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For special funding ONLY to German-France partnerships, seeking researchers with interest in using ML in heart disease prevention. For joint proposal with a project to fund the computational resources, offices et.c.. Please contact here.
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I am an early carrier researcher from Nigeria looking for such partnership opportunities. I will be glad if given such opportunity to develop my carrier. Thank you
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Hello everyone,
I am currently exploring several options to give the collected data the greatest value possible.
I have demographic data on older people, where I perform various memory and mood tests. The previous hypotheses were the following:
  • Drawing out the difference between dementia and depression.
  • Identify if the digital tool is as effective as the classic one
  • Contributing to the data collected as a predictor of dementia
A few years ago, studies talked about the real possibility of predicting some years before, what your future mental health will be in terms of memory.
Do you think there is any way to provide value in that sense, with demographic data, clinical tests like MoCa, Yesavage, Lawton, MFE?
Here you are some of these studies.
Study of the brain through images:
  • Jagust, W. (2018). Images of the evolution and pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 19(11), 687–700. doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0067-3.
Analysis of biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid or blood:
  • Hampel, H., O'Bryant, S. E., Castrillo, J. I., Ritchie, C., Rojkova, K., Broich, K.,… Lista, S. (2018). PRECISION MEDICINE – The golden door for the detection, treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Prevention, 5(4), 243–259. doi:10.14283/jpad.2018.29.
Genetic studies:
  • Karch, C. M., and Goate, A. M. (2015). Alzheimer's disease risk genes and mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Biological Psychiatry, 77 (1), 43–51. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.05.006.
Cognitive evaluations and neuropsychological tests:
  • Amariglio, R. E., Becker, J. A., Carmasin, J., Wadsworth, L. P., Lorius, N., Sullivan, C.,… Sperling, R. A. (2012). Subjective cognitive complaints and amyloid burden in cognitively normal older people. Neuropsychology, 50(12), 2880–2886. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.08.011.
With python and with sk-learn is a best way to start?
Which features are the more relevants to add value to the prediction?
Thanks in advance,
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Thanks Adnan Majeed ,
There are important ethic considerations as you mention.
In our use case, the digitalized clinical tests, dementia and depression test, are administered. We use Alexa devices to pass these tests so that the information is digitized, obtaining the answer of the final score automatically.
Taking into account the data collected from our users, the features to clasify them will be:
  • Demographic Data
  • Behavior patterns
  • Their answer to the clinical test
  • Voice Data or voice patterns
  • Gesture patterns
My proposal is to compare the digitized test with the classic one to check the sensitivity and specificity. And compare these two terms with the ones I get when I add the Machine Learning layer. Probably the library I use is Scikit-learn.
Do you think I'm on the right path? Are there any important suggestions to keep in mind?
Thanks in advance,
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I need it badly.
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Please find related document attached
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Where is the Rat in Vaccine quality testing, search on 5th September 2016 with DG ICAR?
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Dear Bhoj R Singh thank you for this interesting technical question which has already been asked five years ago. Because of the coronavirus pandemic your questions has now got an entirely new meaning and importance. In this context please have a look at the following relevant links:
India coronavirus: Can it make enough vaccines to meet demand?
(Published April 16, 2021)
COVID-19 vaccine: Can India balance local and international demand?
(Published January 11, 2021)
How India plans to ensure safety and efficacy of Covid-19 vaccines
(Updated December 10, 2020)
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If Vancomycin only used for growth promotion ,how it is related to antimicrobials?
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I am agreed with dear Chinaza Godswill Awuchi 
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If I count the number of risk factors at baseline and then after how many days of lifestyle modification (e.g. Physical Excercise with gamification, smoking stopping aid, etc) what type of instrument should be used because I might get biased data, however, I can check the body fat percentage to validate.
How to ensure adherence to a lifestyle modification program, or in other words how to reduce attrition rates?
I want to do an RCT, not a pre-and post-survey. So in this case how can I blind my outcome assessor?
For a lifestyle modification intervention done in at the LMIC setting, I need a good quality evidence-based program. The mobile reminder doesn't seem to work in LMIC as stated in a systematic review.
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You need to use standardised instruments like for physical activity use IPAQ or if you have budget use pedometer better and use BMI and other body composition analyser like tanita or any other brands. Regarding the intervention period should be 12 weeks and more to see any effects
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I am looking for a recent validated self-reported questionnaire to diagnose periodontal disease in young adult.
