Droughts - Science topic

Dear Researchers, Scientists, Friends,

In view of the growing demand for drinking water, especially in regions affected by droughts and water shortages, a dilemma arises as to the most effective methods of addressing this problem. Desalination technologies require advanced technological solutions and are energy-intensive, while water saving and recycling systems are based on existing infrastructures but require behavioural change and public education. Research shows that seawater desalination technologies will prove to be a more effective solution to the water shortage problem in the long term than water saving and recycling systems in households and industry. Seawater desalination can therefore be an important part of the solution to the global water shortage, especially in countries with access to the sea. However, the technology is energy-intensive and requires significant financial investment and progress in the field of renewable energy. On the other hand, saving and recycling water in homes and industry relies on local, less expensive solutions, but requires extensive education and social cooperation. This dilemma is also related to various geographical and social conditions, which makes it particularly difficult to resolve unequivocally.

My following articles are related to the above-mentioned issues in some aspects:

I have described the key issues concerning the green transformation of the economy in the following article:

What is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please reply,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

I invite you to scientific cooperation,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

To what extent does the lack of access to clean drinking water and sanitation facilities constitute a serious problem for millions of people worldwide, lead to disease and hamper socio-economic development? How can this problem be reduced by increasing access to clean drinking water and sanitation facilities? Is the construction of deep wells the best solution to this problem? What are the options besides drilling deep wells? How should developed countries organise their aid to developing countries in this regard?

In my opinion, the lack of access to clean drinking water and adequate sanitation is a global problem that affects millions of people around the world, with enormous consequences for their health, socio-economic development and quality of life. Contaminated water is the source of many diseases, such as cholera, typhoid and diarrhoea, which particularly endanger children and the elderly. The lack of access to drinking water forces people, especially women and children, to spend many hours searching for it, which limits their opportunities for education, work and development. In addition, the lack of sanitary facilities makes it difficult to maintain hygiene, favouring the spread of diseases and worsening the general state of health. This problem also has serious social consequences, leading to conflicts and migration, as well as hampering economic development by limiting productivity and investment opportunities. An effective solution to this problem requires a comprehensive approach, including investment in water and sanitation infrastructure, protection of water sources, promotion of water saving and hygiene education. Research plays an important role in solving this problem by providing the knowledge and analysis necessary to develop effective strategies and technologies. One of the important solutions to this problem is the construction of deep wells. First and foremost, financial and technological capital is needed to build wells. Highly developed countries are best equipped in these categories of capital, and deep wells are particularly lacking in economically underdeveloped countries and those heavily burdened by the effects of climate change, the progressive process of global warming, including increasingly frequent and increasingly burdensome periods of drought for people and natural ecosystems, the steadily decreasing amount of rainfall, the decreasing surface and underground water resources, rivers and lakes drying up, etc. Therefore, the developed countries should increase the organised aid to the economically underdeveloped countries in this matter.

I have described the key issues concerning the problem of the progressing process of global warming, the negative effects of this process and, consequently, the necessity to increase the scale and accelerate the implementation of the process of green transformation of the economy, climate protection, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet in the following article:

What is your opinion on this matter?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

I invite you to scientific cooperation,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

What would be the practices for sustainable crop production to farmers, given the increasing frequency of climate extremes such as droughts and unseasonal rainfall in India ?

I'm analyzing Kenya's Hunger Safety Net Programme to determine its effectiveness in adapting livelihoods to droughts. I have been advised by my lecturer to use inferential statistics to answer this objective. Which method in inferential statistics should I use to answer this objective?

