Science topics: Dissent and Disputes
Science topic

Dissent and Disputes - Science topic

Dissent and Disputes are differences of opinion or disagreements that may arise, for example, between health professionals and patients or their families, or against a political regime.
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What are the alternative options for settling disagreements about oil and gas investments?
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There are several viable alternatives to litigation for resolving petroleum investment disputes. These methods are often preferred due to their efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ability to preserve business relationships. Here are some common alternatives:
  1. Arbitration: A formal process where a neutral third party, known as an arbitrator, makes a binding decision on the dispute. Arbitration is often faster and more flexible than litigation.
  2. Mediation: A voluntary process where a neutral mediator helps the parties reach a mutually acceptable resolution. Mediation is non-binding and focuses on finding a compromise.
  3. Conciliation: Similar to mediation, the conciliator may be more active in proposing solutions and guiding the parties toward a settlement.
  4. Negotiation: This method involves direct discussions between the parties involved to settle without the involvement of third parties. It is informal and allows for creative solutions.
  5. Expert Determination: An independent expert in the relevant field is appointed to determine specific technical issues. This method is particularly useful for disputes involving complex technical matters.
  6. Dispute Review Boards (DRBs): A panel of experts that provides non-binding recommendations or decisions on disputes arising during project implementation.
These alternatives can provide more efficient and amicable resolutions compared to traditional litigation.
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What is the nature of a sale involving disputed rights?
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First of all avoid buying disputed rights property of any type specially when matter is subjudice
here are some points explaining sale of disputed rights properties (it means immovable assets, financial instruments and others)
Sale of Disputed Rights: Key Points
Definition: A sale where the seller transfers rights or property under dispute or litigation to a buyer.
Risk Assumption: The buyer takes on the risk of the dispute’s outcome; success or failure impacts their ownership or benefits.
Legal Validity: Generally valid under laws like the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (India), provided it does not involve inalienable rights or statutory prohibitions.
Caveat Emptor: The buyer is expected to perform due diligence and accept the risks involved.
Disclosure: The seller must inform the buyer of existing disputes to avoid claims of fraud or misrepresentation.
Discounted Price: The sale price usually reflects the uncertainty and potential risk associated with the dispute.
Legal Documentation: Clear agreements outline the nature of the dispute and risk transfer to the buyer.
Prohibited Practices: Avoidance of maintenance (lawsuit support for profit) or champerty (sharing lawsuit proceeds) is necessary to ensure fairness.
Example of a Sale Involving Disputed Rights:
Scenario:
A seller owns a piece of agricultural land that is under litigation due to a boundary dispute with a neighboring landowner. The court case has been ongoing for several years, and the final decision is pending.
Transaction:
The seller offers to sell the land to a buyer at a discounted price, clearly informing them of the ongoing dispute. The sale agreement explicitly states:
Details of the litigation.
Acknowledgment by the buyer of the dispute and assumption of risk.
No liability on the seller if the court rules against the seller’s claim to the land.
Outcome:
If the court rules in favor of the seller, the buyer retains undisputed ownership and benefits from the lower purchase price.
If the court rules against the seller, the buyer loses the disputed portion of the land but cannot claim compensation from the seller.
This example highlights the importance of disclosure, risk assumption, and clear documentation in disputed rights transactions.
In case you have specific query about any transaction do write and we can explore its outcome
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I am looking for a quotation of the tale described below. I know it appeared at the beginning of an article or text on paraconsistent logic but I can't find that source nor any other authoritative source.
Two disputants come to a rabbi for a resolution. After hearing the first case, the rabbi says, “You are right.” When he hears the antagonist’s response, he says, “You are also right.” An observer says, “Rabbi, you said person A and person B are both right; they can't both be right!” The rabbi responds, “you are also right!”
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In the Talmud, it is written that, “These and those are the words of the living God.” This indicates that often in our disputes, both sides may possess elements of truth that are valid within their respective frameworks. The rabbi, in acknowledging both disputants, demonstrates the multifaceted nature of reality; what is true for one may not fully encompass the truth for the other.
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Simon-Shoshan, Moshe. ""These and Those are the Words of the Living God, but …": Meaning, Background, and Reception of an Early Rabbinic Teaching." AJS Review: The Journal of the Association for Jewish Studies, vol. 45 no. 2, 2021, p. 382-410. Project MUSE, https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ajs.2021.a845274.
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In the early days of the Talmud (hundreds of years before the oral teachings were even written down), the two major opposing viewpoints in Judaism were known as Beit Hillel and Beit Shammai, named for their respective founders. In the Talmud (Eruvin 13b), we read that:
For three years Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel disagreed. One party said: The law is according to our opinion, and the other party said: The law is according to our opinion. Ultimately, a Divine Voice emerged and proclaimed:
ֵאלּוּ ָוֵאלּוּ ִדּ ְבֵרי ֱא ִ˄הים ַחִיּים
“Both these and those are the words of the living God.”
Eilu v’eilu divrei Elohim chayim. These words are famous among Jews who study even a little Talmud. Two opinions can be in opposition and still be words of God. The Divine Voice continued:
However, the law is in accordance with the opinion of Beit Hillel… for they would teach both their own statements and the statements of Beit Shammai, and they even placed the statements of Beit Shammai before their own.
Even though two opinions can both be righteous, at the end of the day a matter of law must be settled. According to the Talmud, the obligation on the successful party is to understand and give serious consideration to the opinion of the minority party. The Jewish view of history is not a series of winners and losers, but of opposing viewpoints arriving at a point of coexistence, preferably through peaceful means and mutual respect.
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Why Patent Filing is Essential Before Public Disclosure, Commercialization, or Publication of Your Invention
  1. Protects Intellectual Property: Filing for a patent establishes legal protection for your invention. It grants you exclusive rights to make, use, sell, or license the invention, preventing others from exploiting it without your permission.
  2. Prevents Loss of Patent Rights: Public disclosure of your invention before filing can lead to a loss of patent rights. In many jurisdictions, once an invention is publicly disclosed or published, it can no longer be patented, as the novelty requirement is compromised.
