Distance Measures - Science topic

Recent years have seen rapid advancements in ultra-wideband (UWB)-based localization systems. However, most existing solutions offer only centimeter-level accuracy and support a limited number of UWB tags, which fails to meet the growing demands of emerging sensing applications (e.g., virtual reality). This paper presents MULoc, the first system th...

The study of facial features and their association with personality traits has long been a subject of interest across various disciplines, including psychology and anthropology. Despite limited scientific support for direct correlations between facial structure and personality, people often intuitively associate certain facial features with specifi...

Given more accessible non-invasive measuring devices, experimental response can now be observed as high-dimensional and high-frequency time series. Amidst the complex dependence structure in the data analysis, sample size determination and power analysis remain to be the key thematic focus of statistical inference. The issue is confounded with the...

Addressing the safety hazards arising from inadequate clearance between tree growth and power facilities, this paper innovatively proposes an online monitoring and early warning system for distribution networks based on advanced image processing technology. The system integrates three core functions: automatic tree species identification, precise d...

We explore the potential of the expanding ejecta method (EEM) as a cosmological probe, leveraging its ability to measure angular diameter distances to supernovae (SNe) with intensity interferometry. We propose three distinct applications of the EEM: (1) using Type IIP SNe as moderate-distance geometric anchors to calibrate Cepheids, replacing other...

Aims: The study aims to take the COVID-19 pandemic as an example to provide a scientific reference for diabetic patients'self-health management and nurses'work for these patients when facing future pandemics. Methods: It conducted a comprehensive literature search and analysed relevant texts. This article reviews the daily health management of diab...

Visual quality inspection in automotive production is essential for ensuring the safety and reliability of vehicles. Computer vision (CV) has become a popular solution for these inspections due to its cost-effectiveness and reliability. However, CV models require large, annotated datasets, which are costly and time-consuming to collect. To reduce t...

Superspreading events are known to disproportionally contribute to onwards transmission of epidemic and pandemic viruses. Preventing infections at a small number of high-transmission settings is therefore an attractive public health goal. Here, we use deterministic and stochastic mathematical modelling to quantify the impact of intranasal sprays in...

The growing use of collaborative robots (cobots) in industrial environments raises concerns about worker safety; flexible and adaptive systems are required to predict and prevent real-time cobot–worker collisions. This study proposes a digital-twin-based, cobot–worker collision risk-prediction system that utilizes the Unity game-development engine,...

Picture fuzzy sets (PFSs) are extensively utilized in medical diagnostics and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) due to their enhanced flexibility, distinguishing capability, and applicability in handling uncertainty and hesitation, particularly in complex domains such as healthcare, transportation, environmental decision-making, artificial inte...

Total radiography of the spine in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (EIA) is the gold standard for classifying curve severity by the Cobb method. These patients often require X-rays, thus being exposed to increased radiation. Therefore, studies have addressed alternatives for identifying vertebral alterations, as well as computerized ph...

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menghitung berapa kecepatan yang dibutuhkan dalam mencapai suatu stasiun. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) adalah alat navigasi udara yang berfungsi memberikan panduan/informasi jarak (slant range) bagi pesawat udara dengan fasilitas DME yang dituju. (DME adalah jenis sistem navigasi en-r...

Probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTSs), which assign different weights to various linguistic terms, offer an efficient framework for expressing preferences. Meanwhile, the TODIM method, grounded in prospect theory, is adept at incorporating the cognitive behaviors of decision-makers into the decision-making process. In this paper, we extend the...

Background Information derived from functional return-to-sport (RTS) tests after primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) can have a significant impact on the risk reduction of ACL reruptures. However, due to space, time, and financial limitations, few clinicians utilize objective data to assess their patients’ functional abil...

Large Vision Models (LVMs) have shown impressive skills in understanding and generating image descriptions. However, to further improve the decision-making abilities of self-driving cars and enable truly autonomous navigation, it is important to augment these models with reasoning and distance measurement capabilities. By integrating computer visio...

Incomplete stent apposition (ISA) of intracranial stents is recognized as a significant issue in aneurysm treatment leading to in-stent thrombosis and aneurysm recurrence. Traditional imaging techniques like DSA have limitations in accurately assessing stent apposition. This study aimed to explore the efficacy of optical coherence tomography (OCT)...

Vehicle re‐identification (Re‐ID) facilitates the recognition and distinction of vehicles based on their visual characteristics in images or videos. However, accurately identifying a vehicle poses great challenges due to (i) the pronounced intra‐instance variations encountered under varying lighting conditions such as day and night and (ii) the sub...

