Science topic

Drought - Science topic

A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply whether surface or underground water.
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As i calculate the SPEI1 using the 30 year data i get the value for the each month one value some of are in positive and negative also ? now how i say that this area is drought prone or not? and how to make a the map?
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Hi Mayank! The first step is to calculate the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). However, this alone doesn’t complete the drought analysis. You also need to compute several drought characteristics, such as severity, frequency, and intensity. After that, you can characterize the drought status of the station. Finally, you can create a map based on these characteristics.
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How to maintain agriculture in the situation of the progressive process of global warming and the resulting water resources that are rapidly decreasing from year to year?
How to maintain agriculture, a high level of agricultural productivity in a situation of rapidly declining rainfall from year to year, intensifying summer heat, the progressive process of soil aridity, declining supplies of surface water, subsoil water and in some areas even deep water levels, increasingly frequent phenomena of weather anomalies and climatic disasters and other negative effects of the progressive process of global warming?
One of the consequences of the progressive process of global warming is the rapidly declining surface and sub-surface water resources in increasingly large land areas, including areas used for agriculture. From the results of thousands of scientific papers, it is known that the global warming process, which has been progressing more and more rapidly over the past more than 2 centuries, is the result of the accumulation of excess greenhouse gases in the planet's atmosphere, including CO2, methane and others in the period since the beginning of the first industrial revolution. Therefore, on the one hand, in order to slow down the progressive process of global warming, a green transformation of the economy is being carried out with a special focus on those sectors of the economy that generate the most greenhouse gas emissions. This kind of sector is also carried out in a formula of climate and environmentally unsustainable and industrial livestock farming, mainly cows. However, the processes of green transformation of the economy, including the green transformation of energy, transportation, construction and also agriculture, including the development of sustainable agriculture of organic crop farming is progressing too slowly, greenhouse gas emissions are still high, the process of global warming continues to progress rapidly, the planet's greenhouse effect is worsening, the scale of weather anomalies and climatic disasters and the negative effects of climate change such as droughts, heat, water shortages are steadily increasing. Therefore, in parallel with the processes of green transformation of the economy, it is necessary to create systems for protecting the biosphere, counteracting the negative effects of climate change, safeguarding the achievements of human civilization from the escalation of the negative effects of the progressive process of global warming in the future, using new technologies at the same time to organize solutions to reduce the scale of the negative impact of climate change processes on the man-made economy, and thus safeguarding future generations of people from the development of negative scenarios of future deepening of the said negative processes of climate change. Such protective measures, safeguarding the economy and limiting the scale of the negative effects of the progressive process of global warming should also include farms. Within the framework of such protective measures, it is necessary to create technological solutions that increase the scale of saving water used in agriculture, develop systems and installations for catching rainwater and collecting it in specially created retention tanks, etc. In addition, as part of the development of sustainable organic agriculture, it is also necessary to improve waste separation and recycling systems, improve composting techniques, build small-scale power plants that generate energy for the farm from renewable energy sources (solar, wind, geothermal, biogas plants), return to old farming techniques, e.g., rotating and fallowing in order to increase the amount of water used in agriculture. rotation and fallowing to slow the process of soil aridity, replacement of pesticides and other chemical pesticides and fertilizers with their organic counterparts, increasing the scale of agricultural biodiversity instead of production monocultures of crops of a single variety of agricultural crops, creation of crop varieties more resistant to biotic and abiotic environmental factors, including more resistant to the worsening negative effects of climate change, etc. The implementation of this plan is expected to help
The implementation of the plan for the green transformation of the economy, including agriculture, is to be helped by a European Union program referred to as the EU's New Green Deal. Farmers are well aware of all this. However, on the other hand, in the online social media, organized criminal groups acting on behalf of certain political and business circles are carrying out disinformation and paraheterist actions vilifying the European Union and the EU's New Green Deal. Such organized disinformation and paraheterist activities have recently intensified in connection with the European Parliament elections.
I have described the key issues concerning the problems of the green transformation of the economy in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
How to maintain agriculture, a high level of productivity of agricultural crops in a situation of rapidly declining rainfall from year to year, intensifying summer heat, the progressive process of soil aridity, declining surface, subsoil and in some areas even deep water levels, increasingly frequent phenomena of weather anomalies and climatic disasters and other negative effects of the process of global warming that is progressing faster and faster?
How to sustain agriculture in the situation of the progressive process of global warming and the resulting water resources that are rapidly declining year after year?
How to maintain agriculture in the situation of the progressive process of global warming and the resulting rapidly declining water resources from year to year?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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In my opinion, in view of the still rapidly progressing process of global warming and the increasing negative effects of climate change such as droughts, worsening problems of water shortages and various types of weather anomalies, the situation of crop production in many parts of the world will worsen in the future. It is necessary to develop solutions and techniques to protect agricultural production from the negative effects of the ongoing process of global warming. On the one hand, it is necessary, among other things, to develop technical solutions for catching and storing rainwater, techniques for desalinating seawater, building deep wells and so on. On the other hand, using modern genetics, it is necessary to create new crop varieties that are more resistant to adverse external environmental factors, including biotic and abiotic external factors.
In support of my thesis, I give the results of my research in the following publication:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
What do you think about this?
What is your opinion on this topic?
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Which software use to analysis the drought or software use in modeling drought?
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Analyzing and modelling drought involves various software tools and platforms, depending on the specific aspects of drought you are studying (e.g., meteorological, hydrological, or agricultural). Here’s a list of commonly used software for different drought analysis and modelling tasks:
1. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Software
  • ArcGIS: Widely used for spatial analysis and mapping. ArcGIS can be used to analyze drought impacts on land use, vegetation, and water resources.
  • QGIS: An open-source GIS software that offers similar capabilities to ArcGIS for spatial data analysis and visualization.
2. Remote Sensing and Earth Observation Software
  • ERDAS IMAGINE: Used for processing satellite and aerial imagery to monitor drought conditions and land cover changes.
  • ENVI: Software for processing and analyzing remote sensing data, including vegetation indices that can indicate drought stress.
3. Hydrological and Meteorological Modeling Tools
  • SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool): A widely used hydrological model to simulate the impacts of land management practices on water, sediment, and agricultural chemical yields in large watersheds.
  • HEC-HMS (Hydrologic Modeling System): Developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for simulating the precipitation-runoff processes of dendritic watershed systems.
  • WBM (Watershed Budget Model): Used for hydrological simulations and drought analysis at watershed scales.
4. Climate and Weather Modeling Software
  • WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model): A numerical weather prediction system that simulates and predicts weather and climate, including drought conditions.
  • CLIMAP: A climate model that can be used to understand historical and future drought scenarios based on climate data.
5. Statistical and Data Analysis Software
  • R: A powerful statistical computing and graphics language that includes packages for analyzing climatic data and modelling drought impacts (e.g., drought package, climate package).
  • MATLAB: Used for numerical computing and can be applied to analyze and model drought data with its extensive toolboxes.
6. Drought-Specific Tools
  • Drought Monitor: This website provides maps and data on drought conditions in various regions. Tools and data are available through the U.S. Drought Monitor and similar platforms in other countries.
  • VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) Model: A land surface model used to simulate hydrological processes and drought impacts on water availability.
7. Integrated Platforms
  • Google Earth Engine: A cloud-based platform for large-scale geospatial analysis, including drought monitoring and assessment using satellite imagery and remote sensing data.
8. Data Management and Visualization
  • Tableau: Visualizing drought data and trends helps present complex datasets in an understandable format.
  • Excel: While not as specialized, it is frequently used for data management and preliminary analysis.
Summary
The choice of software depends on the specific needs of your drought analysis or modelling, including the scale of your study (local, regional, global), the type of data you are working with (satellite, climate models, hydrological data), and your analytical goals.
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What are the new technologies for desalination and purification of seawater without the consumption of electricity that can already be applied in areas with freshwater scarcity?
But the scarcity of drinking water occurring in an increasing number of countries in Europe and also on other continents is caused not only by the progressive process of global warming, but also by unsustainable agriculture carried out in ignorance of the planet's climate and biosphere. But the scarcity of drinking water occurring in an increasing number of countries in Europe and also on other continents is caused not only by the progressive process of global warming, but also by unsustainable agriculture carried out in ignorance of the planet's climate and biosphere. The over-intensive, production-intensive cultivation of agricultural crops, mainly for the production of fodder for livestock rather than food for humans, and the production of exotic fruit sold mainly in supermarkets and hypermarkets in other countries, is also a significant factor in the excessive consumption of surface water and rainwater and the decline in drinking water levels over ever larger areas.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
What are the new technologies for desalination and purification of seawater without the consumption of electricity that can already be applied in areas characterised by freshwater scarcity?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this subject?