  3. Secures Commercial Advantage: Early patent filing provides a competitive edge by securing your invention's intellectual property before it is commercialized. It helps in attracting investors and partners, as it demonstrates a commitment to protecting valuable innovations.
  4. Avoids Legal Disputes: Filing a patent before public disclosure minimizes the risk of legal disputes over patent rights. It establishes a clear record of your claim to the invention, which is crucial if other parties attempt to patent similar ideas or technologies.
  5. Enhances Negotiation Power: Having a patent filed or granted strengthens your position in negotiations with potential licensees, collaborators, or buyers. It can enhance the value of your invention and provide leverage in discussions about commercialization.
  6. Provides Legal Recourse: A patent grants you the legal right to enforce your invention's protection. Without a filed patent, you may have limited recourse in the event of infringement, making it harder to defend your intellectual property.
  7. Supports Strategic Planning: Filing a patent before public disclosure allows for strategic planning around the invention's commercialization and marketing. It ensures that your intellectual property strategy is aligned with your business goals and market strategy.
In summary, filing for a patent before disclosing, commercializing, or publishing your invention is crucial for protecting your intellectual property, maintaining competitive advantage, and ensuring legal recourse in the event of disputes.
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These are all good reasons for filing an application before publicly disclosing an invention and I commend the author.
However, use of the word "essential" and "crucial" may suggest to some that strong patent protection cannot be obtained if the invention is published before an application is filed. This is not necessarily the case.
In the USA and several other industrialized countries, "grace periods" allow an inventor (Inventor A) to file an application within 6 to 12 months after disclosing the invention publicly. As long as a competing inventor (Inventor B) does not independently conceive the same invention and file an application for it before Inventor A files an application, Inventor A can obtain undiminished patent rights, including the advantages outlined by Mr. Singha.
Nevertheless, patent protection around the globe is based on first-to-file patent systems. Therefore, by all means, inventors should not delay filing once they have fully conceived an invention and decided it is worthy of patent protection. In the USA, provisional patent applications are a good and cost-effective way to preserve rights at the earliest stages of invention development.
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The field of addiction studies, and more broadly, explanatory models in psychopathology, has been at the center of intense controversies in recent years. I would summarize one of the main situations as follows: proponents of a brain-centered approach struggle to integrate their constructs with those modeling the links between mental content and behavior, largely due to reasons described by phenomenologists (see the exchanges between Ricoeur and Changeux for a discussion, though it remains unresolved). For those advocating for models that attempt to articulate behavioral expression and mental content, the task becomes particularly challenging when it comes to conceptualizing deviations in brain functions in a way that could influence mental content and related behaviors.
What concerns me is that these disputes are becoming ideological, touching on feelings of belonging and professional identity, and often do not unfold peacefully. The situation is all the more worrying because the field of addiction studies suffers from a recurrent problem: There isn't enough clinical substance in these debates = there are not enough experienced clinicians and patients included in the theoretical and methodological development phases of the researchers. By experienced clinicians, I primarily refer to those who have faced the theoretical models taught in psychotherapy, recognized their limitations without becoming disheartened or disengaged, and remained flexible and compassionate professionals. I have met such people in my life—not thousands, but they exist! They have well-mastered psychotherapeutic training, sometimes more than one, but their thinking system is neither rigid nor overly defensive—they make wonderful interlocutors for researchers. Their professional memory is full of well-treated clinical cases whose inspirational value for researchers is considerable. And are there researchers open to interdisciplinary dialogue? They exist as well, even if the frustration with psychopathological models that struggle to provide tangible clinical results makes them somewhat defensive.
Honestly, I wonder what could facilitate a useful interdisciplinary discussion—not just a superficial conversation where viewpoints are politely expressed but without real concrete evolution, but a framework that reduces the risks to each person's ego and fosters the emergence of new ideas, all for the benefit of those with psychopathological difficulties. One approach could be to invite practitioners and researchers to share the questions that remain unanswered in their respective fields—focusing on what they don't know rather than what they do. The exchange would not initially be about sharing established knowledge but rather about discussing the thorny yet central questions. I am referring to the excellent article (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32231315/) written by leading neuroscientists, particularly Box 4, titled "Outstanding questions." In my view, this is a remarkable example of humility and intellectual honesty. Solutions do exist to initiate a genuine dialogue and demonstrate our ability to overcome divisions and conflicts.
In short, I am concerned about ideological stances that give ideas disproportionate weight compared to the data collected. For my part, the time is ripe for reflection, for taking the necessary step back to reconsider clinical and experimental matters we thought were settled—questions of diagnosis, treatment effectiveness, processes of change, and investigation methods. In sum, ideas that we thought were firmly established are being deconstructed, and now is a prime moment to think outside the box. What do you think?
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My impression is that things were even were worse ten or twenty years ago. You probably need a lot of wisdom, courage and experience to dare exploring beyond your comfort zone. But as brain and mind keep being the most complex matters in the known universe, we should not stop trying to progress using different perspectives.
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This study delves into the transformative potential of repentance and restoration in conflict resolution within organizations. By prioritizing these concepts, it aims to foster sustainable peace by incorporating empathy, compassion, and reconciliation into procedures. Through case studies and theoretical frameworks, it highlights how embracing these principles can lead to deeper resolutions of underlying tensions and grievances. Ultimately, it advocates for a paradigm shift towards recognizing the power of repentance and restoration to promote healing, rebuild trust, and achieve lasting harmony.
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Organizations can prioritize repentance and restoration in conflict resolution by acknowledging past wrongs, promoting empathy, encouraging dialogue, facilitating restorative actions, offering forgiveness, establishing clear processes, providing training, and committing to long-term solutions for sustainable peace and lasting harmony.
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The way in which the contractual dispute was formed was that the fixed obligations of one party made it an economic force of the contract that could not be resisted, while the immutability of these obligations made the other party something rigid. This constitutes “a fundamental loophole in the contract, to prevent the fragmentation of the contract’s economy.”
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Entering into a contract should be through mutual agreement of the parties.At no point should a person unduly influence another into an engagement. It would therefore suffice that consent is sought. Such contracts should be treated as repudiated.
