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EEG Signal Processing - Science topic

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I have a lot of .eas files that I need to convert to edf files or even mat files if possible. I would like to proceed with an automatic method.
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Has there been any update on this? I am looking for a way to convert the data from CadWell machine to anything compatible with MATLAB or python
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How to apply K-Fold cross-validation in EEG Datasets? Because EEG datasets have train and test parts for every subject separately. So if we want to apply K-Fold cross-validation, do we have to concatenate train and test data? In this case, the train and test parts will be fully mixed. Can anybody clarify?
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If you want to do an inter-subject validation, you can split the data based on the subject label (test on EEG data from unseen, new subjects). On the other hand, you can split the data based on sessions. It depends on your experimental design
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I am trying to export EEG data as ascii files with each trial as a series of rows. To clarify, I have 32 channels and 200 trials and I am trying to generate a data set of 6400 rows. I have used various export functions but I haven't been able to generate a file in this format (compatible for Matlab). Is this possible?
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For anyone out there that wants to export single trial EEG data directly from BVA, first download the "solutions" extension from brain products. Then:
1. Go to the node that has the single trials (probably the one were the "artifact rejection" was performed) of the first subject, do a baseline correction and then select Peak Export from the Solutions tab.
2. In the "Peak action" option select "TimeArea", then select the time of interest, "mean" at the "normalisation" option and the chanel(s) of interest.
3. This will give you the mean activity for each trial for this subject.
4 Apply this to all the subjects (save it as a history file and apply it to all the "artifact rejection" nodes).
Hope this helps
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Hi,
I'm preprocessing some EEG datasets in an EEG-VR experiment with some neck movements.
In some of the datasets, some spindle-like alpha activities appear in most channels (mostly occipital, parietal, and frontal but less central channels). I'm not sure if they're some kind of noise maybe because of the VR headset on the EEG cap and therefore should be removed or not.
After doing ICA, these activities will also appear on some of the components, which ICLable identifies as either 100% or above 95% brain activity. I attached some photos of the channel activities and components. I'll appreciate it if you can help to be sure whether these are noise or not and if they are how should I remove them.
Thank you very much.
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Alpha appears often when participants get tired and sleepy, even with eyes opened. It *is* brain activity, but depending on what you want to do with your signal, you may want to filter it out. E.g., in ERP research we normally get rid of segments with more alphas, as they affect strongly the averaged waves. On the other hand, other researchers may be interested in alpha specifically.
So, shortly - it is not noise in the sense of external signal or artifacts, but depending on what you want to do with your EEG data, you may want to remove it.
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We had a question in this article. How did they calculate a single band value representing all 64 electrodes to compare between-subject groups? Usually, a specific band (i.e., alpha) should have 64 pieces of data towards corresponding 64 electrodes.
The table shows that each participant have a single rest data for one specific band, and then research use independent t-test to compare between two groups.
Can any experts help us to understand this?
Reference:
Ding, Y., Cao, Y., Qu, Q., & Duffy, V. G. (2020). An exploratory study using electroencephalography (EEG) to measure the smartphone user experience in the short term. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 36(11), 1008-1021.
Zhepeng
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The authors write this: "A digital FFT (fast fourier transform) based power spectrum analysis (Welch technique, Hamming windowing function) was used to compute PSD average value of EEG with NFFT = 1024, window = 512 and 50% overlapping window. An average absolute power value of each electrode for each frequency band was calculated. An average of the pre-experimental absolute power was used to determine the individual power during rest. The power of the rest period was set as the baseline. From this reference power value, individual power changes during smartphone use were determined as the relative stimulus-related change. The relative power of each band was calculated for statistics (e.g. α/(sum of the powers from all five bands))."
From my experience and from what I can see is written, this means that they calculated the average power for all electrodes in a given band. This simplifies the analysis but looses a lot of information on location, for example, of any differences detected.
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Our research team met one question on calculating EEG relative power and absolute power at this stage.
When we integrated all negative and positive amplitude/power data in five EEG bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma), a few relative power results became huge (i.e., 440%(44.44) or even over 1000%). We thought these values were abnormal results. The reason is that the integration result of five EEG bands with negative and positive power values could be 1 or 2 as the denominator, but the numerator could be very large for the integration of one specific band(i.e., delta). The relative power calculation is (sum of spectral power in the band)/(sum of spectral in all bands)
The attached image showed some negative and positive spectral power values.
Therefore, we would like to ask whether we need first to transfer negative value to absolute value to consider relative power or absolute power. Normally, the relative power should be around 0-100%.
Can experts help us? Could experts please share some references with us?
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First it is better to calculate the density of the power spectrum (PSD) of the signals and continue the calculations based on it. The value of the PSD is usually not negative. Delta values are usually higher than other frequency bands. Consider starting the Delta wave frequency range from 0.1 or 0.01 Hz and not from zero. If you have collected signals from several samples and the average PSD of the frequency bands in the different samples is very different, you must first normalize the PSD values calculated from each sample in each frequency band. To do this, first calculate the PSD of the data collected from each sample. Then calculate its standard deviation in each frequency band. Divide the mean values for each frequency band by its standard deviation. In this way the data is normalized. You can now use these values to calculate relative power.
Best regards
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It  is the raw data of EEG consisting of different types of artifacts.This can be used to apply different algorithms which will remove the artifacts from the signal and finally we get clean EEG
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IEEE data port
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I am trying to use new emotiv epoch+ headset which was bought in 2018. I am having half of the electrode as green Like this picture. But my question is why the over all contact quality is 0% (written in Red color).
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Hi
Chi-Kuang Sun
, ensure the electrode id okay, I mean no rust in the gold plate. Then soak the foam properly put 4-8 drops of saline. And must ensure you have proper connection of CMS and DRL. Thanks
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I am working on the effect of music therapy on persons with Alzheimer's Disease. I require EEG signals of healthy individuals and people with Alzheimer's Disease/Dementia that have undergone music therapy. Due to the on-going pandemic, I am unable to collect signals in real-time. It would be helpful if I could be directed to a database that I can get EEG signals from.
Thank You.
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I have enclosed a music therapy and Alzheimer's review of literature article for your perusal. Chris
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Dear community , I tried to extract features using continuos wavelets transform using python on my data , but I faced some problems ; my dataset are sleep recordings for 10 patients (physionet sleep dataset) , after selecting a patient randomly ,I kept just 2 eeg channels and dropped the other channels (eog , ecg , emg ) , I extracted the epochs (channel , time , event) , how I can do my feature extraction ?
