of the learners the ESP practitioner then designs the course, frames the curriculum and prepares the syllabus.
Secondly, the role of the ESP practitioner as collaborator involves cooperating with subject specialists (Dudley-Evans and St John, 1998) in which ESP teacher finds out about the subject syllabus in an academic context or the tasks that students have to carry out in a specialized situation.
Thirdly, it is found that the ESP practitioner has different and complicated roles. As teacher, he/she has to help learners to learn. As course designer and material provider, his/her role is to choose handmade or authentic materials that best suit the learners' needs.
Fourthly, as a materials provider, he choses the tasks and activities in connection with the discipline the learners are in. Thus the tasks and activities motivates the learners to practice and learn.
Fifthly, as an evaluator, the ESP practitioner understands each learners' output and evaluates accordingly.
Finally, the ESP practitioner is indeed a researcher. As a researcher, he goes on continuously finding different methods that are approachable and brings success in learning the needed language skills.
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Thank you very much Dr. Mafuz Judeh for your answer. You have rightly pointed out that ESP practitioners concentrate on the language need of the learners. That's why needs analysis plays an important role here. ESP does serve certain areas of learners' discipline. Thank you once again for sharing your point of view.
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I was recently asked and I, myself is very interested to know if a postgraduate/ student of Linguistic and ELT can do research or write articles in Literature? And is it worth doing research in different fields?
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No never do that, if you want to make progress and see the unseen.
Your question is a big one, many ignore it. It is interesting that it has caused you to think about it and more importantly ask about it to get others opinions, findings... .
This is a problem, almost available in any academic field. To be more specific, we can look at this question from two different viewpoints.
  • VERY SHORT I WILL TALK ABOUT THEM .
One is that what is the purpose of science, and scientific research, I mean in any academic field? it is to help human kind, a better life, better nature, and all good things for all. That is why, we have thesis and dissertation in Masters and PhD.
We have to find new things, discover or invent based on scientific methods. If it weren't, where we all would have been? may be in caves and like Early humans. So we are here because of scientific research.
  • Look around yourself right now, you will see the results of scientific research. your mobile, pc, shoes, glasses, food, chair, pen, car, banking services sites on your laptop/pc/tablet, online teaching/learning you/I/we have access from every where... All because of specialties in sciences and also subspecialties in sciences.
If you read the books about philosophy of science, once all were under the name philosophy, then natural philosophy and now so many disciplines and sub and sub... why?
because we need to focus on just a very specific topic, in the discipline we started our higher education in it. if you want to find new things nobody can help you, only you are the one that can help yourself. Even you your self don't know that in future what you will find in your research. It is in compliance with "unknown" the quadrant four of JOHARI WINDOW MODEL.
That is why I say only you can help yourself. By just focusing on a topic, months after months, you will see the problems, you did not know or heard or seen. By working on different topics, subjects, you/ I / we , will have publications but not the real proficiency to be creative. By doing so unfortunately we stay on surface.
The other viewpoint is, think of language as a general topic, what was it like 500 years ago? did we have Linguistics, Phonetics, SLL, L2, TEFL, TOEFL, IELTS, Language software, Literature, different teaching methods and other countless topics just in the science. Now again in Literature we have specialties, such as Drama, Prose, Poem.
To cut it short think of a Microscope, or Telescope, and Naked eye. What will we see with our Naked eyes? if we look at some thing, what will we see if we put it under Microscope? or look at the sky with naked eyes, the same with Telescope? Researching on just a small topic, gives you a microscope to see the unseen, while if we work on different topics, subjects, … we don't think deeply and that is like naked eye. Creativity is lost.
  • I have several works on this matter, they are on my RG page, but unfortunately they are in my Mother tongue. Although if some people are serious can translate them by Google Translate.
  • not bad to mention, an Algerian Professor recently started a discussion, completely related to the topic of this one, but with a pure critical viewpoint. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Give_me_your_skills
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It is with immense pleasure that I invite scholars or professional scientists to collaborate with me to publish scientific papers in international journals in the area of ELT and second language acquisition. Therefore, I request you to DM me on What'sup number: 6301044126 or email: a21hs09003@iitbbs.ac.in
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Raju Dhuli Hello Dear Raju
I am very interested in cooperating with you as co-author., Only please kindly send msg to me about your title.