One of the consequences of the progressive process of global warming is the rapidly declining surface and sub-surface water resources in increasingly large land areas, including areas used for agriculture. From the results of thousands of scientific papers, it is known that the global warming process, which has been progressing more and more rapidly over the past more than 2 centuries, is the result of the accumulation of excess greenhouse gases in the planet's atmosphere, including CO2, methane and others in the period since the beginning of the first industrial revolution. Therefore, on the one hand, in order to slow down the progressive process of global warming, a green transformation of the economy is being carried out with a special focus on those sectors of the economy that generate the most greenhouse gas emissions. This kind of sector is also carried out in a formula of climate and environmentally unsustainable and industrial livestock farming, mainly cows. However, the processes of green transformation of the economy, including the green transformation of energy, transportation, construction and also agriculture, including the development of sustainable agriculture of organic crop farming is progressing too slowly, greenhouse gas emissions are still high, the process of global warming continues to progress rapidly, the planet's greenhouse effect is worsening, the scale of weather anomalies and climatic disasters and the negative effects of climate change such as droughts, heat, water shortages are steadily increasing. Therefore, in parallel with the processes of green transformation of the economy, it is necessary to create systems for protecting the biosphere, counteracting the negative effects of climate change, safeguarding the achievements of human civilization from the escalation of the negative effects of the progressive process of global warming in the future, using new technologies at the same time to organize solutions to reduce the scale of the negative impact of climate change processes on the man-made economy, and thus safeguarding future generations of people from the development of negative scenarios of future deepening of the said negative processes of climate change. Such protective measures, safeguarding the economy and limiting the scale of the negative effects of the progressive process of global warming should also include farms. Within the framework of such protective measures, it is necessary to create technological solutions that increase the scale of saving water used in agriculture, develop systems and installations for catching rainwater and collecting it in specially created retention tanks, etc. In addition, as part of the development of sustainable organic agriculture, it is also necessary to improve waste separation and recycling systems, improve composting techniques, build small-scale power plants that generate energy for the farm from renewable energy sources (solar, wind, geothermal, biogas plants), return to old farming techniques, e.g., rotating and fallowing in order to increase the amount of water used in agriculture. rotation and fallowing to slow the process of soil aridity, replacement of pesticides and other chemical pesticides and fertilizers with their organic counterparts, increasing the scale of agricultural biodiversity instead of production monocultures of crops of a single variety of agricultural crops, creation of crop varieties more resistant to biotic and abiotic environmental factors, including more resistant to the worsening negative effects of climate change, etc. The implementation of this plan is expected to help

The implementation of the plan for the green transformation of the economy, including agriculture, is to be helped by a European Union program referred to as the EU's New Green Deal. Farmers are well aware of all this. However, on the other hand, in the online social media, organized criminal groups acting on behalf of certain political and business circles are carrying out disinformation and paraheterist actions vilifying the European Union and the EU's New Green Deal. Such organized disinformation and paraheterist activities have recently intensified in connection with the European Parliament elections.

I have described the key issues concerning the problems of the green transformation of the economy in the following article:

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Water resources are limited and have been significantly reduced by pollution due to urbanization in recent decades. Therefore, water resource optimization only highlights the ways these resources can be available in relation to hydrologic potential. However, focusing on water use will decrease ineffective water systems, promote behaviors for reduced water consumption, and increase the resilience of water systems against extreme droughts.

But the scarcity of drinking water occurring in an increasing number of countries in Europe and also on other continents is caused not only by the progressive process of global warming, but also by unsustainable agriculture carried out in ignorance of the planet's climate and biosphere. But the scarcity of drinking water occurring in an increasing number of countries in Europe and also on other continents is caused not only by the progressive process of global warming, but also by unsustainable agriculture carried out in ignorance of the planet's climate and biosphere. The over-intensive, production-intensive cultivation of agricultural crops, mainly for the production of fodder for livestock rather than food for humans, and the production of exotic fruit sold mainly in supermarkets and hypermarkets in other countries, is also a significant factor in the excessive consumption of surface water and rainwater and the decline in drinking water levels over ever larger areas.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

For example, by 2050, about 50 percent of arabica coffee plantations will disappear globally due to progressive global warming.

Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire are major producers of cocoa beans. In early 2024, these regions were hit first by heavy rains and then by droughts.

Cocoa prices on commodity exchanges quickly went up. These are further examples of the already realizing large-scale impact of climate change on crop production, more specifically, generating large drops in the level of said production.