Thank you
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For my master degree thessis i need to do Two Class Motor Imagery classification analysis.
But i can't load .mat files, and i don't know how to start?
May anyone can help me? I want to learn machine learning but i lack experience.
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I can do that, i can open data file and see what inside. Tehe is 5 struck line and every struk line has 5 other field. X, trial, y, fs and classes. I extrack X and try Classificiation Learner but it give me this;
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I have some problems to send triggers marks to the eeg recording via psychopy. Even i have searched for answers i could not be able to synhorinzation.
Best,
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Hi Ugur
You have to create that file. You need to be careful though it has to be a plain text file. Are you using windows or Mac. On windows you can create the file with notepad. On mac you can create the file with textEdit, but you have to set the format to plain text (https://youtu.be/J1goN2FVoIo?t=19). I hope that helps.
Cheers
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I'm doing my master's thesis in developing a BCI for post-stroke rehab with motor imagery. The device I'll be using only has 5 channels, so I was wondering if it is possible to train a classifier with more channels (from a dataset in physionet for example) and then use it with that device?
Thank you in advance!
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You can use some of the data-driven approaches that will select the most appropriate channels, such as CSP, or its derivatives FBCSP, SpecCSP, etc. Check out my article on this topic 10.1016/j.procs.2020.09.270
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Hello every one
i am using ultracortex headset cap , open bci to measure eeg signal processing ,i am using treadmill  and harvard step test open eye and closed eye , so i need to ask Is it possible to measure the perception kinesthetic as a mental process by using harvard step test closed eye? 
Thanks for attention
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Hi, I think this can be useful.
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Any correlation between brain electrical activity signal and neurotransmitter activity?
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I am required to filter out noise from EEG data using preferably Python or MATLAB. My dataset contains values for 64-electrode EEG along with their time-corresponding HEOG (horizontal eye movement), VEOG (vertical eye movement) and ECG (for heart-complex artefacts) values. I wish to implement cascading adaptive filtering technique and have gone through the paper 'Noise Removal from EEG Signals in Polisomnographic Records Applying Adaptive Filters in Cascade' by M. Agustina Garces Correa and Eric Laciar Leber () but I am not proficient enough with programming to allow me to program the logic.
Could anybody tell me what libraries and functions would be appropriate for this?
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For implementation of Adaptive filter in python follow this:
Regards
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Dear All,
I want a standard data set of EEG signals for the intent of movements. I want the standard data sets for left, right, front, back, start, and stop movements of alpha, beta, and gamma signals. Please let me know, where can I find the standard data set.
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Hello. I am thinking of using tDCS to stimulate the motor cortex C3/C4 or the SMA Cz to study possible effects on motor imagery. But I am still undecided which area would be better.
Thank you for any advice.
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Will you consider to pilot test the effects of stimulating the C3/C4 vs. the SMA using a repeated-measures design by randomizing the order of test stimulations? Test stimulations may be scheduled to be two or three days apart to minimize the learning effect.
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Hi,
I am new to EEG signal processing. I am now working on the DEAP dataset to classify EEG signals into different emotion catagories.
My inputs are EEG samples of shape channel*timesteps. The provider of dataset has already removed artifects.
I use convolution layers to extract features and use a fully connected layer to classify. I also use dropout.
I shuffle all trails(sessions) and split the dataset into trainning and testing sets. I get resonable accuracy on the trainning set.
However the model is anable to generalize accross trails.
It overfits. Its performance on the test set is just as bad as a random guess(around 50% accuracy for low/high valance classification).
Is there any good practice for alleviate overfitting in that senario?
Another thing bothers me is that when I search for related literature, I find many paper also give an around 50% accuracy.
Why are results from EEG emotion classifcation so bad??
I feel quite helpless now. Thank you for any suggestions and reply!
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Hi, Ge.
I have applied the DEAP dataset for EEG emotion classification before. The situation you mentioned also occurred in my research. From my perspective, here are some suggestions:
Firstly, Compared with the classification model you used, I think the input features are more significant. Maybe you could pay more attention about the feature extraction(Such as: PSD, based on frequency domain; HOC, on time domain; Discrete Wavelet Transform, on time-freq domain), selection and confusion parts, which was included the channel selection in terms of the different emotion categories.
Secondly, about overfitting issue, I thought it's kind of unsuitable to use the DNN model for this DEAP dataset unless you could increase the mount of data. Maybe you could give the data segmentation part(cutting the epochs) a shot.
Finally, in terms of accuracy problem, I suggest you double check which emotion estimation method was used in the specific paper. There are two aspects for EEG emotion classification: one is based on Valence-Arousal plane, which was learned from Speech emotion recognition; another is for the specific emotions(such as: angry, happy,sad,etc). So, be careful about the baseline you used to compare.
Regards
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I am working on classification of schizophrenia and i see the channels placed at central sulcus give good accuracy then using all channels. I want to this automatically using some algorithm.
Here is a paper related to it,
but it seem most of them are computationally extensive or working on feature reduction leading to channel reduction.
I am looking for some direct channel selection algorithm. Any latest paper in your mind? or any idea please
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See the subject-specific EEG channel selection @
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I would like to use Eprime file to import maker in EEG file (Brain Vision). Data in the Eprime files correspond to good and wrong answers and I want to use it for ERPs analysis. Can someone give me some advice?
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For multiple computer application i recommand using a millisecond precise device such as this one https://www.braintrends.it/devices.html.
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I am looking for a intracranial EEG dataset of patients with Epilepsy to validate a algorithm. In the most of papers, the researches used the Freiburg database, but now this database is part of EPILEPSIAE project. To use this database the researcher has pay 3.000 euros. Unfortunately I don’t have this money in my research.
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I am using these data-sets:
1) CHB-MIT Scalp EEG Database: https://physionet.nlm.nih.gov/pn6/chbmit/
3) and a new one (March 2019): A dataset of neonatal EEG recordings with seizure annotations ( https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201939 )
Cheers,
Matteo
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Hello,
I am new to using Mobita in EEG recording, it was working fine with me before, but recently I found 50Hz noise in the recording (I verified the type of noise through the frequency spectrum of the signal which has a very high peak around 50Hz, and when filtering the signal with a notch filter around the 50Hz, the oscillation in the signal disappeared). They have mentioned in their website that this type of interference could be due to either: bad ground electrode contact, or bad electrodes contact, or a broken cable. I tried to make sure that the electrode in a good contact and there is enough conducting gel but I still see the problem.
