EE - Science topic

I have encapsulated the hydrophobic drug in liposomes. I analyzed the encapsulation efficiency by HPLC for both the supernatant and the pellet.

First, I centrifuged the liposomal solution, took the supernatant, lysed the pellet with triton 2%, and analyzed them separately. However, there is a big difference between the results. The supernatant showed 40-50 % EE and the lysed pellet showed less than 3%. I used these formulas:

For supernatant: EE%=((total drug-loss drug)/ total drug)*100

For lysed pellet: EE%=((entrapped drug/total drug)*100

To find out the %EE which method is accurate?

I am preparing a chitosan system containing two drugs, and one of them is 5FU. However, the results of the LC% and EE% are very low.

In short, after freeze drying I prepared a solution of 1 mg/ml (3 mg of the NPs in 3 ml of the used mobile phase, filtered by a 0.22 syringe filter, and 20 ppm of the solution was injected triplicate in UPLC/UV at 266 nm. The weight is calculated automatically from the software by a calibration curve of (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 ppm). Now, I am struggling in the LC% and EE% calculation, because the obtained weights are very low, for example; from 0.56 to 3.33 ug, and reflected badly on the LC% and EE% values using the below equations:

LC%= mass of the encapsulated drug /mass of the NPs*100.

EE%= mass of the encapsulated drug/ mass of drug(initial amount).

Hello All,

I am looking for potential research opportunities in the area of Networking, Cloud, SDN, NFV and Advanced Computing.

If you or your team looking for any collaborators/co-authors for your papers/project? I'd be delighted to discuss further if you are interested.

Short brief about me: My name is Arul Kumar. I hold a master's degree in EE with a specialization in networking and possess approximately 10 years of experience in computer networking and cloud computing.

Looking forward to hearing from you!

Thanks,

Arul Kumar Sekar

LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/arulkumarsekar/

Hello everyone. I have two question two asked.

1. I did the encapsulation of lemongrass essential oil microcapsule using chitosan and gum Arabic as wall material with different concentrations. I try to calculate the encapsulation efficiency using UV-vis spectrophotometer and get the absorbency. However, as I calculate using the EE(%) formula which is

EE(%)= [(A total - A free)/A total ]x 100% ,

the EE was low or even above 100. Can anyone enlighten me on which is the correct method to calculate the efficiency of this microcapsule using the absorbance result.

2. Continue from previous question, I do know that some EE calculation use

EE= (Wc/Wo) x 100% , where

Wc is weight (g) of the EO in certain amount of encapsulates before surface EO removal

Wo is weight (g) of the EO used to prepare the same amount of encapsulates,

However, can anyone enlighten me on how to find the weight (g) of the EO in certain amount of encapsulates before surface EO removal? What method should I used to calculate this weight?

Thankyou in advance for your time answering this.

20 mg of quantity i have taken for (EE).

Total quantity of drug used in formulation is 500mg.

Formulation 1, UV absorbance value: 0.0057 (10 times diluted).

y = 0.0164x + 0.0076 R² = 0.9991.

EE/O was calculated using the following equation:

EE/O=(P_elec*t*1000)/(V*60*log(c_i/c_f))

where P_elec is the input power (kW) of the electric device, V is the reactor volume (L) of water treated, C_i and C_f are the initial and final concentrations (mg/L) of contaminant, respectively, and t (min) is the time required to achieve a 90% (t_0.9) degradation of contaminant.

t_0.9=2.3035851/k

k= The degradation rate constant (k, min^-
1)

Hi,

Do you have recommendations of any articles on EE in shrimp / crustaceans. If there are any published studies out there it will be limited. Unfortunately all the info I have come across through my research has been on fish and other aquatic animals.

Thanks in advance!

Sasha

I search for good battery analyzer for testing the cells (zinc based cells) with some reasonable price! If someone can help me with that!?

Best regards,

Dusan

I formulated BSA-entrapped mannose-conjugated chitosan nanoparticle. the composition is as follows

BSA(Bovine Serum Albumin)- 1.2mg

10mMOPs buffer of (pH7.4)- 1.2ml

mannose-chitosan -10mg

TPP solution -250ul stock TPP +4.75ml of milli-Q-water

I took prepared the BSA solution by mixing 1.2mg with 1.2ml of MOPs buffer to give a conc of 1.2mg/1.2ml

I then took 1.0ml of the BSA solution for entrapment.