To address the challenges of automatic detection caused by the variation of surface normal vectors in automotive steering knuckles, an automatic detection method based on ultrasonic phased array technology is herein proposed. First, a point cloud model of the workpiece was constructed using ultrasonic distance measurement, and Gaussian-weighted pri...

Objective The main study objective was to develop a novel shoulder dystocia (SD) prediction score using ultrasound‐based head–perineum distance measured before an operative vaginal delivery (OVD). Methods This retrospective unicentric study (Lille, France) included all cases of OVD of singleton pregnancies from March 2019 to October 2020, with cep...

In this article, we test some specific claims made in the literature on relative distances among European languages and among Chinese dialects, suggesting that some language varieties within the Sinitic family traditionally called dialects are, in fact, more linguistically distant from one another than some European varieties that are traditionally...

LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is an optical remote sensing system that can measure the distance to a target by shining light on the target. LIDAR technology is used in robotics to recognize the environment and classify objects. The ability of LIDAR technology to provide a 2D elevation map of the terrain, a highly accurate distance to the grou...

With the economic development, firms must pay attention to social development and encourage environmental sustainability in identical synchronization. Sustainable human resource management (SHRM) tactics make it possible to achieve social economic and environmental (SEE) objectives of firms. In the following, a survey approach is presented consider...

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate quality control (QC) strategies to enhance treatment delivery in inter-ventional radiotherapy (IRT) for head and neck (H&N) cancers, focusing on ensuring the accuracy of therapy while addressing specific challenges, such as catheter displacement and tube misconnection. Material and methods: A retrospective a...

Recent advancements have demonstrated the potential to augment matrix theory with fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy, picture fuzzy, interval-valued picture fuzzy matrix concepts for enhanced decision-making applications. We introduce the interval valued spherical fuzzy matrix, extending the spherical fuzzy matrix, to effectively represent and manipulate...

This study aimed to determine the accuracy of pacing as a method for measuring distances on level ground, conducted in the field quadrangle of Mapúa University - Manila. The experiment involved the determination of the face factor using a tape distance of 50 meters across five trials, resulting in a mean pace count of 102.70 paces and a calculated...

Recent measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) show hints of tension with data from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) when interpreted within the standard model of cosmology. In this short note we discuss the consequences of one solution to this tension, a small but negative spatia...

Through an efficient linearization of the optical frequency chirps of a quantum cascade laser (QCL), we demonstrate and compare two methods of coherent ranging in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) window. The first method is based on the coherent detection of the light reflected by the target on an external quantum cascade detector (QCD). The second me...

Vision sensors are becoming more important in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for traffic monitoring, management, and optimization as the number of network cameras continues to rise. However, manual object tracking and matching across multiple non-overlapping cameras pose significant challenges in city-scale urban traffic scenarios. These...

Traditional received signal strength indicator (RSSI)-based and angle of arrival (AoA)-based positioning methods are highly susceptible to multipath effects, signal attenuation, and noise interference in complex indoor environments, which significantly degrade positioning accuracy. To mitigate the impact of the above deterioration, we propose a dee...

With the advancement of technology, virtual reality (VR) offers designers innovative tools and perspectives in modern interior design, enhancing the intuitiveness and efficiency of indoor environment perception and design. This study adopts distance measurement modeling technology to accurately draw the spatial structure of an indoor environment us...

Probabilistic dual hesitant fuzzy set (PDHFS), as an extension of dual hesitant fuzzy set (DHFS) and probabilistic hesitant fuzzy set (PHS), can better describe the uncertainty and fuzziness in the real world through membership degree (MD) and non-membership degree (NMD) and their respective probability information. Therefore, it can collect more c...

The inverse-square law model for detection of radiation from an isotropic source deviates significantly from measurements when the distance to the source is comparable to the size of the detector, and when the detector distance is not known accurately. An improved description requires a knowledge of the solid angle of the detector as viewed from th...

Background Patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, also referred to as “long COVID,” may face persistent physical, cognitive and psychosocial symptoms which can be challenging to manage given the strict social distancing measures imposed during the pandemic. Telerehabilitation (TR) became increasingly common during COVID-19 pandemic and has bee...

Quantum-state texture is a newly recognized quantum resource that has garnered attention with the advancement of quantum theory. In this work, we introduce several potential quantum-state texture measure schemes and check whether they satisfy the three fundamental conditions required for a valid quantum-state texture measure. Specifically, the meas...