I don't know how to verify that there are broken cables or electrodes since the headcap has the electrodes embedded in it. So, I would appreciate if anyone can tell me any insights about how to troubleshoot the Mobita system (maybe there is a way through polybench software or the matlab interface to get statistics about electrodes connections or something). I have attached a snapshot of the data that I am currently recording.
I appreciate your input. Thanks a lot.
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Hi Sahar,
I think I can help you, can you send me some pictures of the measurement setup and what you are using? You are using the MATLAB interface, can you share a dataset with me by any chance? (Can you send this to support@tmsi.com)?
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I am doing research on the neural network prediction of muscle movement with EMG inputs, and I want to incorporate EEG data as well. However, I do not have the resources to collect this data myself, so I have been looking for a study or research lab that has done the data collection already.
Ideally, the data would be collected during human movement, with EEG electrodes on the scalp and EMG electrodes on the surface of whatever muscles are moving (arm trajectory, gait analysis, etc.) I have found many studies that collect either EEG data or EMG data, but not one that collects both together. I would greatly appreciate any help in this matter.
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All the answers are great
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I am making a project in the neuromarketing domain (using EEG), in which we will measure attention, preference, familiarity and memory for video-based advertisements. I am having a lot of trouble selecting compatible tools for EEG pre-processing, machine learning, and creating a GUI to display results.
We will be making out stimuli in OpenVibe (most likely), and python for machine learning.
Can someone please recommend which tool to use to make a GUI that allows users to upload their EEG files, and displays the results of EEG signal processing and output of machine learning algorithms?
I would really appreciate any suggestions.
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you can try python MNE for EEG and tkinter for GUI, if you want to build your own gui system
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Hi all,
I am trying to extract lower alpha (8-10Hz) and upper alpha (10-13Hz) frequency from EEG signal. I have already extracted Alpha, Beta , Gamma and theta bands using Wavelet decomposition in MATLAB, but now I want to use wavelet decomposition to extract lower alpha and upper alpha. Can any body help me out?
Note: for wavelet decomposition I am using the following code to extract details coefficients;
fs=128;            %THIS IS MY SAMPLING FREQUENCY
%data is my eeg signal
wavelet = 'db2'; %wavelet function
scale = 5; %No. of wavelet level
[C,L] = wavedec(data, scale, wavelet);
%%%% Calculation the Details Vectors
D1 = wrcoef('d',C,L,wavelet,1); %NOISY
D2 = wrcoef('d',C,L,wavelet,2); %GAMMA
D3 = wrcoef('d',C,L,wavelet,3); %BETA
D4 = wrcoef('d',C,L,wavelet,4); %ALPHA
D5 = wrcoef('d',C,L,wavelet,5); %THETA
A5 = wrcoef('a',C,L,wavelet,5); %DELTA 
thank you
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Hi Sansa,
I have not seen any article/book which indicate theta from 8-12Hz. Theta are slow oscillations, 4-7Hz. 8-12Hz is Alpha band.
I am not sure about the sampling rate of your EEG data. If you can get 8-16Hz at D5, so you can further decompose 8-16Hz into 8-12 and 12-16Hz and this way you can extract 8-12Hz (Alpha Band).
Hope this help
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We want to classify motor movement tasks using 8 EEG electrodes and want to enhance our signal .Since we have 8 electrodes we are unable to use laplacian .What are methods that give comparable accuracy ?
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Hi Tanvi,
depending on the localization of your electrodes it could be useful to try "Source Derivation" described by Hjorth (1975). This is an offline analysis method which can be applied to different setups of electrode assemblies. You would need to measure distances between the (5) electrodes in each calculational setup. If you are using an electrode cap it should be easy to determine these distances after measurement.
Regards,
Frank
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Can anyone guide me how to do EEG signal processing using MATLAB.
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Mr. Iqbal there are few toolboxes available which will help you getting your analysis done in MATLAB. for example EEGLab, Fieldtrip, EEGNET, sloreta etc. These toolboxes have detailed tutorials available online to help researchers with EEG analysis of anykind. Using any of these free toolbox functions you can design your own EEG analysis pipelines.
BrainVisionAnalyzer (Brain Products) is a paid software which also helps in analyzing your EEG data.
Analysis depends mainly on the utility and what you are interested in. What kind of noise will be there in the data, You are looking at specific disease group or healthy individuals, You want to look at network connectivity or Microstates or band-power etc.
Sujas
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Hi everybody,
I recently had some resting state EEG recordings in closed-eyes condition in normal subjects. When calculating brain connectivity using PLV measure, I couldn’t find significant amount of connectivity in different bands. For instance, in delta, theta, beta and gamma bands the values obtained are around 10% or less. For alpha band the connectivity is a bit more, somewhere around 20 – 25% in a few locations.
So I have 2 questions: First, do these values make any sense for resting state? And second, considering that applying our methods for connectivity e.g. PLV, we expect at least a little of fake connectivity in our results. So is it really safe to say 10% of connectivity is not spurious and just a miscalculation?
(As a side note, I’ve tried to diminish spurious connectivity caused by volume conduction, sample size bias and etc.)
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You can refer my paper as a reference. Link:
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I have heard mutual information technique can be used in signal processing, can anyone suggest with how mutual information helps in EEG signal analysis?
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The Mutual Information technique is used to select the most representative features from EEGs based on an Entropy concepts.
However, If you need more information about the mutual information technique, you can refer to the references below:
1. Yang, Y. and Pedersen, J.O., 1997, July. A comparative study on feature selection in text categorization. In Icml (Vol. 97, pp. 412-420).
2. Church, K.W. and Hanks, P., 1990. Word association norms, mutual information, and lexicography. Computational linguistics, 16(1), pp.22-29.