Total volume of the nanovaccine formulated before centrifugation was 16ml and after centrifugation, i got 15ml supernatant volume while the pellet was 1ml.

I then carried out protein estimation to calculate the % entrapment efficiency using both nanodrop and BCA protein assay methods.

Using both methods, i was getting no value for my %EE. i have done this repeatedly and getting the same negative result and entrapment efficiency of 125- and above percentage

please i need help. I don't know what i am doing wrongly

Recently, I started working on the liposomal formulation, hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs using the thin film hydration method. I use the well-diffusion assay to estimate the EE %. First, the EE% was 4~6%, then after working on my techniques, it increased to 22~32%, which is still considerably low!

I tried multiple rounds of vortexing, sonication, and a longer time in a water bath (when gradually introducing the drugs in the aqueous phase). Also, we tried freeze-drying the liposomes twice to increase the encapsulation, but it did not seem to have a positive effect.

I appreciate your suggestions, as I'm still learning about it.

Raghad.

Hi

This is Shiva Najafian, a Ph.D. student at the Amirkabir University of Technology. My major is Physics and I am searching for a good topic for my thesis. During my studies, I started to be interested in molecular dynamic simulation but I faces some questions with this topic for my research, and I would appreciate it if I could ask some questions you based on your article. For instance, I like to simulate niosome structures to improve and decrease formulations in some experimental work. (Based on Insilco's study we could predict some factors like optimized structure, minimum energy, EE%, size, solubility… However, until yet I could not find any articles that simulated the whole of a niosome spherical before experimental studies but we have many articles about Liposome simulation. Would you please help me what is the problem with it? Why do we have a lot of experimental work about niosome but there are just a few articles on a part of the noisome membrane, not that whole. Is there a long run time for that? Or there are other reasons?

Thank you.

Best regards,

Shiva Najafian

To calculate EE I am using the centrifugation technique.

NLCs are taken in an Eppendorf and centrifuged, the supernatant obtained was diluted up with 1:1 ethanol and methanol. Then scanned over UV. But the problem that I am facing my EE is coming more than 200 %.

Hi!

Can anyone please share an employee productivity (perceived) scale that can be used? I am kinda having a hard time looking for a structured questionnaire for my study about POS and employee engagement and one factor for EE is the level of perceived productivity.

Thank you in advance!

During the calculation of molecular 2D and 3D descriptor calculations, PADEL shows "infinity" against "EE_Dzv", "EE_Dzp", "EE_Dt", "EE_D" descriptors. Why? What is the solution?

Cholesterol content in liposomes is mostly reported as one of the key factors that can increase significantely the encapsulation efficiency (EE) for hydrophobic drugs. However, my current research data (such as what reported in my 2018 papers) have revealed a contradictory fact: a decrease in EE with cholesterol content. I am wondering whether this could be likely due to the aromaticity (planary structure) of the compounds I have been encapsulating or anyother reasons causing sort of competition between the two components for the lipid bilayers?

kindly i need help to calculate entrapment efficiency of nanoemulsion with droplet size 18,4 nm , how i can detect free drug ? i used ultracentrifuge 14,000 xg for 30 min not worked , any idea of protocol that i can use to detect free drug to be able calculate EE ???thanks

kindly i need help to calculate entrapment efficiency of nanoemulsion with droplet size 18,4 nm , how i can detect free drug ? i used ultracentrifuge 14,000 xg for 30 min not worked , any idea of protocol that i can use to detect free drug to be able calculate EE ???thanks

An animal requires 2.75% of its body weight as DM requirement.

How many KGs of hay have to be fed to the animal if it's body weight is 400kg?

Animal voids 10kg of feces having 3kg of water and 5% CP and 3% EE(on dry matter basis), while hay had 12% moisture, 9% CP and 4% EE.

Calculate the digestibility of DM, CP and EE.

Hello.

I am debating the best way to normalize indirect calorimetry data when comparing normal mice (about 30g) vs obese mice (about 60g) Using body weight is not correct since fat has a very low energy expenditure (EE) so obese mice would present a lower EE/g than the real value. On the other hand, I consider that normalizing the data only with the lean mass is also incorrect. Normal mice present about 10-15% of fat and obese mice around 50%, I think it would be a mistake to consider that half of the body weight would not participate in the energy expenditure. There is the option of showing EE data without controlling for the animal weight, but bigger mice would have higher EE. I was looking for a formula combining lean and fat mass for data normalization but I could not find it. Have you heard about any consideration about normalizing indirect calorimetry data when comparing normal/lean mice vs obese mice?