Yours Sincerely
Vahid Norouzi Larsari
PhD in Education, Faculty of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Dear ELT Teachers and experts are requested to share their valuable opinion,
Greetings of the day!
Sharing an opinionnaire with you to elicit information towards my doctoral research titled 'Analysis of grammatical errors made in writing skills of English as a Second Language by the Secondary School students of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya: A Case Study'.
Teachers and experts in ELT, as well as JNV faculty are requested to kindly spare your 5 minutes to share your valuable opinion.
Your answers and identity shall be kept confidential and the response will be used for academic purpose only.
Regards
Soumita Sarkar
PGT- English
JNV, Patan, Gujarat
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Dear Soumita Sarkar my colleague Marie and I evaluated ESL students in western USA (hispanic mostly) to assess their ability to accommodate institutional variables (it was a large sample size). I am not sure what your RQ is but if you expanded on that I could help you more. Ken
Strang, K. D., & Shimer, M. (2017). Compressed school week cultural bias against English Second Language student performance on standardized exams. Global Journal of Human-Social Sciences-G:Linguistics & Education, 17(5), 37-48. doi:10.17406/GJHSS Retrieved from https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume17417/17404-Compressed-School-week-Cultural.pdf
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Can anyone recommend a journal for submission? I am particularly looking for journals that (i) accept pieces in the 800 to 2000 word range, and (ii) that have no publication fees.
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Karl Pfeifer you can try Wiley or the International Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Translation (IJLLT)
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Introducing the language functions in the ESL classroom will indeed equip learners with the essential skills to fulfil their academic demands. Still, they are often incapable of expressing deep emotions in everyday life using the target language because the language used in ELT coursebooks is refined, and the contexts they present is often ideal. Besides, the language used is often mechanical and devoid of stance. In contrast, the language used in literary works is genuine, and it exposes people’s lives without any mask. Therefore, exploiting literacy pieces in the English classroom will allow students to engage in meaningful interaction with the authentic materials to deconstruct the text, re-construct language and use it in real-life situations.
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I agree with Mr Hassan, and I would like to add that literature work is considered a language resource for English and most languages. Poems, even legends believe to be a linguistic resource. So, any SL teacher or student needs to return to the literature to enrich his linguistic backgrounds, such as vocabulary and grammar. It is the perfect writing, reading, or even daily conversation model.
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Project Based Learning is a pedagogic framework to learn and teach a subject through a project. ... Recently, a few ELT practitioners have come up with a framework to make PBL applicable to ELT while expanding on the principles and practice of task-based learning.Project-Based
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Learning is the goal of teaching practice, the answer to what? The methodology responds to how? In this sense, Project-based Learning constitutes a didactic response that is gaining more and more followers among teachers due to its integrating, motivating nature and, above all, due to the performance of learning. It is not something new, nor a new discovery. Any teacher has ever developed a project in their practice, however, there are keys to the design and implementation with a curricular anchor that facilitate the integration of this active methodology in terms of learning. The ABP recipe is prepared with the following essential ingredients: An idea or topic relevant to the students: Without a doubt, knowing the environment, its cultural, physical, environmental heritage, etc. can be an important source of resources. The formula to activate and enhance interest in their environment, something that is relatively familiar, lies in the activation so that their learning is contextualized and acquire a motivational spur. Evaluation criteria: They help us to specify the learning and limit the project. They are so broad that easily any aspect of the heritage can facilitate the learning development of our students. Guiding question or challenge: Let's transform the topic into a challenge or challenge with a stimulating question. For example: How could we turn our town into a center of tourist interest? How could we recover a feast of oral tradition? How to understand the humanized space from the heritage trades of the area? Learning activities that students will tackle throughout the project. Final product: the challenge or challenge will be solved with a final product. Audience: the product must always be presented to an audience outside the class. They can be students of another level, families, experts, etc.
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I am interested in the structure of the ELT NMOS transistor.
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Thank you, sir@Luisiana Cundin....for your contribution. I have seen the article suggested by you, it's good but not as I require.
I want to know the distribution of charge in the channel after radiation of any dose may be 500 krad or others Pictorially. Please suggests any article or any idea, if you have.
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You can name more than one problem.