The scale of weather anomalies and climatic cataclysms derived from climate change processes is increasing every year. April 2024 was the warmest April in Poland in the history of measurements. Some places in Poland saw temperatures of almost plus 30 degrees C. The spring and near-summer temperatures in April were followed by frosts that wiped out flowers on flowering fruit trees. Many fruit growers lost most or even almost all or all of their projected crop of apples, cherries or other fruits. Interviews with fruit growers show that for at least 2 generations of farmers, fruit growers had not previously experienced such severe weather anomalies

I have described the key issues concerning the problems of the ongoing process of global warming, the negative effects of this process and, therefore, the need to increase the scale and accelerate the implementation of the green transformation of the economy in the following article:

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Since the beginning of the first industrial revolution, anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases resulting from human activities have been increasing. During this period, the average level of atmospheric temperature has also been rising as a result of the greenhouse effect generated by the accumulation of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the planet's atmosphere, including primarily methane, a particularly greenhouse gas. The said greenhouse effect is the source of climate change, the main element of which is the accelerating process of global warming. The accelerating process of global warming is causing many adverse effects on human existence and on the planet's biosphere. The negative effects of the accelerating process of global warming include increasingly severe droughts occurring more frequently and covering larger and larger land areas, shortages of drinking water appearing in more and more new areas in many parts of the various continents, violent storms with heavy downpours becoming more frequent in some places, soil barrenness, increasingly higher temperatures and heat in the summer, a decline in the biodiversity of natural ecosystems, and so on. The impact of these processes varies considerably across the world's land regions. For example, according to the World Meteorological Organization and the Copernicus program, i.e. the European Union's Earth observation program, Europe is the fastest warming continent. Since the beginning of the industrial age, the average temperature of the planet has risen by about 2.5 degrees C. Globally, the increase has been about 1 deg C lower. Also, the impact of the ongoing global warming process, i.e. the negative impact on individual industries and sectors of the economy, is and will also vary considerably. Agriculture, for example, is one of those sectors of the economy that will be particularly extremely negatively affected by the global warming process. Accordingly, in some countries, the agriculture carried out in the formula of traditional, intensive, production-intensive, unsustainable agriculture is already being converted to sustainable organic agriculture, which not only produces healthy and mainly or exclusively vegetable crops without the use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and also applies the goals of sustainable development, the principles of the circular economy and generates energy from renewable and emission-free energy sources. In addition to the conversion of intensive-production formula agriculture to sustainable, emission-free organic farming, in some countries farms are already being prepared and hedged for the future scenario of deepening global warming in the coming years. In order to ensure that the level of crop yields does not drop significantly in the coming years, it is becoming necessary to build rainwater catchment facilities, building ponds and other retention tanks to collect rainwater. To this end, financial subsidies are offered to farmers from the state's public finance system for building such rainwater catching and collecting installations. In a situation where the green transformation of the economy is proceeding far too slowly relative to the needs, i.e. so as to quickly reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions and slow down the process of global warming, the potential negative scenario of failure to carry out the plan to stop the increase in the average temperature level of the planet's atmosphere at up to 1.5 degrees C (since the beginning of the first industrial revolution) should be considered highly probable. However, if possible, it is necessary to carry out the green transformation of the economy as quickly and efficiently as possible, so that the exceedance of the 1.5 deg C level is as low as possible and thus the escalation of the negative effects of the progressive global warming process is as low as possible. Since agriculture is one of those sectors that are most vulnerable to the negative effects of the progressive process of global warming, then in addition to the green transformation of agriculture that is being carried out, it is necessary to protect farms from the negative effects of climate change, which are steadily increasing from year to year, including increasingly frequent periods of drought, summer heat, weather anomalies, severe storms, etc., in a multifaceted way. In addition to this, it is also necessary to create new crop varieties that will be more resistant to the mentioned negative effects of climate change.

I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

The negative effects of progressive climate change, the occurrence of more and more frequent weather anomalies, the occurrence of climatic disasters in many parts of the world and other effects of the increasingly rapid process of global warming are deepening year by year. In many parts of the world, due to the accelerating process of global warming, higher and higher temperatures during summer heatwaves, longer and more severe periods of drought are being recorded year after year. Low surface water levels and droughts are not only the result of the progressive process of global warming, but also of improperly carried out land reclamation and drainage of wetlands and marshes, as well as the overexploitation of a large part of the land area under unsustainable agriculture carried out under the formula of intensive production of agricultural crops, including crops mainly for the production of livestock feed. On the other hand, in some parts of the world, increasingly frequent weather anomalies cause violent storms and downpours resulting in the occurrence of floods and flooding. The aforementioned floods and waterlogging are increasingly occurring in areas used for agriculture and in areas of urban agglomerations, which causes additional problems and economic losses.

