Drinking Water - Science topic

Dear Researchers, Scientists, Friends,

In view of the growing demand for drinking water, especially in regions affected by droughts and water shortages, a dilemma arises as to the most effective methods of addressing this problem. Desalination technologies require advanced technological solutions and are energy-intensive, while water saving and recycling systems are based on existing infrastructures but require behavioural change and public education. Research shows that seawater desalination technologies will prove to be a more effective solution to the water shortage problem in the long term than water saving and recycling systems in households and industry. Seawater desalination can therefore be an important part of the solution to the global water shortage, especially in countries with access to the sea. However, the technology is energy-intensive and requires significant financial investment and progress in the field of renewable energy. On the other hand, saving and recycling water in homes and industry relies on local, less expensive solutions, but requires extensive education and social cooperation. This dilemma is also related to various geographical and social conditions, which makes it particularly difficult to resolve unequivocally.

My following articles are related to the above-mentioned issues in some aspects:

I have described the key issues concerning the green transformation of the economy in the following article:

What is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please reply,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

I invite you to scientific cooperation,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

To what extent does the lack of access to clean drinking water and sanitation facilities constitute a serious problem for millions of people worldwide, lead to disease and hamper socio-economic development? How can this problem be reduced by increasing access to clean drinking water and sanitation facilities? Is the construction of deep wells the best solution to this problem? What are the options besides drilling deep wells? How should developed countries organise their aid to developing countries in this regard?

In my opinion, the lack of access to clean drinking water and adequate sanitation is a global problem that affects millions of people around the world, with enormous consequences for their health, socio-economic development and quality of life. Contaminated water is the source of many diseases, such as cholera, typhoid and diarrhoea, which particularly endanger children and the elderly. The lack of access to drinking water forces people, especially women and children, to spend many hours searching for it, which limits their opportunities for education, work and development. In addition, the lack of sanitary facilities makes it difficult to maintain hygiene, favouring the spread of diseases and worsening the general state of health. This problem also has serious social consequences, leading to conflicts and migration, as well as hampering economic development by limiting productivity and investment opportunities. An effective solution to this problem requires a comprehensive approach, including investment in water and sanitation infrastructure, protection of water sources, promotion of water saving and hygiene education. Research plays an important role in solving this problem by providing the knowledge and analysis necessary to develop effective strategies and technologies. One of the important solutions to this problem is the construction of deep wells. First and foremost, financial and technological capital is needed to build wells. Highly developed countries are best equipped in these categories of capital, and deep wells are particularly lacking in economically underdeveloped countries and those heavily burdened by the effects of climate change, the progressive process of global warming, including increasingly frequent and increasingly burdensome periods of drought for people and natural ecosystems, the steadily decreasing amount of rainfall, the decreasing surface and underground water resources, rivers and lakes drying up, etc. Therefore, the developed countries should increase the organised aid to the economically underdeveloped countries in this matter.

I have described the key issues concerning the problem of the progressing process of global warming, the negative effects of this process and, consequently, the necessity to increase the scale and accelerate the implementation of the process of green transformation of the economy, climate protection, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet in the following article:

What is your opinion on this matter?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

I invite you to scientific cooperation,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Studies on Filter Washing in Drinking Water Treatment Plants

It is of interest to compare the data.

Many countries recognize a right a healthy environment, etc. constitutionally. But what of those that recognize a right to water? I don't mean a water rights, by the way, such as to appropriate. I mean a right to access potable water.

We find the article of Jirkof et al (2019) but they use buprenorphine during only 3 whereas we would like to keep bupreorphine in water bottels during 5 days.

I am not getting the Linearity of Cadmium start from 1 ppb to above concentration or for LOD

freshwater has TDS (0-1000 mg/l) according to WHO

Distilled water has TDS (0.0 mg/l)

Hello,

I stored some of samples in the opening (under an outside staircase) covered in black bags. So would they still be suitable to test for alkalinity, hardness, and acidity?