Please respond,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Fresh solutions to a briny problem
"Researchers are hunting for new ways to strip salt from water as the world’s freshwaters are becoming more salty and industries are producing more briny waste. Current methods are often energy-intensive or create problematic waste. Some scientists are using electricity to pull salt from water through specialized membranes. Others are working with a solvent that traps water — but not salt. With battery-makers clamouring for lithium-rich salts, future desalination companies could even turn a profit selling salts while offering clean water as a free byproduct..."
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Hello, scientific community hope you are doing well. I am modeling the prediction of meteorological drought using the climate data (RCP4.5 & 8.5). However, I got stuck in the bias correction of downloaded data. Could anyone please help me out with this? I have tried to do it in Cmhyd software earlier but did not get the desired results. If anyone has Python code to do it, please share it in DM. Happy modeling. Thanks in advance.
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Dear Kalpesh,
There are a few Python packages that could be suitable for your work (depending on what variable you want to bias-correct and if you have a preference for a particular bias-correction method). I would suggest ISIMIP3 (https://github.com/xiaohuihuiwang/isimip3/tree/master, https://www.isimip.org/documents/413/ISIMIP3b_bias_adjustment_fact_sheet_Gnsz7CO.pdf). Just came across this as well https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-1481/egusphere-2023-1481.pdf.
In addition, you can also find bias-adjusted climate variables for the different SSP-RCP scenarios. NASA-NEX-GDDP CMIP6 provides bias-adjusted GCMs' variables at 0.25 x 0.25 deg resolution for almost 35 GCMs, but the number of GCMs will defer by variables and scenarios.
Could you clarify what you mean by "I am modeling the prediction of meteorological drought using the climate data". Do you mean a statistical/machine learning model to project droughts in the future? (If you use climate model data from CMIP5 or CMIP6, these are projections, not predictions, unless you are planning to do something different that I didnt' understand).
Rgds,
Malcolm
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Satellite images are available for various bandwidths. How can we reap benefits of AI to classify and recognise the status of water bodies? How can we predict the availability of quality water for human use and agriculture? How can we help the situation of drought and flood?
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We have to be careful not to make AI another Fad for the 21st century, as we did with other fads in the 20th century! Can AI be used to analyze data?
How Much Water is There on Earth? According to a 2019 Geological Survey
Here's a mind-boggling fact: a cubic kilometer of water equals about 264 billion gallons (1 trillion liters). About 3,100 mi 3 (12,900 km 3) of water, mostly in the form of water vapor, is in the atmosphere at any one time. If it all fell as precipitation at once, the Earth would be covered with only about 1 inch of water. Now, let's ponder: what could be the purpose of this measurement? Okay, there is too much chlorophyll or turbidity, but chlorophyll didn't have a large impact on turbidity, according to ArcGIS. According to them, there were some days when the turbidity was really high, and the levels of chlorophyll weren't. This means that the chlorophyll levels don't have a super big impact on turbidity. So, how will AI access water quality? I love to hear your thoughts!
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Which types of plant agricultural crops will decline production most rapidly in the future as a result of the increasingly rapid process of global warming?
Which types, varieties, species of vegetables, fruits and other vegetable agricultural crops will decline most rapidly in production globally over the next future decades of time as a result of the increasingly rapid process of global warming?
For example, by 2050, about 50 percent of arabica coffee plantations will disappear globally due to progressive global warming.
Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire are major producers of cocoa beans. In early 2024, these regions were hit first by heavy rains and then by droughts.
Cocoa prices on commodity exchanges quickly went up. These are further examples of the already realizing large-scale impact of climate change on crop production, more specifically, generating large drops in the level of said production.
The scale of weather anomalies and climatic cataclysms derived from climate change processes is increasing every year. April 2024 was the warmest April in Poland in the history of measurements. Some places in Poland saw temperatures of almost plus 30 degrees C. The spring and near-summer temperatures in April were followed by frosts that wiped out flowers on flowering fruit trees. Many fruit growers lost most or even almost all or all of their projected crop of apples, cherries or other fruits. Interviews with fruit growers show that for at least 2 generations of farmers, fruit growers had not previously experienced such severe weather anomalies
I have described the key issues concerning the problems of the ongoing process of global warming, the negative effects of this process and, therefore, the need to increase the scale and accelerate the implementation of the green transformation of the economy in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Which types, varieties, species of vegetables, fruits and other vegetable crops will be the fastest declining in production on a global scale in the perspective of the next future decades of time as a result of the accelerating process of global warming?
Which types of plant agricultural crops will be the fastest declining in production in the future as a result of the increasingly rapid process of global warming?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Crops grown in the temperate climate zone without irrigation are more vulnerable to extreme weather events and disease/pests outbreaks.
Traditional agricultural methods (including plant protection) and crops/cultivars list have had to adapt to new conditions as the climate changes. The transition period to new agricultural technologies, crops, and cultivars will be particularly challenging without a precise forecast of local climatic changes.
Citing the literature after Jatav M.K. et al. (Impact of Climate Change on Potato Production in India. Sustainable Potato Production and the Impact of Climate Change. 2017. IGI Global. Pp.87-104), global potato harvest at 2050 on the same areas as today will be reduced by 14% due to high temperature preventing tuber growth. potato losses due to diseases can grow much more.
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I completed my MPhil thesis on "Enhancing Drought Monitoring and Risk Evaluation Systems Using Multi-Indices, Remote Sensing, and Stochastic Modeling: A Case Study of South Punjab, Pakistan." Now, I'm exploring potential topics for my PhD. My areas of interest include Disaster Management, Artificial Intelligence, GIS, and Remote Sensing. I'd appreciate any suggestions you might have.
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Thank you for your kind suggestion Gholamreza Nikravesh
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Is agriculture prepared for the effects of climate change, including, in particular, the negative effects on agricultural crops of the ongoing process of global warming, the scale of which will increase in the future?
Since the beginning of the first industrial revolution, anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases resulting from human activities have been increasing. During this period, the average level of atmospheric temperature has also been rising as a result of the greenhouse effect generated by the accumulation of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the planet's atmosphere, including primarily methane, a particularly greenhouse gas. The said greenhouse effect is the source of climate change, the main element of which is the accelerating process of global warming. The accelerating process of global warming is causing many adverse effects on human existence and on the planet's biosphere. The negative effects of the accelerating process of global warming include increasingly severe droughts occurring more frequently and covering larger and larger land areas, shortages of drinking water appearing in more and more new areas in many parts of the various continents, violent storms with heavy downpours becoming more frequent in some places, soil barrenness, increasingly higher temperatures and heat in the summer, a decline in the biodiversity of natural ecosystems, and so on. The impact of these processes varies considerably across the world's land regions. For example, according to the World Meteorological Organization and the Copernicus program, i.e. the European Union's Earth observation program, Europe is the fastest warming continent. Since the beginning of the industrial age, the average temperature of the planet has risen by about 2.5 degrees C. Globally, the increase has been about 1 deg C lower. Also, the impact of the ongoing global warming process, i.e. the negative impact on individual industries and sectors of the economy, is and will also vary considerably. Agriculture, for example, is one of those sectors of the economy that will be particularly extremely negatively affected by the global warming process. Accordingly, in some countries, the agriculture carried out in the formula of traditional, intensive, production-intensive, unsustainable agriculture is already being converted to sustainable organic agriculture, which not only produces healthy and mainly or exclusively vegetable crops without the use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and also applies the goals of sustainable development, the principles of the circular economy and generates energy from renewable and emission-free energy sources. In addition to the conversion of intensive-production formula agriculture to sustainable, emission-free organic farming, in some countries farms are already being prepared and hedged for the future scenario of deepening global warming in the coming years. In order to ensure that the level of crop yields does not drop significantly in the coming years, it is becoming necessary to build rainwater catchment facilities, building ponds and other retention tanks to collect rainwater. To this end, financial subsidies are offered to farmers from the state's public finance system for building such rainwater catching and collecting installations. In a situation where the green transformation of the economy is proceeding far too slowly relative to the needs, i.e. so as to quickly reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions and slow down the process of global warming, the potential negative scenario of failure to carry out the plan to stop the increase in the average temperature level of the planet's atmosphere at up to 1.5 degrees C (since the beginning of the first industrial revolution) should be considered highly probable. However, if possible, it is necessary to carry out the green transformation of the economy as quickly and efficiently as possible, so that the exceedance of the 1.5 deg C level is as low as possible and thus the escalation of the negative effects of the progressive global warming process is as low as possible. Since agriculture is one of those sectors that are most vulnerable to the negative effects of the progressive process of global warming, then in addition to the green transformation of agriculture that is being carried out, it is necessary to protect farms from the negative effects of climate change, which are steadily increasing from year to year, including increasingly frequent periods of drought, summer heat, weather anomalies, severe storms, etc., in a multifaceted way. In addition to this, it is also necessary to create new crop varieties that will be more resistant to the mentioned negative effects of climate change.
I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Is agriculture prepared for the effects of climate change, including, first and foremost, the negative effects on agricultural crops of the ongoing process of global warming, the scale of which will increase in the future?