Thank you very much.

Best regards.

Greetings. I have determined the fiber fractions in the feedstuffs using van Soest methods. I want to estimate nitrogen free extract. Can I use the equation % NFE = 100 % – (% EE + % CP + % Ash + % NDF) instead of % NFE = 100 % – (% EE + % CP + % Ash + % CF)?

Please contact me soon so e can test my three designs of EE micro drives green plug

energy recovery fir

li ion and fuel cell or hybrid EV

I have worked on preparation chitosan nanoparticle for protein encapsulation and my proteins PI are 5.7 and 6.7 . I checked different  chitosan PH (3,4,4.7 and 5) and TPP PH(5.5, 9), different chitosan/TPP ratio and also different chitosan concenteration(0.1%,0.3%) , but the maximum EE% was 30%!can I increase EE% according to my proteins PI? or it is impossible?

Hello.

I am working with a diet induced obese model and run my mice on indirect calorimetry cages. I am search for the best method to adjust the energy expenditure (EE) results but there are some considerations to have in account.

It is assumed that fat does not importantly impact EE and people usually adjust EE to the lean mass (NMR based). However, my high fat diet (HFD) mice have 3 time more fat that the low fat diet (LFD) mice, and with it probably more brown fat also, that is very active metabolically. In this study is not completely correct to adjust neither by total body weight nor by lean mass, and absolute EE might be harder to analyze since BW differ a lot between LFD and HFD.

Is there any combined formula that is accepted to use? If so, can you reference the work?

Thank you very much.

Best regards.

Andre Cabral, PhD

High expressed emotions is a major determinant of psychiatry disorder prognosis. Especially when it comes to schizophrenia. Research suggests that being in a developing country has better prognosis in psychosis. Partly due to low levels of EE. Is it still a truth ? Do we have enough evidence to prove this fact ?

With the setup I'm currently using I obtain VE, CE and EE's of > 100 % and I would like to confirm the method as this is a completely new field for me.

i need some numerical data about EE in the UK

Hi everyone,

I'm looking for some advice on how to reduce aggression (and thus fight wounds) on WT, male FVB/NJ mice after a period (several weeks) of daily forced treadmill exercise. After a daily exercise session, the mice must be single housed outside of the treadmill for about 1/2 h before they can be put in their home cages (1-3 mice per home cage), since severe fight wounds can result after ~1 week if they are not single-housed. (The exercise equipment and its environment can be quite stressful on the mice.) However, since I'm working with very large cohorts of exercise mice, I'm looking for a practical, cost- and time-saving way of temporarily single-housing a large number of mice on a daily basis (~20-30 mice at a time).

I want to avoid using a single regular housing cage (meant for up to 5 full-size mice) for each mice, as this wouldn't be practical on a daily basis: cost-inefficient due to cleaning cost and technically difficult due to space limitations in the lab.

So I was wondering if anyone knew of small, transient housing devices that could be used in such a case; perhaps regular sized cages with dividers or small sealed buckets ("chicken buckets") that can be washed, re-used and easily stored for daily usage. I'm not too worried about the level of environmental enrichment (EE) in these small transient devices, as the mice will only be there for a few minutes, although I do add bedding and some EE devices along with food to the single-housing cages that I'm using right now to help with post-exercise stress reduction.

Any pointers on specific vendors and models would be helpful, specially cheap ones, since my goal is just stress/aggression reduction so that the mice can finish their exercise training regimen; I'm not doing any behavioral assessments or anything that would require a more controlled environment.

Thanks everyone beforehand!

Good day people

I'm trying to optimise a biphenyl with substituents on using DFT rB3LYP aug-cc-pVDZ.

I optimised biphenyl on its own with no problems, but now I added substituents on it and now optimisation fails due to convergence failure.

.log files ends in the following

" >>>>>>>>>> Convergence criterion not met.

SCF Done: E(RB3LYP) = -620.626597935 A.U. after 513 cycles

NFock=512 Conv=0.17D-05 -V/T= 2.0061

KE= 6.168849716931D+02 PE=-3.423301472620D+03 EE= 1.192804461235D+03

Convergence failure -- run terminated.

Error termination via Lnk1e in /gaussian09/g09/l502.exe at Fri Mar 8 00:12:47 2019.

Job cpu time: 1 days 21 hours 3 minutes 44.5 seconds.