At present, i.e. in February 2024, in many parts of the world in the Northern Hemisphere of planet Earth on the one hand where the snow has recently fallen there are floods and waterlogging during the thaw, and paradoxically in other countries next to those lying tens or hundreds of kilometers away there are record high temperatures and record particularly troublesome droughts, historically lowest water levels in rivers and lakes, a decrease in the level of subcutaneous and deep-sea water resources. In countries currently experiencing record droughts, legally normalized bans are being imposed on the use of water for watering lawns, washing cars, filling swimming pools, etc., and even restrictions are being placed on the use of water in the irrigation of agricultural fields. On the other hand, the Southern Hemisphere of the planet experiences record heat during the summer season of the planet's south and subtropical zones. Chile in South America in January-February 2024 is experiencing record heat, high temperatures causing numerous forest fires. The burning forests caused fires in many cities, towns and villages, where many citizens ran various tourist and other services and lost everything because of the fires. The scale of the fires that occurred in Chile caused the government to impose states of disaster and states of emergency in many regions of the country, in which many residential homes, business buildings, hotels, tourist resorts and other building infrastructure were socialized. The scale of damage caused by these fires is the largest in many years.

In view of the above, it is necessary to take systemic and integrated measures, which, on the one hand, should limit the scale of the progressive process of global warming and thus should result in reducing the scale of the negative effects of climate change. On the other hand, it is necessary to adequately protect land areas characterized by a high level of risk of periodic accumulation of large amounts of surface and subsurface water from flooding and waterlogging. As part of the improvement of flood risk management, it is necessary to create a system of retention reservoirs, in which the regulation of the level of accumulated water reserves should be correlated with the results of the long-term weather forecasts carried out and the weather and climate change forecast models developed on their basis. Big Data Analytics, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and other ICT information technologies of advanced multi-criteria data processing and Industry 4.0/5.0 can help in this regard. Besides, over-regulated and concreted riverbeds should be naturalized to allow controlled dumping of excess water into areas of natural restored greenery, restored forests and swamps. In addition, reservoirs should be created to collect rainwater for agricultural purposes, i.e. to irrigate areas used for agriculture during periods of drought. These issues should be key elements in the sustainable management of water resources and the management of the risk of floods, drought and other consequences of the increasing occurrence of situations of weather anomalies and climatic disasters.

I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Due to continued high greenhouse gas emissions, the accelerating process of global warming, increasingly severe droughts are occurring in various parts of the world. Areas where periodic droughts are becoming more frequent include tropical and subtropical areas. In many parts of the world, increasingly frequent long-term droughts are causing shortages of water both for people, water used in agriculture and water necessary for the functioning of natural ecosystems. Droughts also cause increasingly frequent forest fires. The aforementioned problems and threats are now also affecting the Amazon. Recently there has been a particularly severe drought, the worst in 120 years, in the area of the Amazon's biodiverse natural Rainforest. Due to the record drought, water levels in the Amazon and its river basins are at record lows. Because of this, fish and pink Amazonian dolphins are dying out. Farmers are running out of water to irrigate their fields. Too low water levels in rivers make it difficult for Amazonians to move around. Due to the record drought, the biodiversity levels of the Amazon's natural Rainforests may be greatly reduced. In addition, the continuing process of deforestation, cutting down old-growth forests, unique tree species is causing rapid degradation of the natural Amazon Rainforests. In addition, in some countries, the energy industry is still mainly based on burning fossil fuels, which means total ignorance of the political and business spheres of the issue necessary to carry out a green transformation of the economy, total ignorance of the needs of the people, future generations of citizens.

In view of the above, I turn to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers with the following question:

And what is your opinion on this topic?

And what is your opinion about it?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Parts of East and Southern Africa, in particular, have experienced severe droughts, leading to water shortages, crop failures, and food insecurity. On the other hand, intense rainfall events have led to flooding in various regions, especially in low-lying areas and regions with poor drainage systems. What are the other threats and how those threats are related to nutrition security?

I have experience in studying the impact of hydrogeology on catastrophic floods. An example would be the flooding in Europe in the summer of 2002. See my discussion "How is geodynamics and hydrogeology taken into account?". see my publication "Floods and droughts as a result of deformability of the geological environment" for details.