Is agriculture prepared for the effects of climate change, the scale of which will increase in the future?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Dariusz Prokopowicz , Such an important discussion. Personally, I believe that the readiness of agriculture to cope with the effects of climate change varies widely depending on factors such as geographic location, socio-economic conditions, technological advancements, and policy support. Regardless, while some agricultural systems have made significant progress in adapting to climate change, others remain vulnerable and inadequately prepared for the scale of future impacts. Therefore, I think that continued efforts to enhance adaptive capacity, promote sustainable practices, strengthen policy frameworks, and address underlying vulnerabilities are essential for ensuring the resilience of agricultural systems in the face of future climate impacts.
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can we use crop drought tolerance indexes for conifers as well?
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I found this paper reltively insightful regarding drought tolerance in trees.
Hope it may be of some help to you
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In the current year, what are the effects of the progressive process of global warming in your region, in your country, in your environment, in terms of local microclimate, etc.?
In the current year, what are the effects of climate change, the accelerating process of global warming in your environment, in your region, where you operate, in your country, in the surrounding natural environment, in nearby agricultural areas, in the city or countryside where you live, in terms of local microclimate, etc.?
For example, in the country where I operate during the winter season, during a period where for many previous decades of time there was usually snow and temperatures were minus temperatures reaching as high as 20-30 degrees Frost is during the current "winter" in February 2024 there are positive temperatures all over the country, even positive double digits. Hoteliers, owners of ski slopes in the Tatra mountains are reporting much lower interest in their services. Fruit growers fear the return of morning frosts, which would cause the buds of flowers, which appear exceptionally early on shrubs and fruit trees, to freeze. Beekeepers fear for their bees, which have begun to leave their hives unusually early. But these are not the only effects of weather anomalies, climate disasters, climate change, the process of global warming, which has been occurring with increasing frequency in recent years. The negative effects of the increasingly rapid process of global warming on the environment, on agriculture, on the economy as a whole, on human existence in cities and in the countryside are constantly increasing, and the scale of the negative impact of climate change is constantly growing. In the country in which I operate in the summer season in recent years there have been record high temperatures, increasingly persistent heat, longer and longer periods of drought, little rainfall and increasingly frequent forest fires. In some regions of the country, water supplies are already beginning to run out during periods when citizens are watering their gardens and flowerbeds, washing cars, filling swimming pools, etc. At that time, local authorities are recommending restrictions on the use of tap water and imposing periodic bans on the use of clean water from the municipal water supply for watering lawns, washing cars and filling swimming pools. On the other hand, financial incentives, i.e. subsidies for the creation of water reservoirs for rainwater collection, rainwater catchment systems and irrigation of gardens, lawns, green areas, etc. with the help of rainwater thus collected, are being introduced as part of the increase in the scale of economical water consumption. The scale of the negative effects of the ongoing process of global warming is increasing every year. In many regions of the world, due to the accelerating process of global warming, the productivity of agricultural crops in agriculture is declining, the number of pollinating insects is declining, green areas in cities are drying up, living conditions in urban areas are deteriorating, the demand for electricity is increasing, which is caused, among other things, by the increase in the scale of use of cooling equipment during summer heat waves, the level of biodiversity in areas of natural natural ecosystems is decreasing, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate the processes of green transformation of the economy, including green transformation of such economic sectors as energy, agriculture, transportation, construction, heavy industry, etc.
I am conducting research on this issue. I study in a multifaceted and interdisciplinary way the issue of factors, determinants of climate change, the increasingly rapid process of global warming, and the effects of these processes on the environment, on civilization, agriculture, the economy, etc. On the other hand, I analyze the possibilities of smoothly carrying out a pro-environmental and pro-climate transformation of the classic growth, brown, linear economy of excess into a sustainable, green, zero-carbon zero-growth and closed-cycle economy. By building a green, sustainable closed loop economy, it will be possible to slow down the still accelerating global warming process and reduce the negative effects of these climate change processes. Will it be possible to reverse these processes? Unfortunately, this is unlikely with the green transformation of the economy progressing as slowly as it is now, and the still low level of awareness of many citizens on this topic, ignoring the high level of relevance of this issue in the business and political world. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
In the current year, what are the effects of climate change, of the accelerating process of global warming in your environment, in your region, where you operate, in your country, in the surrounding natural environment, in nearby agricultural areas, in the city or countryside where you live, in terms of the local microclimate, etc.?
In the current year, what are the effects of the ongoing global warming process in your region, in your country, in your surrounding environment, in terms of local microclimate, etc.?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Early flowering and fruiting in many plants.
1. Early flowering in Rhododendron arboreum.
2. Early fruiting in Myrica esculenta
Both the things have been observed in Uttarakhand Himalaya.
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For Zea mays up to the 4-leaf stage
For Phaseolus vulgaris up to the fourth trifoliate leaf stage
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you can use polybag in size 35 cm x 35 cm
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How to build an effective system of rainwater harvesting in floodplains with river flooding, local flooding and waterlogging occurring after winter or violent storms in a situation of successively worsening drought, declining surface, subsurface and deep water resources?
Under the conditions of deepening negative effects of climate change, the accelerating process of global warming, the following question becomes more and more relevant and timely: how to build an effective system of rainwater collection in floodplains, where river flooding, local flooding and flooding occurring after winter or violent storms in a situation of successively parallel deepening problem of drought, declining surface, subcutaneous and deep water resources?
The negative effects of progressive climate change, the occurrence of more and more frequent weather anomalies, the occurrence of climatic disasters in many parts of the world and other effects of the increasingly rapid process of global warming are deepening year by year. In many parts of the world, due to the accelerating process of global warming, higher and higher temperatures during summer heatwaves, longer and more severe periods of drought are being recorded year after year. Low surface water levels and droughts are not only the result of the progressive process of global warming, but also of improperly carried out land reclamation and drainage of wetlands and marshes, as well as the overexploitation of a large part of the land area under unsustainable agriculture carried out under the formula of intensive production of agricultural crops, including crops mainly for the production of livestock feed. On the other hand, in some parts of the world, increasingly frequent weather anomalies cause violent storms and downpours resulting in the occurrence of floods and flooding. The aforementioned floods and waterlogging are increasingly occurring in areas used for agriculture and in areas of urban agglomerations, which causes additional problems and economic losses.
At present, i.e. in February 2024, in many parts of the world in the Northern Hemisphere of planet Earth on the one hand where the snow has recently fallen there are floods and waterlogging during the thaw, and paradoxically in other countries next to those lying tens or hundreds of kilometers away there are record high temperatures and record particularly troublesome droughts, historically lowest water levels in rivers and lakes, a decrease in the level of subcutaneous and deep-sea water resources. In countries currently experiencing record droughts, legally normalized bans are being imposed on the use of water for watering lawns, washing cars, filling swimming pools, etc., and even restrictions are being placed on the use of water in the irrigation of agricultural fields. On the other hand, the Southern Hemisphere of the planet experiences record heat during the summer season of the planet's south and subtropical zones. Chile in South America in January-February 2024 is experiencing record heat, high temperatures causing numerous forest fires. The burning forests caused fires in many cities, towns and villages, where many citizens ran various tourist and other services and lost everything because of the fires. The scale of the fires that occurred in Chile caused the government to impose states of disaster and states of emergency in many regions of the country, in which many residential homes, business buildings, hotels, tourist resorts and other building infrastructure were socialized. The scale of damage caused by these fires is the largest in many years.
In view of the above, it is necessary to take systemic and integrated measures, which, on the one hand, should limit the scale of the progressive process of global warming and thus should result in reducing the scale of the negative effects of climate change. On the other hand, it is necessary to adequately protect land areas characterized by a high level of risk of periodic accumulation of large amounts of surface and subsurface water from flooding and waterlogging. As part of the improvement of flood risk management, it is necessary to create a system of retention reservoirs, in which the regulation of the level of accumulated water reserves should be correlated with the results of the long-term weather forecasts carried out and the weather and climate change forecast models developed on their basis. Big Data Analytics, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and other ICT information technologies of advanced multi-criteria data processing and Industry 4.0/5.0 can help in this regard. Besides, over-regulated and concreted riverbeds should be naturalized to allow controlled dumping of excess water into areas of natural restored greenery, restored forests and swamps. In addition, reservoirs should be created to collect rainwater for agricultural purposes, i.e. to irrigate areas used for agriculture during periods of drought. These issues should be key elements in the sustainable management of water resources and the management of the risk of floods, drought and other consequences of the increasing occurrence of situations of weather anomalies and climatic disasters.
I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Under the conditions of the deepening negative effects of climate change, the accelerating process of global warming, the following question is becoming more and more relevant and timely: How to build an effective system of rainwater collection in floodplains with river flooding, local flooding and waterlogging occurring after winter or violent storms in a situation of successively parallel deepening problem of drought, declining surface, subsurface and deep-sea water resources?