In addition, the MATLAB code of this technique presents below:
% MuI: returns mutual information of the 'X' and 'Y'
function MuI = MutualInformation(X,Y); if (size(X,2) > 1) % More than one predictor? % Axiom of information theory MuI =JointEntropy(X)+Entropy(Y)-JointEntropy([X Y]); else % Axiom of information theory MuI =Entropy(X)+Entropy(Y)-JointEntropy([X Y]); end
Good luck,
Hadi
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Most of researchers are using fMRI for analyzing dynamic functional connectivity networks, I want to know if it is possible to use EEG as well and if so, what s the advantageous and disadvantageous of using EEG in comparison to fMRI, except temporal resolution of EEG
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Hi, EEG is already used for dynamic connectivity analysis and in my opinion it is much better tool for this (because of temporal resolution). The neuronal connectivity in EEG is also known for much longer than fMRI (however named differently, as coherence or DTF). There are few things that you have keep in mind to do this correctly:
1. You need high density EEG - at minimum 32 channels, recommended 64 and above
2. Very good data quality (i.e. high SNR).
3. There are a lot of papers suggesting that EEG connectivity analysis should be performed using source space and not sensor space. So first data has to be recomputed to source space.
I
think fieldtrip has some solution for EEG connectivity analysis if you need freeware tool. You might also check BESA Connectivity
PM me in case you need any more info about Besa Connectivity (I do not want to make advertisements here :)
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The data is of the format with each line of the recording file represents one power spectrum from 0 to 60Hz, and each value across the row represents the power in each frequency bucket, in increments of .25Hz buckets. The first row of the file should contain the frequency labels for each column. Each row is preceded by the timestamp at which that row's power spectrum was calculated. I am not having the phase information . It is taken from Neurosky Mindwave .
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Dear Rishabh,
The Fourier transform of a time series provides both amplitude and phase information. Without the latter you cannot convert back to the original time series because you don't know the phase offset each frequency-specific sinusoid had. A further complication is that power spectra are usually calculated across small overlapping time segments with some windowing function (Hann, Hamming, other) and averaged, so even if you had phase information you'd need many additional intermediate pieces of information (that are typically lost) to truly reconstruct the original signal.
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I'm trying to use matlab to calculate the PLV between two channels for continuous data but when I use Equation1 below the answer comes out with all 1's for the whole time series which can't be correct. Whereas, equation two looks more appropriate but I can't find any evidence of this approach being used.
% Hilbert Transform
Hilbert_A=hilbert(filtered_data(Channel_A,:)');
Hilbert_B=hilbert(filtered_data(Channel_B,:)');
% Phase Angle
PhaseAng_A=angle(Hilbert_A);
PhaseAng_B=angle(Hilbert_B);
%PLV Equation1
PLV=abs((exp(1i*(PhaseAng_A-PhaseAng_B))));
%PLV Equation2
PLV=abs(real(exp(1i*(PhaseAng_A-PhaseAng_B))));
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I am pretty sure, and according to the original paper , you have to average, so it will become:
plv = abs(sum(exp(1i * (uphases1 - uphases2))) / n_samples
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I need some time series of EEG visual cortex data to process in matlab in mat format for my project purpose. Kindl please help me in this asap. Many thanks
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Try to look in Physionet ATM, they already provided many dataset including EEG / ERP studies.
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I need hand movements EEG data source for project work. I usually finding epilepsy data and similar data. What should I do to find movement data?
Thanks.
Musa Can Kavak
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Check BCI Competitions homepage at:
where you will find many datasets in various applications of the kind you are looking for. Best wishes
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I am doing an EEG study for which I need to have a measure of participants' current emotional state, particularly focused on negative emotions. Any suggestions for reliable questionnaires that measure this?
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Validation of the Welfare and Malaise Emotional Scale in portuguese language:
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I am seeking for the best signal processing package or course in python, especially for EEG/MEG signal processing, what packages are available? and which is the best one?
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For Python, i think you could try MNE. Here is the link.
Cheers.
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Good morning,how can i decompose my EEG signal into regular frames using matlab ,and after that calculate for each frame the power of wavelet coefficients in order to detect epilepsy seizure. Thank you in advance .
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Hi Touitou
I think it would be helpful if you could state in which format your EEG data are and where exactly you are stuck. Did you manage to import your data in to Matlab at all?
Then you should familiarize yourself with MATLAB Environment variable types by going the Mathworks tutorials.
Best
Julian
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How can we use EEG source localization in a clinical application?
Do you know best software and package? free or other conditions
Do you have experience with BESA or Epilog?
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It can be accomplished with several methods. I think "best" will be defined by how much time or money you would be willing to put into it.
Here are a few:
Free:
EEGLAB's dipfit plugin (I haven't used this one yet)
sLORETA: http://www.uzh.ch/keyinst/loreta.htm (I've used this to explore some data and it seems to work well)
Paid: Most commercial software has some degree of localization algorithm built in, however these tend to be the more expensive licenses. The upside is the user interface is a little easier to understand.
Something to consider is that these computational methods are not intended to be diagnostic in nature. Also, how many channels of data are you working with?
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I am comparing movement-related spectral perturbations between groups of patients with unstable ankles and matched uninjured healthy individuals. In my spectral plots, I am able to easily visualize the movement-induced alpha suppression, yet there appears to be a difference in beta activity between my groups; my uninjured group appears to have broad suppression across the beta frequencies, yet my unstable ankle group does not.
As this is a baseline-normalized dataset, I wanted to test whether or not this was due to differences between my group at baseline with respect to beta power. I plan on doing this by testing the power spectrum during both my baseline and period of interest, similar to how https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24457137 was reported in patients with ALS.
My question is, as EEGLAB log-transforms TF power, and my data appears to show differences through this computation method, if I am testing for differences between my groups should I compare my baseline and period of interest power spectra in log-transformed power (by setting ‘baseline’, [NaN]) or transform this output to absolute power?
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I am assuming from this question that you are using the newtimef function in EEGLAB to perform a time-frequency analysis (either within the study interface or outside it). This function performs baseline correction and then averages over trials before log transforming the data for conversion into decibels. In terms of reporting a baseline, because the ERSPs that you report are output in dB it seems to me that your baseline should also be reported in dB to be comparable.