The water content of the rivers is formed by atmospheric precipitation and underground waters. Influence of underground waters on water content of the rivers cannot be measured. It is shown that the volume of underground water exchange is underestimated and can be commensurable with a volume of atmospheric precipitation. Change of level of underground waters is defined by changes of volume of the geological environment during geodeformations. It is offered to consider geodeformations as one of the reasons of floods and droughts. Studied the changes the gravitational field and geodeformations during droughts and floods in the Amazon in 2005-2006. Studied the hydrological regime of the River Nile. Shows the influence of geodeformation on the level of Danube and Dniester. Proposed detailed study the causes of floods in Europe in 2002. Influence of the Earth’s surface deformation on floods and droughts is very important and requires special detailed study. Changes in volume of rocks during Earth's surface deformation are accompanied by dilatancy which influence on the amount of drought and flooding has turned out to be significant. Study of the processes considered in the thesis gives grounds to expect that floods and droughts associated with deformations of the geological environment will be successfully predicted. Foto https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fren.tv%2Fnews%2Fv-mire%2F1138805-v-chernomorskom-regione-turtsii-livni-vyzvali-navodneniia&psig=AOvVaw2SdhsJ2lm16vYlBvplRoZX&ust=1694020292799000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=2ahUKEwjyktC_-5OBAxWdEBAIHSPSCyEQr4kDegQIARBc

With a rapidly growing global population, concerns and questions about the ability to feed the ever-increasing number of people living on planet Earth have been around for many years, but still remain. With a growing population, the scale of civilisation's processing of environmental matter, the scale of industrialisation, the consumption of renewable and increasingly also non-renewable raw materials, the increasing scale of waste generation, environmental pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, etc., the possibilities of feeding the world's population in the future will diminish rather than increase. In addition, the negative effects of the development of civilisation, including above all the accelerating process of global warming, may develop at an even faster rate. Therefore, it is necessary to urgently shift the development of civilisation towards sustainability, to significantly increase the scale of implementation of sustainable development goals, to carry out a green transformation of the economy, including a green transformation of agriculture, and to create new forms of sustainable organic farming, which will be more resistant to negative biotic and abiotic external factors, including, above all, limited resources of agricultural land and the successively increasing negative impact of the progressing process of global warming, including increasingly frequent periods of drought, soil barrenness, plagues of pests and various diseases affecting agricultural crops, etc., which will have a negative impact on the development of civilisation.

Therefore, combining the seemingly contradictory goals of increasing the production of food for people with a reduction in the agricultural areas on which agriculture is practised according to the traditional production formula, stopping deforestation turned into aforestation, increasing the production of crops for human rather than livestock consumption, significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing the scale of pro-environmental agriculture, etc., it is precisely the development of vertical farming that can help in this process of green transformation of agriculture.

Vertical farming, also referred to by such terms as vertical farming, vertical farms, consists of growing crops in a vertical formula, in which individual plants are placed one above the other on multi-level platforms. This results in a more efficient use of space, practically multiplying the cultivation area. In addition, vertical cultivation can be established and cultivated anywhere, even in the centre of a large city. Vertical cultivation can be established both in specially designed halls and by adapting existing buildings. Crops such as lettuce, strawberries, herbs and mushrooms, for example, are grown in vertical racks, towers with troughs or purpose-built systems with continuous irrigation and additional artificial lighting.

In view of the above, vertical farming is becoming an excellent alternative to traditional agriculture. The vertical positioning of plants allows a very good use of space, as a result of which significant yields can be obtained from a small area. Vertical farming uses up to 10 times less water compared to traditional agriculture. In addition, vertical farming does not use pesticides and other chemical plant protection products, as the plants are grown in closed, air-conditioned rooms with artificial lighting.

These can even be created in multi-storey buildings in cities or in halls located on the outskirts of cities. This also saves on transport and increases the food self-sufficiency of cities. The problem of droughts occurring more and more frequently in areas of fields cultivated under traditional agriculture does not apply to vertical farming. Therefore, vertical agriculture can be an excellent complement and can also partially replace traditional agriculture in the context of the progressive process of global warming. Therefore, in the context of a progressive global warming process, vertical farming can be an excellent complement to traditionally practised sustainable organic farming. In addition, vertical farming, due to the absence of pesticides and other chemical plant protection products, can also be carried out according to the basic principles that apply to organic farming.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion on this?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Hoping to hear your opinions, to know your personal opinion, to have an honest approach to discussing scientific issues and not ChatGPT-generated ready-made answers, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.