How to build an effective rainwater harvesting system in floodplains and permanent drought areas in order to reduce the scale of loss of water resources?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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We ask all projects above 1000 m2 in our area of interest to collect rainfall from the top of buildings through gutters and pipes that will take water to a settling and control tank and then to a previously designed infiltration tank, based on the 20-year rainfall. The infiltration tank is built far above the water table with a penetrating bottom and gravel blanket outside of the tank, to allow the water to seep and infiltrate through different layers to recharge groundwater.
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Searching for new scientific methods to reduce desertification
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Keep pristine areas pristine and eradicate exotic species from affected areas and eliminate anthropogenic damage :)
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I have been recently working on abiotic stresses (drought, high temperature, salinity and cold) responses in wheat (Triticum aestivum) using meta-analysis of transcriptomics (microarray) data. The computational stage is almost done. Is any one interested and specialist in this area for contribution to reporting the results in a paper? Please contact me via mshahsavari@ut.ac.ir OR masoudsisa@gmail.com .
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Certainly! I'd be interested in collaborating on this project. Please feel free to share more details about the research, and I'll be happy to discuss further. You can reach me at kdgb2007@yahoo.fr. Looking forward to potentially working together on reporting the results in a paper.
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Why climatologists and geologists and chemists about the information they obtain; Don't they publicly inform everyone?
As you know, climatologists and geologists and chemists and even hydrologists and those who work on global meteorology and atmospheric hazards, especially on climate change such as global warming or drought or atmospheric storms or El Lino and La Lino happens in two hemispheres, and people and countries are important, and the opinions of experts are very important; But we see that either it is not published, or the information arrives very late, or it is unclear in the scientific journals, or its classification is not well defined, and in general, there is an irregularity, and at least there is a regular network for public messaging to the world. It does not exist, and the warnings reach the people late, and in my opinion, it requires a global network of news and scientific media of atmospheric hazards, and this cannot be achieved, except for accurate and timely information in the events that are likely to occur. join For example, how many years will there be an earthquake or flood in this area? People are not informed. Or how many years there is drought in this area? . According to the time series, it is clear how many years of drought and how many years of rain? But not informed? . If people experience a drought, they will later find out that there is a drought and they will not be informed at all, or they will not be accurately informed about the gases that destroy the ozone layer. And it seems that all these investigations that are carried out have not been done at all? And man feels sorry.
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Climatologists, geologists, and chemists often do share their findings publicly through scientific publications, conferences, and other channels. However, there are several reasons why the communication of information may not always be immediate or directly accessible to the general public.
Scientific research undergoes a rigorous peer-review process, ensuring accuracy and reliability, which can take time. Additionally, the complexity of scientific findings may require simplification for public understanding, and sometimes the urgency of certain issues might not align with the time-consuming nature of formal scientific communication. Nevertheless, efforts are made to disseminate important information to the public through various means, including media outlets and educational initiatives.
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Is there a drought or drought in Iran this year?
As you know, through statistical climatology and according to the statistical methods and forecasting of the synoptic states of the atmosphere in the region, it is possible through the time series of meteorological data and checking the temperature and precipitation in a meteorological station and its downward and upward trends. During 20 to 50 years, he predicted the past, present and future through climatology software. Based on the fact that I wrote my book under the title "Blocking Time Series in Iran Plateau", I have stated that during the process of meteorological data and meteorological sites that show the circulation maps of blocking through Gordes maps, it can be said: According to the graphs on page 18 to 21 of the book, there are graphs from 2016 to 2058, and the graph shows the breakdown of the time series of rainfall at Mashhad station, and because blocking in Iran is of Omega or Rex type and its hours It is about 4000 kilometers long and covers the entire plateau of Iran. So we conclude that this year the amount of precipitation in the eastern areas where most of the blocking prevails will reach up to 200 mm and in the western part of Iran where the blocking wave reaches and less maybe it will reach about 250-300 mm and because of the rotation factor It is mentioned and the high pressure areas are integrated from the side of Sibarb and the Tibetan Plateau and towards the northeast of these blockings which create a dry or cold and icy hole in the winter season and because it has a dynamic state, it is more cold and dry and in the omega state. This blocking is formed. So, according to this process, this year, in 2023 and 2024, the process of drought prevails, and this downward trend prevails in Iran, and we have this downward trend in the upward direction until 2025, and in the years 2025, 2026, 2027, and 2028, there will be rain due to That the blocking pressure is removed from Iran a little and the conditions of the atmospheric river in Iran are the same as in the past few years, when the low-level Scandinavian blocking system is weak and the AO is positive, the Atlantic precipitation system rains over Europe, and the atmospheric surface rains over Europe. But when the Scandinavian blocking system is strong and the AO is negative, it means that the Scandinavian blocking has formed to the bottom of the omega state, and the atmospheric surface that is from the Atlantic Ocean above the Azores region in the north of the equatorial region is moving towards the east with its sinusoidal state. And according to the synoptic maps in Hepto Pascal levels in Gardes or NOAA maps, it shows that, for example, 2 years ago in the Khuzestan region of Iran, especially Pul Dokhtar, heavy rains and floods fell. which shows that there is a coordination between the atmospheric river in the west of Iran and the Siberian blogging in the northeast of Iran, and there is a close connection in terms of synoptic and drought activity in Iran.
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Is there a drought or rain in Iran this year?
As you know, through statistical climatology and according to the statistical methods and forecasting of the synoptic conditions of the atmosphere in the region, it is possible through the time series of meteorological data and checking the temperature and rainfall in a weather station and its decrease and decrease. He predicted the upward trends of the past 20 to 50 years, the present and the future through climatology software. Considering that I have written my book under the title "Obstruction Time Series in the Iranian Plateau", I have said that during the process of meteorological data and meteorological sites that show circulation maps of the obstruction through Gourdes maps, it can be said: according to the diagrams on page 18 to 21 of the book, There are graphs from 2016 to 2058 and the graph shows the breakdown of the time series of rainfall at the Mashhad station and because the blockage in Iran is of the Omega or Rex type and that. The clock is about 4000 km long and covers the entire plateau of Iran. Therefore, we conclude that this year, the amount of rainfall in the eastern areas where the most blocking is prevailing will be 200 mm of rain, and in the west of Iran, where the blocking wave is weaker and less likely to reach 250 to 300 mm of rain. Due to the mentioned rotation coefficient and the high pressure areas from the side of the Siberian plateau and the Tibetan plateau to the northeastern side of Iran blocking has been integrated, which creates a dry or cold and icy cavity in the winter season and because of its dynamics. It is colder and drier and in omega mode. This blockage is formed. Therefore, according to this trend, this year, in 2023 and 2024, the trend of drought prevails, and this downward trend prevails in Iran, and until 2025, we have this downward trend in an upward direction, and in the years 2025, 2026, 2027, and 2028, there will be rainfall. The reason is that the blocking pressure is slightly removed from Iran and the atmospheric conditions of the river in Iran are the same as the last few years, that the Scandinavian low-level blocking system is weak. And AO is positive, Atlantic precipitation system over Europe, and atmospheric surface rain over Europe. But when the Scandinavian blocking system is strong and the AO is negative, it means that the Scandinavian blocking system is formed up to the end of the Omega mode and the atmospheric surface that is from the Atlantic above the Azores region in the northern equatorial region. The region is moving towards the east with its sinusoidal shape. And according to the synoptic maps at the hepto-Pascal levels in the GRADS or NOAA maps, it shows that, for example, 2 years ago there was heavy rain and flooding in the Khuzestan region of Iran, especially Pul Dokhtar. which shows that there is coordination between the atmospheric river in the west of Iran and the Siberian blogging in the northeast of Iran, and in terms of synoptic activity and drought in Iran, there is a close relationship.
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I want to prepare the three levels of PEG-6000, which are 5% (mild drought), 10% (moderate drought), and 20% (severe drought). Many people said that to make 5% of PEG-6000, we need to take 5g of PEG-6000, dissolve it in water, and make a volume of 100 ml. In the same way, 10g for 10% PEG and 20g for 20% PEG. I want to confirm if this calculation is correct. The second question is how to apply this solution in potted plants grown in vermiculite culture? Is there any specific dose (5ml or 10ml per pot)? Most of the papers do not mention the dose per plant. your answers to my question will be highly appreciated. Thanks
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I'm conducting an experiment involving the Hogland solution, in which I aim to induce two levels of drought stress (mild and severe) using either PEG-6000 or PG-8000.
However, I'm having difficulty determining the amount of PEG required per container(capacity = 830 ml).
I would greatly appreciate any guidance on this matter.
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How to protect the Amazon's biodiverse natural Rainforests from the worst particularly severe drought in 120 years, record drops in river levels, and animal extinctions due to lack of water?