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The main challenge to encounter in online testing is the test takers' access to the internet. That is, they get benefit of the internet to answer the questions. Hence, students mostly rely on the internet rather on their mental capabilities.
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What are the important factors for having a successful flipped classroom?
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Have a look at my draft contribution about this topic
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Please suggest best example of review of article in the field of ELT.
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My view, at first point, we need to study the style of journal publication. This means, they are unique and play a different roles and approach including the background of examiners, specific references, format of writing styles, contains of presentation, etc.
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I am looking for papers (articles / chapters / presentations) which report on studies that examined the grammatical knowledge/awareness of teachers of English as a foreign/second language (ELT / TESOL) or teachers of English to L1 primary/secondary students. Please note that I am interested in the grammatical knowledge of *practising* teachers -- not trainee teachers.
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In order to correct the grammatical mistakes the EFLU has proposed a course where the people can learn and teach better way.
some scholars are doing research about this and they are in the progress.
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Do you know of an EFL/ESL coursebook series for high school students, that has a strong focus on English-speaking cultures (such as Australia, India, South Africa)? I am mostly interested in Australia for my thesis, but any ideas are welcome.
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I think Australian teachers of English will know more.
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I need to do protein-protein interaction network analysis for which dataset was downloaded from GEO datasets. Data is in the .cel format. I am unable to read these files. Please also suggest "How to apply gcrma package on data?"
I have GSM358670 in .cel format and I am getting an error like
read.celfile(GSM358670)
Error in read.celfile(GSM358670) :
STRING_ELT() can only be applied to a 'character vector', not a 'list'
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Hi
Firstly, you need to install several R packages, including "affyPLM" and "affy".
R code (To install packages):
###############
biocLite("affy")
biocLite("affyPLM")
###############
Then, you should put all the .cel files into one folder and set the folder as the work directory in R environment.
Finally, load the two R packages and process the .cel files.
R code (load the packages and process the .cel files):
################
library(affyPLM)
library(affy)
Data<-ReadAffy()
sampleNames(Data)
N=length(Data)
eset.rma<-rma(Data)
groupA_exprs<-exprs(eset.rma)
probeid<-rownames(groupA_exprs)
groupA_exprs<-cbind(probeid,groupA_exprs)
write.table(groupA_exprs,file="tumor.expres.txt",sep='\t',quote=F,row.names=F)
#################
The .txt file is the gene expression matrix.
Good luck.
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Looking for latest research done in ELT using AI and machine learning with focus on LSRW skills.
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English Language Teaching (ELT) has been influenced by AI applications and machine learning techniques. The followings are some of the latest areas of research in ELT:
* The E-Tutor, which used NLP (Natural Language Processing) techniques to teach language.
* Artificial intelligence can automate basic activities in education, like grading.
* The recent move from CALL to ICALL (ICALL stands for Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning).
* Utilizing big data to build adaptive learning.
In addition to what mentioned, the online webinar entitled, "The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in English Language Teaching, Learning and Assessment: Either Friend or Foe?" which took place in the Learning Technologies SIG Adobe connect room includes future trends in this area. ( https://ltsig.iatefl.org/the-role-of-ai-in-english-language-teaching-learning-and-assessment/).
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Working on PhD thesis and want to situate EMI within a recognised field of research. I feel the topic falls between a gap between English language learning and higher education when I aim to relate my arguments to the literature. While EMI is often used as a language learning tool, it is not essentially for the purposes of learning English but rather a way of delivering content in a lingua franca.
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I would suspect, as I think you do, that you will find affective strategies for both content and language. Perhaps then, your task could be to include the relevant literature from both fields with a view to 'closing the gap' by synthesising them for an 'emerging' field of EMI research. That doesn't, I'm afraid, lighten you workload, but ...
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Kindly help me out from broad way to understand the latest methods and trends.
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More than ELT in the broader sense, in India the focus now is on communicative English clubbed under the banner of soft skills
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For instance, how should a language teacher teach different speech acts, implicit meaning, etc.
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Notably, the pragmatic aspects of language use can be actualized by the anguage contexts. To this end, problem solving tasks fostering critical thinking and collaborative work such as discourse completion , role play, and consciousness raising activities engaging the learners in group work can make a difference.