Hello,

Assuming I have a list of recorded numbers all measured in ppb, ppm and ppt and want to compare them to a drinking water quality standard which has all its items measured in mg/L. So would it be permissible to just have 1 ppm = 1 mg/L while actually we know in fact that there is a slight difference? What's the math here for all ppb, ppm and ppt measured numbers to place them next to this drinking water standard (mg/L)? Can you convert any side to make it look suitable for you like just convert for instance your ppm, ppt etc. to mg/L and then place them next to that standard?

Hello,

I am in search of available PDF/s or the likes that has water quality standards for surface and wastewater from the World Health Organization (WHO). You do find a lot available for drinking water for various chemicals, but it seems to me just hard to find also such data for wastewater and surface water. So, if anyone has them available as PDF/s or links be kind to add your answer here.

Thanks,

Danial B. Tahir

Hello,

On EPA, you see various abbreviations such MCL, MCLG, RSL, UPUS, CMC and CCC etc. In short, is it sufficient to use MCL (maximum contaminat level) as a standard/criterion number for all water types such as, tap water, sewage, river water, drinking water...? Because it seems that it is more realistic to use MCL in most cases since it is more reliable and as explained on a website that MCL detemination is done for a less cost than MCLG...

Please note! I require academic answers and good references.

I find on the internet various PDFs regarding certain drinking water standards that are not exactly what I want. I am in need of a table from maybe WHO or EPA that have normal ranges of various chemicals and other things containing them for surface water not drinking! Therefore I require assist in this matter.

Thanks

What is (economic aspects aside) the best method to reduce PFAS in water?

I am currently engaged in a my research involving the design and cost estimation for a drinking water treatment plant that is structured into two phases, each with a duration of 20 years. To ensure accurate calculations of construction, operation, and maintenance costs, I am seeking recommendations for software tools that can assist in these calculations.

Could you kindly suggest any software or tools that are particularly effective for such comprehensive cost estimation tasks? Your insights and recommendations would be greatly appreciated as they will significantly contribute to the success of this project.

Preparing a review about potential distinct effects of North and South poles (or upward/downward) in biology, chemistry, chirality, etc, I would appreciate any signaling of publications to supplement a databank dedicated to this overlooked parameter, whether confirming or invalidating.

Also, any comments, exchanges or collaboration will be welcome.

One of the consequences of the progressive process of global warming is the rapidly declining surface and sub-surface water resources in increasingly large land areas, including areas used for agriculture. From the results of thousands of scientific papers, it is known that the global warming process, which has been progressing more and more rapidly over the past more than 2 centuries, is the result of the accumulation of excess greenhouse gases in the planet's atmosphere, including CO2, methane and others in the period since the beginning of the first industrial revolution. Therefore, on the one hand, in order to slow down the progressive process of global warming, a green transformation of the economy is being carried out with a special focus on those sectors of the economy that generate the most greenhouse gas emissions. This kind of sector is also carried out in a formula of climate and environmentally unsustainable and industrial livestock farming, mainly cows. However, the processes of green transformation of the economy, including the green transformation of energy, transportation, construction and also agriculture, including the development of sustainable agriculture of organic crop farming is progressing too slowly, greenhouse gas emissions are still high, the process of global warming continues to progress rapidly, the planet's greenhouse effect is worsening, the scale of weather anomalies and climatic disasters and the negative effects of climate change such as droughts, heat, water shortages are steadily increasing. Therefore, in parallel with the processes of green transformation of the economy, it is necessary to create systems for protecting the biosphere, counteracting the negative effects of climate change, safeguarding the achievements of human civilization from the escalation of the negative effects of the progressive process of global warming in the future, using new technologies at the same time to organize solutions to reduce the scale of the negative impact of climate change processes on the man-made economy, and thus safeguarding future generations of people from the development of negative scenarios of future deepening of the said negative processes of climate change. Such protective measures, safeguarding the economy and limiting the scale of the negative effects of the progressive process of global warming should also include farms. Within the framework of such protective measures, it is necessary to create technological solutions that increase the scale of saving water used in agriculture, develop systems and installations for catching rainwater and collecting it in specially created retention tanks, etc. In addition, as part of the development of sustainable organic agriculture, it is also necessary to improve waste separation and recycling systems, improve composting techniques, build small-scale power plants that generate energy for the farm from renewable energy sources (solar, wind, geothermal, biogas plants), return to old farming techniques, e.g., rotating and fallowing in order to increase the amount of water used in agriculture. rotation and fallowing to slow the process of soil aridity, replacement of pesticides and other chemical pesticides and fertilizers with their organic counterparts, increasing the scale of agricultural biodiversity instead of production monocultures of crops of a single variety of agricultural crops, creation of crop varieties more resistant to biotic and abiotic environmental factors, including more resistant to the worsening negative effects of climate change, etc. The implementation of this plan is expected to help