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How are the wto dispute settlement bodies work in line with recent pronouncement in antidumping
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The Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) plays an important role in dealing with anti-dumping issues, and the DSB, with the participation of all members, is specifically responsible for trade frictions and dispute settlement among member countries. In dealing with anti-dumping issues, the DSB makes rulings in accordance with the rules of the World Trade Organization, aiming to protect the fairness and order of international trade.
Specifically, the workflow of the DSB includes the following steps:
1. Receiving Complaints: When a member country believes that its trade interests have been harmed, it can file a complaint with the DSB. Complaints must comply with the rules and procedural requirements of the World Trade Organization. 2.
2. Establishment of a Panel of Experts: The DSB will form a panel of experts to investigate and evaluate the complaint. The Panel of Experts is usually composed of experts from different member countries with relevant expertise and experience.
3. Investigation and assessment: The Panel of Experts will investigate the complaint, collect relevant evidence, and assess whether there is dumping behavior and the damage caused by dumping to the complaining country. The Panel will write a report based on the results of the investigation and put forward corresponding recommendations and measures.
4. Dispute Settlement: The DSB will consider the report of the Panel of Experts and make a final decision. If DSB decides that there is dumping behavior, member countries can take corresponding measures to protect their trade interests, such as levying anti-dumping duties.
5. Supervision of implementation: The DSB will supervise the implementation of the ruling to ensure that the relevant measures are effectively implemented. If a member country is found to have failed to comply with the ruling, the DSB can take appropriate action.
The DSB is closely related to the interests of member countries in dealing with anti-dumping issues, so all parties attach great importance to the authority and impartiality of the dispute settlement body. At the same time, the DSB will continue to improve its working mechanism and enhance the efficiency of dispute settlement, so as to provide a strong guarantee for the fairness and order of international trade.
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How could politicians and scientists better work together to address issues in our world? For example, can Researchgate provide opportunities for politicians to get involved in some sort of discussion forum for a specific issue to exchange information and ideas between researchers and politicians?
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Many thanks,
Lemma Lessa
for your points and contributions to this discussion!
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Would anti-theism decrease if the result of religious beliefs was negative utilitarianism? How? Why?
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@ Alexander this is rather a subjective topic but yes in theory it will because it tell about rules and conformity based on norms and values but all depends on what the questions are and how you will want to prove your prediction about negative religious actions and anti- theism noting that religious belief differs and how it is practiced differ in the society you want to conduct your study
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How does the improbability of literal eternal damnation dispute notions of a Faustian Bargain? Why? How?
Most parsimoniously the afterlife is a Christian Universalist Heaven thus resulting in inevitable eternal salvation for every possible being. Thus notions of a Faustian Bargain, that temporary gratification is accepted at the price of eternal damnation, are a moot point.
My Sources:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Faustian bargain". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Nov. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Faustian-bargain. Accessed 10 December 2023.
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I think the presumptions inherent within the question are questionable. The concept of 'literal eternal damnation' (and that itself comes laden with baggage) is only 'improbable' if we take a neutral/lenient view of human wickedness, or denature the doctrine of God's justice. The question also becomes unworkable if a materialist view of reality is adopted, the kind of perspective that would be inherent to the 'Faustian bargain'.
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In a team full of disputes, you have to use the Disney strategy to create 10 commandments/rules, on how to behave in order to reduce the disputes.
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1. Seek first to understand before seeking to be understood. Listen empathetically and clarify others' perspectives without judgment before reacting.
2. Find common ground. Focus on shared interests, goals, and concerns to build cooperation starting from points of agreement.
3. Reinforce our shared vision. Remain anchored to our team's collective purpose and aspirations that unite us.
4. Assume good intentions. Approach conflicts believing others have valid reasons behind their positions.
5. Discuss issues respectfully. Critique ideas without criticizing people. Maintain dignity.
6. Attack problems, not people. Direct frustrations at challenges, not teammates. Refrain from blame or accusations.
7. Stay solution-oriented. Spend less time reiterating what's wrong; spend more time brainstorming what can be improved.
8. Invent new options together. Combine insights to generate creative solutions meeting everyone's central needs.
9. Use positive language. Emphasize who can do what, not who can't do what to move forward.
10. When disagreements persist, seek third-party help focused on understanding interests. Work through hard issues with support aimed at collaborative resolution.
The principles emphasize empathy, respect, creativity, shared purpose, positive communication, and upholding one another's humanity above all else. Focus on these, and many disputes become resolvable through good faith collaboration.
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Compliance with time limits in international investment disputes is crucial for several reasons:
  1. Legal Requirement: International investment agreements often specify specific time frames for initiating arbitration or court proceedings. These time limits are legally binding, and failure to adhere to them can result in the dismissal of the case.
  2. Preservation of Evidence: Timely proceedings help preserve evidence and witness testimonies, which can deteriorate over time. Delaying may lead to the loss of critical evidence.
  3. Efficient Resolution: Adherence to time limits promotes the efficient resolution of disputes, reducing the duration and cost of proceedings for both parties.
  4. Avoiding Legal Challenges: Non-compliance with time limits can expose the case to legal challenges from the opposing party, potentially further prolonging the resolution process.
  5. Maintaining Legal Rights: Strict adherence to time limits ensures that parties maintain their legal rights and can pursue their claims without the risk of those rights expiring.
In summary, strict observance of time limits is essential for the orderly and fair resolution of international investment disputes, ensuring that both parties have a clear, predictable, and efficient path to resolving their differences.
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ok so The duration of arbitration, as well as its cost, is an important factor that claimants take into account when determining whether to initiate arbitration proceedings in the first place, and respondents take into account when determining whether the matter should be resolved through negotiations. The common benefits of arbitration are assumed to be shorter duration of arbitration proceedings when compared to litigation. Arbitration, at least in theory, is supposed to be a faster and more effective dispute resolution mechanism. This is, unfortunately, not always the case as the duration of the arbitration (ie, the time from the commencement of the arbitration until the submission of the final award) depends on a number of different factors and each particular case.
