Drought Stress - Science topic

Dear @Saba Akram I do agree with the views expressed by Dr Anoop Kumar Srivastava. You can access answers to a similar question at the link given below:

Dear Anamitra,

Thanks for your kind support of acknowledgement.

There was "Vastile day" in 2000, with such solar storm.

There has been neglegence on the climate topic by the earth politicians.

Climate threat has been made Into profit making business by some, and overall it is brought into such suffering condition.

Per to your point of if possible to make into positive use, yes, it has been neglected for the cost. Implementation of such innovative solution, it's not to politicians interest and other investors seek promising profit making returns. Greed and power seeking destroying planet earth.

Regards

Fatema Miah

Dear Damodar Poudyal ,

When we are talking about plant responses to heat and drought stress, we consider biotic stress that prevent the plant from attaining/expressing its full genetic potential, and, hence, they adversely affects plant growth, development, and productivity.

There are two ways of using the term "whole-plant productivity":

1. As an investigation of a process in all tissues of the plant (ex. photosynthesis, respiration, biosynthetic pathways). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-49184-z

2. As a concept in agricultural sciences that proposes a holistic approach to breeding and management where all possible products of the plant are considered. Thus, you don't consider only the yield of edible parts, but also the biomass that can be used for other purposes and, although rarely, ecological services (ex. prevent flooding, prevent desertification, carbon sequestration, oxygen production etc.). You can see it as an alternative to other indicators of plant performance such as mere biomass. Clearly, it is less standardised because the definition of product changes, but it shortens the knowledge and technology transfer.

Thank you very much.

Dear @Jeffrey Larte Lartey Please access the following links; hope, these could be useful to you:

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.12952#:~:text=Drought%20stress%20showed%20negative%20effects,term%20(%3E%2090%20d).

You must increase your replicant in each treatments for reducing errors.

Mahammed Faizan Wael Fathy Ali El Metwally , Leo Radores Aref Wazwaz ,Thank you for your valuable comments.

For instance; revolute margin of a leaf is clearly xeromorphic (Hill 1998), but what for flower parts? They are actually metamorphosed pieces.

Hill R.S. (1998). Fossil evidence for the xeromorphy and scleromorphy in Australian Proteaceae. Australian Systematic Botany 11(4) DOI: 10.1071/SB97016

Dear @Navindra Boodia You can access following links; hope, these would be useful to you:

Dear Somayeh Abdirad ,

The following article is related to your question.

Dear Gayathri Kks ,

Please look at the following article.

Dear @Maqsood Hajra

Please check the following link; hope, it will help you decide the stage for applying drought stress.

Drought corresponds to a situation of sufficient water deficit to harm, to a greater or lesser degree, vegetation, animals or man. ... This is why water deficit should not be confused with drought. If there is no damage, there is no talk of drought, even if there is a water deficit.

Growing citrus under protected system is the call of the day , these days. The menacing HLB has forced citrus go soilless and protected from ACPs , so that an ensured production system can be developed. Use of PEG 6000 could be effectively done , provided we have control on pH and water regulations compared to conventional soil . Need both to be standardized , depending upon rootstock-scion combination , pot dimension , growing conditions , ionic composition of irrigation water , method of irrigation , use of conventional fertilizers or water soluble etc...

Lignin is an important organic polymer which is abundant in cell walls of some specific cells. It has many biological functions such as water transport, mechanical support and resistance to various stresses. Most of the current researches on lignin in plants are focused on the regulation of lignin content through molecular biology and molecular genetics. Reducing the accumulation of lignin in energy plants can improve the production efficiency of biofuels. However, as shown above, the reduction of lignin biosynthesis can seriously affect plant growth and development, increase the risk of crop lodging, reduce plant resistance to external biotic and abiotic stresses and thus result in a serious threat to crop production. The general biosynthesis pathway of lignin in higher plants. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; TAL, tyrosine ammonia-lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate: CoA ligase; CCR, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase; HCT, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/Quinatehydroxycinnamoyltransferase; C3H, p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase; CCoAOMT, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase; F5H, ferulate 5-hydroxylase; CSE, caffeoyl shikimate esterase; COMT, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase; CAD, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; LAC, laccase; POD, peroxidase.

Hello Niccolò Conti

It's Screening depend upon stage of plant on which you have to induce drought stress.

1. if its seed growth and quality investigation- go for PEG 6000 at different concentration.