The implementation of the plan for the green transformation of the economy, including agriculture, is to be helped by a European Union program referred to as the EU's New Green Deal. Farmers are well aware of all this. However, on the other hand, in the online social media, organized criminal groups acting on behalf of certain political and business circles are carrying out disinformation and paraheterist actions vilifying the European Union and the EU's New Green Deal. Such organized disinformation and paraheterist activities have recently intensified in connection with the European Parliament elections.

I have described the key issues concerning the problems of the green transformation of the economy in the following article:

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Is there any study in India discussing "how much water ingestion (consumption by drinking) rate" by the Indian population per day?

How can parents ensure their drinking water is free from harmful contaminants?

But the scarcity of drinking water occurring in an increasing number of countries in Europe and also on other continents is caused not only by the progressive process of global warming, but also by unsustainable agriculture carried out in ignorance of the planet's climate and biosphere. But the scarcity of drinking water occurring in an increasing number of countries in Europe and also on other continents is caused not only by the progressive process of global warming, but also by unsustainable agriculture carried out in ignorance of the planet's climate and biosphere. The over-intensive, production-intensive cultivation of agricultural crops, mainly for the production of fodder for livestock rather than food for humans, and the production of exotic fruit sold mainly in supermarkets and hypermarkets in other countries, is also a significant factor in the excessive consumption of surface water and rainwater and the decline in drinking water levels over ever larger areas.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

A person has very little thirst, dry mouth. If he drinks water, the water is coming out through the urine, but his body lacks water. Why does this happen and what is the remedy?

In a beaker, take 60 mL of water from the source (under a stream), pour it into an Erlenmeyer flask, add a couple of crystals of K-Na-tartrate and 5 drops of phenolphthalein, and then titrate with a standard solution of Na2CO3 (24.09 g/L) until a purple color appears. color that must last for 3 minutes. The CO2 content (expressed in mg/L) is calculated by multiplying the number of mL of Na2CO3 consumed in the titration by a factor of 250.

Can vegans get B12 from drinking water from ponds, wells, or rivers?

Hi everyone,

I tried many published protocols to induce type 2 diabetes in c57 female mice using high fat diet for 1 month then STZ 40 mg for 4 days or 50 mg for 5 days followed by 10% sucrose in drinking water to avoid hypoglycemia however, the mice were resistance when I gave 40 mg stz for 4 days and died when I inject 50 mg for 5 days (these 2 protocols were used in multiple papers including nature ones). Any suggestions?

Thank you in advance

Sherif

Is there any Guideline value or acceptable limit of antibiotic in drinking water? If yes, Would you please share the link?

Hi, I am looking to perform an analysis of Br/ KBr in samples of water sources to see if the levels are safe. Due to budget and resource limitation at the stage, I would prefer a method that considers these factors.

Kindly help.

Although there are several methods to obtain drinking water from the sea, it is quite expensive for agricultural use, which directly impacts people's living costs. This project introduces a new "Innovative Desalination Technology" to provide a cost-effective solution.

for monitoring disinfection byproducts in drinking water

Currently Chlorine dosing is done for disinfection to treat the drinking water. It has been proven that ozone treatment can eliminate the use of chlorine for disinfection of water.

However nothing has been documented about the potential of ozone treatment through ozone nanobubbles based treatment of drinking water.

Kindly share any publication on this subject please.

Could you specify the key factors influencing access to drinking water for households in Kagera, such as geographical location, infrastructure availability, socio-economic conditions, and government initiatives?