File lengths (MBytes): RWF= 147 Int= 0 D2E= 0 Chk= 5 Scr= 1

"

By default it had 128 SCF cycles in which I then increased it to 512 but it got that far without converging

Other than increasing SCF cycles what could I try?

What do You thing about determination of encapsulation efficiency (EE) of NLC and SLN particles which size is below 200 nm. In my case I tried to determine this parameter and chosen centrifugation at 11,000 rpm for 30 minutes (even 16,000 rpm for 30 minutes), but I haven't see the lipid phase and the methodology is not repeatable in my opinion for DOE experiment. I also tried with the Amico filter device fwith a molecular weight limit of 100 K. In this case, the filters were clogged with lipids and method also failed.

On the other side Sephadex G-50 seems to be hard to validate

Male birds (30 generations of selection) belonging to three homozygous genotypes (DD, CC, BB) at ADL0176 microsatellite and females (4 dams to each sire) having corresponding homozygous genotypes were crossed avoiding mating between full and half-sibs with the help of pedigree record. The pullets raised out these straight-run chicks (progeny) when genotyped revealed 7 genotypes (AC, AD, BD, CC, CE, DD, EE) at ADL0176 locus. What could be the explanation behind the appearance of extra A and E alleles in the progeny?

I am working on making liposome encapsulated collagen peptide. I'v tried to confirm EE%, checking concentration of only collagen peptide sample, which I made, yet I couldn't separate this collagen peptide sample from liposome. I used BCA kit, yet it seemed that phospholipid affected to Abs... what is the best method..?

Dear researchers

I am working on tacrolimus nanoparticle and when trying to determine the E.E. of the tac using HPLC ,it shows 2 peaks for the tac and its tautomers I , although I tried to change the solvents the peaks stay ,

How can I measure the area?

May I sum the two peaks areas and consider it as one peak for the tac concentration measurements?

thanks

Hello!! I have some questions regarding the effects of physical parameters over a UE battery usage. I want to know that what are the factors which increase a user's battery drainage in LTE? What are the effects of Low SINR over UE battery? How does Low received power effects ? Distance from a BS ?? Data size and data rate play any role over battery ?? Or any other factors which need to be controlled for Battery Efficiency.

Given that most natural phopsholipids (PS, PC etc) are at their fluid phase (predominant fatty acids 18:2 and 18:3) at room temp, and antioxidants and vitamins are heat labile. If one were to avoid using organic solvents and just dissolve lipids in purified water in a moderately heated bath sonicator (above Tc), followed by extrusion for homogenisation. How can one increase encapsulation efficiency and optimise this process using minimal/basic/inexpensive equipment when making a liposomal suspension?

How do you determine the ratios of phospholipid to bioactives to water? There are a number of different ratios available online for example Chen et al 2012 uses 100mg phospholipids per 100ml. But surely the addition of preservatives or different compounds would affect this? Are there any hard and fast rules? any principles to follow in optimising the EE% with the ratio of the constituents?

How can i check moderator effect both side in Amos _SEM?????

Which step i have to follow .... ( IFM & EFM have sub variable---Every sub variable have 4 and 5 questioner items )

( My hypothesis) H1: IFM have a direct effect on EE H2: EFM have a direct effect on EE

H3: GG moderates the relationship between IFM and EE H4: GG moderates the relationship between EFM factors and EE

I have been working on EE studies for my liposomal drug. Size of the particle is around 70-100nm and I measure my drug concentration using UV-Vis method. I have tried centrifuging at ~17,000g for 6 hours but found that my particles are still in the supernatant. With this said, I am not able to determine the actual free drug content in my supernatant. Anyone with ideas how to separate encapsulated drug from free drug in my formulation?

Thanks

Since economic efficiency(EE) is product of Technical efficiency(TE) and allocative efficiency(AE)

EE= TE*AE

then how to compute the Economic efficiency without computing TE & AE separately for both parametric test (SFA) & Non Parametric Test(DEA), and which software tool I should prefer for this?

Thanks in advance!

I am using high frequency transformer with EE 55 Ferrite core in battery charger in half bridge topology. I am repeatedly facing MOSFET failure in charger. Initially i believed that shoot through was caused due to gate drive circuit.

But yesterday i tested my transformer immediately after charger failure. And found that the transformer inductance rised to 4 times of normal inductance. My switching frequency in 25kHz.

After testing the same transformer at 135° C, the inductance increased 4 times similar to what i observed. What could be the reason behind this..?

Please suggest what could be the reason and how can i overcome that.?