Due to continued high greenhouse gas emissions, the accelerating process of global warming, increasingly severe droughts are occurring in various parts of the world. Areas where periodic droughts are becoming more frequent include tropical and subtropical areas. In many parts of the world, increasingly frequent long-term droughts are causing shortages of water both for people, water used in agriculture and water necessary for the functioning of natural ecosystems. Droughts also cause increasingly frequent forest fires. The aforementioned problems and threats are now also affecting the Amazon. Recently there has been a particularly severe drought, the worst in 120 years, in the area of the Amazon's biodiverse natural Rainforest. Due to the record drought, water levels in the Amazon and its river basins are at record lows. Because of this, fish and pink Amazonian dolphins are dying out. Farmers are running out of water to irrigate their fields. Too low water levels in rivers make it difficult for Amazonians to move around. Due to the record drought, the biodiversity levels of the Amazon's natural Rainforests may be greatly reduced. In addition, the continuing process of deforestation, cutting down old-growth forests, unique tree species is causing rapid degradation of the natural Amazon Rainforests. In addition, in some countries, the energy industry is still mainly based on burning fossil fuels, which means total ignorance of the political and business spheres of the issue necessary to carry out a green transformation of the economy, total ignorance of the needs of the people, future generations of citizens.
In view of the above, I turn to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers with the following question:
How to protect the biodiverse natural Rainforests of the Amazon from the worst drought in 120 years, the record drop in water levels in rivers, the extinction of animals due to lack of water?
How to protect the biodiverse natural Rainforests of the Amazon from drought?
And what is your opinion on this topic?
And what is your opinion about it?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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The Black Hole!
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Parts of East and Southern Africa, in particular, have experienced severe droughts, leading to water shortages, crop failures, and food insecurity. On the other hand, intense rainfall events have led to flooding in various regions, especially in low-lying areas and regions with poor drainage systems. What are the other threats and how those threats are related to nutrition security?
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Other adverse effects include an increase in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones, for instance, Cyclone Idai and Kenneth which devastated Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia and Madagascar. Duration and intensity of heat waves are also on the increase all over Africa, especially in the Sahel region.
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After computation of NDVI over a region it has to be correlated with meteorology or hydrological indices. How to fulfill this?
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Sir, machine learning is the best option in this case.
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i have done drought forecasting but i need to proceed the research towards prescriptive analytics so any domain experts in drought can suggest me what are the prescriptive analytics that can be carried out in drought since weather is not under human control
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Drought forecasting in terms of rainfall deficiency can be used for studying its effect on various entities or areas like water resources,agriculture etc.If your area of interest is agriculture,you can calculate drought indices suitable for agricultural drought and for meteorological and hydrological drought also.Before working out the indices,you consider at what spatial and time scale the forecasts are available in your country .You find the forecating accuracy of drought or rainfall deficiency at different spatial and time scales.Once you identify the that forecating is good enough to for impact studies on agricultural or crop production ,you may go head with the study of impact of drought on agriculture.
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SPI is more complex measure to identify drought conditions and the acquisition of data is a big problem.
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Your question is yet not clear
You want to calculate drought severity or WDI
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Recently,I know that there are many deep learning in atmospheric science field,I am interested in how to use the deep learning in prediction of drought and how could I start to learn machine learning
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Predicting drought using deep learning involves utilizing neural networks to analyze various environmental and meteorological data, such as precipitation, temperature, soil moisture, and vegetation indices. These models employ time series analysis, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), or recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to capture complex patterns and dependencies in the data. By training on historical drought records and associated variables, deep learning models can forecast drought conditions, providing valuable insights for early warning systems and resource management. Regular model updates and integration with real-time data sources enhance accuracy, aiding in proactive drought mitigation and resource allocation efforts.
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I want to test 33 genotypes of a crop under 4 drought levels, the number of check varieties in my experiment will be 3 in addition to the 33 testing genotypes. That is the total number of my seed types will be 36 (33 testing genotypes and 3 check varieties). So, my experiment has two factors, i.e. Genotypes and Drought levels.
Now i want to know the following:
1. What will be the Treatments-Combinations for this experiment ?
2. What will be data input format in MS Excel for analysis purpose ?
3. What will be the script for analyzing collected data of the above experiment in R-studio?
4. Should we call the above experiment as "Augmented RCBD" or "Augmented Factorial RCBD" ?
Thanks to all of you in anticipation.
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Thanks for your valuable suggestions.
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Can Polyethylene Glycol (PEG-6000) be used in pots filled with soil for evaluating the drought tolerance of seeds ?
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Thanks for your valuable answer.
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With the help of standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index how we get return period of drought?
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This article might be helpful for you:
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Hi. I am working on drought prone areas and wants to calculate the 75% of dependable rainfall but i am unable to find the formula.
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1. Arrange the rainfall data (annual, monthly, decadal, or weekly) in descending order
2. Use one of the methods of computing probability, for instance, Weibull’s method:
P = m/n+1 X 100
Where P is the probability of occurrence, m is the rank of the rainfall value (after arranging the data in descending order) and n is the total number of observations
3. Plot the P values (x-axis) against rainfall values (y-axis) on the log-normal scale
4. Fit a trend line and use it to determine the rainfall values that correspond to 75% OR
5. Use the trend equation to compute the rainfall values by substituting 75 as the x value
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Hello,
I know there is an R package for calculating scPDSI values for a single location over many years. I have 8009 locations to calculate so I would really appreciate if there is any way to calculate this with R!
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Welcome
You can view this video
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can give you equation Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)
Comparative analyses of SPI and SPEI and drought index.
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You can view this website
It contains the required dehydration equation
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The proposed function is Y = f( Xi, Ci, Bi, Oi)
Where,
Dependent variable
Y= Yield
Independent variables
Xi= Physical inputs (i.e. chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, etc)
Ci=Climatic variables (i.e. rainfall, drought, salinity, stagnant water in which degree of severity will be identified as no effect "0", low "1", medium"2", and high effect"3". besides % of crop loss due to this effect will also be considered.)
Bi= Biotic stresses (% of crop loss due to insect attack, diseases infestation)
Oi= Others effect (Soil type, land type, etc.)
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Unfortunately not all biological activities follow a real model!? Regards.
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With the increasing need for sustainable agriculture and climate change resilience, how can plant breeders effectively incorporate complex traits such as drought tolerance, disease resistance, and high yield into crop varieties while maintaining genetic diversity?
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By computer modelling those parameters and observing yield in response to varying combinations of traits :)
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Agriculture is the largest user of fresh water resources, consuming 70% followed by industry (20 %) and municipalities account for remaining 10%. Therefore, by reducing of agriculture water consumption humanity will increase the water resources that are available to those that need it the most, help developing communities around the world in a sustainable manner, reduce soil erosion, reduce conflicts over natural resources, and help to ensure food security for everyone.
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Sir, In my opinion there can not be a single technique or strategy to reduce agriculture water consumption but a combination of it; to optimize water use efficiency. Given below are some effective approaches:
  1. Improved Irrigation Techniques: Implementing efficient irrigation methods such as drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, or precision irrigation can significantly reduce water loss through evaporation and improve water distribution to the plant roots.
  2. Soil and Water Management: Enhancing soil quality through practices like mulching, cover cropping, and conservation tillage helps retain moisture, reduces runoff, and enhances water infiltration, allowing plants to access water more effectively.
  3. Crop Selection and Rotation: Opt for crop varieties that are well-suited to the local climate and require less water. Employing crop rotation techniques helps break pest cycles and improves soil health, reducing water demand.
  4. Water-saving Technologies: Utilize modern technologies such as soil moisture sensors and weather-based irrigation controllers to precisely measure soil moisture content and adjust irrigation schedules accordingly, avoiding unnecessary water use.
  5. Efficient Farming Practices: Implementing good agricultural practices, such as optimizing planting densities, employing water-efficient fertilizers, and managing crop residues, can improve water efficiency and reduce water requirements.
  6. Water Recycling and Reuse: Capture and reuse water from various sources, such as rainwater harvesting, on-farm storage ponds, and treated wastewater, for irrigation purposes, thereby minimizing reliance on freshwater resources.
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How to Analyse of RDI drought index with matlab or R-statistics softwares?
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use this url for R script: https://github.com/edidigiu/EMS2016
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📷 Postdoctoral Positions available! Apply now! 📷
📷 Topic: hydrometeorological extremes under the context of climate change (including cyclones, droughts, thermal extremes, etc.)
📷 Where: The Hydrology Remote Sensing Lab (HRSL) at Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University (Taiwan)
📷 Deadline: at the time of positions filled; opening starts from August 1, 2023.
* Info: Prof. Yuei-An Liou (yueian@csrsr.ncu.edu.tw)
Our research integrates satellite-based remote sensing techniques, hydrological modeling, artificial intelligence models, and data analysis to address water-related challenges. We strive to enhance our understanding of hydrometeorological extremes within the context of climate change.
For instance, our focus on improving our understanding of drought risk and its dynamics is to consider the changing climate patterns. Responsibilities of the postdoctoral fellows include:
• Conducting independent research on assessing drought risk in the context of climate change.
• Developing innovative approaches and methodologies for analyzing remote sensing data and hydrological modeling.