You should be able to extract these baseline values via the 'powbase' output that is returned by the newtimef function. Or in case you are interested how these values are calculated, you can also calculate them by modifying this basic script, which takes the raw output of the newtimef function (in uV) and step-by-step transforms it into the dB converted baseline:
%% Perform TFA
ScalpElecs = [13]; %% Electrodes to extract in TFA
BaselineOnset = -400; %% Onset time of baseline (in ms) relative to stimulus onset
BaselineOffset = 0; %% Offset time of baseline (in ms) relative to stimulus onset
for y = ScalpElecs %% Loop over each electrode of interest
[ersp,itc,powbase,times,freqs,erspboot,itcboot,tfdata] = newtimef(EEG.data(y,:,:), EEG.pnts, [EEG.xmin*1000 EEG.xmax*1000], EEG.srate, [3 0.8] , 'topovec', 1, 'elocs', EEG.chanlocs, 'chaninfo', EEG.chaninfo, 'baseline',[-400 0], 'freqs', [.5 20], 'plotersp', 'off', 'plotitc' , 'off', 'plotphase', 'off', 'timesout', 400, 'padratio', 8, 'freqscale', 'log');
freqIdx = find(freqs>8 & freqs<13); %% Set frequency range to extract
ERSPBaseTimes = find(times> BaselineOnset & times< BaselineOffset); %% Get baseline times to extract
Powertrialcalc = abs(tfdata).^2; %% Convert function output to (uV^2/Hz)
Powertrialcalcavg = mean(Powertrialcalc,3); %% Average data over each trial
Basetrialcalc = mean(Powertrialcalcavg(:,ERSPBaseTimes),2); %% Get averaged baseline times
PowerBaseTotal = 10 * log10(Basetrialcalc); %% Convert averaged baselines to dB
PowerBaseFinal = mean(PowerBaseTotal(freqIdx, :)); %% Average over frequencies/times in baseline
end
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Hi there,
We recently acquired an EGI MRI compatible EEG recording system of 32 channels. We have an issue concerning the ballistocardiographic artifact appearance. In all the recordings that we have performed (6) we have found a characteristic spatial distribution pattern of the artifact: The frontal electrodes are the most affected by the artifact (highest amplitude) and we observe a gradually decreasing amplitude artifact toward posterior electrodes (occipital electrodes are almost unaffected in some recordings) *See example of a recording. We have found that using post processing artifact correction methods such as OBS and ICA effectively correct the posterior electrodes (as compared to an EEG recording of the same subject outside the MR scanner), whereas the frontal and central electrodes (most affected) show significant residual artifacts following correction.
Has anyone observed this kind of pattern while recording EEG inside the MR scanner?
What are the factors related to this uneven distribution of the BCG artifact? (preasure over the electrode?, electrode position relative to the B0 magnetic field?. ¿?
Which strategies can we use to attenuate the BCG in the frontal and central electrodes and homogenize the distribution of the BCG amplitude to ensure efficient artifact removal with postprocessing methods?
Thank you for you assistance
***electrodes in the figure are represented with the EGI GSN nomenclature; E1=Fp1, E2= Fp2, E3=F3, E4=F4, E5=C3, E6=C4; E7=P3, E8=P4; E9=O1, E10=O2, E11=F7, E12=F8, E13=T3, E14=T4, E15=T5, E16=T6, E17=Fz, E19=Pz
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Hi Jonathan, I am sorry that you did not stop at BESA booth - we would had chance to talk there :)
The reference electrode change, as Joao said, might be a good idea - try to recompute data using average reference.
As I wrote before I would try spatial filtration using PCA or SVD. OBS is not the best idea (since you need to find every R peak individualy). With ICA approach I had similar problems and the reason is that the ICA method is not the best for this - BCG generates few artifact topographies that are dependent so ICA (independent component analysis) seems not right too for this in my opinion.
Maybe you could PM me (mateusz.rusiniak(at)besa.de ) and send me a sample data so I can try to figure out what you can do with this...
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i will work by EEG signal for diagnosis epilepsy disease and for it i need to collect EEG signal data base.please help me anyone that work in this field recently.
thankyou
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I'm a master student of Computer Engineering. I'm interested in BCI (Brain Computer Interface) and I want to write a thesis on this area, but I couldn't come up with a satisfying subject! I'd be glad to hear your suggestions.
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emotion classification based on brain signal all the best
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As i have 3 emotive headsets epoch, epoch + but now all shows corrosion over electrodes and their nodes after a year of use. Readings are not good now. So headsets worked fine for almost a year but now its useless and so my money spent on it. If anyone has used openBci or any other headset which can work for longer period. Recommendations are needed
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Dear Khizar,
this seems not only a question of price but also data recording quality and research question. What are you interested in investigating? And will low density montages like the Emotiv headset be sufficient for that?
If you answer this question with yes, there are several systems with relatively low number of channels that are affordable and provide good quality. You will find examples at the follwoing vendors: Brain Products, mBrain Train, Cognionics, and others.
There is also a nice way to make use of the Emotiv amp as described in Stefan Debener's paper from 2012 ( Debener, S., Minow, F., Emkes, R., Gandras, K., & Vos, M. (2012). How about taking a low‐cost, small, and wireless EEG for a walk?. Psychophysiology, 49(11), 1617-1621). Might be worth a try to also improve life expectation of your (now wet) electrodes?
Best,
Klaus
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I have time series data from multi channel EEG. I am looking at various symbol based complexity measures. As a preliminary step I have to convert my time series to symbols based on some logic (as simple as order dynamics or zero crossing)
I am looking for better methods/algorithms to generate symbols from EEG time series.
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Hello,
have you looked at SAX ( Symbolic Aggregate approXimation, invented by Eamonn Keogh and Jessica Lin)?
You may find the info and all references at http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~eamonn/SAX.htm
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Hi all,
We know that any kind of perception should generate some deflection in the EEG signal
When it comes to the movement of the human upper limb or the hand some deflection will be generated when moving the arm.
Now, the questions are
1- How strong and accurate is this kind of deflection?
2- Can we really track it on a time basis (like second by second)
for example, If I move my arm from t=1 sec to t=5 sec
Can I really determine this time gap only by analyzing EEG signal deflection?
Thanks
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Please, you should familiarize yourself with the practice of professionals in the scientific field, to which you are interested (articles in the Attachment). Think about it, maybe you will have enough movements with just one finger. Then it is easier to eliminate EEG leads. Think about what task you will solve when moving limbs? How will you standardize the movements of different subjects?
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I found RIPPLELAB, but I want to know if there are more software (or a toolbox in matlab, python, etc ) that I can use to easy detect HFO in my data.