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Considering how well different states have dealt with the pandemic, there seem to be two clear success stories and a number of open cases.
China seems to have brought the cumulative number of infections to essentially a standstill. The number of daily new cases is pretty low, the total number of cases hovers around 82000, of which 77000 patients have recovered already. (The rest are mostly dead.) One of the attached pdf files gives the case number as a function of time, together with an exponential fit to the first ten data points and a fit to the solution of a three-parameter logistic equation, suggesting that saturation has been reached. (Of course the fitting function is too simplistic, but it gives a decent approximation.) The time axis is in days, day 1 is 01/02/2020, hence day 30 is March 1st, day 61 April 1st. The axis of ordinates is the cumulative number of infections (active plus inactive). Since a constant level has essentially been reached, I have not continued the fit to the current date.
Another country that has succeeded in obtaining control over the spread of the disease is South Korea. Here the data cannot be fitted by a logistic function, but a slightly modified curve, allowing for a linear increase instead of a final plateau, does the job nicely (with four parameters). I attach the result as well. The fit is up to date until yesterday and I would say it is predictive on time scales of a week or even a month. (That is, I don't need to make a new fit with the data of the next few days and the curve will still produce a decent approximation.)
The time scale between take-off and plateau or switch-over to linear behaviour is about 25 days in the case of China and 20 days in the case of South Korea.
In Europe, the disease started spreading later, and no country so far has succeeded in attaining a plateau or weakly (linearly) increasing number of cumulative cases. As an example, I give Germany. We are at about day 25 to 30 after take-off, and the curve is still rising. The exponential curve was obtained by fitting to the 22 initial data points only (omitting days 0 to 29, where the number of cases was below 100), the intermediate curve is a stretched exponential fitted to the first 28 data points (the rationale being that the lockdown measures might lead to a distribution of exponentials with different growth rates first, the average of which would behave as a stretched exponential). The logistic curve is not yet predictive. It gives almost correct predictions for a day or two, then starts to underestimate growth and a new fit leads to a higher plateau. In the case of Italy, we have predictiveness over a longer period and in the case of Spain, the plateau even decreased in height in one case. All of this is suggestive that the lockdown measures seem to work and we may have a plateau on a time scale of two months instead of one. The US is not faring any better than Europe, in fact their success in diminishing the exponential growth rate seems worse than that in countries such as Italy or Spain (which have been hit most heavily in Europe).
The question is what to do once the plateau has been reached? To keep the lockdown much longer than two or three months would be disastrous for the economy, and we are of course still far from herd immunity at the plateau.
First, it may be useful to consider by what strategies China and South Korea were more successful than Europe. Clearly, the numbers from China have to be taken with caution. They report about 3300 deaths, but I have read rumours that the actual numbers might rather be in the tens of thousands. Also their total number of once-infected persons may be way too small due to counting tricks. (It might well be 300000 rather than 82000.) Nevertheless, there seems to be agreement that they have essentially stopped the disease for now. We probably cannot copy their methods, as China is a dictatorship and they may use brutal measures for enforcing a lockdown. (You could probably be killed by the police, if you disobey the lockdown rules.)
With South Korea, the situation is different. While they did not manage to completely stop the case count, they could drastically reduce its growth rate. And we know how they did it. In principle, we could copy their approach; it does not go beyond the power of authority of a democracy. And it works without a complete lockdown.
In fact, on 19 March, I sent an e-mail to our chancelor (Angela Merkel), discussing how the South Korean approach works, in principle, and that in copying it, Germany should be able to keep its case count similarly low. South Korea had about 9000 cases then and has about 10000 now. Germany had about 15000 cases then and has more than 95000 now. South Korea's population is 51 million, Germany's 82 million, so if Germany had done as well as South Korea, they should have brought growth to a slow-down at 16000 or at most 20000...
Anyway, since I sent the e-mail to Ms. Merkel via an official e-mail address, it was certainly read by some official, who filters the (presumably) large number, and it may in fact never have been read by her. Which would be a pity as she is an intelligent woman and has a PhD in physics, so she would certainly have understood it. (Also the person deciding not to give it to her carries a great responsibility.)