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I am looking for further references and recent studies related to ELF-awareness in teacher education. One of my students is compiling a bibliography of ELF-awareness in ELT in addition to my own work and my colleagues work there is research going on in that field. ı want to compile that bibliography and share with the colleagues from all over the world.
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Not exactly research, but more focused on practice, our book "Teaching English as a Lingua Franca: A Journey from EFL to ELF" written with
Robert J. Lowe
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Hello,
Most of the evaluations of English for General Academic (or Specific) Purposes EGAP/EGSP textbooks are done through checklists and questionnaires that have been designed for general ELT textbooks, thus making the findings not totally reliable because the principles based on which EGAP/EGSP textbooks are developed are different from those of general ELT textbooks. I am looking for an an instrument that has specifically been developed to evaluate an EGAP/EGSP textbook.
Thank you in advance for your suggestions.
Musa
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hi, on my RG, THERE IS A POWERPOINT PRESENTATION. SEE IT PLEASE
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i m doing interdisciplinary phd research....one of my fields is ELT.
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hi,
dear pinali,
salam is right. the main problem with such a design is the reliability and validity issues. as u know the quality of any research depends on these issues. besides generalizability may be limited. to avoid such problems u can use quasi experimental design . happy research
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I like this article because it is methodical and systematic in its use of theory and empirical data. But I see a limitation in the discussion section as the authors seem unable or unwilling to connect the problems with this text/class/pedagogy with the larger context of Western power and colonial rule. Interestingly, while the use Pennycooks' earliest book, the did not use his English and the Discourses of Colonialaism, which deals with these issues in great depth.
This omission is important because it would be difficult to correct the shortcomings discovered by the authors unless this larger context is factored in.
In theoretical terms, attempts to address the concerns raised in this study will likely engage in "problem solving theory" not "critical theory" (Cox).
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I agree with you in your liking and enthusiasm for the article. What you argue about the significance of the imperialistic factors is also true. However, I find that the authors set out their terms of reference quite well and economically, and that these are situated in the area of the practical action of teachers and textbook authors, moreso than a more intellectualised consideration of the processes of power. I cannot criticise them, therefore, too much on account of what they do not say.
Thanks for bringing this article and these important issues to my attention.
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I am having great difficulty in deciding between taking CELTA or doing MA in ELT. Is CELTA enough to start career in Europe or is MA a must?
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I think there are three main differences. CELTA is generally considered to be a qualification acquired quite early in a person's career. MA study may come later. Secondly, the CELTA is even more practically oriented than the MA - it will give a grounding in the 'nuts and bolts' of teaching. Finally, the MA is a more academic qualification and will give the graduate more awareness of what underpins ELT pedagogy and about what promotes successful language learning.
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My area of interest is writing. This will be helpful to many researchers.
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The best way to choose a dissertation topic is to think about what ideas in your coursework to date have most interested you. Then think about what unanswered questions remain about each topic. One of them will likely turn out to be feasible as a dissertation "problem statement."
Here is an outline I recommend for your dissertation:
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We an well describe the Paralinguistics features with the help of Comics and when we are teaching Presentations or Kinesics then this kind of approach may help.
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language will be learnt in best way with the help of play mood and by the use of comics. using of strategies as a fun for learning helps to learn rapidly the target language.
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I am wondering whether data-driven learning (DDL) is only applied to secondary students or college students (adults) in the case of ELT.
If yes, what if DDL were adapted appropriately to the primary-school level?
I would like to listen to your varying opinions.
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Hello,
Since its foundation by Tim Johns (1991), DDL has proved to be a meritorious approach whereby the focus is more on learning rather than teaching . Notably, DDL provides learners with large quantities of authentic data called the electronic corpus so that they can play an active role in the learning process exploring the textual features of language by themselves in order to detect the underlying patterns dominating language use. In DDL, learners are at the center of the process because they have to take more responsibility for their own learning rather than being taught rules passively. Consequently, certain pedagogical benefits such as (learner-centredness , discovery learning, autonomisation, authentic language use , etc. ) are quite prevalent in DDL helping learners explore a targeted corpus to discover the basic generalizations at work in language use. Despite a number of objections or fears behind the use of DDL at primary levels, it is argued that DDL is a promising approach appealing both to teachers and learners in ordinary language teaching contexts only if more time and energy are spent in the process. The following links can hopefully provide you with the practical issues you are looking for:
Best of luck
R. Biria
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Hi,
I'm planning to organise a series of workshops on English Language Teaching (ELT).