I’m trying to make a solution of metronidazole to add to drinking water of mice. I’m making a 100mg/mL solution but it won’t dilute. I need to filter sterilize the solution through a 0.2uM filter. I would love it if I can make it to 300mg/mL.

any suggestions?

I am researching systematic reviews and meta-analyses of radon risk exposure from drinking water. The summary of the random effects models of 222Rn concentration is 25.01, and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) are 7.62 and 82.09) and displayed heterogeneity of (I2 = 100%; P < 0.001) with residual heterogeneity of (I2 = 62 %, p = 0.01). Can anyone interpret the result for me? Why I2 = 100% in this context? what is the significance of the residual heterogeneity?

How could microplastics contaminate potable water?

Can we share information about ancient hydrological knowledge, old hydraulic techniques, and ancestral water management methods

Are adsorption systems superior to membrane filtration systems for purifying drinking water, especially in removing emerging contaminants? If yes, why?

conductivity of water and it's relationship with drinking water...

I am currently synthesizing membranes for drinking water treatment and would like to use non-toxic solvents such as or better than Ethyl lactate. If you have done any research in this field or you know of any compound that I can use, kindly provide me with that information. 

Any book reference on above question will be highly appreciated

New infant acquired methemoglobinemia case data, found for an upcoming book, show infant morbidity and mortality down to about 1 ppm nitrate-N. USEPA missed these data sets when they calculated or multiply reaffirmed the basis for the existing 10 ppm nitrate-N drinking water standard.

Based on this finding and others you might have, what should revised standard concentrations for nitrate-N and derived nitrite-N be and how would you perform the calculation?

Often-observed post-wildfire increase in nutrients—phosphorus in particular—commonly leads to increased biological activity in streams, starting with algal growth. Although phytoplankton and periphyton concentrations have been shown to increase in response to wildfires, literature claims that it could lead to—potentially harmful—algal blooms, but I cannot find an example of a (H)AB supporting this claim.

So, is the possibility of post-wildfire algal bloom a fact, a fiction, a minor concern, or a substantiated risk based on what we know from post-fire possible phosphorus releases and the triggers of algal bloom formation?

The effects of progressive global warming include increasingly higher average air temperatures, record high temperatures recorded annually during the summer heat waves, longer and more severe periods of drought, and rivers, lakes and wells drying up. Drought is becoming an increasingly serious problem in agriculture. In some regions of the world, crop production is already declining due to increasingly frequent periods of drought. In metropolitan areas, too, increasingly frequent heat and drought are generating a number of serious problems. Many urban agglomerations lack clean water and rivers are heavily polluted. As a result, in some cities restrictions are being imposed on water use beyond food and sanitation purposes. For example, watering lawns may be allowed once a week in some cities. During periods of drought, total bans are imposed on watering lawns and washing cars from clean running water intakes. In addition, during hot weather in the situation of large areas of concrete and small areas of green space, the lack of urban parks in metropolitan areas, the air temperature rises strongly. In the situation of lack of water and strong heating of concrete surfaces, living conditions in urban agglomerations deteriorate significantly. In addition, in a situation of underdeveloped renewable energy sources and thermal power generation based on dirty fossil fuel combustion energy and a large number of internal combustion cars, smog characterized by strong air pollution from toxic wastes of combustion processes is increasingly appearing. As a result, some residents of large urban areas are moving out of city centers to the outskirts of cities, suburbs or the countryside. This is fostered by the development of remote work provided via the Internet. However, problems related to the shortage of clean water are steadily worsening. In the long term, it is necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to slow down the ongoing process of global warming. In view of the increasingly serious problems caused by scarcity of clean water, city governments are introducing new solutions for reducing water consumption.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Warm regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I want to see if wastewater irrigation affects in-household water contamination. My sample size is 60 (30 wastewater irrigation farming households and 30 non-wastewater farming households). I want to know exactly how much wastewater irrigation activity contributes to the in-house drinking water contamination in farming households by balancing the confounding factors. I collected data for the following variables for all 60 households.