Acting on it is of course a different matter, in particular when you get much advice by other experts, each one focused on a different thing. After all, being a physicist, she must have understood the dangers of nuclear power plants for a long time. But it took the emotional shaking by Fukushima for her to act on that knowledge. (And then she overreacted, resulting in the taxpayer having to reimburse electricity companies for lost gains due to early shutdown of power plants -- which might instead have helped reduce carbon dioxide emissions, if rather some carbon power plants had been shut down a few years earlier.)
In that context, it may be useful to point out that there exists a report addressing the German federal parliament, dated 13 January 2013, in which the government presents a risk analysis, among other things, of a pandemic by the virus "MODI-Sars", which is a fancy name for a virus of the Corona type, producing a modified SARS like disease. The risk analysis starts on page 55 and goes on through page 88 of the report. It comes to the conclusion that Germany will suffer 7.5 million casualties by the disease (assuming a relatively high lethality of 10%). Most assumptions on the disease are similar to the properties of COVID 19. Ideas about the availability of a vaccine are conservative, assuming it will take 3 years to produce. The report concludes that there will be 3 waves of the disease, each one about half a year long and each one overcharging the German health system. A new wave starts when lockdown measures from the old one are relieved. Also, the report assumes that immunity after recovery from the disease will be only for about a year, due to continuing mutations of the virus. All in all, the pandemic will take three years. Details about economic reverberations are murky, but I suppose the world economy cannot sustain three successive lockdowns of half a year each and some milder version of lockdown for the remaining one and a half years.
As far as I can tell, no measures have been taken on that report (that would have been communicated to the public). So Bill Gates is right. We were unprepared for the pandemic. (And that is true not only for Germany. Germany is in fact doing o.k. as far as lethality and availability of hospital capacity is concerned. The situations are worse in the rest of Europe and far worse in the US.)
Here is the basic idea on how to stop the disease without a full lockdown and with continuing economic activity. It is pretty simple and I will first discuss it in the form that was given in my e-mail. Since I have more precise figures in the meantime, I will then show that a somewhat more optimistic view is possible.
What was known to me then was that there was an incubation period between one and two weeks, before symptoms showed up, and so an infected person might infect others even before knowing they were ill. Also the quarantine for patients was two weeks, so one may assume that three to four weeks after infection you are either recovered or dead. I assumed that you become infectious yourself after one or two days and lose that a week or so before recovery. The basic reproduction number R0 (which is the average number of persons infected by one ill person) was supposed to be between 2 and 3. (For measles, that number is about 15!) If you infect two to three persons in three weeks time, you will infect fewer than one on average, if you are identified and put into quarantine within a third of your infectious period, i.e., within a week. So we must do what South Korea did: test extensively (and track the contacts of all positively tested individuals). If we catch everyone who is infected early enough, no other measures are necessary in order to keep the effective basic reproduction number below one, which is sufficient to stop spreading of the disease. With additional measures in place, such as a full or partial lockdown, we may succeed in doing so even when discovering the disease in everyone only within two weeks (on average) after infection. But of course we want to get away from lockdown, to get the economy going again.
The problem with this approach is, of course, the huge testing capacity you need. But South Korea did it, so it should not be impossible. What numbers are possible? Right now, it seems that about 300000 tests are done in Germany per week. But Germany is a highly industrialized country, with some of its industries having little to do now. With an appropriate effort, it should be possible to push that up to 500000 tests per day, even a million. (Testing the whole population once every three months.) If Germany can't do it, China certainly can (and sell the equipment to Germany for a good price...). And they even don't have a lockdown... Billions of Euros are being set aside to save our industries across the period of the lockdown. A few of these billions could be spent for tests (and part of them for breathing masks). At the moment, the importance of tests is emphasized in public speeches as a means to learn more about the disease. This is misinformation. They are much more important as a means to stop the spreading of the pandemic (which requires linking them with quarantine).
In fact, I have learned more accurate numbers about the disease in the meantime. There is a paper by the Robert Koch institute [1], in which they say that infectiosity is present for 10 days, starts around day 2.5 and symptoms are present for 9 days, starting at day 4.5. Duration of the disease is 17.5 days, if there are no complications, otherwise up to 28 days (intensive care starting around day 9.5, taking 10 days, resulting in death on average on day 19 for 50% of the patients in intensive care and recovery for the remaining 50% around day 24; - this may be different in other countries). Moreover, the basic reproduction number has been estimated to be between 2.24 and 3.58 in the Wuhan outbreak [2].