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Reflecting
In Australia, public sector clients engaging in project alliance needs to move beyond the key features of risk/opportunity sharing, no-blame culture, commitment to no disputes, open book documentation, and good faith and to step into a new era of project delivery endorsed by new project management technologies and processes that allows project’s practitioners truthfully to collaborate.
Your opinion?
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Agreed.
The integration of new technologies and project management tools. When coupling this project management technologies such as BIM with Lean construction management principles, there is the potential to improve the productivity, efficiency, collaboration, and outcomes of construction management projects. Although Lean Construction and BIM are approaches with quite different initiatives, both could have a profound impact on the industry.
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International investor-state arbitration (IAI) and administrative contracts raise complex and interesting questions in the field of international law and administrative law.
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Baltasar Cevc exactly, the applicable law and the competent jurisdiction depend on the will of the parties, like the arbitration clause.
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What are the most important pillars of negotiation between Saudi Arabia and Iran? What is the position of the international powers towards them? To what extent will these negotiations succeed in settling regional disputes?
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The negotiation between Saudi Arabia and Iran is going to be a complex and sensitive issue with numerous factors at play.
The most important factors of negotiation between Saudi Arabia and Iran typically revolve around the following key areas:
1. Regional Stability
2. Security Concerns
3. Energy Policies, and
4. Sectarian and Ideological Differences
Regarding the position of international powers, it varies depending on their own geopolitical interests and alliances with regional countries. International powers such as United States Russia, European Union, and other regional powers can influence these negotiations in different ways.
I believe it is challenging to predict with certainty the future of these negotiations for regional stability because deep-rooted rivalries, geopolitical complexities, and divergent interests will be a hurdle in achieving comprehensive and long-lasting results.
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I am using the XceptionNet model
How do we explain this?
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Adding noise to the images can be considered as a form of data augmentation. It can help the model generalize better by introducing more variability into the training data, making it more robust to variations in the input images. This also reduces the risk of overfitting the model to your training data.
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After a dispute with any person
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It is possible to measure these variables by creating a questionnaire
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Hi,
For my PhD, I am researching disagreement and dissent and how English native speakers express them.
Which grammatical structures do they use most?
How direct or indirect are they in expressing their disagreement/dissent?
Which pragmatic strategies do they adopt?
If you are a native English speaker and think you can help me, I would ask you to complete a short online questionnaire, where the answers must be given orally:
Thank you very much for any contribution you can make.
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Yes, I consider the difference in the kind of English native speakers.
I appreciate your interest.
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Hi,
For my PhD, I am researching disagreement and dissent and how English native speakers express them.
Which grammatical structures do they use most?
How direct or indirect are they in expressing their disagreement/dissent?
Which pragmatic strategies do they adopt?
If you are a native English speaker and think you can help me, I would ask you to complete a short online questionnaire, where the answers must be given orally:
Thank you very much for any contribution you can make.
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They respond this way: no, I don’t like it.
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Can you recommend an updated book or scholarly articles on the WTO's Dispute Settlement Body's jurisprudence in relation to GATT Article XX, in particular subsection (a) on public morals, (b) human, animal or plant life; and (g) conservation of exhaustible natural resources.
Thank you!
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First, interpret the actual WTO articles first, which will always be up to date. Then find appropriate articles on Google Scholar, etc. Books are never 'updated' btw and are out of date even on the day of publication :)
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A protest is organized and launched by few dissenters on a particular point of content with the government.
When there is no consensus reached or solutions is finalized, the dissenters often subject to organize protests and spread their ideas to gather more support.
The protest events often get media attention and this informs unaware people to get informed about the issues raised by the protestors.
Police with their training and special equipment, "hunts" to arrest and make protestors "evade" while protestors use social media (calling among deers) to evade capture.
Model in the following link.
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How could I participate in this conference?? I am the biggner will you please help me?
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Good Day!
I was thinking about Is the dispute between universalism and cultural relativism is a rational dispute or not? What's your Opinion and Recommended Research Paper related to this issue?
Highly Appreciated
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Dear Dr.@Hicham Lahlou
Sorry for my late reply.
Thank you very much for the detailed answer and for the attached resources, I will enjoy reading it. Hope to discuss them with you later.
Highly appreciated
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Andrew Neil, a TV presenter here in UK has just used a word, ultracrepidarianism, the roots of which are attributed to Pliny the Elder.
ne supra crepidam sutor judicare ‘let the cobbler not judge above the sandal’
The current Covid-19 pandemic has given rise to ultracrepidarianism on a colossal scale, particularly here on RG.
Ultracrepidarianism is the act of giving advice or opinions on subjects one has no knowledge or experience of.
This is all too common on RG and the cause of most of the disputes between academics and scientists who participate on the threads. What is it makes people so enthusiastic about formulating opinions on subjects they know little or nothing about?
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In my case as a Venezuelan internal displaced person with no job, what makes me an expert on the Venezuelan still ongoing crisis (despite I am a physicist) is the lack of real information on what is happening, the need to understand why many of us are very malnourished & we are dying in a country, where 20 years ago, sweet bananas & delicious mangoes were free to take almost in any square. Now there aren't even pigeons, buzzards, fat toads, and lizards in the squares, we ate them all :((
Best Regards.
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Hello everyone!
I was hoping to get some advice regarding recruitment tactics for sensitive populations. I have received ethical approval for recruitment via social media platforms. So far, I have used Reddit, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, and still struggling to get appropriate numbers for my target population. I would greatly appreciate any advice.
My study titled 'The Parenthood Trap: Conflict, Dispute & Sexual Control in Romantic Relationships', aims to target individuals specifically who have experienced Reproductive Coercion!.
Thank you!
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You may submit it in some facebook groups.
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  1. I have a different research-related question
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To resolve disputes between parties in an alternative way, a way which is far more economical and also it saves time, so the parties involved can reach an agreement which is convenient to both sides. The advantage in this case, is that the judicial system it is already overwhelmed with all legal cases, so one less case here, one less case there, proves to create concrete results for a short time for the parties which reach a final agreement. And it is legal also, so, it is a win-win situation.
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Diva gis platform does not include disputed boundaries. I need an official India's map.