Objective. To quantify interfraction shape and positional variations of primary tumor volumes for rectal cancer patients receiving long course radiotherapy by comparing two quantification strategies: a center-of-mass (COM) method and a surface-based metric that captures local deformations. Approach. This study utilized repeat MRI scans before and d...

Cashierless stores rely on computer vision and RFID tags to associate shoppers with items, but concealed items placed in backpacks, pockets, or bags create challenges for theft prevention. We introduce a system that turns existing RFID tagged items into material sensors by exploiting how different containers attenuate and scatter RF signals. Using...

The Fr\'echet distance is a distance measure between trajectories in the plane or walks in a graph G. Given constant-time shortest path queries in a graph G, the Discrete Fr\'echet distance $F_G(P, Q)$ between two walks P and Q can be computed in $O(|P| \cdot |Q|)$ time using a dynamic program. Driemel, van der Hoog, and Rotenberg [SoCG'22] show th...

In response to the demand for small-size, high-precision, and real-time target distance measurement in platforms such as autonomous vehicles and drones, this paper investigates the multi-focal bionic compound eye (MFBCE) and its associated distance measurement algorithm. MFBCE was designed to integrate multiple lenses with different focal lengths a...

Brain atrophy over time, as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has been shown to predict subsequent cognitive impairment among individuals who were cognitively normal when first evaluated, indicating that subtle brain atrophy associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) may begin years before clinical symptoms appear. Traditionally, atrophy...

Every year, population growth in Indonesia increases and has the potential to trigger poverty.Poverty indicators include the number of poor people, per capita expenditure, humandevelopment index, average years of schooling, and unemployment. The clustering of regionsis necessary for the government to be more effective in development. One of the met...

Accurate localization is a fundamental attribute for humanoid soccer robots, as it directly influences their ability to make optimal decisions during gameplay. There have been several attempts to address this issue with varying success. The present study focuses on enhancing the localization accuracy in humanoid soccer robots by integrating data fr...

The distance measure is a great resource to analyse the disparity of Fermatean fuzzy set (FFSs), which significantly deals the ambiguity. Although prior research offered plenty of distance measurements for FFSs, most of those fail to satisfy the distance constraints or build contradictions. Therefore, in this investigation, we offer a unique distan...

This research examines clustering of sub-districts in Cilacap Regency based on the number of healthcare facilities, active family planning (FP) participants, and population growth rate using K-Means Cluster analysis. The study was conducted at the Cilacap Regency Statistics Bureau using 2023 data. The purpose of this research is to identify differe...

Flaky tests produce inconsistent outcomes without code changes, creating major challenges for software developers. An industrial case study reported that developers spend 1.28% of their time repairing flaky tests at a monthly cost of $2,250. We discovered that flaky tests often exist in clusters, with co-occurring failures that share the same root...

Binocular stereo vision technology is widely used in the 3D measurements of aerospace, the automotive industry, and in other fields. However, its measurement accuracy is limited by many error factors and is difficult to improve. This paper presents a modeling method for the measurement accuracy of binocular stereo vision systems, providing a theore...

We present a dual fiber laser system that comprises two compact all-polarization-maintaining fiber lasers. The main feature of this laser system is that, facilitated by self-made fiber actuators, the repetition rates of the sub lasers can be tuned across wide ranges and phase-locked with high stability and low phase noise. The fiber actuator consis...

This article focuses on the development and testing of a sensor-based motorcycle restraint system equipped with an automated braking mechanism. The system integrates ultrasonic sensors, a DC linear motor, and an Arduino microcontroller to enhance motorcycle safety by detecting obstacles and applying brakes automatically. A prototype was constructed...

In this article, we presents a novel fuzzy neural network approach designed to address multi criteria decision making (MCDM) problems, specifically for selecting logistics service providers. The proposed decision making model integrates triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) with a triangular fuzzy Einstein weighted averaging (TFEWA) aggregation operator...

We describe the use of an unsupervised Random Forest for similarity learning and improved unsupervised anomaly detection. By training a Random Forest to discriminate between real data and synthetic data sampled from a uniform distribution over the real data bounds, a distance measure is obtained that anisometrically transforms the data, expanding d...

Stay-at-home orders and social distancing measures during the COVID-19 pandemic have been associated with increased stress, changes in youths’ routines, and greater uncertainty within the family system. There is evidence that the pandemic has led to changes in adolescent symptomatology, although heterogeneity in findings suggests that other factors...