What is important for us is that the period of infectiosity is 9 days, of which only 2 days are before symptoms. It is therefore not actually necessary to test everyone before symptoms. If we catch and test everyone on the first day they have symptoms, that should alone be sufficient to reduce the effective basic reproduction number below one, because we are then on day 3 of 9 infectious days, when fewer than a third of the possible secondary infections have happened. So testing symptom-free persons might be reserved to high-risk or high-multiplicator groups (personnel of hospitals, teachers), and a million tests per day may actually be enough. Of course, the result of a test must be available the same day, within a few hours after testing. (Or else, the tested person must be kept in quarantine precautionarily until the test result is available.)
So the course of action for the near future, after -- hopefully -- getting below an effective basic reproduction number of 1 via lockdown, should be
1) to gradually reduce the lockdown, best only partially at the beginning, masks could be worn in public (once enough are available) which gives a small level of protection, but also contributes to lowering the effective basic reproduction number, and what matters is the overall statistical effect (not whether a particular individual has more or less protection -- older people should try to protect themselves more thoroughly than younger ones, being at a higher general risk)
2) making available fast testing with quick results to everyone having the slightest symptoms and putting those people immediately into quarantine on positive testing
3) testing the contacts of positively tested persons, if those have a smart phone on which the app is installed that registers all smart phones that satisfy certain closeness conditions with the carrier of the infected person (temporary measure, as anonymous as possible, expiring automatically, if not renewed be legislation regularly)
4) testing persons from critical professions (that might have multiplier function) on a regular basis even without any symptoms.
5) Production stops in any economic branch for the purpose of a partial lockdown should be limited to less than a month whenever possible, and not happen too often. The point is that losing certain production capabilities via failures of enterprises will also cost some lives in the end, although this may be less visible than direct losses via a disease.
This requires mass production of reliable testing equipment. The tests must be so standardized that qualified medical personnel (numbers of whom cannot be augmented fast) have to spend only very little time with each single test. (The swab could be made by the patients themselves in many cases -- except if they are helpless.)
What do people think about how to proceed? Are there additional or alternative measures that suggest themselves?
[1] an der Heiden M, Buchholz U: Modellierung von Szenarien der SARS-CoV-2-Epidemie 2020 in Deutschland | DOI 10.25646/6571.2
[2] Shi Zao et al., Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak, Internat. J. Infect. Diseases 92 (2020) 214 - 217
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I agree with Stefano Quattrini
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I’m trying to compose a timeline that projects threats and problems that cause uncertainty to health over the next century.
I’m interested in all long-term health issues including drug resistance, global warming impacts, the impact of technology, biological warfare and terrorism etc.
The closer these events are, the better we can predict when and if they’ll make an impact, but I'm interested in the lot (and the fuzzy logic of when and how big).
I've asked a similar question recently and I got a single good answer - but surely there's more than just one forward thinking researcher out there!
1. Have you heard of any major risks to health over the next 100 years?
2. When are these risks expected and why then?
3. Any predictions on impact size?
4. Do you have any references? They don’t need to be academic, but academic Is better.
5. Any other thoughts?
6. Do you want to receive this data once I’ve compiled it?
Thanks
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There are many emerging and re-emerging zoonoses, such as SARS, Bird flu, Swine flu, Hanta virus, West Nile fever, Dengue fever, Nipah virus, Rift Valley fever etc. are significant cause of morbidity and mortality in developing as well as developed nations.Further research should be conducted on molecular epidemiology, chemotherapy and vaccinology.
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We are in an environment where health-related news is shared unlimitedly in the media and social media. It is important to interpret health related information and news correctly. Health literacy is of great importance at this point.
Health literacy is of concern to everyone involved in health promotion and protection, disease prevention and early screening, health care and maintenance, and policy making. Health literacy skills are needed for dialogue and discussion, reading health information, interpreting charts, making decisions about participating in research studies, using medical tools for personal or familial health carecalculating timing or dosage of medicine, or voting on health or environmental issues.
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Dear Bulcsu Szekely, thanks for your detailed reply and suggestion about this important subject.
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What do you think about the outbreak of coronavirus? Will the outbreak stop in China soon? Will there be an effective vaccine soon? Does the international community succeed in controlling it? What are the negative effects of this disease on the international community? Please share your opinion.