2. If it is for Seedling growth or vegetative phase- go for Silica Gel or Hydrogel because practical application PEG-6000 costs you high.

3. if it is for Reproductive stage- go for water holding.

Methods for Water withholding (Traditional method)

1. Withholding of water irrigation at crop critical stage for 15 days for which you can monitored by Tensiometers

2. Maintaining Filed Capacity- different set of field capacity can be used to know its effect.

* by this all two methods can exhibit your experiment at different drought level in filed condition.

Researchers often induce stress upon the tolerant varieties to unravel the underlying mechanisms associated with their tolerability so that it can be helpful in further incorporating the mechanisms in the sensitive ones. Any plant that is tolerant to certain stress suggest some internal antioxidant defense mechanism or any kind of stress responsive pathways that works in accordance with certain genes, transcription factors or any kind of second messengers associated downstream of the signaling pathways. So, before proceeding towards any kind of abiotic stress related researches one should thoroughly know about the mechanisms that is actually helping the tolerant varieties withstand such adverse conditions.

Hope this was quite helpful.

Dear @Pooja Tripathi

Hope, the below reference can throw some light towards solution to your question:

Gitelson, A., et al. "Assessing Carotenoid Content in Plant Leaves with Reflectance Spectroscopy." Photochemistry and Photobiology 75 (2002): 272-281.

Please have a look at enlosed PDFs...

Dear @Girija Prasad Patnaik

Calcium-fortified compost significantly enhances growth, physiology, grain quality, and NPK uptake of maize by restoring the negative impacts caused by salt stress.

Researchers have shown that Biochar (a stable C-rich byproduct obtained from biomass) addition alleviate the negative effects of drought and salinity stress on soybean productivity and water use efficiency.

Best wishes, AKC

Please refer to one of my publication on this aspect:

Exogenous Application of Bio-regulators for Alleviation of Heat Stress in Seedlings of Maize. J Agri Res. 2(3): 000137

Dear @Girija Prasad Patnaik It is very difficult to create a "real" drought situation to perform selection for drought resistance in any plant species under actual field condition. In dry climate/season, controlling irrigation water has been one of the ways used extensively to perform screening for drought tolerance. However, under such a situation we have no control over relative humidity (RH). In a crop like rice, which is usually grown during rainy season when RH of air is very high, automated rain out shelters are used to create "drought-like" situation to perform screening. But rainy days, and other variables of rainy weather (clear vs cloudy days) imposes further ceiling on the applicability of results of field screening. You can go through a similar discussion at RG by accessing the link given below:

Best wishes, AKC

Stress always affects on the seed biochemical components. Following articles may be useful:

Try out split plot design with varieties as main plot treatment and polyethylene glycol concentration as subsplot treatment .If third factor , I am not too sure , whether you want to incorporate, if it is true , the test these factors through randomised factorial design.....

Dear @Shovit Khanal

Growth maintenance of roots triggered by drought stress is an adaptive strategy for water uptake. In response to water deficiency, expansin genes that are associated with cell expansion and cell wall loosening were shown to alter their expression pattern (PDFs attached).

Besides, the below mentioned link is also useful:

Dear @Maryam Zekri The number and size of samples matter the most. Taking large size and more number of samples will greatly reduce "bias" from statistics applied. Moreover, I do agree with the suggestions given by @J.D. Franco-Navarro.

Best wishes, AKC

I don’t know which species you are working in? If rice please go to the MSU7 rice genome browser and download the gene models in your flanking region. If you have the whole genome sequence of the parents you can compare the gene models for the existence of synonymous and non-synonymous SNPs to narrow down the candidate genes. Also, Instead of just looking within the flanking markers, you can also identify the linkage disequilibrium block of the identified flanking SNPs and look for candidate gene models in the LD. Hope this information helps you.

Hey Shubham,

it depends on what questions you would like to answer with your experiments. I'm also not sure if i fully understand your question but maybe this helps:

1) -> it is always useful to read and know the important literature.

2) -> transcriptomic data and comparative genomic studies are useful to identify relevant genes for a certain issue. When it comes to transcriptomic data a useful approach is to expose your organism/cells to a certain stress to detect up-/downregulated genes compared to non exposed cells. Therefore it is important to design your own experiments to answer your individual questions.

Finding only homologous genes/proteins, you can use several bioinformatic databases (BLAST, UniProt...) in this case you should know your target genes.