The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.

I have not used other sources or automatic text generation systems such as ChatGPT in writing this text.

Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In different regions of the world, on different continents, more and more negative effects of the progressive process of global warming, of the ongoing climate crisis, etc. are appearing. These include, above all, the natural effects of the loss of biodiversity of natural ecosystems, the effects on water resources of increasingly severe and prolonged droughts, water shortages in certain areas, decreasing rainfall, the drying up of lakes and rivers, the barrenness of soils, the decline in agricultural productivity, etc. In recent years, there has also been an increase in the scale of the emergence of the global crisis. In recent years there has also been an increase in the occurrence of hot weather, increasingly high summer temperatures, the occurrence of forest fires, etc., the drying out of forest litter in forests, a decrease in the humidity of the microclimate in areas of forests, agricultural fields and urban agglomerations. In this way, the living conditions for people in increasingly large areas of land are steadily deteriorating year by year. More and more lakes are drying up. A significant proportion of the large lakes, too, have already reduced their surface area and the water reserves they have accumulated over thousands of years. For example, the surface area of the saline Great Lake in the state of Utah in the USA has decreased significantly over the last few years. This is a result of excessive water consumption (mainly by agriculture) and the ongoing process of global warming. There are many harmful, toxic heavy metal and other compounds on the bottom of this lake. It is a drainless lake, i.e. all waste and toxins settle in the lake. Already half of the lake bottom is above the water surface. The drying up of the lakes results in negative changes in the microclimate around the lake, the barrenness of the soils, the desertification of the surrounding natural environment, the possibility of sandstorms, a decrease in the moisture content of the soils around the lake, a decrease in the productivity of the soils in terms of their use for agricultural purposes. In addition to this, the negative effects of lake desiccation include the negative natural effects of a decrease in the level of biodiversity, both in terms of the lake biosphere and the natural ecosystems functioning in the vicinity of the desiccating lake. In view of the above, it is increasingly important to improve and increase the scale of protection of lakes from drying out and to create solutions to counteract or slow down this unfavourable process. These solutions include prohibiting the extraction of water from a drying-up lake for industrial, agricultural, municipal, etc. purposes. If the drying-up lake is located in a predominantly agricultural area, an important solution may be the creation of new deep wells, rainwater harvesting systems, a change in the agricultural model from unsustainable to sustainable ecological agriculture and, in areas close to the seas and oceans, the development of seawater desalination systems.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What is your opinion on this?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I need to know about research on date palm based on drought occurances and develop recommendations based on technologies, or research and development that can provide solutions to farmers in australia to ensure resillience during drought times. Growing and production in drought and desert climates, and report on how farmers here in australia can implement date trees on their farms to increase resillience during times of drought when other crops would otherwise fail.

needed o know about research on date palm based on drought occurances and develop recommendations based on technologies, or research and development that can provide solutions to farmers in australia to ensure resillience during drought times. Growing and production in drought and desert climates, and report on how farmers here in australia can implement date trees on their farms to increase resillience during times of drought when other crops would otherwise fail.

The adverse impacts of climate change have become more noticeable worldwide,

the evidence of which includes rising sea levels, melting glaciers, increasing

wildfires, and changing biodiversity, which have been observed all over the world. To respond

to climate change, all the parties (195 member countries) in the United Nations Framework

The convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) committed to the Paris Agreement in December

2015 with the aim of limiting global warming to well below 2 ◦C above pre-industrial

levels and pursuing efforts to limit warming to 1.5 ◦C. Notably, the Paris Agreement

provides an ambitious opportunity to consolidate the relationship between climate and

development. But we've recently observed drastic changes in the temperature level, droughts, and floods in many developed and developing countries. In this case, what do you think about the impact of gaining SDG goals where climate change is negatively affecting us?