· age (continuous numeric)

· gender (male/female)

· income (continuous numeric)

· Educational level (categorical)

· sanitation facility (yes/no)

· Hand-washing behaviors

· personal hygiene

· domestic hygiene

· environmental hygiene

· drinking water storage in the house (cover, size)

· drinking water withdrawal from in-house storage

· E.coli count from Point of source and point of use

I am considering multiple regression models and propensity score matching methods, but I am a little bit confused.

This is what I am thinking: The E.coli count is the outcome variable, exposure to wastewater is the treatment variable, and the rest variables are covariates.

1. Is the data size (total 60) enough to use PSM? I am afraid it is too small.

2. Which is appropriate?

3. If I choose the regression model, should I use the count data as it is and apply the poison regression model? Or change it to acceptable and not-acceptable based standards and use multiple logistic regression?

4. I there any other equivalent method?

Thank you for your assistance.

I'm interested in the international guidelines for heavy metals in food/water (drinking or irrigation) as set by the WHO/FAO, or local guidelines for contents in the environment (soil for instance). What are the consequences if the values measured are above the guidelines? It's unclear to me whether those standards are just 'desired thresholds' or whether one could face legal action?

Thanks for your help.

I am doing research on detecting and enumerating pseudomonas aeruginosa in drinking water using mpn and i would like to compare my findings with the standard quality of drinking water. But so far the only data i can find is on the standard level for e. coli and total coliform acceptable in drinking water. Is there an standard level for p. aeruginosa in drinking water? I remember reading somewhere that the acceptable amount was 2.2 mpn/100ml and below but i dont remember which standard data this was from.

This is an Emergency Situation where Drought is hitting Europe, Along with Africa and other continents. We need crazy ideas, to overcome this critical problem.

Please suggest a high graphical resolution software for Water Quality Modeling of Water Supply Pipe Networks which includes the ability to analyze chemical decay. Thank you.

There have been many different crises since the beginning of the 21st century, and there is little indication that this would change in the years to come. The dotcom crisis at the turn of the 20th/XXI century, the global financial crisis of 2007-2009, the global recession of the 2020 economy triggered by interventionist measures carried out during the 1st wave of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, the overly lenient monetary policy carried out during the pandemic, the strong rise in inflation and the risk of stagflation in 2020, the currently developing energy crisis, the currently developing food crisis in some poorer countries, the already ongoing climate crisis that will intensify in the coming decades. As the levels of various risks increase, the scales and frequency of various crises increase, more and more public institutions, government agencies, NGOs but also local government units are taking various anti-crisis measures. Currently, the currently developing crises in many countries are: the economic downturn caused by high inflation; the energy crisis caused by high fuel and energy prices and low levels of energy self-sufficiency and underdevelopment of renewable energy sources; the climate crisis (and in some countries also the food crisis), the consequences of which include severe heat and droughts causing a decline in the production of agricultural crops, increased energy consumption and other negative effects. The climate crisis is likely to develop for many more years. In some countries, due to the low level of energy self-sufficiency, the low level of development of renewable and carbon-free energy sources, the scale of the currently developing energy crisis is greater and in the future, the negative effects of the climate crisis may also be more severe for nature and humans. Accordingly, local government units are also inspiring citizens to use water sparingly, save energy, segregate waste and other pro-environmental daily practices and actions. However, there are big differences in this regard when comparing environmental and pro-environmental policies and realistically carried out pro-environmental activities and green projects by individual local government units.

In view of the above, I address the following research question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Before leaving home we check the weather, so we can decide what to wear. When it comes to water, the information seems to be too encrypted, too hidden.

So, I have been knocking on doors asking if it is possible to find out how much water a municipality/city consumes. Guess what... there is no way to know, so far.

What next? any recommendation?

Scientists are trained to only use data for decision-making or other purposes that is of proven high quality.  Government agencies are known to use data of lesser or unproven quality in some of their regulatory programs and risk assessment products.  Some of these papers or reports lack a materials and methods section or provide only limited information on how the reported work was performed.  Is it acceptable scientific practice to use epidemiology, toxicology or dose-response data for standard/guideline calculation when the materials and methods section of a source document is missing or limited?  Reviewing many of USEPA's RfDs, used as an input to calculate drinking water standards, makes one wonder if this is a common practice by USEPA or other government bodies.  Is such a practice ever acceptable? What is your experience?