4) -> characterizing already known genes of the same organism/cells is not useful. Why would you do that when it's already reported? But you can investigate homologous genes of another organism (not reported!) to check if comparable gene sets/proteins are involved in e.g. draught/starvation etc... Finding completely unknown genes and classify them to a cellular event is not that easy as you might think :)

good luck!

Krishnan Umachandran I agree with him. Very good answer.

Biodiversity and Conservation

Hello Romit

The answer is yes. An example is given below. An antisense RNA to a photosynthetic enzyme reduced the enzyme activity very specifically and the effect on the rate of photosynthesis at different light fuxes could be observed. The full paper is available n Researchgate.

The Plant Journal (1995) 7(4), 535-542 Reduction in phosphoribulokinase activity by antisense RNA in transgenic tobacco: effect on CO2 assimilation and growth in low irradiance Matthew J. Paul 1o*, Jacqui S. Knight 2,t, Dimah Habash 1, Martin A.J. Parry 1, David W. Lawlor 1, Simon A. Barnes 2, Andy Loynes 2 and John C. Gray 2 1 Biochemistry and Physiology Department, IACRRothamsted, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK, and 2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK control coefficient for COz assimilation of zero, and that even when amounts of PRK are reduced 20-fold relative to wild-type, altered amounts of metabolites compensate for much of the reduction in PRK protein; (ii} in plants where there is a 95% reduction in amounts of PRK, photosynthesis was reduced twofold without large changes in leaf protein content or leaf geometry. Summary To quantify the importance of the Calvin cycle enzyme phosphoribulokinase (PRK} in photosynthesis and to perturb photosynthesis without large direct reductions in leaf protein content, tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were transformed with an inverted cDNA encoding tobacco PRK. A population of plants expressing antisensa RNA and a range of PRK activities from wild-type to less than 5% of wild-type were obtained. CO2 assimilation under the growing conditions (330 Ilmol photons m -2 sec -1, 350 I~bar CO 2, 25°C) was not inhibited until more than 85% of PRK activity had been removed. With reduction in PRK activity of between 85 and 95%, assimilation rates and amounts of chlorophyll compared with wild-type were reduced by up to half. Decreased absorption of light by leaves with less chlorophyll accounted for only a small part of the reduction in assimilation rate. When PRK activity was below 15% of wild-type, amounts of ribulose5-phosphate, ribosa-5-phosphate, ATP and fructose-6- phosphate were 1.5- to fivefold higher and levels of ribuIose-l,5-bisphosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric acid and ADP 1.5- to fourfold lower than in wild-type. It is estimated that these changes maintained flux through PRK to realise the assimilation rates observed. A possible shift of control within the Calvin cycle towards fructose-l,6-bisphosphatase in plants with low PRK is discussed. Amounts of hexoses and starch in particular were reduced in plants expressing the lowest PRK activities; amounts of sucrose were little affected. Lower CO 2 assimilation in plants with low PRK activity correlated with reduced relative growth rate of shoots and delayed flowering, but there was no effect on specific leaf area. It is concluded that (i) in wildtype plants grown in constant low light, PRK has a fluxR

That's an interesting question. AMs are known to impart drought tolerance to AM- dependent plants. At first level , you have see the root colonization percentage under optimum soil moisture vis- a- vis moisture deficit conditions. In plants see the oxidative stress related enzymes , betaine concentration , proline etc as indicators of moisture stress tolerance. You can browse on any search engine , you will find plenty of well researched manuscripts. Ok i will send to you some of mine ...

Zero tillage/Conservation agriculture

Stress can be caused by several factors; however, whatever the stressing factor (e.g. temperature, water...), it is usually necessary to have control on the level of the stress applied, although partial control of the stressing factor may also be useful as long as we monitor the levels of such factor. We can then use statistical tools to determine the relationship between the levels of the stressing factor with the plant responses.

Harmanpreet Kaur Look at previous discussion on this matter

Dear Kat

The units of the enzyme activity are μmoles (of the converted substrate or of the product) per minute under the specified conditions of the particular enzyme assay.

You can measure the enzyme units either with a standard curve or with an appropriate extinction coefficient.

You must also measure the exact Fresh Weight of the homogenized plant tissue in order to calculate U/gr FW.

According to the above, there is no demand for measuring the total protein content in order to quantify U/mgr protein

Hi M. Çağrı Oğuz,

The analysis of proline under a stressed environment is considered as one of the important indices to determine the physiological responses of plants. Proline acts as a compatible solute and plays roles in cellular homeostasis.