The decline in agricultural production and exports in many countries is pushing up food prices. The scale of food shortages will increase in many countries and the risk of a food crisis is growing. More and more data confirms that after the recent pandemic economic crisis 2020, the growing economic crisis caused by high inflation, the developing energy crisis in 2023, there will also be a food crisis in many parts of the world. In the current 2022, a number of factors have simultaneously emerged that could lead to a food crisis and hunger in many countries of the world. These include the following factors:

1. the war in Ukraine (production and exports of cereals and other agricultural crops from Russia and Ukraine have fallen significantly).

2. Record heat, drought, forest and crop field fires in many parts of the world (in India, record heat reaching 50 ct. C in the shade; drought throughout the western states of the USA; in central and eastern Africa the worst drought in 40 years).

3. Flooding of farmland in China in 2021 (30 million acres of farmland under water. Chinese authorities have announced that the 2022 crop yield could be the lowest in the context of the previous few decades).

4. postcovid broken chains of international logistics and supplies.

5. in 2020, the Lebanese capital Beirut suffered a gigantic explosion at the port that destroyed all infrastructure, including huge grain silos.

For these and other reasons, the number of people in the world at risk of hunger has increased by 80 per cent in the last five years, from 108 million to 183 million people.

After Vladimir Putin ordered 200,000 Russian troops into Ukraine, the global food situation went from poor to bad. Especially this negative trend is developing in poor countries, where economies are underdeveloped and income levels of citizens are also low.

Before the war, Ukraine was the 5th economy in terms of global wheat exports, 3rd in barley exports, 3rd in maize exports and 1st in oilseed exports (e.g. sunflower). In Ukraine, areas of fertile chernozem extend as far as Manzuria. Before the war, Ukraine produced 9 per cent of the world's wheat, and together with Russia, this is now 30 per cent. Ukraine generated 20 per cent of the world's maize exports. By contrast, Ukraine's exports of sunflower oil account for as much as 75 per cent of the global share. Food exports from Ukraine are also estimated at 1/8 of all calories sold globally. Most of these exports before the war, i.e. before 24 February 2022, were loaded onto ships in Odessa and Novorossiysk and transported to the Middle East and elsewhere in the world. The war has created serious problems for food production and export in Ukraine. The Russians have blockaded the Black Sea ports with their Black Sea fleet.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the honourable community of scientists and researchers:

How can the scale of the development of the food crisis be reduced?

What is your opinion on this topic?

Please reply,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Is the current (mid-2022) record low water level in rivers a weather anomaly or another example of a long-term unfavourable trend resulting from accelerating global warming?

As of mid-August 2022, river water levels in several countries in Europe are at a 500-year record low.

It has been reported in the meanstream media that, for example, France's longest river, the Loire, can already be crossed on foot in some places.

Besides, the Loire has never flowed so slowly. The Rhine in Germany, on the other hand, is fast becoming impassable by barges.

In Italy, the water level in the Po is 2 metres lower than usual, with devastating effects on crops.

Is this a weather anomaly or another example of an unfavourable trend realised over a multi-year period as a result of accelerating global warming?

Or is it a combination of various unfavourable factors in 2022, which has resulted in the simultaneous occurrence of weather anomalies and the effects of an accelerating global warming process?

On the one hand, many countries have experienced hotter and hotter summers, more and more hot days in the summer period, increasingly frequent droughts, rivers and lakes drying up, less and less rainfall, etc.

On the other hand, an increase in the scale of forest fires has been reported in many countries. In Poland, from the beginning to the middle of 2022, there have already been as many forest fires as in the whole of the previous 2021.

What is your opinion on this subject?

What is your opinion on this topic?

Please reply,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Greetings,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Progressive climate change, including the process of global warming, is causing increasing droughts and desertification of areas. The scale of areas with decreasing rainfall is growing. Surface and sub-surface water resources are decreasing. Water resources for irrigation of agricultural fields are decreasing. Drinking water supplies are also declining.

In view of the above, the question becomes increasingly topical:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please reply,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Regards,

Dariusz

In view of the recurring droughts in recent years because of climate change. We have an idea to establish a national project to confront climate change in Iraq.

Anyone researching flash droughts? Or are you from a part of the world where short duration dry spells have negative impacts (what do you call them and what are the impacts)? Please help us out by completing this 2-min survey: https://louisecsc.typeform.com/to/pbjYGKZZ

Thank you

In order to calculate droughts using SPEI, SPI should the rainfall data be input in daily time scale?