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HFOs detectors are still an open field of discussion, I think you won't find a unique verified method. From my experience, the methods that use a first stage to select events (for example with a hilbert transform and a threshold) and then use time frequency methods to eliminate false positive are the best ones. Maybe you can take a look at the work done by people from Marseille:
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Hi,
I am totally new to the field of EEG signal analysis, but I am exploring it to see potential processing/analysis techniques to be designed and implemented on FPGA for onsite clinical decision support. So, I have raw EEG signal in edf format which I have successfully implemented into matlab and ran the following code to calculate the relative power (based on a code I found online). However, the results do not match some done by another professional in this area (very close, but does not match). Would anybody help me improve the code below to get more accurate results or suggest other venues. Note: if you advise me to go to EEGlab, please point me to the exact steps to do there. 
Thanks in advance!
Any help highly appreciated!
% Fs is my sampling frequency, x is my EDF data imported into matlab
Fs=1000;
t=1/Fs;
S =x;
waveletFunction = 'db8';
[C,L] = wavedec(S,8,waveletFunction);
%% Calculating the coefficients vectors
cD1 = detcoef(C,L,1); %NOISY
cD2 = detcoef(C,L,2); %NOISY
cD3 = detcoef(C,L,3); %NOISY
cD4 = detcoef(C,L,4); %NOISY
cD5 = detcoef(C,L,5); %GAMA
cD6 = detcoef(C,L,6); %BETA
cD7 = detcoef(C,L,7); %ALPHA
cD8 = detcoef(C,L,8); %THETA
cA8 = appcoef(C,L,waveletFunction,8); %DELTA
%%%% Calculation the Details Vectors
D1 = wrcoef('d',C,L,waveletFunction,1); %NOISY
D2 = wrcoef('d',C,L,waveletFunction,2); %NOISY
D3 = wrcoef('d',C,L,waveletFunction,3); %NOISY
D4 = wrcoef('d',C,L,waveletFunction,4); %NOISY
D5 = wrcoef('d',C,L,waveletFunction,5); %GAMMA
D6 = wrcoef('d',C,L,waveletFunction,6); %BETA
D7 = wrcoef('d',C,L,waveletFunction,7); %ALPHA
D8 = wrcoef('d',C,L,waveletFunction,8); %THETA
A8 = wrcoef('a',C,L,waveletFunction,8); %DELTA
POWER_DELTA = (sum(A8.^2))/length(A8);
POWER_THETA = (sum(D8.^2))/length(D8);
POWER_ALPHA = (sum(D7.^2))/length(D7);
POWER_BETA = (sum(D6.^2))/length(D6);
Total=POWER_DELTA+ POWER_THETA+POWER_ALPHA+POWER_BETA;
RELATIVE_DELTA=POWER_DELTA/Total;
RELATIVE_THETA=POWER_THETA/Total;
RELATIVE_ALPHA=POWER_ALPHA/Total;
RELATIVE_BETA=POWER_BETA/Total;
%**************End of Code
Here are my results versus the results I should achieve:
                             Old results                 My results
Relative_delta      0.602487293           0.572298897
Relative_theta      0.187303504           0.196419823
Relative_alpha     0.112981588           0.132041017
Relative_beta       0.073902161           0.099240263
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If you are interested in learning more about time-frequency analysis, you might be interested in some of the teaching material I have linked on my website (mikexcohen.com), including several books, online courses, and >50 hours of free recorded lectures on my youtube channel.
Mike
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I have EEG signal from which i need to extract frequency information. The signal have x-axis as number of sample and y-axis as amplitude. if am applying fft on signal its giving me frequency in KHz. Can anyone help me to find frequency and what method i need to apply to get it. Thanks.
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I have lots of teaching resources on my website, including books and recorded lectures, mostly about time-frequency analysis and other EEG-related signal processing techniques. Maybe you'll find some of this material useful.
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Is it necessary to perform baseline correction to the epoched EEG data before time frequency analysis?
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If you would like to learn more about time-frequency analysis and the role of linear baseline subtraction vs. nonlinear baseline normalization, you might consider the teaching resources I have on my website (mikexcohen.com), including books and >50 hours of lectures on my youtube channel.
Mike
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I've been started to study about CHAOS, and my main major is EEG signal processing.
I'm working on a bigger project that is about detecting and classifying emotion, attention or memorization in EEG signals.
My main question is that, if you friends can help me find an articles in this concept; which relates "Chaos" with "Emotion or attention or memorization"?
Best recommendations would be articles with rich and available data-sets on internet.Preferably for last three years.
Even a single "key word" or "article name" will help me, although much better to have article it self. 
Don't spare your thought from me. even single words could be help full.
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With my pleasure. I am sure that you will find answers to your questions in the manuscripts (below).
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Hello all,
We know that action observation and motor imagery produce changes in the mu rhythm event-related desynchronization, make the mu rhythm more focal and producing a higher % decrease (see for example Naima Rüther et al 2014).
However, I am wondering if anybody is aware of studies that specifically addressed the changes in mu rhythm and its desynchronization, after a motor learning protocol with actual movements, and of various length?
Thank you!
FABIO
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A specific pattern of rolandic electrical activity was found during Go - No Go learned responses to auditory clicks (left or right ear). Surprisingly we found the same pattern at rest, when the subject returned for control.
.- Stoica E., Psatta, D.M., Matei, M.: EEG changes induced by Auditory stimuli association with Finger movement responses may be seen one week after applying the procedure. Rom. J. Neurol., 2003.
More details about the investigation of motor control may be found in our book:
Psatta, DM. : Electrophysiological Investigation in Brain Diseases, Scholar’s Press, Germany, 2016, 268 pp.
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  • "Nocturnal enuresis" occurs in which stage of sleep?
  • In which stage of sleep! we have "Nocturnal enuresis".
  • Is there anyone who has a Q/EEG pattern of the "Amygdala" activity in the "Nocturnal enuresis" process?
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Dear Vladimir A. Kulchitsky ;
Thanks for your useful answer.
Best regards
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In ERP/P300 signal analysis, xDAWN is well-known to find the spatial filter.
I have read several reference papers about xDAWN, such as
xDAWN Algorithm to Enhance Evoked Potentials: Application to Brain–Computer Interface
A Tutorial on EEG Signal Processing Techniques for Mental State Recognition in Brain-Computer Interfaces
But I still do not know very well about xDAWN. So far, I know that the first column of D is 0 except the positions of stimuli onset, but how about the other columns? or we do not need to know the others then we can create the Toeplitz matrix?