With the continuous progress of science and technology and the improvement of social productivity, mobile robots have been widely used in military, medical, logistics and other fields. High-precision mapping technology for complex indoor environments has become one of the focuses of scholars' attention and research hotspots. Traditional single sens...

This study proposes an innovative indoor localization algorithm based on the base station identification and improved black kite algorithm–backpropagation (IBKA-BP) integration to address the problem of low positioning accuracy in agricultural robots operating in agricultural greenhouses and breeding farms, where the Global Navigation Satellite Sys...

The dynamic nature of tides poses significant challenges for coastal management and navigation, particularly in regions with high maritime activity. This study focuses on the design and implementation of an IoT-based real-time tide monitoring system, used in a case study at Kenjeran Beach, Surabaya. The methodology involved three main phases: syste...

The research on fast and accurate fault location technology in distribution networks is of great significance. Currently, many methods for fault location in distribution networks have been proposed, but most theories are difficult to solve the problem of fault location in multi branch distribution networks. Therefore, this paper analyzed the charac...

Background: Eliminating the need for a preoperative spine CT scan prior to spine surgery offers significant financial advantages, reduced radiation exposure, and a more streamlined workflow. This can be achieved by converting a standard-protocol MRI scan into a synthetic CT (sCT), which provides a precise representation of bone structures. The sCT...

Traditional spacecraft orbit determination primarily employs two methodologies: ground station/survey ship-based orbit determination and global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based orbit determination. The ground tracking measurement system, reliant on multiple tracking stations or ships, presents a less favorable efficiency-to-cost ratio. For...

This paper presents the development of an autonomous Solar Grass Cutter, incorporating both an ADXL accelerometer and ultrasonic sensors for enhanced navigation, safety, and efficiency. The system operates entirely on solar power, contributing to eco-friendly and sustainable lawn maintenance. The ADXL accelerometer is used for monitoring the mower'...

The development of underwater high-precision navigation technology is of great significance for the application of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Traditional long baseline (LBL) positioning systems require pre-deployment and the calibration of multiple beacons, which consumes valuable time and manpower. In contrast, the range-only single-be...

Purpose To investigate the effects of early functional training within a 12-week rehabilitation program on walking distance and lumbar multifidus atrophy following lumbar fusion surgery. Methods A total of 52 patients who underwent lumbar fusion surgery were randomly assigned to either the early functional training group (n = 26) or the routine re...

Inductive dynamic wireless power transfer (WPT) for moving objects, such as automated guided vehicles (AGVs), has become of special interest. For efficient and leakage-flux-reduced WPT for an AGV, only one transmitting coil (or a small array of transmitting coils) should be energized simultaneously; therefore, the position of the receiving coil sho...

Indoor positioning systems (IPS) can be used to measure mobility at home, which is an important indicator for health and wellbeing. In this work, we designed and developed a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) based IPS that identifies individual users; does not require floorplans; and allows the end-users to perform on-site install/setup. Additionally, a d...

In the paper we suggest an algorithm of fuzzy clustering with uninorm‐based distance measure. The algorithm follows a general scheme of fuzzy c‐means (FCM) clustering, but in contrast to the existing algorithm it implements logical distance between data instances. The centers of the clusters calculated by the algorithm are less deviated and are con...

As a phenomenon of illegal occupation of power resources, power stealing has seriously damaged the fairness and normal order of the power market. In sensitive areas, that is, areas with large electricity consumption, complex lines and frequent power stealing, the detection rate of power stealing is low. Therefore, this paper studies the detection m...

Dark energy, the enigmatic force driving the accelerated cosmic expansion of the universe, is conventionally described as a cosmological constant in the standard ΛCDM model. However, measurements from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) reports a >2.5σ preference for dynamical dark energy, with baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data fav...

Effective decision-making in complex environments often requires handling fuzzy data withinterdependencies. The generalized Heronian mean and geometric Heronian mean operators haveproven useful for such analysis. However, existing methods struggle to capture correlations amongpq-quasi rung orthopair fuzzy (pqQROF) numbers. This study addresses this...

During the tracking process of the robot car, interference from ambient light and uneven reflection of road light may cause the controller to issue incorrect commands. The existing car drive circuit has low efficiency, and there is a truncation error in the measurement of wheel speed.To address these issues, this article designs a modulation and de...