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Janaki Sandamali I cannot use shapefile from DIVA-GIS as it excludes many parts of the country. Was looking if any website provides the authentic shapefile of India.
Also, digitization would be a problem for me. I am not aware of the boundaries of India. I am not native to India.
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Is it possible to get quantitative data related to tax disputes (excise, custom, other taxes) for firms in India.
Tax Dispute = tax payable as per the Return of Income of the Assessee - Tax liability as computed by the Assessing officer in the Assessment order passed
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You would probably need to check the websites of the Tax Department (i.e., the Internal Revenue service "IRS") of India.
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Thank you for showing your interest here. For research I recently purchased 3 different nano-particles online, but when I received the particles, they were tagged with name of some other material. On asking the supplier about the issue, they told us that the courier service has licence to deliver some specific material so they removed the actual tag and placed new tags. Since we are not satisfied with their response as they did not tell this to us at any point of delivery, so we have filed dispute with the supplier. Now we want to identify the particles so that we can use them in our research. We have performed the XRD test and have created the graphs in OriginPro. We could have done it ourselves but since we have never done it before so we require an expert to just confirm from the graphs that they are the actual particles we ordered so that we can use them in research. Later we will do the complete analysis ourselves, we request anyone to just confirm if we have received the correct particles or not so that we can take action on the order dispute. We will be really thankful if anyone can help us in this regard. Thank you so much for your time.
Regards,
Muhammad Muzammil Azad
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Muhammad Muzammil Azad In this video, I have discussed from scratch, how to plot XRD data in origin. I have covered all the required steps from machine data to a publishable graph. In the case you want to further ask about it, please do comment on the specific video, I'll respond to it shortly. I have provided the practice file(s) here. Thanks
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Water in India is in the State List and Union Government has the powers to constitute the Tribunals. Therefore, when a dispute emerges between two states it becomes difficult for the Union Government to persuade any state for the resolution of a dispute. The frequent occurrence and reoccurrence of these disputes may affect the unity of India.
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كنت اتمنى الاجابة ولكن ليست لديه ادنى فكرة
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Can we, scientists, especially biologists, medics and biotechnologists, have an unambiguous answer when human life begins? I think so, I also think that women have the right to decide about their body and pregnancy (here the child's father should also have something to say). Do we have the right to forcibly keep damaged fetuses in the womb when we know that under normal circumstances a natural miscarriage would occur? I don't think so, that we should not play a god. We should not create women hell to give birth to a deformed fetus that will either be stillborn or die shortly after birth ... What do you think? I am very curious about the opinions of both Polish scientists (i.e. from the country where, at now, a sharp dispute over abortion is currently underway) and foreign experts. Finally, I'd like to hear your private and scientific views. Czy my naukowcy, szczególnie biolodzy, medycy, biotechnolodzy możemy jednoznacznie odpowiedzieć kiedy zaczyna się życie ludzkie? Ja uważam że tak, uważam też że kobiety mają prawo decydować o swoim ciele i o ciąży (tu pewnie ojciec dziecka powinien mieć też coś do powiedzenia. Czy mamy prawo utrzymywać na siłę uszkodzone płody w łonie matki, skoro wiemy że w normalnych warunkach doszłoby do naturalnego poronienia? Ja uważam, że nie powinniśmy na siłę bawić się w boga. Nie powinniśmy kobietom fundować piekła porodu zdeformowanego płodu, który urodzi się martwy albo umrze wkrótce po porodzie... A wy co sądzicie? Jestem bardzo ciekaw opinii zarówno polskich naukowców (czyli z kraju gdzie właśnie toczy się ostry spór o aborcję) jak i zagranicznych ekspertów. Wreszcie chciałbym poznać wasze prywatne i naukowe opinie.
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The problem of the status of the human embryo is fundamental in the complex of problems associated with the artificial termination of pregnancy, as well as a number of ethical problems that have arisen in connection with the use of the latest biomedical technologies and based on manipulations with human embryos.
Whether to treat the embryo as “already a person” or as “not yet human” is a question to which there is no unambiguous answer at the level of public consciousness. The contradictory opinions are mainly due to the latest research by scientists in the field of embryology, microgenetics, neonatology, in the course of which new data were obtained on the features of human intrauterine development, including at its earliest stages.
A human being, developing, goes through a number of stages - from a fertilized egg to a person. From what moment does a human embryo become a person with the right to life? At what point does a human being become a moral subject? The answers to these questions vary depending on the historical and cultural setting and the level of development of biomedical sciences. The recognition of abortion as a morally permissible or unacceptable act depends on these answers. The embryo is not a human, which means that abortion is permissible and is a simple medical operation, the embryo is a human (potential human), therefore, abortion is a crime (murder).
According to the ancient oriental tradition, a person's age is counted from the moment of conception. For Western civilization, the opinion is characteristic that a person's life begins from the moment the child is physically separated from the mother's body, i.e. physical birth. For a long time, doctors associated the beginning of fetal life with the first "wiggle". In the Catholic Church since the late Middle Ages, thanks to the works of Thomas Aquinas, the Aristotelian concept of "animation" has been recognized, according to which a person's life begins from the moment the soul "settles" into the embryo (40 days after conception in men and 80 days in women) ...
In the field of modern sciences, investigating various aspects of the biological processes of the origin and development of human life, a large amount of data has been obtained that allow us to consider the problem of the status of the human embryo from new positions.
In the field of embryology, it is customary to distinguish between the concepts of "pre-embryo", "embryo" and "embryo". The term "pre-embryo" refers to the mass of undifferentiated cells that exist from the moment the unicellular zygote appears until the formation of the primary streak in the third week of pregnancy. Isolation in a special period of development of the first two weeks is fundamentally important, since it was the age of the embryo of 14 days that became the deadline for various manipulations with embryos for research purposes and in the process of applying modern reproductive technologies.