By 2040, a deficit of clear water will appear in most countries in the world.

On the one hand, the use of water in the production industry of various technical and automotive goods is growing, but also in some areas of food production.

For example, 1650 liters of water absorbs, for example, the production of 1 hamburger, because the production of meat absorbs very large amounts of water.

In addition, a progressive global warming process and more and more frequent droughts appearing in various places around the earth, mainly in the subtropics and in some places of the temperate climate.

In connection with the above, the question becomes more and more relevant:

How to improve the processes of purification of used, contaminated water?

How to obtain water develop technologies for desalination of sea water or condensation of water in areas subject to periodic drought?

How to improve the extraction of pure Oligocene water contained in the Earth's crust in desert areas?

Please reply

I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following articles:

Key aspects of the negative effects of the progressive process of global warming and the associated necessary acceleration of the processes of green transformation of the economy in order to decarbonize the economy, slow down the process of global warming, protect the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of natural ecosystems of the planet I described in the article:

In the following article, I included the results of the research conducted on the connection of the issue of sustainable development, the genesis and meaning of the Sustainable Development Goals, the essence of sustainable development in the context of social, normative, economic, environmental, climate aspects, as well as human rights, etc. The research also addressed the issue of key determinants of human existential security as an element of the concept of sustainable development.

Best wishes

I would like to invite you to join me in scientific cooperation,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Some threatened endemic plants, which were more widespread in the cold ages (relict), when the environmental conditions were appropriate, their rehabilitation process is very difficult. These plants are restricted in their survival to the presence of water, as they are spread around springs and wells saturated with water throughout the year. As a result of successive droughts, the plant was confined to the tops of the mountains (which sometimes provides it with a continuous source of water as a result of the snow). In some cases, due to the nature of the confined micro-habitat (steep, water-rich mountain cliffs), it is extremely difficult to use seedlings in the rehabilitation process, and the only opportunity is to grow plants in the wild through previously treated seeds to break dormancy. Although these seeds germinate, their survival rates do not exceed 1%. How can we improve the survival rate of these new plants, taking into account the dry and water-poor desert environment?

Especially for arid areas and increasing droughts and diminishing yields.

Recent escalating problems in terms of numbers and magnitude such as floods, landslides, locusts invasion, loss and change in biodiversity, prolonged droughts and subsequent famines and unpredictable weather conditions which do not allow people to plan accordingly have begged for a solution. These problems may have ripple effects on economic and political as well as social lives of people. In some African countries these have triggered conflicts over scarce resources like water and pastures. Should psychologists sit back and watch this happen?

I am a PhD student at Makerere Dept of Geography, currently working on community resilience to droughts in the cattle corridor.

I want to explore the dynamics of droughts in Kirthar National Park, the 2nd largest national park in Pakistan. It has 3 main streams which flow only during monsoon rains. There are no gauges to monitor the flow or the soil moisture conditions. There are 3 rainfall gauges in the vicinity of the park which I can use to monitor meteorological drought.

Flood are fast coming and extinguishing whereas droughts are slow growing and long term prevailing.

A question has recently come up regarding not my main area of research interest, but rather my study organism.

I have found a range of literature on cold shock effects on salmonids, but what I am really interested in is something subtly different. What happens if you move trout that are acclimated to a temperature that is right around the upper range of their tolerance (say 30°C in a small stream with little flow in summer) to a temperature that is much lower, but near the optimum of their physiological range (say 15°C)?

The question came up in the context of management (relocations during summer droughts with high water temperatures), but it seems like this could be phyisological change that has so far been understudied. It is however also quite possible that I just don't know the people and research in the field an am not finding the right literature. Are there any studies on short or longterm effects, or does someone have personal experience?

In South Africa, we have a very hostile coastline, with very few naturally protected bays. We do however, have some coastal land in remote areas of our coast where land is not that expensive and where conventional agriculture is not viable due to extreme droughts. Surely there must be similar areas elsewhere in the world. I have scanned the internet, but have been largely unsuccessful. We have some interest by a Salmon RAS investor, and was thinking of combining it with the RAS concept. Any help?