In Advanced Distance Measures Between Density Matrices in Quantum Information Theory: Exploring Quantum State Distinguishability, co-authored with Toyeeb Abubakar and supervised by Prof. Joan Simon Soler, I examine how trace distance and fidelity serve as powerful tools for distinguishing quantum states. These measures are essential in quantum info...

Real-world challenges in e-commerce strategy selection and IT supplier evaluation are inherently complex due to uncertainty and incomplete information, necessitating a multi-faceted approach for effective decision-making. Traditional single methods often fail to address these complexities adequately. To overcome this limitation, this research intro...

A bstract Utilizing quantum information theory, it has been shown that irreversible entropy production is bounded from both below and above in physical processes. Both these bounds are positive and generalize the Clausius inequality. Such bounds are, however, obtained from distance measures in the space of states, which are hard to define and compu...

Utilizing Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) data and existing RR Lyrae stars (RRLs) catalogs, this study achieves the first calibration of the P − ϕ 31 − R 21 − [Fe/H] and P − ϕ 31 − A 2 − A 1 − [Fe/H] relations in the ZTF photometric system for RRab and RRc stars. We also recalibrate the period–absolute magnitude–metallicity (PMZ) and period–Wesenhe...

Background The severity of acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation is evaluated through bilateral anterior-posterior radiographs of the AC joint. AC joint dislocations are graded based on the classification system of Rockwood, which is the foundation for further decision-making regarding therapy regimen. Purpose/Hypothesis The purpose of this stu...

In this presentation, we investigated advanced mathematical techniques for distinguishing between quantum states, focusing specifically on distance measures between density matrices; a central object in quantum information theory. This work is fundamental to many aspects of quantum computing, including quantum error correction, quantum error correc...

This paper demonstrates that automated segmentation of consumers based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is feasible using relatively simple text classification methods. By analyzing 290 Swiss German consumer interviews across seven industries, we apply computational linguistics to identify and segment consumers according to their motivational pro...

We study the relative-error property testing model for Boolean functions that was recently introduced in the work of Chen et al. (SODA 2025). In relative-error testing, the testing algorithm gets uniform random satisfying assignments as well as black-box queries to $f$, and it must accept $f$ with high probability whenever $f$ has the property that...

Pulse-dipolar electron paramagnetic resonance (PD-EPR) has emerged as an effective tool in structural biology, enabling distance measurements between spin labels attached to biomolecules. The sensitivity and the accessible distance range of these measurements are governed by the phase memory time (Tm) of the spin labels. Understanding the decoheren...

The satellite populations of Milky Way--mass systems have been extensively studied, significantly advancing our understanding of galaxy formation and dark matter physics. In contrast, the satellites of lower-mass dwarf galaxies remain largely unexplored, despite hierarchical structure formation predicting that dwarf galaxies should host their own s...

This paper explores the intersection of DIY making cultures and ethnographic research in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The global crisis profoundly disrupted my doctoral research, originally focused on prototyping alternative futures through urban living labs. Confronted with lockdown restrictions and social distancing measures, my research...

Vector similarity measures play a fundamental role in various fields, including machine learning, natural language processing, information retrieval, and data mining. These measures quantify the closeness between two vectors in a high-dimensional space and are vital for tasks such as document similarity, recommendation systems, and clustering. Whil...

Domain adaptive object detection aims to transfer an object detection model trained on a source domain to a target domain without annotated data. The typical work in recent years has performed pixel-level adaptation based on graphs by completing domain mismatch semantics. They alleviated the problem of decreased performance of object detection mode...

A distance measuring device (DME) is a navigation beacon, usually in conjunction with a VOR, that enables aircraft to measure their position relative to that beacon. The aircraft transmits a signal, which is transmitted after a fixed delay by the ground-based DME.

The purpose of this paper is twofold. On a technical side, we propose an extension of the Hausdorff distance from metric spaces to spaces equipped with asymmetric distance measures. Specifically, we focus on the family of Bregman divergences, which includes the popular Kullback--Leibler divergence (also known as relative entropy). As a proof of con...

Multi-objective optimization is a cornerstone of modern engineering and management, tackling challenges in complex system design, resource allocation, and financial portfolio optimization. Effective multi-objective optimization algorithms must strike a balance between convergence and diversity, a process that inherently reflects the symmetry in obj...

Plot design is one of the key elements that must be defined in forest inventories. This is particularly challenging in large-scale inventories, as both forest variability and measurement uncertainty generally increase with scale. Nonetheless, plot design is usually based exclusively on targeting (i) an average minimum number of trees to reduce the...