I am a lecturer in EE course for almost 20 years. When studying my Ph.D in UK, I used the Keysight ADS software for free. But when I come back in Thailand many years ago, I contacted with the company to show my intention to use ADS as a software tool for teaching my students. The company told me that there is no free license policy in Thailand and the price is ridiculously expensive. Does any one give a clear explanation for this ?

Because we can! Any questions? Go Ralphie!

does anyone tried to load thymoquinone on chistosan nanoparticles? what EE% he got ?

I have tried by with encapsulation efficiency 16%, any suggestion to increase it?

Does anyone know studies about the question wether oral contraception with ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel always worsens lipedema? I know that there is an ongoing discussion. Should one change oral contraception with EE and levonorgestrel due to principal considerations although the lipedema didn't worsen since taking EE and levonorgestrel since some years? Thanks!

I have been working on an examination of the outcomes of both EE and executive education in sub-Saharan Africa. Along with my team, I have produced a report for a consulting client as a preliminary 'starter' to my research (that can be found on my RG page). I am interested if you have begun any research in this regard in the region. 

I prepared 2 types of nanopaticles each contained different drug with series of drug concentrations. I got different size, ZP, LC , EE and biological activity. If I want to know if the results are significantly different, which statistical analysis test should be used?

liposome coantain apigenin ,

apigenin solubility in water is 13ug/ml 

apigenin in ethanol is 1.1 mg/ml 

how to calculate by centrifiugation  method and there is apossibility for the drug crystal to precipitate with the pellets 

I am doing simulation work in which i need to calculate total strains. For this i am adding the EE and PE strains. But ABAQUS, instead of giving a single strain value for a single load/displacement values, gives a range of value (See the attached image )

I request all the pioneer researchers working with ABAQUS to help me find be reason for this?

I am trying to generate a good protocol for encapsulating an antibody into a liposome and conjugating another antibody on the liposome surface. I am using the Dry film hydration method and i am not sure whether traces on ethanol used to solubilize lipids are left in the formulation which could potentially denature the encapsulated antibody. I am also using TX-100  and tween-20 to release the antibody from the liposomes but not sure what quantities are amenable for protein.

1. Has anyone found good success in trapping antibody in Liposomes and if so what was the EE and capacity of encapsulation?

2. How did you dissolve the liposomes to release the antibody for subsequent characterization by ELISA while ensuring that you do not denature the antibody?

Hi dears,

My question is about encapsulation efficiency of silymarin-loaded nanoparticles.

As you know, the equation is as below:

EE% = Total amount of extract - Surface amount of extract / Total amount of extract.

I have not detected silymarin concentration by HPLC, so in order to get the surface and total amount of silymarin and EE%, I've used total phenol value detected spectrophotometrically.

Is it a correct way?

thanks

Energy expenditure for numerous activities has been extensively studied and reported in the literature, however little is know about EE in human crawling movements.

By crawling I mean that palms and toes of the feet are on the ground. The knees are NOT touching the ground.

Is the indirect method (free drug concentration in supernatant) considered as exact as the indirect one? which method one is more reliable? 

for some formulas EE%  value is greater than LC%, and for some formulas EE% value is lower than LC%...is this normal???

Decoupling GDP from resource use through resource and efficiency revolution has become crucial mantra of our time to ensure absolute resource consumption level within ecological limits. However, it is generally argued that the rebound effect may occur if energy efficiency (EE) improvements enable other resource-intensive activities to take place, thereby negating any saving or efficiency gain. This is because  EE gain lowers real price of energy & thus induces energy use due to combination of substitution effect (making energy cheaper than other inputs) &  income effect (economic growth pulls up energy use).  Some other argue that even if EE does not lead to absolute reduction in energy use in all cases it improves access to energy service by lowering their effective cost.

Are there any empirical evidence from any countries showing the magnitude to various rebound effects and the extent to which they prevent consumption from staying within ecological limits?

Assume that k RF chains and N antennas, k UEs. Employing BD precoding for MU-MIMO. I want to study EE with antenna selection and power allocation. Is this problem reasonable and do you have any ref. papers?

Chiral ionic liquids (CILs)have played pivotal role in asymmetric catalysis to improve ee or de. Here either cation or anion or both may contain the chiral center to achieve the product in high ee or de. While recycling of these CILs, some impurities may trap in CILs or chiral ions may get racemise. It can result the loss of selectivity in recycled CILs.

If you have experienced this problem, please suggest me how to over come this.