Would you please give me an example? Where can I find the source code of xDAWN to let me study more about it?
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This question is old but it is still unanswered, so here I go...
The Toeplitz matrix is just the beginning of the algorithm, and these are just matrices where all the values from the same diagonal have the same constant value. In this case, as you will have a 1 in the first column of the matrix, in the k-th row, every other column will have to have a one on that only diagonal, zero elsewhere. Think of it as the identity matrix "pushed" downwards.
They used it to represent the time-locked delay of the ERP, i.e. how many sample points do you need to wait since the onset of the stimulus until you actually start seeing the ERP. Because you multiply this matrix with A, which is the ERP signal, the result is the A matrix, representing the ERP, pushed also downwards and delayed k units.
I like the idea of "evoked potential algebra" that the authors use in the paper ( )
Page 138 of Lotte's Brain Computer Interfaces 1 book offers a brief explanation of the algorithm that perhaps may help you as well (optimization).
You can find an implementation in OpenVibe's source code and also in the MNE-Python package.
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I'm trying to use EEG signals to feed an artificial neural network in order to diagnose mood disorders (specially major depressive disorder, but it would be interesting to try with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia etc).
However, I'm having a hard time finding quality databases of EEG with annotations of mood disorders.
Anyone knows where I could find it?
Thanks in advance.
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Dear 
we have a dataset of depression paients and we use them. For determining treatment response as well as developing diagnostic indexes. We also have EEG of healthy individuals performing attention task.  
I have not found a good and big size database of EEG of mood disorders. Perhaps the good way is exchanging dataset or using datasets of other research groups. We welcome such exchange and collaboration 
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There seems to be a handful of papers on single-subject resting-state fMRI data but not for EEG data. Is this simply because it is too variable to be done? If not, what are the things to watch out for in data collection and in analysis?
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The team at University of North Texas is doing this. Contact Jesus Rosales for more info.
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I am wondering is there a precise method to get a baseline for EEG biofeedback?
In one of the lubar's article, he suggested focusing on a fixed point for 90 seconds and average the "90 seconds recorded signal" to get the baseline for theta/beta ratio.
I want to calculate baselines for Theta, Beta, and mu-wave at C4, In the beginning of each session.
In order to achieve that, what do you suggest?
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Dear Vladimir
thank you for your response and papers, it was very useful to me.
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Hi, I have been recording EEG data for my research for 1 months now, but I`m comfortable about the EMG artifacts in my EEG data.There are both continues and burst of EMG activity in many subjects` data even after we have shown them how muscle activity will contaminate EEG data and informed them to stay relaxed and try not to move their heads during recording.
I wish to know what are some of the tricks to set up the recording environment (like what kind of chairs should we choose, or is it good to immobilize subjects' heads) to let subjects to stay as relaxed as possible and reduce EMG contamination.
Besides, what are some good ways to remove EMG artifacts from EEG data? I don't really want to simply remove the periods of data with EMG. I have tried ICA but the effect is not satisfactory. I am currently learning CCA (canonical correlation analysis) but have not tried it yet.
By the way, we use 64-channel active electrodes from Brain Product, and we don`t have any EMG/EOG electrodes yet (but we can buy them if necessary).
Thanks in advance.
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The environment and the way you instructed the subjects are possibly producing the contrary effect. The subject must be comfortable and preferably know all the time that he/she is doing a great job. The utilization of EOG/EMG electrodes could be useful to improve ICA by adding extra channels. 
Anyway, to obtain a 100% free artifacts recording is not possible. Use short activity periods with resting phases for subjects relaxation allowing him/her to move. 
 A setup, that we commonly use to reduce artifacts is the utilization of linked ears as reference and linked mastoids as ground, and for conditioning the signals the reference to CAR, after that utilization of any artifact remove technique will achieve better results.
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Can anyone provide me Arduino and  Open BCI code for  connecting two external button on 8 channel Open Brain computer interface system ( ADS1299). Please ?
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Thank You Dibakar Pal, but Link is not working.
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Hi everybody,
We've recently had some EEG recordings and we have noticed of something strange.
The recorded data is completely raw (at least to extent we are aware of) and when we look at the power spectrum of raw data we see something like figure 1, which is weird!
But when we apply 1 Hz high pass filter, the outcome turns into figure 2, which is a lot more appealing.
So I have 2 questions: 1) Why we see such terrible side lobes (for lack of a better word in my mind) in the raw data, and 2) why a 1 Hz HPF can solve that??
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Hi Tirdad,
The plots shared does not make sense. the 1 Hz high pass filter will attenuate low frequencies and should not affect higher frequencies(as it does in figure you shared). I guess the problem is using with window length and overlap length you are using for plotting spectrum. please ensure the window length is proper according to expected frequencies in your input signal.                                                                                     you can look out the following link -
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I am working on denoising EEG signals. The signal consists of 80 epochs. The denoising parameters which give the best results differ from one epoch to another. How can I deal with this problem?
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There are many wavelet based denoising methods. Could you please suggest a suitable one? 
@Zeashan Khan
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I'm looking for actual value of data generation rate that is generate by ECG sensor ( such as smartwatch ) and EEG sensor ( such as Muse ). Can anyone help me find a reference paper that refers to these values. Please help. 
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I am not sure if your interest is focused on the validity and accuracy (as some of the main characteristics in order for the data to have an actual value) of the generated data. If yes, I believe that you will find useful the following sources: 
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we have EEG signal simultaneously recorded with FMRI in 3 conditions (outside, inside without gradient and inside with gradient). I cleaned Artifact from EEG signal.
how can I evaluate the quality of cleaned signal?
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I claeaned EEG signaks with conventional methods such as AAS&OBS.
Thinks,  frequency band comparison is a good critria to validation but are you have scientific refrence for that? 
Also are you know another criteria? 
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I have raw EEG dataset in .mat files ( Matlab format). I need to perform band pass filtering on the data in the certain bands between 3Hz and 30 Hz. All the EEG recordings of this dataset are sampled at 256 samples per second, at 16-bit
quantization. Most of the cases contain 23 bipolar EEG signals. 
As I am relatively new in Matlab, how can I do that ?. please help!