The stage of "pre-embryo" is considered by a number of representatives of Christian ethics as a process of human animation, which begins at the moment of fertilization and ends with the formation of a "primary strip" of cells of a new organism. From this it follows that only by the end of the second week after fertilization a new human life and a unique human soul appear, which means that during these two weeks everything can be done with the developing embryo: used for research and therapeutic purposes, abortion, etc. The representative of the Orthodox Church in America I. Breck writes that the recognition of the difference between the embryo and the pre-embryo “both in medicine and ethics will further mean that the pre-embryo is the carrier of potential, not real human life, and therefore, unlike an embryo, cannot count to the benefits in the form of rights and guarantees provided by society to a full-fledged human individual, or personality ”
.The natural-scientific or physiological position regarding the "beginning" of human life differs from the religious one in the fundamental absence of a single solution even in the space of modern culture. Different physiological approaches differ only in the preference for one or another system, with the beginning of the work of which the beginning of life is associated - heartbeat, pulmonary or brain activity. For example, at the beginning of the twentieth century, biology associated the beginning of human life with the 4th month of his intrauterine development, because "An embryo up to 6 weeks is the simplest tissue, up to 2.5 months is a mammal of a lower order, and it is from 4 months that the appearance of fetal brain tissue is recorded, which indicates the emergence of a reflectively perceiving being."
At the end of the 20th century, it was found that the electrophysiological activity of the brain stem is recorded in a 6-week-old fetus. A fetus at the age of 5-6 weeks feels pain, feels the approach of something dangerous for him and tries to move away from the instrument approaching him at the time of an artificial abortion, by the end of 7 weeks has a fully formed nervous system. At 9 weeks, the human embryo has a face, fingers, intracerebral activity and other indicators of vital activity as an independent organism. It is noteworthy that the disappearance of these brain impulses in a person is a modern legal basis for ascertaining his death. If we transfer the modern criterion of human death - “brain death” - to the level of the problem of determining the criterion for the beginning of life, then, keeping the logic, it is these 6 weeks - the beginning of the activity of the brain stem - that must be taken as the time of the beginning of life. But the fullness of brain activity is associated with consciousness and speech. And consciousness and language, as signs of personality, appear only in the 2nd year of a child's life. The recognition of this time of life as the moment of the beginning of human life is absurd and, therefore, generally casts doubt on the option associated with the "brain" criterion.
Another distinguished physiological boundary of the emergence of human life is the first heartbeat (4 weeks). At the same time, the formation of the pulmonary system (20 weeks) is fundamental for many, which indicates the emerging "viability" of the fetus, i.e. his ability to survive outside the mother's body.
Modern research in the field of microbiology, embryology and microgenetics makes it possible to introduce new criteria for the beginning of life of the human body. There are two main approaches to solving this fundamental issue.
According to the first, the individual itself - a unique and indivisible integrity - is formed within the 2nd week after conception, as a result of the complete loss of the ability of the parental cells to exist independently.
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Almost everything are sweet, pleasant; very few things may be salty, sour; extremely few may be bitter! Did you find something like that ever in RG?
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Dont bother about RG score - it is not a valid metric. However, those who publish in high impact journals, your score increases rapidly. But if you are unhappy with your scores, try contributing to questions and answers on RG, you will find your score increase substantially.
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Hi,
I recently cores a site in the Snowy Mountains in Australia and got AMS dating done on three depths (51, 61, 67 cm). 51 cm and 61 cm came out with what I would think of as normal ages, as in 757 +-16 for 51 cm and 591+-18 for 61 cm. However, the sample at 67 cm came back as 114.7 +- 0.3%, which I found means it has a percentage of modern carbon in it(not sure how to explain it exactly). When I looked this up it was suggested that I put it into the modern carbon function of Rbacon pMC.Age to get a 'real age'. Rbacon pumped out -1102 +- 21, then they packed up and called it a night, leaving me to wonder what exactly that number means. My guess is that I should subtract it from 1950, giving me the age 848. I've talked to others who said this is completely wrong and I have no room to dispute that. Could someone give me a definitive answer on what to do with this type of data?
Thanks!
Mark
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All metaphors are false. But, on restricting this discussion to natural sciences, we hope to use a particular metaphor to clarify important areas in physics and often in dispute by researchers -- also in other areas, including those not a natural science.
The metaphor is that, all one can do in natural sciences is to be a "customer service rep" for someone else's product -- nature.
For example, I did not invent it, and works for billions of years, without halting. I am just the front-end of nature's message, the customer service rep. One can always ask questions and consult the manual, the universe, in case of doubts.
Of course, natural scientists are much more. Some view that our task is to find in all the relative data from phenomena (which is all physics is limited to measure), the absolute, the universally valid, the invariant, that is hidden in them, as Max Planck said first.
But the metaphor above can be useful, especially in other areas, including those not a natural science.
Some "disgruntled customers" (DC), familiar to any well-intentioned customer service rep, remain disgruntled, even when explained that it is not a bug, such that the speed of light is constant to all inertial observers in vacuo, it is a feature of the universe. A feature, not a bug.
When a DC understands, the average DC does not say "thank you", it should be a selfless customer service, good for the soul.
There is also a tendency for a DC to all but hide in silence until all his false answers (in nature, which is the arbiter of falsehoods) are diluted. By RG, or hidden in life. Then, he likely goes back and says it is a new feature, the old bug, that he just invented, and is just "spreading around".
Or, a DC can also repeat a fallacious interpretation, say we never measured it otherwise but locally. Natural science can explain that the Earth moves, the Sun moves, across the galaxy, we launch transmitters beyond the Solar system, and we can see and measure electromagnetism, light, billions of years away, across many galaxies. Then, what is a DC to do?
The average DC understands, but there is always the probability that a DC will name another fallacious argument, ad infinitum if life would physically allow, to deny what could be simply explained, it is not a bug, the DC bug -- it is a supposed feature.
It is a good customer service of someone else's product, though, because there is, actually, no DC. The concept of a DC is a mirage, itself a bug.
Everyone counts, DC or not, in the school called life, and even non-cooperation clarifies, inspires selflessness, is cooperation. Everyone cooperates.
Cooperation is a collective effect, producing unexpected efects.
Even those who try their mortal hand and time in life to be contrarian, a DC, just like Humpty-Dumpty, using nursery rhymes as a scholarly principle, trying strategies to get points at RG, get into a cabal to dialogue and create hits in search.