Progressive climate change, including the process of global warming, is causing increasing droughts and desertification of areas. The scale of areas with decreasing rainfall is growing. Surface and sub-surface water resources are decreasing. Water resources for irrigation of agricultural fields are decreasing. Drinking water supplies are also declining.

In view of the above, the question becomes increasingly topical:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please reply,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Regards,

Dariusz

Chlorine is added to drinking water What is the highest concentration added so that it is not toxic?

USA lose trillions of treated drinking water annually (ASCE, 2017) and similar problems are highly observed in many urban water supply systems as well. In case of water distribution system there are several methodologies to find leakages such as using SONAR, sensors and UV rays. However, what would be the best alternative method in your suggestions to find the leakages quickly and effectively?

What is the scope of using an abandoned borewell (previously used for drinking water supply) for recharging groundwater through storm runoff created by rainwater? If yes, does this approach need any upgradation / adaptation?

I'm working with a bacterial strain which is resistant to 1ug/ml of penicillin. I want to add penicillin to drinking water of mice, that will be inoculated with the same bacterial strain. what is the concentration of penicillin that should be added in the drinking water of mice without having a negative effect on the bacterial inoculation?

Utilities are heavily financially impacted by the COVID pandemic. The water and sewer utilities have been struggling to cope up with the loss of revenues to run their system successfully. The prolonged loss of revenue, in fact test the resiliency of a system in terms of financial planning. Expertise on this topic is welcome!

Do we have some studies on country-wise access to safe water and on average water consumption. Which countries are fast running out of water!! And what mitigation methods/ technologies are being adopted!!

RO purification system is one of the best purification systems to get good source of drinking water. Of course RO will produce pure drinking water which contains much less minerals. (TDS lies between 10 and 30 mg/L.) In such case it is necessary to re-mineralise the water after purification by adding controlled quantity of good salts to bring TDS at least above 80 mg/L. Such water is the best drinking water which can keep us free from contamination of many impurities such as heavy metals, chemical waste, bacteria, radioactivity contamination etc. But traditional RO purifier generates about 75% waste water. How to reduce this by modifying the design of RO purifier?

PL of Water Samples were recorded at SAIF-SPIHER by using PerkinElmer LS 45 Photo Luminescence spectrometer.

Towards a holistic water vision for national water and food security The discussion focuses on the analysis of comprehensive national water balances: underground and surface water "Blue Water", soil water reserves "Green water", and the net "Virtual Water" flux related to foodstuffs imports/exports; in order to conciliate in a sustainable way water resource supply with the whole demand, including food demand.

For example: Iran falls within the Middle East arid zone, with some 13% of the country receiving less than 100 mm mean annual rainfall, an additional 61% receiving less than 250 mm and only 9% receiving more than 500 mm.

I work with Resazurin as a anaerobe indicator in gas production system. I found some strange results that I would like to know if these are normal behavior or not?

1- after bubbling buffer for gas production technique with CO2, buffer color changed from pink to colorless for the first time but when I bubbled CO2 again for the third times to the same buffer, its color did not change to colorless. Since chemical reaction between pink and colorless of resazurin is reversible why did this happen?

2- How can clean residual effect of resazurin from bottles? water color change to pink after washing with soap and rinsing several times

Several methods have been suggested in many studies

One of these solutions is to use the guidelines

Which of these guidelines are used and can they be provide (Name , Lien, PDF...) to me?

Thanks

Azzeddine

Excess of fluoride content in drinking water (more than 1.5mg/L) sourced from inland water bodies causes dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis. Although reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis, and distillation are available for deflouridating inland water bodies. However am not sure that how effective these methods can be used to deflouridate groundwater. I would like to hear some suggestions on the mechanisms effective at deflouridation of groundwater.

How can I reduce calcium Ca and magnesium Mg in drinking water? , is there any way or a quick solution?

There are lots of laboratory studies on nano application in water/wastewater treatment. however not sure if there is any real world treatment plant sample using this kind of technology in its treatment process worldwide.

Can someone let me know if a treatment plant (water/waste) currently is applying this technology in its process?