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Outbreak of deadly coronavirus in China is very sad. All efforts are being made to to control the virus, and I do hope that situation will be soon under control.
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In my recent study, I found that the health promoting behaviors of Iranian nurses were poor. Nurses usually have adequate knowledge about the health behaviors and the benefits of these behaviors in disease prevention. What do you think about the reason of this finding?
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It is an important issue Beeroz. I focussed my four decades of medical work on the issues of wellness, recovery and flourishing. It was evident that these were not the focus of the training or the work around me each day - disease diagnosis and treatment interventions were the order of the day. This is vital and powerful stuff. Yet, as the epidemics of life-style and environmental illness arose, the severe limits of this medical map were slowly revealed. As I ran courses (TheWEL) to help people out of this impasse, it became evident that often the staff were no healthier than those they served. People need to know how to flourish in modern life, and the honest truth is that most staff do not know any better than their patients. In TheStaffWELs I then created, the levels of poor wellbeing and health were deeply worrying - and of course burnout is now rife among care staff. Staff share with the population the same root misunderstanding that health can be built or maintained with 'fix-it' approaches and without addressing self-care and life-nurture.
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Hi
I would like to develop some medical assays for example for cancer prevention, or analysis of some markers for some disease which would be good for application in medicine in Georgia country. I did not find any database for such requests where medical doctors would say that it would be good to have assay for this and this things.
Does anyone know how to find information about requestable assays or analysis for some disease, or disease prevention or something useful in medicine?
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s. Attachment.
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Investing in diseases prevention and control
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I think that policymakers are more inclined to invest in curative aspects rather than prevention, is due to its lack of political appeal.
Preventive policies are more likely to show results over long periods of time, particularly for chronic diseases, which makes them politically unattractive for a policymaker seeking reelection. Investments in curative aspects are more attractive to the general population as well, especially in developing countries, who are not fully aware of the prevention effectiveness in reducing epidemiological burdens with remarkable cost-effectiveness. In short, from a public policymaker perspective, it is more appealing to say "I have built hospitals during my term" which everybody could see, rather than saying "I have invested millions in prevention" which nobody can see.
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#health#promotion#Prevention
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Health promotion should be holistic-involving physicsl, mental, spiritual, emotional, and social health. It is more than physical disease prevention.
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a- Smoking cessation
b- Long term supplemental Oxygen Therapy ( LTOT )
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Dear, Smoking cessation will have the highest decreasing mortality rate.
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Eurosurveillance, Europe’s journal on infectious disease surveillance, epidemiology, prevention and control, has launched its new website!
Even if you are a previous Eurosurveillance subscriber, you need to: register and subscribe at www.eurosurveillance.org THEN add an alert to receive the weekly table of contents (TOC) under ‘My Profile’, ‘Manage TOC alerts’, ‘Add’.
Only those who register and subscribe to Eurosurveillance AND who add a TOC alert via the new website will receive the weekly issue publication notice. Subscribers can also add citation alerts to be automatically notified when a specific paper is cited.
So (re-)subscribe today at www.eurosurveillance.org
📷 📷 Eurosurveillance Published by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Postal address: Granits väg 8, 171 65 Solna, Sweden Visiting address: Tomtebodavägen 11A, 171 65 Solna, Sweden Phone +46 (0)8 58 60 10 00 / Fax +46 (0)8 58 60 10 01 www.eurosurveillance.org  Follow Eurosurveillance on: 📷
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Me neither.
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Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction program in treating and/or preventing form morbidity on coronary heart diseases 
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Dear Stanisław,
thank you very much for your answer - I appreciate it. Since initial request (asked by my assistant - Małgorzata in 2015) I found lots of studies. However I am very interested in your research - particularly in polish adaptations of techniques useful to assess mindfulness as a trait. I will write to you separate messages as I wish to get to know with your approach to research more deeply.
Kind regards,
Anna Błaszczak
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Dear Researchers
what we can interpret by accessing the blood albumin globulin, total protein and A/G ratio? the blood protein and it fraction can indicate the health status of an animal. but how? what are the related parameters that can be concluded by seeing these indices?
Regards
Partha
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Hi,
As you correctly stated, various health aspects can be delineated, like hemolysis, malnutrition, agammaglobulinemia etc.
Have a look at e.g.