All is a legitimate, defensible, good use of their limited time, in the school of life, even as if, so may seem to them, that there is no future to account for, to earn.
So, a good customer service should handle all cases, sometimes with silence -- The trust that all is fine, there is no disaster in the whole universe, no wars but progress, it is an open-ended universe in harmony with laws we ignore, but feel more and more in the few laws we already know, and find out.
Nature is in no danger by humans. Everything is already solved, we just have to find it.
To help, Nature has many good customer service reps, in what should be done as a selfless customer service, a good task for the soul. And anyone can always ask questions and consult the manual, the universe, in case of doubts.
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All: See
Deleted research item The research item mentioned here has been deleted
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For amicable settlement of civil dispute, in brief we say ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) alternatively for settlement of any criminal matter, can we say ACR (Alternative Conflict Resolution) or we will say ADR in Criminal justice system. Would you please give your valuable opinion.
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You are invited to review and use some of my free material I posted here on RG on mediation, negotiation and alternative dispute resolution (ADR)...
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The one thing that specifically caught my attention is the ill tradition of “Child Grooms” which has practically been ignored as it has failed miserably to find its rightful place in mainstream dissent as the most obvious reason being that “Child Marriages” have always been thought to be oppressive for “Child Brides” but it’s no less than a gospel truth that Child Marriages tend to be equally tragic for “Child Grooms” too. We cannot deny an accomplished fact that innocence of childhood cannot be classified into conventional binary divisions. The mental trauma suffered by a Child Groom is no less than that of a Child Bride, but it often gets overlooked or ignored under the established typical gender norms. It is indeed unfortunate to state that it is just not a rural malady, but there is no dearth of instances wherein it has been practiced in urban setups too. Marriages have always been the most respected, trusted, and accepted societal institution, but the questions that this practice and phenomena of Child Grooms put across a need of serious thinking and redefining it to better suit the modern societal outlook. It is indeed an overwhelming realization that my work attempts to research and represent it on such a scale and allows me with the liberty to widen its reach. Call it the paragon of paradoxes or facts laced with incredible ironies that we have reached the moon and back, but still, our children are doomed in pre-mature marriages.
I welcome you all to further elaborate your take on this issue. You can also share a few research articles with me on this topic as it will help me in strengthening my knowledge on this issue. This is my Ph.D. research topic.
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Abdelfattah Alkhawaja, Thank you very much for your suggestion.
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When I was a teenager , I used to witness a man and his wife fighting and tearing each other's clothes. They would beat each other mercilessly outside and rubbing each other's body with muddy water of the gutter. later , that very day, they would go to bathroom together which was outside, bathe and would sit outside on a mat drinking beer. they must of course sleep together that night. They used to do this many times without anybody settling their dispute and without considering divorce for once. It is now clear to my after my study of Romanticism and courtship relationship that they were just both romantically compatible partners.
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I am disturbed by the simplicity with which a fellow academic claims what women "love" on a website that is devoted to research. Serious studies in psychology and psychoanalysis have pointed out for many decades that LOVE is a complex attachment which is closely entangled with fear (fear of losing your income, your home, your children, public respect, etc). I am sure that there ares some people who thrive in a sadomasochistic relationship, but there must be as many sadomasochistic men as there are sadomasochistic women. But this would not lead anyone to conclude that men love to be in an abusive relationship.
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How should authorship be disputed ?
In several papers where the author is listed only as V. Desai, and ownership has been claimed by a V**** Desai who is known to NOT be the author, how should this be flagged ?
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Hi Mark,
RG tries to find the closest match. If someone claims it as theirs when invited - even if it is not - that is probably the end of the trail. I don't recall being asked - 'is this an author you recognise' - but then I have not personally come across this before.
Best,
Dean
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I actually have this question as an assignment and need to do a detailed job on it. Kindly share your ideas on this.
Thank you in expectation
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Read on Neocolonialism in Africa, it will answer your questions. The works by Claude AKE, Kwame Nkrumah, Walter Rodney, Eme Ekekwe, Austin Ekelegbe (of the Uniben), Ikena Nzimiro, Mark Anikpo, Gunder Frank, Immanuel Wallerstein, Vladmir Lenin etc, thoroughly investigates and expose colonialism and Neocolonialism.
Personally, African States are nothing but appendages of the (former) colonial capitalists of Europe and North America. The concept of the FAILED State in Africa, particularly Nigeria, should also come to your mind.
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What is your idea about next generation of AI?
Artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals. In computer science AI research is defined as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving".
The scope of AI is disputed: as machines become increasingly capable, tasks considered as requiring "intelligence" are often removed from the definition, a phenomenon known as the AI effect, leading to the quip in Tesler's Theorem, "AI is whatever hasn't been done yet." For instance, optical character recognition is frequently excluded from "artificial intelligence", having become a routine technology. Modern machine capabilities generally classified as AI include successfully understanding human speech, competing at the highest level in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go), autonomously operating cars, and intelligent routing in content delivery networks and military simulations.
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Next Generation Artificial Intelligence endeavors to rise above the structure and restrictions of current AI innovation to build a novel plan of science and innovation in regards to human and computerized reasoning. It will be really advantageous for people, driving future society, industry, economy, culture and research. It, will likewise propose and understand a dream or structure of things to come society and add to next Generation training of next pioneers.
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Some studies have claimed digitalisation can be the key towards ending issues of disputes on construction projects. What is your take on this, considering that dispute arises from diverse areas of construction project delivery and from different construction participants?
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Digitization can certainly partially solve some problems. In particular, the coordination of the parties involved is easier. Errors can be detected earlier and solved faster. But digitization will not be the silver bullet for all problems.
But it will certainly contribute to increasing efficiency and reducing costs. I am not the specialist in construction, but I know that a cost reduction of more than 10% (very conservative) is usually achieved in manufacturing industry projects. But it is not just the efficiency increase that has to be considered. If you also integrate the customer with your digitization project, you also have a competitive advantage.
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Variation Orders had an impact on overall project performance and the major adverse impact relates to time and cost overruns and disputes between the parties to the contract.