What can be an interesting way / topic to start with?
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My suggestions would include:
1. Incorporating authentic materials
2. Using digital storytelling in the classroom
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I'm planning to use KET (Key English Test is prepared by Cambridge University and it tests the skills of Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking – with each skill equally weighted at 25%.) in my research. Although it's a well-known international test, I need to examine the validity and reliability of the test before using it in my research. However, I couldn't find any research about the reliability and validity of KET in the literature.
Actually, I think I need to do a pilot test and calculate KR-20 or Spearman-Brown or Pearson r for RELIABILITY and do item analysis (item discrimination and item difficulty) for VALIDITY. On the other hand, what should I do if I need to discard some items according to the item analysis result?
Do you have any suggestions for it?
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It is perhaps go to bear in indm that the psychometric criteria (i) agreement, (ii) reliability and (iii) are hierarchically ordered. If there is no agreement among judges, a test cannot be reliable(judgment) , if a test is not reliable (i.e. has reproducinle results)), it cannot be valid. So, validity is the (does the test truly measure what it is supposed to easure) mtest in the final analysis, ?only criterion that matters. mvalidity
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ELT,Vocabulary difficulty
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Constant exposure to the language through reading and listening... exploiting previously read materials and using them in the classroom again may help retention. For example, deliberately erasing some content words on the text and having students work on it to figure out the missing words. I try in in my classes and it works. One of the simple but effective ways, I believe. Also, vocabulary activities forcing them to use certain vocabulary items with certain grammar structures aids retention too. This may be done through vocabulary files.
Hope it helps.
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Hi, I'm doing a multidimensional analysis following the work of Douglas Biber, on two corpora (one learner data, one professional texts).  I have the following dimensions following exploratory factor analysis, but am having trouble working out how to define and characterise these dimensions according to function (e.g. involved vs. informational discourse, context (in)dependent discourse, etc.). 
Here are the 5 dimensions.  In EACH CASE, the z-scores are HIGHER in the learner texts than the professional texts except where a * is seen after the linguistic feature.
1) 
VBD – Past tense verbs
PRT – Present tense verbs*
2) 
NN - Other nouns not nominalisations or gerunds*
NOMZ – Nominalisation
POMD – Possibility modals
VB – Verbs in base form
TO1 – Infinitives
3) 
JJ – Adjectives*
PRMD – Predictive Modals
4) 
PIN – Total prepositional phrases
DT – Determiners
VBN – Verbs with part participle
FPP1 – First person pronouns
5) 
SPP2 – Second person pronouns
QUPR – Quantifier pronouns
TPP3 – Third person pronouns
IN – Preposition or subordinate conjunction.
I hope that anyone who has done their own MDA might want to provide some pointers here.  Many thanks in advance!
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Interesting point regarding the CFA point above, quite a few linguistics papers that have done MDA via EFA have NOT then gone on to do CFA to confirm the model, e.g. Hardy & Romer (2013), http://uteroemer.weebly.com/uploads/5/5/7/7/5577406/hardy_and_roemer_2013_cor2e20132e0040.pdf.  
That said, I did a PCFA myself on the data, and got quite poor normed-fit and comparative fit indices, although RMSEA was appropriate.  It was interesting to attempt something like this, however, so thanks for the suggestion.
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So far I am reading Rebecca Oxford. Need guidance on what to read for effective learning strategies in order to make my learners autonomous.
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Dear Meher, There are different kinds of books discussing learning strategies along with other skills, such as Teaching by principles: An introduction to language pedagogy by Brown; the practice of English language teaching by Harmmer as follows: I hope they are useful and informative.
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There sometimes appear to be a confusion between program evaluation and student assessment. In fact, some writers use the terms evaluation and assessment interchangeably. Are they different or the same?
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Although the terms assessment and evaluation are often used interchangeably, in actuality they are two parts of the same process.
Assessment is the process of gathering evidence of what the child can do.
Evaluation is the process that follows this collection of data, including analysis and reflection, as well as decisions based on the data.
For more, see: Assessing and Evaluating Student Learning