• Collecting, processing, and analyzing satellite-based remote sensing datasets to characterize drought conditions.
• Collaborating with interdisciplinary research teams to integrate climate data, hydrological models, and socioeconomic factors.
• Publishing research findings in high-impact scientific journals and presenting at relevant conferences.
• Assisting in supervising graduate students and mentoring junior researchers.
• Participating in grant proposal writing and seeking external funding opportunities to support the research.
📷 Apply here:
Please send your application to Ms. Flora Liang at fl1624@csrsr.ncu.edu.tw with the subject line "Postdoc Application - Hydrology Remote Sensing Lab." Review of applications will commence immediately and continue until the position is filled.
Required documents:
Personal resume (including academic experience, autobiography, recent photo), diploma, and transcript.
Graduation thesis and other related works.
#Hydrology #RemoteSensing #ClimateChange #DroughtRisk #PostdocOpportunity #ResearchFellowship
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Thanks for sharing. It seems like a good opportunity, especially for young and ambitious researchers.
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How can food security be improved in regions that are vulnerable to drought, famine, and other environmental disasters?
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well said. we need government interventions as safety nets for farmers. investing in technologies that enhance resilience and resistance should be be emphasized.
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I am seeking to detect conifer vulnerability to severe drought by measuring conductivity with a high conductivity flow meter, taking the sample from the field so my concern is how to bring and keep the samples before starting the measurements in the lab.
Any information is much appreciated. Thanks in advance
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Slow freezing to minus 18 C, then fast defrost :)
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There are certain critical traits that help us to determine drought-sesitive or drought-tolerant genotypes? This question seeks information on these useful traits
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Drought and/ or salt tolerance are quantitative traits, so we need to have several traits in our selected or chosen tolerant genotype. There are many many papers published on this topic, but no single trait was correct for all crops.Cheers.
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which datase among CHIRPS, CPC-NOAA, Persia-CDR and APHRODITE is best for conducting climatic research like drought and weather vextremes in Pakistan? anyone please help and guide please
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You should select the data with high resolution.
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There are 10 Varieties of wheat for drought selection, beside this we want to know the most productive verities + diseases infections in open field trial in the same experimental design.
Thanks in advance
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Yes, it is possible to study drought tolerance, yield and some diseases observations in the same field trial (RCBD factorial) on wheat genotypes. However, there are some considerations and challenges that need to be addressed.
First, the experimental design should be appropriate for the objectives and hypotheses of the study. An RCBD factorial design can be used to test the effects of two or more factors (such as genotype and irrigation level) and their interactions on one or more response variables (such as yield and disease incidence). However, the number of factors and levels should be kept to a minimum to avoid excessive replication and complexity. The randomization and blocking should also ensure that the experimental units are homogeneous and independent within each block.
Second, the experimental conditions should be representative of the target environment and stress level. For example, if the study aims to evaluate drought tolerance, the irrigation treatments should simulate realistic drought scenarios that affect wheat production in the region. The timing, duration, and severity of drought stress should also be carefully controlled and monitored. Similarly, if the study aims to evaluate disease resistance, the disease inoculation or natural infection should be sufficient and uniform to cause significant disease pressure and variation among genotypes.
Third, the experimental measurements should be accurate and reliable. For example, if the study aims to measure yield, the harvest should be done at the optimal maturity stage and the grain weight and quality should be adjusted for moisture content. If the study aims to measure disease incidence or severity, the disease symptoms should be assessed using standardized scales or methods at appropriate growth stages. The measurements should also account for possible confounding factors such as plant density, lodging, or weed competition.
Fourth, the experimental analysis should be valid and robust. For example, if the study aims to compare genotypes for drought tolerance or disease resistance, the analysis should include appropriate statistical tests and models that account for the effects of genotype, irrigation level, disease level, block, and their interactions. The analysis should also check for assumptions such as normality, homogeneity of variance, and independence of errors. The results should be interpreted with caution and supported by biological explanations.
Therefore, studying drought tolerance, yield and some disease observations in the same field trial (RCBD factorial) on wheat genotypes is feasible but requires careful planning, execution, measurement, and analysis. It can provide valuable information on the performance and adaptation of wheat genotypes under different environmental conditions and stress factors.
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How can maize yield and quality be improved under drought and heat stress conditions?
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There are several strategies that can be employed to improve maize yield and quality under drought and heat stress conditions. Like:
  1. Developing new drought and heat-tolerant maize varieties: You can use traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering techniques to develop maize varieties that can withstand harsh conditions. This involves identifying genes that are associated with drought and heat tolerance and incorporating them into maize varieties.
  2. Conducting research on plant physiology and genetics: Understanding how maize plants respond to drought and heat stress at the cellular and molecular level can help you develop new strategies for improving maize yield and quality. This can include studying the mechanisms of water-use efficiency, heat shock response, and the role of hormones and enzymes in stress tolerance.
  3. Investigating new irrigation methods: You can study new irrigation methods that can optimize water use and reduce the impact of drought on maize crops. This can include techniques such as drip irrigation, micro-sprinklers, and other precision irrigation methods.
  4. Developing new soil management practices: Soil management practices that conserve moisture and improve soil structure can help to reduce the impact of drought and heat stress on maize crops. You can investigate new practices such as conservation tillage, cover cropping, and soil amendments.
  5. Studying plant-microbe interactions: Certain microbes such as mycorrhizae and rhizobia can help plants tolerate drought and heat stress. You can study these interactions and develop new strategies for improving maize yield and quality.
This can help to ensure food security and support sustainable agriculture in regions that are susceptible to drought and heat stress.
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I am looking for the papers which analyzed the drought tolerant activity of rice varieties by using PEG6000 in hydroponics culture and soils with water (field trial) both. I found only one paper. Could you please help me to find more papers which use both methods?
Thank you.
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I am investigating the effect of environment on gca, sca and heritability degree. Line x tester = 4 x 5.
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There are several software options available for conducting line x tester analysis that can handle multiple environments, including drought and control treatments. Here are a few options:
  1. SAS (Statistical Analysis System): SAS is a powerful statistical software suite that is widely used in the field of agriculture and plant breeding. SAS can handle complex experimental designs, including line x tester analysis with multiple environments.
  2. R software: R is a free and open-source programming language that is widely used in statistical analysis and data science. There are several packages available in R for conducting line x tester analysis, including the "AGHmatrix" and "lineXtester" packages.
  3. GenStat: GenStat is a comprehensive statistical software package that is specifically designed for use in agricultural research. It includes a range of tools for analyzing complex experimental designs, including line x tester analysis.
  4. SPSS: SPSS is a statistical software package widely used in social science and other fields. It also has the capability to conduct line x tester analysis with multiple environments.
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How can the drying up of natural lakes be stopped in order to reduce the negative effects of this process?
How can the drying up of natural lakes caused by the progressive process of global warming and excessive water consumption through unsustainable agricultural development be stopped?
In different regions of the world, on different continents, more and more negative effects of the progressive process of global warming, of the ongoing climate crisis, etc. are appearing. These include, above all, the natural effects of the loss of biodiversity of natural ecosystems, the effects on water resources of increasingly severe and prolonged droughts, water shortages in certain areas, decreasing rainfall, the drying up of lakes and rivers, the barrenness of soils, the decline in agricultural productivity, etc. In recent years, there has also been an increase in the scale of the emergence of the global crisis. In recent years there has also been an increase in the occurrence of hot weather, increasingly high summer temperatures, the occurrence of forest fires, etc., the drying out of forest litter in forests, a decrease in the humidity of the microclimate in areas of forests, agricultural fields and urban agglomerations. In this way, the living conditions for people in increasingly large areas of land are steadily deteriorating year by year. More and more lakes are drying up. A significant proportion of the large lakes, too, have already reduced their surface area and the water reserves they have accumulated over thousands of years. For example, the surface area of the saline Great Lake in the state of Utah in the USA has decreased significantly over the last few years. This is a result of excessive water consumption (mainly by agriculture) and the ongoing process of global warming. There are many harmful, toxic heavy metal and other compounds on the bottom of this lake. It is a drainless lake, i.e. all waste and toxins settle in the lake. Already half of the lake bottom is above the water surface. The drying up of the lakes results in negative changes in the microclimate around the lake, the barrenness of the soils, the desertification of the surrounding natural environment, the possibility of sandstorms, a decrease in the moisture content of the soils around the lake, a decrease in the productivity of the soils in terms of their use for agricultural purposes. In addition to this, the negative effects of lake desiccation include the negative natural effects of a decrease in the level of biodiversity, both in terms of the lake biosphere and the natural ecosystems functioning in the vicinity of the desiccating lake. In view of the above, it is increasingly important to improve and increase the scale of protection of lakes from drying out and to create solutions to counteract or slow down this unfavourable process. These solutions include prohibiting the extraction of water from a drying-up lake for industrial, agricultural, municipal, etc. purposes. If the drying-up lake is located in a predominantly agricultural area, an important solution may be the creation of new deep wells, rainwater harvesting systems, a change in the agricultural model from unsustainable to sustainable ecological agriculture and, in areas close to the seas and oceans, the development of seawater desalination systems.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
How can we stop the drying up of natural lakes caused by the progressive process of global warming and the excessive use of water by unsustainable agricultural development?