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Variation orders are a part and parcel of construction contracts. All standard forms of contracts have a mechanism to follow for variation orders. Construction projects are prone to changes as requirements may arise during the construction phase or due to some constraints some works have to be omitted, a construction project is rarely completed as per its original design. This requirement is recognized and as a result a power to vary is included in the Contract as a right of the Employer.
The Contractor needs to follow the mechanism mentioned in the Contract to avoid disputes, and can claim for any eot resulting from such a variation order.
It has to however be noted that variation orders cannot be limitless, although contract forms like FIDIC do have clauses which are very wide in their meaning.
However variation can be tricky in case of lump sum contracts where the Contractor needs to be careful while preparing his tender. Works which need to be completed to achieve completion and performance may not be regarded as variations, despite the fact that they have not been incorporated in the documents.
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I created a decision tree for the Federalist papers to determine the authors of the disputed articles and my tree is only producing 3 nodes.
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Hi Kelly
I couldn't get RWeka to work on my machine, so I used the R rpart classifier.
I set the seed for the random split into test and train, so that you can investigate how sensitive the accuracy is to how you split the data. I get 95% accuracy using the code below. It could be that I've introduced an error, or just got lucky with the data split. If you still get a weak classifier, example code for a boosted model is here:
##### packages
library(caret) # Confusion matrices
library(mlbench) # Data sets
library(rattle) # Fancy tree plot
library(rpart) # Popular decision tree algorithm
library(rpart.plot) # Enhanced tree plots
library(RColorBrewer) # Colour selection for fancy tree plot
library(grid)
library(partykit) # Alternative decision tree
##### Data
setwd("YOUR DIR")
papers1 <- read.csv("fedPapers85(1).csv")
no_disp1<-papers1[papers1$author!='dispt',]
no_disp1<-no_disp1[no_disp1$author!='Jay',]
no_disp1<-no_disp1[no_disp1$author!='HM',]
final <- no_disp1[complete.cases(no_disp1),]
#create subset with just disputes
disp1<-papers1[papers1$author=='dispt',]
#create random index to generate train and testing data
set.seed(6543) ## added by TWK
randl1<-sample(1:dim(final)[1])
# In order to split data, create a 2/3 cutpoint and round the number
cutpoint2_31 <- floor(2*dim(final)[1]/3)
#create train data and test data
trainData1 <- final[randl1[1:cutpoint2_31],]
testData1 <- final[randl1[(cutpoint2_31+1):dim(final)[1]],]
#remove filename column
trainData1<-trainData1[,-2]
testData1<-testData1[,-2]
##### Model
dt1= rpart(author~., data = trainData1)
## number of leaves
sum(dt1$frame$var=="<leaf>")
## number of nodes
nodes <- as.numeric(rownames(dt1$frame))
length(nodes)
## depth of tree
max(rpart:::tree.depth(nodes))
## plot the tree
fancyRpartPlot(dt1)
## make some predictions on the test data
rpart.ypred <- predict(dt1,testData1[,-1],type='class')
## Get confusion matrix
rpart.xtab <- table(rpart.ypred, testData1$author)
confusionMatrix(rpart.xtab)$table
## how accurate is the model?
mean(rpart.ypred == testData1$author)
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Thinking of ways to reduce corruption in the elections systems.
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Empirically, there are no democracies without voting; voting is evidently sine qua non for democracy.
But vote for leaders? Leaders are the cause of all the world’s troubles and tragedies. The only time we ever hear of a "good leader" is in a context of countering some "bad" (criminal) leader.
In a democracy the people vote for laws—for example in Switzerland. In Switzerland there are no leaders. The people vote for legislators and administrators but there is no leader at all. Switzerland is arguably the world’s best run country and it is one of the wealthiest per capita. And in terms of foreign policy, it has not had a war for 170 years.
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As we know in today's globalised world many democracies in all over the world are not functioning entirely on democratic principles. There are challenges to dissent, freedom, dignity, equality and justice, and corruption is rampant etc. In this scenario can we say that democracy remains democracy or it is simply in theoretical experience only. However, I would believe sometimes the experience in democracies becomes so unexpected which hurts those who believe in democratic ethos...need your comments.
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Dear Bariki, u r right in ur perception that democracy has to work according to aspirations of the people. At the same time it should not be a tool in the hands of chosen few who are destroying it becoz they use it for their own self interest whereas majourity lives in deprived conditions.
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Recent adjustments in some of the trade relations, such as the decisions of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union and the United States to renegotiate and re-evaluate their main trade agreements in force have caused concern about the possible escalation of barriers and disputes. commercial. The imposition of tariffs and trade barriers as well as disputes over certain products could be intensified if other countries respond with reprisals.
Do you think that an increasingly restrictive environment in terms of international trade could reduce the growth prospects in the medium term, due to the interdependence that exists between trade, investment and productivity growth?
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In my view the restrictive environment in trade relations would have a short term effect but in the medium and long term restrictions would be bypassed by those countries still willing to engage more in the globalized economy. The restricting nations would suffer the most.
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At present, the following disputes are attracting the attention of the media and analysts of international political conjuncture:
1 - The reintegration into the territory of the PRC or definitive independence of Taiwan, which Beijing calls the "rebel province of Taiwan";
2- Increased political tension involving Japan and PRC; and
3 - Economic disputes within the framework of the World Trade Organization, involving the USA and PRC.
4 - In addition to the above, it is noted that, at the present time, there are also no news of relevant tensions involving the PRC and the nations that in Asia hold nuclear artefacts, namely Russia, India, Pakistan and North Korea.
Chinese diplomacy is extremely skilful and calculating. Once the historical, geographical, social, political and economic aspects of the PRC are addressed, the time has come to know and analise the national interests of the PRC.
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World diplomacy is so complicated to be predicted.
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1. Is it appropriate and justifiable for any country to ignore the processes outlined by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the WTO and the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU)?
2. When will ignoring the WTO DSB and DSU be justifiable, if any?
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I share the views expressed here by other colleagues. Sometimes, some States try to “gain” time and they use the system as a strategy knowing that, in the end, the only thing they will have to do is to introduce legislation to make its rules WTO compatible but not to pay compensation for what they did In the first instance.