For detail go through this review article: 10.1093/jxb/erj073

Regards,

Arpna Kumari

Nicolò Maria Villa

Andrew Paul McKenzie Pegman

Both of you are right, of course, in your field of expertise

Thanks for your comments

Carole C Tranchant thank you very much for the answer. i really appreciate

There are so many ways to go on this direction of rice improvement you can consider early stress or later stage stresses considering Physiological, morphological as well as biochemical Indicators for Stress Tolerance, most importantly you can consider G X E as a special way of evaluation.

I have a hard time envisioning a plant under the anthropomorphic concept of stress'.

If you mean plants that germinate and develop normally under conditions of reduced water availability than demanded by the ambient radiation, temperature, wind and humidity conditions? We would need to find a new mechanism for photosynthesis because the one available to all plants, sets the limits we have.

Michail Yekelchyk Thank you for the valuable suggestions, I'll try.

Dear Inam,

Take a look at this thesis:

Ya definitely...If those are growing nicely in such low water content of soil, they may necessarily have some drought resistant mechanism. They may have some adaptive features to tolerate the drought condition.

Regarding viability of seeds, that information also can be collected from those people, whether they grow those seeds after 6-7 years or not.

Whatever the assumption is done, it is to be confirmed experimentally, to make some appropriate conclusion. However if some novel gene can be identified for drought tolernce, it will be a very good report.

In my opinion, the key issue is equipping the research laboratory with precise devices for measuring rainfall, air humidity and soil moisture at specific measurement depths. In addition, an important issue is the appropriately long period of measurements to make the results of research independent from seasonal changes of the seasons, cyclically changing periods of drought and rainy season, etc. Increasing drought has a direct impact on the reduction of surface, subcutaneous and groundwater resources. However, the impact of drought on deep water resources depends on the passage of time, depth and type of deep water resources and the type of rocks between which these water resources are located. Deeper deep water resources, such as the Oligocene ones, can be fully independent of changes in weather and climate on the Earth's surface. Therefore, another issue is to determine what kind of water the local community uses, and therefore it is important to determine to what depth the water resources will be tested.

Best wishes

I have worked with Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana. As for me tobacco is more easy culture to grow and work with. But for arabidopsis there is full genome and special resourse about genes and etc https://www.arabidopsis.org/

1) Determine the exact water holding capacity (WHC) for the select soil per pot.

2) after sowing keep the soil filed capacity in a range of 90-95% WHC.

3) let's suppose that we want to have 6 water levels in your experiment.

4) Start immediately to create the different levels in the next time when you irrigate the plants to see a strong effect at the end of the experiment.

8) Weight the control pots to estimate the evaporated water.

- For instance, when the evaporated water was 200 ml, the irrigation would be 200, 170, 140, 110, 80, 50 ml to the treatments 100, 85, 70, 55, 40, 25 % WHC, respectively.

- Two or three weeks later (it depends on the studied species and its growth rate), the plants will need an additional amount of water to compensate for transpiration

- To keep the difference fixed between the treatments, calculate the different levels according to the evaporated water. then sum to it the amount of water that you would expect to compensate transpiration

E.g., when the pots needs to be irrigated with 75 ml for evaporation + 50 ml for transpiration, it represented 125 ml for 100% WHC. Then, the water add for the different levels will be as the following:

100 % WHC = 125

85% WHC = 96

70% WHC = 79

55% WHC =62

40% WHC = 45

25% WHC = 28

please see the attached excel file that includes a simple example of the calculations for one-day irrigation.

Best course would be to mix pot soil ( especially upper few cms) with AMspores before sowing of corn seeds to give sufficent time for AM to colonize the roots and display the tolerance against water stress or drought stress, whatever you define......

I have an article to recommend to answer directly to your question. Professor Barry Halliwell is a well-accepted researcher with high expertise in the free radicals field. I suggest you check his paper "Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology is a fundamental theme of aerobic life" . I believe this paper should answer most of your doubts.

Well, it is not very easy to manipulate environment.However we can modify, micro climate in the crop environment by several interventions.

First, you have to determine the retention capacity of your substrate at 100%. Then, you have to calculate your drought degree ( for example 80, 60, 40% of the retention capacity). When you will start Drought application, you have to maintain the levels of irrigation in each pot 'constant' til the end of the experiment. So, every time you will irrigate, you have to weigh every pot and add the difference according to your drought level. An other thing, cover your substrate with a dark plastic to avoid algae, fungi and foam development. Regards

may this article will help you.