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Hi
filtering with zero-phase IIR filters as suggested by Ricardo is nice. However, it's better to apply two filters in cascade, one low-pass filter and, subsequently, a high-pass one. This is because the cut-off frequency for the high pass region; since it is so close to 0 Hz, the order that you assign to the band-pass filter could be enough for the "high-pass" region, but insufficient for the "low-pass" one, and if you attempt increasing the order, you take chances that your filter gets unstable.
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What companies offer an eye tracker with software to do combine it with eeg within a budget of $78,000 or ₹500000?
Whats the cheapest option available in market?
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For EEG analysis, I would recommend EEGLAB (a MATLAB toolbox) and other associated toolboxes such as BCILAB and MoBILAB all runs on MATLAB.
There's also EYE-EEG plug-in for EEGLAB intended to facilitate integrated analyses of electrophysiological and oculomotor data.
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Hi , i am currently working on motor imagery BCI (Brain Computer Interface). I am completely new to this field. I had downloaded data from BCI competition IV (data set -2-b, Left hand and right hand class ). I extracted alpha(8-12)Hz and beta( 14-30) Hz signal using band pass filter for C3 and C4 electrods for different trials , then i calculated average power for all trials. But i dont know how to calculate Event related desynchronization/synchronization ( ERD/ERS) in MATLAB. i dont know ho to calculate baseline power and change in relative power of %ERD/ERS. Can any body tell me how to do in MATLAB, please ?
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Hi Niraj,
I am also completely new to the field and I can't help you directly  but you should take a look at Mike Cohen's website (http://mikexcohen.com/lectures.html). It has very good lectures on time-frequency based analyses and all the computations are done in Matlab (with downloadable scripts).
Hope it helps
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Using EEGlab it is possible to display channel spectra and maps that plot EEG power with frequency. However, I am unsure how to obtain the data making up these plots so I can calculate the mean power across specific frequency bands (i.e. 4-8Hz for theta). 
For example, in a relative paper, the researchers state:
"EEG power was computed on the electrode of interest (see Fig. 2). Power was calculated in 0.49-Hz frequency bins and averaged across the appropriate frequencies to obtain the power values for theta (4–8 Hz), slow alpha (8–10 Hz), fast alpha (10–12 Hz), slow beta (12–20 Hz), and fast beta (20–28 Hz)."
Has anyone come across this issue before and know how to get around it? Any advice would be appreciated!
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Hi,
if you call spectopo (or pop_spectopo) from script, you can get the output, for example:
[spectopo_outputs, freqs]= pop_spectopo(EEG, 1, [], 'EEG' , 'winsize' , 512, ...
'plot', 'on', 'freqrange',[0 100],'electrodes','on', 'overlap', 0);
The output (spectopo_outputs) will be a matrix with dimensions of channels and frequencies (e.g. 64*513). The freqs variable will give you the frequencies from around 0 to something like 256 Hz (depends on the parameters).
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We all know that the human eye can percept only pictures with duration higher than 13 miliseconds. I have an 8 milisecond flicker picture that repeats 12 times in a second.(I have 120 black frames in a second (so each lasts 8ms) and every 10 other of them is my stimuli frame, so I will get 12 of them in a second).
I know that the operational range of SSVEP is 3Hz to 75Hz; much like to have strong relations with that famouse 13 miliseconds(1sec/75=13 ms).
So my main question is if SSVEP can show some stimuli wich our eye cant percept it?
In my specific case I have 12hz stimuli(in ssvep operational range)  with 8 milisecond(out of perception range). I'am eager to know if I will be able to see this 12hz in my ssvep or not? 
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Hi Mohammad,
I think you should see a 12Hz SSVEP but its power will greatly depend on stimulus energy. The latter can be defined by a wide range of stimulus parameters such as luminance, and immediately related, contrast to the pre- and succeeding frames, stimulus position in the visual field, size, spatial frequencies etc.
If you make your stimulus small enough, dim and present it far in the visual periphery it may happen though that your 12 Hz SSVEP is indistinguishable from noise.
By the way, I think that most of the hard limits you list above may actually depend on these parameters. Even a 100Hz flicker can drive a response (see Herrmann 2001 Exp Brain Res).
Best,
Christian
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Hi everyone,
I am trying to apply ICA to remove artifact of EEG signals. Is it possible for me to write ICA algorithm in Matlab for removing. Because I prefer manual code than toolbox so I can modify for further application.    
Based on principle of ICA theory, x = As, so if EEG recording data is considered as input, is it x or s? and what is the final output, is it clean EEG signal and what is its called?
Thanks so much. It will be helpful for my graduate project.
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Thanks for all comments. I would understand more the progress. I am working with processing egg data offline now then now find the way to work with online processing. Now I am based on EEGLAB function then modify code to develop online artifacts removal. Please advise if you have any ideas. I am appreciated.
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There are my wavelet functions are available in Matlab. How can decide the best wavelet for decomposing the EEG signal to get sub-bands such as alpha, beta, gamma, theta, and delta.
By using  "Cross-correlation method " and "ANOVA" how can we find the best mother wavelet for mining the sub-bands.
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I faced the same challenge for an image processing task. the only solution I found , was to decompose image based on the weakest member of each family (for example 'db1') and compare the results. it does not seem to be a perfect solution, but looking at many research articles,this is what many researchers do!
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Dear All,
I am using ADJUST plugin in EEGlab for artifact removal from raw data. I follow the instruction listed in the ADJUST manual to process the data. after running ADJUST I get the artifacted ICs in a new pop-up window, I mark these ICs for rejection and then I go to tools to remove these ICs (via EEGlab GUI menu>>tools>>remove components). A new dataset is created (eegdata pruned with ICA ), according to ADJUST tutorial this is the clean eeg data, but I see from the plots that there is still artifact present in the data. When I run ICA again and then again run ADJUST I get a new pop-up window in which some other ICs are identified as artifacts. I remove these ICs again. But still, artifact are present in data. I repeat running ADUST many time and each time I get new ICs marked as an artifact.
I would be happy if you guide me with this problem.
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Hi!
If Runica>ADJUST>Runica is your first step to remove artifacts maybe you shoud clean your data a little first by visual inspection removing some noisy periods. Sometimes a very noisy data affects ICA, giving worse results. You can check the eeglab visual artifact rejection tutorial.
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