Best wishes
Ernst 
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Calibration vs discrimination: which one more important in a prediction model? The answer may be it depends. 
1) calibration (ie, agreement between observed and predicted risk) is more important in prognostic settings, because we would like to predict future risk of the target population, and the intercept (disease prevalence) is very important;
2) discrimination (ie, separating people with disease from without disease) is more important in diagnostic settings, because we want to diagnose the people as with/without disease using some test/factors under the predefined cutpoints. Good discrimination means that people with true disease will always have higher predicted risks than those people without disease. The intercept is not of interest.
Sometimes the model may be over-/under-estimate the risk (poor calibration), but it may still separate those with disease from without disease (good discrimination). Vice versa- the model may have good calibration, but cannot discriminate the cases from the control.
Any other relevant difference for these two metrics? Thanks in advance!!
Actually it had some debate/discussion about this (http://andrewgelman.com/2014/05/10/property-important-risk-prediction-model-discrimination-calibration/), but without firm agreement..  
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One of Cook's paper checked the nuance between discrimination vs calibration in prognostic vs diagnostic models: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18024533
More discussion may be needed however
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Usually in Suspected TB patients sputum smear x 3 times negative is considered as a tool to stop air borne precautions and my question is can GenXpert for TB/Rif R be used for this purpose in parallel in low endemic areas? for a quick withdrawal !
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hi colleague. GeneXpert is a pertinent tool especially after three consecutive smears collected atleast 8 hours apart is proven negative on microscopy. However,it is recommended for specificity and sensitivity to conjugate smear microscopy and NAA detection to give a proper AII.  
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Based on recent literature I am under the impression that the genome-wide comparison of prehistoric and modern pathogen DNA is significant for the following reasons:
  1. Prehistoric human microbiomes can be screened for novel vaccine targets
  2. Reconstructed draft genomes may be used to identify close relatives of modern pathogens
  3. Reference genomes can provide clues that may aid in the timeous and appropriate management of contemporary disease threats
Is this correct? In which other ways can one express the contemporary significance of prehistoric pathogen research?
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I feel that the study of prehistoric pathogen genomes may provide some insight into the development and progression of pathogenesis over time. Although not considered prehistoric, the genomic research and subsequent reverse genetic analysis conducted on samples of the 1918 flu taken from the lungs of individuals that died led to several conclusions regarding the role of specific non-structural proteins that serve as pathogenicity factors. It will be essential, however, that studies conducted look not just at single prehistoric samples, but paint a continuous history to the modern age. By having a historical reference for genetic modifications, the relevance and persistence of such changes may identify selected conserved epitopes associated with infectivity and pathogenicity. 
In regards to the use of past microbiomes as novel vaccine targets, I feel that this approach may be far more difficult. The microflora including the prominent pathogenic species afflicting human and other animal species have likely changed dramatically since prehistoric times. From a standpoint of vaccine design, the key question is whether the antigenicity of prehistoric populations would overlap at all with modern pathogens and be able to confer any protective immunity. Depending upon the pathogen, it may, however for many microbes including most viruses which undergo rapid evolution there is good chance that it will not.
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Has anyone any information about papers concerning pre-exposure (PrEP) prophylaxis given to people with risk for contracting other infections than HIV? There are many ethical issues concerning use of PrEP in populations at high risk to contract HIV so I am wondering whether that possibility has also been given in cases where people could be exposed to other infections. By that, I exclude vaccinations and consider only long term usage of drugs for the purpose of avoiding infections.
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Please see our paper here on PrEP. On page 2 there is a section on STIs which may go some way to answering your question.
Best wishes,
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Controversial Topic!
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Dear Jamshid,
As you mentioned, before 2004 Conflicting results regarding the clinical
correlation between breast cancer and thyroid diseases have been reported. However, the following study revealed that  goiter prevalence and thyroid antibody levels were found to be increased in breast cancer patients and thyroid functions should be monitored.