What is your opinion on this?
What is your opinion on this subject?
Please respond,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Using drip irrigation in agriculture.
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Currently, many agricultural landowners have expressed their dissatisfaction with the new regulations.
On the one hand, the obligation to use fertilizer products agreed by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). On the other hand, they claim that the consumer pays 50% more than what they earn in profits.
To this issue, we must add the drought suffered in the main areas that are dedicated to agriculture together with the low temperatures to which many of these farmers are not prepared.
This has caused a loss of product and, as a consequence, a loss of capital in the sector.
Many are considering selling their land to large companies.
How could the loss of agriculture affect Andalusia?
There are families that continue living from the farming tradition, a tradition that has passed from parents to children. Do you think that the loss of this inheritance could change the Andalusian family system?
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Farmers must meet our planet's changing needs as well as the expectations of regulators, consumers, food processors, and retailers.Climate change, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss are increasing pressures, as are consumers' changing food tastes and concerns about how it is produced. And the natural world in which farming operates – plants, pests, and diseases – continues to present its own set of challenges.
While modern agriculture offers a wide range of solutions, the results are not always consistent because each farm is unique in terms of landscapes, soils, available technology, and potential yields.
Farmers must deal with a variety of issues, including how to:
· Deal with the effects of climate change, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss.
· Satisfy changing consumer tastes and expectations.
· Meet the growing demand for higher-quality food.
· Invest in agricultural productivity.
· Adopt and educate yourself on new technologies.
· Maintain your resilience in the face of global economic factors.
· Encourage young people to stay in rural areas and become farmers in the future.
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It is a rice genotypes evaluation and I want to use 1000 grain weight, but these genotypes can not produce 1000 grain yield due to drought so I want to scale down to a 100-grain weight.
What is your advise on this one?
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You can also take 100-grain weight, but nowadays researchers are taking 1000-grain weight very frequently for contrasting rice genotypes with superior grain quality.
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How are urban agglomerations coping with water shortages and increasingly frequent periods of drought caused by progressive global warming?
The effects of progressive global warming include increasingly higher average air temperatures, record high temperatures recorded annually during the summer heat waves, longer and more severe periods of drought, and rivers, lakes and wells drying up. Drought is becoming an increasingly serious problem in agriculture. In some regions of the world, crop production is already declining due to increasingly frequent periods of drought. In metropolitan areas, too, increasingly frequent heat and drought are generating a number of serious problems. Many urban agglomerations lack clean water and rivers are heavily polluted. As a result, in some cities restrictions are being imposed on water use beyond food and sanitation purposes. For example, watering lawns may be allowed once a week in some cities. During periods of drought, total bans are imposed on watering lawns and washing cars from clean running water intakes. In addition, during hot weather in the situation of large areas of concrete and small areas of green space, the lack of urban parks in metropolitan areas, the air temperature rises strongly. In the situation of lack of water and strong heating of concrete surfaces, living conditions in urban agglomerations deteriorate significantly. In addition, in a situation of underdeveloped renewable energy sources and thermal power generation based on dirty fossil fuel combustion energy and a large number of internal combustion cars, smog characterized by strong air pollution from toxic wastes of combustion processes is increasingly appearing. As a result, some residents of large urban areas are moving out of city centers to the outskirts of cities, suburbs or the countryside. This is fostered by the development of remote work provided via the Internet. However, problems related to the shortage of clean water are steadily worsening. In the long term, it is necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to slow down the ongoing process of global warming. In view of the increasingly serious problems caused by scarcity of clean water, city governments are introducing new solutions for reducing water consumption.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:
How are urban agglomerations coping with water shortages and increasingly frequent periods of drought caused by ongoing global warming?
What does this issue look like in your city?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Warm regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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For example, in winter it is hot, and in spring or summer there are such unpleasant situations as snowfall, floods in some regions, and in some-drought.
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This is a crucial task for water management in the arid region intimately linked to Water Security Issues.
See references within the following research project:
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In agriculture, can we adapt the crops we grow to be drought tolerant? Can we improve stress?
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It is the dream of many biotic and abiotic stresses researchers!!.regards.
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Hello everyone!
I have interesting question asked by my professor and I could not find relevant answer anywhere.
Why are we seeing up and down pattern on transcript abundance? Example RNA seq data for a gene from a rice transcriptome data base is attached. LOCUS ID is highlighted in yellow and transcript abundance is in below three samples after drought treatment.
The question is ,why the signal level is not uniform on Exons? is it low signal reads? Why there are gaps or sudden fall in signals? ( which are Marked in Red arrows) How to read and understand this? and I know this is the common pattern in RNA-seq data, but I don’t know why? It’s an interesting question asked by my professor! can any bioinformatician help me understand this? Thanks in advance.
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I am not an expert in this by any means, but I have read a lot and have seen this type of data and interpreted it before as well. I can give you what I know from my experience and others may chime in.
It is a read out of transcripts that correspond to that particular site. it might be referred to as base resolution expression of the particular sequence. Essentially the higher number of transcripts that coincide with that particular sequence the higher the score. It could be areas that were difficult to resolve due to all kinds of aspects. 1) Sequence has a lot of repeats if that was the case you would see the same resolution in the other two samples but that does not seem to be the case. These areas might be resolved better if you increase the read depth of the study.
2) It may be more suggestive of a difficulty to read them. These results may be affected by post modification of the RNA as well.
This paper describes this is clinical samples but that does not restrict the affect only to humans post-modification
Sci Adv. 2021 Aug; 7(32): eabd2605.
Published online 2021 Aug 4. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abd2605
PMCID: PMC8336963
PMID: 34348892
Judging by the fact the title on the samples say drought I might think a more epigenetic effect (Post-modification of the RNA maybe due to stress)
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Hello ,
I am doing drought propagation using two catchments with SPI and SSI . My question , I would to do like the graph in the picture attached. Do have any useful tutorial or maybe some suggestion R packages that is suitable to produce the same graph.
Thanks in advance
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I need literatures on Mozambique floods and drought, any suggestions are highly appreciated.
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I am trying to monitor/find out the drought of certain Nepal areas to relate it to agriculture. I don't have historical data but only SMAP data i.e after 2015. So, based on it, is there any way I can use this to find out the drought?
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SMAP may provide information on soil moisture which can be used as crop yield forecast and irrigation planning. I dought whether SMAP data can be used to find out the drought.
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I have only Temperature and precipitation data of climate station
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Philbert Modest Luhunga thanks for your answer
I will grateful to you if provide me the script
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In my country Nepal, variation in weather patterns and drought are the major climate related problems.
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Botswana climate generally is a Tropical senna type of climate. This climate has its implications by nature, however due to climate we experience increase in the intensity of he sun causing excessive heat stress on crops. We are loosing some of the vulnerable plant species and animals. This changes causes some some imbalances in our ecosystem
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Namaskar,
I have monthly RDI(drought index) for each year.Means 12 data in each year.
I want to calculate 3 months and 6 months RDI index.
Can u plz explain the manual Process of calculating 3 months 6 months index.
I want to understand manual process not softwares
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refer to:
Tsakiris, G. And Vangelis, H. 2005. Establishing a drought index incorporating evapotranspiration. European Water, 9/10: 3-11
In the 3-month scale, you won't have data for the first and second months, January and February, and in the 6-month time scale, you won't have data for the first 5 months.
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I am trying to predict drought intensity in a wet tropical forest region using Long-term precipitation data.
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The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is an extension of the widely used Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The SPEI is designed to take into account both precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) in determining drought. Thus, unlike the SPI, the SPEI captures the main impact of increased temperatures on water demand. Like the SPI, the SPEI can be calculated on a range of timescales from 1-48 months. At longer timescales (>~18 months), the SPEI has been shown to correlate with the self-calibrating PDSI (sc-PDSI). If only limited data are available, say temperature and precipitation, PET can be estimated with the simple Thornthwaite method. You can refer to:
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I think that ectoin enzyme is important for the soil and terrestrial plant ecosystem. I think that the origin of this enzyme, which increases the resistance of plants to drought, should be discussed. Thank you for your ideas and comments that will contribute to this issue.
Kind regards,
Turan Yüksek (Ph.D.)
Professor of Ecosystem Ecology
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Probably created imo :)
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I need to know about research on date palm based on drought occurances and develop recommendations based on technologies, or research and development that can provide solutions to farmers in australia to ensure resillience during drought times. Growing and production in drought and desert climates, and report on how farmers here in australia can implement date trees on their farms to increase resillience during times of drought when other crops would otherwise fail.