These days, the more technology is growing, the more experts work on greenways to desalinate seawater to produce drinking water. One of the most notable of them is undoubtedly solar desalination.

But, besides a lot of advantages of the solar method, there are weak points that prevent this technology from maturing compared to conventional methods such as electrical energy, fossil fuel, etc.

Please give your idea and thoughts about these limitations.

I am working on a case study, therefore, I want to calculate microbial risk assessment in drinking water for Total and Fecal coliforms and E.Coli.

I have done a comprehensive research on the possibility of keeping 25% of the capacity of all the surface irrigation schemes for domestic and industrial use. Can anybody give me more thought on this either positive or negative? I have uploaded my PhD thesis related to this in RG for your easy reference

/www.researchgate.net/publication/247160220_Management_Policy_of_Water_Table_in_Dry_Zone_of_Sri_Lanka_to_Subsidise_the_Pain_of_Non_Rice_Crop_Cultivators_for_the_Food_Productivity_Improvement

Microplastics (MPs) pollution has become a global environmental concern because of their severe threat to biota. However, limited studies on the elimination of MPs pollution were reported. The conventional treatment methods such as coagulation, sedimentation, screening, and flotation were not suitable for MPs owing to their smaller size than plastic items. Hence many methods for MPs treatment, including AOPs (direct photodegradation, photocatalytic oxidation, and electrochemical oxidation) and biodegradation, have been examined.

While using purifying system with RO for collecting drinking water, the water in many cases shows very low conductivity even less than 30 microS/cm. So TDS is much less. Whether such water is suitable for drinking? Will it not cause any mineral deficiency. Many manufacturers claim that they maintain controlled TDS in water but in most cases TDS is much less even less than 20 ppm. Kindly think of over this issue. 

I have noted ICP-MS and Cold Vapour techniques are being recommended in determining trace or ultra trace amounts of Hg in water or aqua regia solutions. How would you compare these two techniques with dedicated Mecury Analyzers?

Antibiotics cocktail: 0.1% Ampicillin + 0.1% Metronidazole + 0.1% Neomycin sulfate + 0.05% Vancomycin + 2.5% sucrose in tap water

Unfortunately, they didn’t drink any water as result they lost their body weight almost 3 gm over 3 days period.

Even we tried in acidified distilled water (PH= 2.5 ) instead of tap water, unfortunately same things happened.

Do you have any idea why they didn't drink antibiotics containing water and how to solve it?

Thank you

Dear researcher,

We produce polyethylene-based shrink film (HDPE / LDPE / LLDPE), for the packaging of water bottles, the problem is that we have a big Bullseye and I would like to know what parameters in (blown film extrusion) or recipe we can change to strengthen and have a small Bullseye.I'd also like to know if we should look for a positive or negative TD shrink and what are the parameters that improve the shrinkage force

Thank you

Dear all,

I want to know the effect of different drinking water (acidified or chlorinated) on the mice, especially the lung of mice. I searched papers and found some papers saying the effect of water on gut microbiota, but I didn't found papers demonstrated the effect on lungs. Does anyone know some informations about this?

thank you!

Most of the developing countries extract water from the shallow water table for drinking and other activities. Pit latrines/toilet pits and drinking water wells are located in the same land in such countries.

Safe distances between wells and pit latrines are varied from location to location depending on the soil type, hydrogeological condition of the ground, and the elevation of the toilet pit. In practice, this distance varies from 15 m to 30 m in accordance with guidelines provided by the local authorities in developing counties.  Viruses are very small compared to other microorganisms so that they can be pass through the porous soils easily.

Behaviors/stability of Coronavirus in the shallow water table are being studied. I would like to discuss this matter with the latest findings.  

I want to orally administrate 3mg/Kg of drug (MW=359.34) to mice that have an average body weight of 40g. The drug will be dissolved in DMSO and then put in their water bottle that contains 250ml of water (final concentration of DMSO is 1%).

Can anyone help me calculating the needed amount of drug solution that I have to prepare in order to have a final concentration of 3mg/kg?

I haven't done oral administration of drugs before and I am a little bit confused so any help would be highly appreciated.

Thanks a lot in advance