Eur J Gen Med 2004; 1(2): 11-14
ANTITHYROID ANTIBODY LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH BREAST
CANCER
Haluk Dülger1 , Süleyman Alıcı2 , Ekrem Algün3 , Ömer Etlik4 , Mehmet Sayarlıoğlu5 , Ekrem Doğan5 , Hayriye Sayarlıoğlu5 , M. Ramazan Şekeroğlu1 Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Biochemistry1
, Medical
Oncology 2, Endocrinology3
, Radiology4
and Internal Medicine5
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Breast cancer is a hormone-dependent neoplasm. Conflicting results regarding the clinical correlation between breast cancer and thyroid diseases have been reported. The aim of this study was to determine the goiter prevalence, thyroid hormones and antithyroid antibody levels in patients with breast cancer. For this purpose, thyroid ultrasonography was performed and serum levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3 ), free thyroxine (FT4 ), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),
anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO ab) and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-TG ab) were determined in 50 operable breast cancer patients at the time of diagnosis and 30 healthy individuals as control group. Goiter prevalence was found to be significantly higher in the study group (50% vs 10%). FT3 , FT4 , and TSH levels of patients were not different compared to controls, whereas anti-TPO ab and anti-TG ab levels were significantly higher in patients than in the control group. In conclusion, goiter prevalence and thyroid antibody levels were found to be
increased in breast cancer patients and thyroid functions should be monitored.
Key words: Breast cancer, thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin antibodies
To view the full paper, please see attached file.
Hoping this will be helpful,
Rafik
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I am about to dig myself into & conduct a research on health marketing, more specifically health-consciousness & prevention in general. I would be more than happy to know which the top relevant papers in this field are. What is the best scale to measure health-consciousness & prevention in general?
I will do my research in Hungary. Should you be interested to collaborate to compare research findings in different countries/cultures, please let me know.
Thanks in advance.
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You may look for a validated scale developed by Gould (1990). 
Gould SJ (1990) Health consciousness and health behavior: the application of a new health consciousness scale. American journal of preventive medicine, Department of Marketing, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick 08903. 6(4): 228–237.
Here are some more articles that you may use to modify/adapt health consciousness scale.
  • Kaskutas, Lee A., and Thomas K. Greenfield. "The role of health consciousness in predicting attention to health warning messages." American Journal of Health Promotion 11.3 (1997): 186-193.
  • Jayanti, Rama K., and Alvin C. Burns. "The antecedents of preventive health care behavior: An empirical study." Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 26.1 (1998): 6-15.
  • Moorman, Christine, and Erika Matulich. "A model of consumers' preventive health behaviors: The role of health motivation and health ability." Journal of Consumer Research (1993): 208-228.
  • Hong, Hyehyun. "Scale development for measuring health consciousness: Re-conceptualization." 12th Annual International Public Relations Research Conference, Holiday Inn University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida. 2009.
Hope they help.
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I am currently looking for research on any clinical study of the direct correlation between oil extraction and specific diseases in Africa, such as cancer, asthma or other respiratory illnesses in Africa.
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Dear Udoh, the study that has been done at Khartoum Sudan in tanneries may in one way correlate industries, chemicals, waste products and skin complications, hope you find some of the points you are looking for.
38. Kamal El-Din H El-Hassan, M.D, Yousif M El-Kordofani, MD, Bashir, A.H.H, MD. The Prevalence of Occupational Dermatosis among Workers in Khartoum State’s Tanneries. Original Article. AJDV, 2014, 3(2).
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The essential logic is to decrease the time of exposure to cardiovascular risk factors with genetic insights providing strong justification for this approach. Lifetime exposure to lower concentrations of cholesterol specifically, plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, is shown to be associated with larger reduction in the risk of coronary heart disease. The decrease in risk is related to the genetic variants of receptors that remove cholesterol from the circulation matched with individuals who do not carry such variants. For a known reduction in LDL cholesterol, there was much more impact on reduction in cardiovascular disease risk than that reached with pharmacotherapeutic modulation in late life. Several studies have shown that the adoption of a healthy life , the act of not smoking, weight control and perform regular physical activity , with the reduction of cholesterol levels can be more effective than drug therapy of known effectiveness. How best to link these two strategies and show people that the protection of their coronary health goes beyond the use of drugs ?
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Stop researching risk factors and get into prevention. If you want to research risk factors, find a disease we haven't already studied to death. 
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Some excerpts from the enclosed link:
"Lychee is a small fruit with a sweet smell and taste, which is available in the summer. It is a small fruit packed with healthy nutrients. It has rough skin outside while contains juicy flesh inside. It is used as medicine in China"
Why Lychee fruit is healthy?