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Date palm tolerates dry weather and low atmospheric humidity up to 5%, as is the case in desert areas, while an increase in relative humidity in palm-growing areas leads to physiological imbalances such as fruit blotching, blackening of the tail, and rotting of the fruits.
Growth and development of date palm (Phœnix dactylifera L.) seedlings under drought and salinity stresses African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4 (9), pp. 968-972, September 2005 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2005 Academic Journals
Effects of Various Quantities of Three Irrigation Water Types on Yield and Fruit Quality of ‘Succary’ Date Palm
Prospects for the Study and Improvement of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Date Palms in the Post-genomics Era
INTERACTION INDICATORS BETWEEN PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT DATE PALM (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA) AS AN EXAMPLE European Journal of Agricultural and Rural Education (EJARE) Available Online at: https://www.scholarzest.com Vol. 3 No. 5, May 2022 ISSN: 2660-5643
This is some research on date palms that may be of interest to you
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needed o know about research on date palm based on drought occurances and develop recommendations based on technologies, or research and development that can provide solutions to farmers in australia to ensure resillience during drought times. Growing and production in drought and desert climates, and report on how farmers here in australia can implement date trees on their farms to increase resillience during times of drought when other crops would otherwise fail.
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And that applies to your country of Pakistan, which joined the "Middle East Green Initiative" when your Prime Minister made a pledge to be part of the 24 countries that are going to plant 40 BILLION trees to offset Global Warming.
The good thing about planting trees, is you will also help cure droughts that way. That is what the people of the Indus Valley found 3,500 years ago, chop down all the trees to fire the millions of bricks to build your 1,000 cities, and the rain stops, and all of your five million people must abandon every one of those 1,000 cities forever.
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What are the main approaches used for drought monitoring?
How they are applied in big data drought monitoring?
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Dear Siva Kumar,
Some useful info is presented below:
Over recent years, the frequency and intensity of droughts have increased and there has been a large drying trend over many parts of the world. Consequently, drought monitoring using big data analytic has gained an explosive interest. Droughts stand among the most damaging natural disasters. It threatens agricultural production, ecological environment, and socio-economic development. For this reason, early warning, accurate evaluation, and efficient prediction are an emergency especially for the nations that are the most menaced by this danger. There are numerous emerging studies addressing big data and its applications in drought monitoring. In fact, big data handle data heterogeneity which is an additive value for the prediction of drought, it offers a view of the different dimensions such as the spatial distribution, the temporal distribution and the severity detection of this phenomenon. Big data analytic and drought are introduced and reviewed in this paper. Besides, this review includes different studies, researches and applications of big data to drought monitoring. Challenges related to data life cycle such as data challenges, data processing challenges and data infrastructure management challenges are also discussed. Finally, we conclude that big data analytic can be beneficial in drought monitoring but there is a need for statistical and artificial intelligence-based approaches.
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University of Nebraska -
Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska -
Lincoln Drought Mitigation Center Faculty Publications Drought --
National Drought Mitigation Center
2016
Handbook of Drought Indicators and Indices Mark Svoboda University of Nebraska - Lincoln, msvoboda2@unl.edu Brian Fuchs National Drought Mitigation Center, bfuchs2@unl.edu
Integrated Drought Management Programme (IDMP)
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Global integrated drought monitoring and prediction system
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  • DOI:10.1023/B:NHAZ.0000035020.76733.0B
  • Corpus ID: 2213498
Drought Monitoring Using Data Mining Techniques: A Case Study for Nebraska, USA
  • T. Tadesse, D. Wilhite, +2 authors S. Goddard
  • Published 1 September 2004
  • Environmental Science
  • Natural Hazards
Drought has an impact on many aspects of society. To help decision makers reduce the impacts of drought, it is important to improve our understanding of the characteristics and relationships of atmospheric and oceanic parameters that cause drought. In this study, the use of data mining techniques is introduced to find associations between drought and several oceanic and climatic indices that could help users in making knowledgeable decisions about drought responses before the drought actually occurs. Data mining techniques enable users to search for hidden patterns and find association rules for target data sets such as drought episodes. These techniques have been used for commercial applications, medical research, and telecommunications, but not for drought. In this study, two time-series data mining algorithms are used in Nebraska to illustrate the identification of the relationships between oceanic parameters and drought indices. The algorithms provide flexibility in time-series analyses and identify drought episodes separate from normal and wet conditions, and find relationships between drought and oceanic indices in a manner different from the traditional statistical associations. The drought episodes were determined based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Associations were observed between drought episodes and oceanic and atmospheric indices that include the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI), the Pacific/North American (PNA) index, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) Index. The experimental results showed that among these indices, the SOI, MEI, and PDO have relatively stronger relationships with drought episodes over selected stations in Nebraska. Moreover, the study suggests that data mining techniques can help us to monitor drought using oceanic indices as a precursor of drought.
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that can sustain
Higher temperature
drought conditions
sandy soil
saline water
please recommend crops for different seasons like winter, summer, spring and autumn.
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For high temperature and sandy soil grow melons like watermelon in summer and carrots, radish in winter
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To breed rice for drought tolerance, is it feasible to start selection in the F2 by picking out offspring harbouring certain molecular markers, given that it is expected that these QTLs will continue segregating in the subsequent generations? Or is it better to keep selfing a hybrid population until the F5 or F6 and then start selection?
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Thank you Hoan and Adamu. Your help is appreciated.
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We conducted an experiment to test single and mixed effects of heat & drought stress on Canola.
Here is an overview:
We had 16 treatments (4*temperature, 2*drought, 2* stress timing) --> 16 tt
We had eight plants per treatment, which we assessed on the level of four branches (1, 2, 3, and rest) --> 16 tt * 4 branches.
We planted seeds in Petry dishes every dish had 1 g of seeds. We started to account for germinated seeds after 12 hours of planting and removing germinated seeds; we accounted for seeds after 12h, 14h,16h, 18h, 20h, 24h, 36 h,38h, and 40h. so we have a gap in data during the night
Unfortunately, we did not use the same total seeds number.
when we tried to apply the four-parameter hill function 
FourPHFfit(germ.counts = y, intervals = int, total.seeds = 50, tmax = 20, partial = FALSE)
we faced some problems
1. How can we add our data to this function and fit it to our four factors? In the R script, I just added x and y as:
x <- data_frame1$Hour
y <- data_frame1$AGP
2. How can we insert time replication?
3. And how can we insert total seeds as a column, not as an individual value?
I attached the data set and R script
Thank you in advance
Regards
Dima
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Andrew Paul McKenzie Pegman, that is completely true, but I think R is the most flexible program.
thank you for the tip :)
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The decline in agricultural production and exports in many countries is pushing up food prices. The scale of food shortages will increase in many countries and the risk of a food crisis is growing. More and more data confirms that after the recent pandemic economic crisis 2020, the growing economic crisis caused by high inflation, the developing energy crisis in 2023, there will also be a food crisis in many parts of the world. In the current 2022, a number of factors have simultaneously emerged that could lead to a food crisis and hunger in many countries of the world. These include the following factors:
1. the war in Ukraine (production and exports of cereals and other agricultural crops from Russia and Ukraine have fallen significantly).
2. Record heat, drought, forest and crop field fires in many parts of the world (in India, record heat reaching 50 ct. C in the shade; drought throughout the western states of the USA; in central and eastern Africa the worst drought in 40 years).
3. Flooding of farmland in China in 2021 (30 million acres of farmland under water. Chinese authorities have announced that the 2022 crop yield could be the lowest in the context of the previous few decades).
4. postcovid broken chains of international logistics and supplies.
5. in 2020, the Lebanese capital Beirut suffered a gigantic explosion at the port that destroyed all infrastructure, including huge grain silos.
For these and other reasons, the number of people in the world at risk of hunger has increased by 80 per cent in the last five years, from 108 million to 183 million people.
After Vladimir Putin ordered 200,000 Russian troops into Ukraine, the global food situation went from poor to bad. Especially this negative trend is developing in poor countries, where economies are underdeveloped and income levels of citizens are also low.
Before the war, Ukraine was the 5th economy in terms of global wheat exports, 3rd in barley exports, 3rd in maize exports and 1st in oilseed exports (e.g. sunflower). In Ukraine, areas of fertile chernozem extend as far as Manzuria. Before the war, Ukraine produced 9 per cent of the world's wheat, and together with Russia, this is now 30 per cent. Ukraine generated 20 per cent of the world's maize exports. By contrast, Ukraine's exports of sunflower oil account for as much as 75 per cent of the global share. Food exports from Ukraine are also estimated at 1/8 of all calories sold globally. Most of these exports before the war, i.e. before 24 February 2022, were loaded onto ships in Odessa and Novorossiysk and transported to the Middle East and elsewhere in the world. The war has created serious problems for food production and export in Ukraine. The Russians have blockaded the Black Sea ports with their Black Sea fleet.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the honourable community of scientists and researchers:
How can the scale of the development of the food crisis be reduced?
What is your opinion on this topic?
Please reply,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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