Dear Ali, I hope that these articles will help you.

Best Regards

Thiourea spray @ 500 ppm at pre-flowering and pod development stages are known to reduces moisture stress in oilseed crops and enhances oil content. Moreover, spray of anti-transpirants and use of recommended K fertilizer doses also helps to minimize the drought effects.

Hello Lukas M. Huss,

The purpose of a diversity index is to summarize two main aspects: the number of different information (e.g., number of species) and the proportion of each information in your system (e.g., relative abundance of species). The choice of a diversity index depends on the relative weight you want to attribute for each of these aspects. For example, if the number of species is more important than the relative abundance of species in your study system, I would recommend species richness as a diversity index. That may be the case of poorly saturated communities or communities with weak species interactions. On the other hand, if changes in relative abundance of species capture the most important diversity aspect of your system (this may be the case of communities strongly structured by interspecies interactions), I would recommend Simpsons diversity as a diversity index.

Of course, species richness and Simpson diversity are only two examples you can use to maximize the number of species or the relative abundance of species, respectively. There are innumerous indexes that can be used depending on the proportional contribution you want to attribute to each of these aspects. This may be confusing because you may not know which the proportional contribution for each diversity index. However, your life can be easier thanks to the physicists working with information theory. There is a unifying framework that allows you to obtain many different diversity indexes by only varying a single parameter – the q. For example, if you want species richness, you should set q tending to 0; if you want Shannon, you should set q to 1; and if you want Simpson, you should set q to 2. You can find more information in the original paper (Tsallis and 1988), or in a plenty of other papers that expanded this concept to Ecological contexts (Hill 1973; Jost 2006; Chao et al. 2014).

I hope that helps.

Chao, A., Chiu, C.H., Hsieh, T.C., Davis, T., Nipperess, D.A. and Faith, D.P., 2015. Rarefaction and extrapolation of phylogenetic diversity. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6(4), 380-388.

Hill, M.O. (1973). Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54, 427–473.

Jost, L. (2006). Entropy and diversity. Oikos, 113, 363–375.

Tsallis, C. (1988) Possible generalization of Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics. J. Stat. Phis. 52, 479–487

Aamir Mahmood

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=(%22transgenic%20sugarcane%22)%20AND%20%22drought%20stress%22

2. https://scholar.google.com.au/scholar?as_q=transgenic+sugarcane+under+drought+stress&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5

3. https://bit.ly/2YYAT4q

You can explore literature databases and retrieval systems such as PubMed, Scopus, Sciencedirect etc. There you can use keywords to retrieve more specific results.

Best Wishes

Ecophysiology of Plants is the study of plant processes under the influence of different and particular ecological factors: aridity, salinity, arctic, desertic etc.. However, in many situations, there is no clear delineation between these factors: salinity and aridity are connected in many situations, and - sometimes - flooding conditions may be added.

It is about functional adaptations in plants under different conditions of living.

Dear Nikhil Joshi,

Quantifies vegetation by measuring the difference between near-infrared (which vegetation strongly reflects) and red light (which vegetation absorbs).

NDVI always ranges from -1 to +1. But there isn’t a distinct boundary for each type of land cover.

For example, when you have negative values, it’s highly likely that it’s water. On the other hand, if you have a NDVI value close to +1, there’s a high possibility that it’s dense green leaves.

But when NDVI is close to zero, there isn’t green leaves and it could even be an urbanized area.

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) uses the NIR and red channels in its formula.

Healthy vegetation (chlorophyll) reflects more near-infrared (NIR) and green light compared to other wavelengths. But it absorbs more red and blue light.

This is why our eyes see vegetation as the color green. If you could see near-infrared, then it would be strong for vegetation too.

Vegetation cover on the Earth's surface undergoes severe stress during a drought. If affected areas are not identified in time, entire crops may be damaged. The early detection of water stress can prevent many of the negative impacts on crops. Remote sensing of land and the NDWI index can control irrigation in real time, significantly improving agriculture, especially in areas where meeting the need for water is difficult.

Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), introduced for the first time in 1996 in Gao (Gao), reflects moisture content in plants and soil and is determined by analogy with NDVI as:

NIR - near infrared range with wavelengths in the range of 0.841 - 0.876 nm SWIR - a part of the range with wavelengths in the range of 1.628-1.652 nm

The functionality of the formula is explained by the following considerations: instead of using the red range, the reflection intensity in which is determined by the presence of chlorophyll, a short-wave near-infrared (SWIR) is used in which high absorption of light by water occurs. A wider range of 1500-1750 nm is possible. The use of the same near infrared (NIR) as in the case of NDVI is due to the fact that water does not absorb this part of the electromagnetic spectrum, thus the index is resistant to atmospheric effects, distinguishing it from NDVI.

Note that when observing forests, the NDWI index is characterized by a more stable decrease in values ​​upon reaching critical anthropogenic load, which can serve as an indicator of the ecological state of forests more sensitive than NDVI.

The results of NDWI can be presented in the form of maps and graphs, providing information on both the spatial distribution of water stress on vegetation and its temporal evolution over longer periods of time.

The NDWI product is dimensionless and varies from -1 to +1, depending on the hardwood content, as well as the type of vegetation and cover. The high NDWI values (in blue) correspond to high plant water content and coating of high plant fraction. Low NDWI values ​​(in red) correspond to low vegetation content and cover with low vegetation. During periods of water stress the NDWI rate will decrease.

The NDWI index for assessing risk of fire is used to determine the presence of moisture in vegetation cover. Higher NDWI values ​​indicate sufficient moisture, while a low value indicates water stress.

I hope I have answered your question.

With Best Wishes,

Samir G. Pandya

Attached article may be helpful in this regard

it depends on soil texture and genotype of canola

@

Agree with Lakkakula Satish . That is how I confirmed over expressed lines in Arabidopsis through PCR on gDNA with control. .

If you want to have only soil for your experiment with no adddition of any external soil moisture facilitator follow this You could harvest 2-3 plants to determine the plant biomass and correct for it the amount of water you would need to add to end up with the desired soil water content Weigh each pot once a week to measure evaporation and add evaporated water.Use a relation between plant height and plant weight to calculate the extra amount of water to add. Nowadays certain modelling softwares are available as well. otherwise there are certain materials which when added to soil prolong their Water holding capacity

Drought management through Hormonal spray appears to be the most fraud research from Asian continents as result a number of fraud papers with good number of citation have been published without any scientific explanations. It is to further say that hormone have never shown any repetitive result. As it is very easy and does not require many costly equipments most of the research scholar fall prey of these in the begining of their carrier. It is now high time to give fullstop to this matter.

You need to have first hand information on stagewise water requirement or alternatively having some baseline information on daily evaporation rate , you can schedule two three option to test with .Please remember , testing these genotypes against terminal drought is most important .

Glycine betaine:

- Slightly soluble in chloroform

Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 3-44

- Solubility (g/100 g solvent): methanol, 55; ethanol, 8.7. Sparingly soluble in ether.

O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 200

The next Xylem International meeting will most likely be organized by the University of Padova in Italy i September/October 2019. We are finalizing the organisation right now and I will let you know when I know more.

And yes, Cavitation will be "la part du lion" in this meeting!

Hervé

Dear Dr. Alfalahi

Hope to answer your question by reading the following article.

Thanks for all these valuable statements.

Explore also...

Please have a look at enclosed PDF..

Flower drop due to heat stress is very common in mungbean and the extent of flower shedding has been reported up to 79% although it varied from genotype to genotype. It has been reported by different authors that no or less resistance to flower shedding under heat stress.

Hi

Thanks Raoof

If you have any question or problem with using MDM you can contact with us at http://www.agrimetsoft.com/contact.aspx

or

Cheers

Dear Ms

you can find your answer on this article

I can add one more thought. If you have a negative genetic correlation between performance in two environments (as might occur with droght versus non-drought) one could well get effectively a zero heritability for average performance over the pair of environments. Note that between two environments the true genetic correlation has bounds of +1 and -1, whereas the genetic correlation across multiple environments has bounds of +1 and zero

Thank you all of you

I recommend you to explore the use of PEG as osmoticum and potting the plants in dialysis membranes. in this way, by choosing the adequate concentration and molecular weigh of PEG you can induce the osmotic potential of the subtratum. Everytime you apply water to your potted plants, osmoticum will substract the amount of water need to reach the equilibrium in the substratum.

Many other people (including us) have used another methods, more simple than this but not as accurate. For instance, by keeping constant the weigh of the potted plant once recahed the desire RWC or water potential.

Hi

Please read this. This article has a software for calculating 8 drought Indices. SPI CZI, MCZI, ZSI, RAI, PN,DI, EDI