  1. Lychee contains good amount of antioxidant Vitamin C, Vitamin B-complex and phytonutrient flavonoids.
  2. Lychee is a rich source of nutrient that is required for the production of blood. It provides manganese, magnesium, copper, iron and folate that are required for the formation of RBC.
  3. Lychee contains good amount of fiber and Vitamin B-complex which increase metabolism fat, protein and carbohydrate. Fiber rich foods has proved to suppress appetite and increase metabolism.
  4. Lychee contains high amount of antioxidants which is effective to prevent early ageing.
  5. Lychee contains high amount of antioxidant Vitamin C. Lychee also contains a good amount of potassium. Potassium is required to maintain sodium level. Also high potassium is required to maintain fluid level i.e. Balance electrolyte. Thus it helps to maintain high blood pressure and it reduces the risk of stroke and heart attack. Also it contains minerals like manganese, magnesium, iron, copper and folate that maintain blood pressure.
  6. Lychee is rich source antioxidants Vitamin C. Antioxidants are effective to protect from free radicals and oxidative stress. So it protects from degenerative disease and prevents arthritis.
  7. Lychee is also effective to protect from asthma.
  8. Lychee contains high amount of dietary fiber which proves best nutrient that promote cardiovascular health.
Your views are welcome! Thanks - Sundar
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The health benefits of Lychee can be summarized as follows:
- Lychee fruit contains 66 calories per 100 g, comparable to that in the table-grapes. It has no saturated fats or cholesterol, but composes of good amounts of dietary fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants.
- Research studies suggest that oligonol, a low molecular weight polyphenol, is found abundantly in lychee fruit. Oligonol is thought to have anti-oxidant and anti-influenza virus actions. In addition, it helps improve blood flow in organs, reduce weight, and protect skin from harmful UV rays. (Takuya Sakurai (Kyorin University, Japan), Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 72(2), 463-476, 2008).
- Litchi, like citrus fruits, is an excellent source of vitamin C; 100 g fresh fruits provide 71.5 mg or 119% of daily-recommended value. Studies suggest that consumption of fruits rich in vitamin C helps the human body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful, pro-inflammatory free radicals.
- Further, it is a very good source of B-complex vitamins such as thiamin, niacin, and folates. These vitamins are essential since they function by acting as co-factors to help the body metabolize carbohydrates, protein, and fats.
- Litchi also carries a very good amount of minerals like potassium and copper. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids help control heart rate and blood pressure; thus, it offers protection against stroke and coronary heart diseases. Copper is required in the production of red blood cells.
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The scientists already know the DNA sequence of a HIV virus based on which they develop the primers called HIV primers. Now during the PCR they mix the DNA sample of the person with this HIV primer (along with enzyme and nucleotides), and if this sequence matches with the target (patient's) DNA there will be amplification which means that the person is infected. And if the sequence doesn't match then there will not be any amplification which means that the person is not infected. If this right what are the roles of PCR in detecting unknown diseases?
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Many thanks for all! May I couldn't ask the question in the right way. Of course, no one can ignore the important role of PCR for amplification of the target gene or target sequence of DNA, yes, it's just an amplification tool. So, I want to know if this tool has a role in detecting of unknown diseases or not especially the viral diseases. Of course one can use the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the presence or amount of a target protein, but on DNA level after determination its sequences for many pathogens why we didn't use PCR in detecting on the pathogen but how?   
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The SCORE tables for the year 2011 only based on total cholesterol (and other risk factors) despite recognizing the huge impact of the concentrations of HDL in cardiovascular risk estimation. Moreover, for a given concentration of total cholesterol, LDLc calculation (therapeutic target) can change greatly depending on the concentration of HDL in the time.
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Juan, you can find the SCORE charts with HDL-C at the ESC website: HeartScoreW. The interactive tool for predicting and managing the risk of heart attack and stroke [Internet]. European Society of Cardiology. Available at: http://www.heartscore.org/Pages/welcome.aspx
The following paper has used and cites these charts: Brotons C, et al. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2014;67(2):94–100.
Best wishes,
Emilio Ros
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Ebola virus disease or Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Ebola was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Researchers believe that the Ebola virus is animal-borne and that bats are the most likely reservoir. Four of the five virus strains occur in an animal host native to Africa. Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts.
Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest. A 2013 study isolated antibodies from fruit bats in Bangladesh, against Ebola Zaire and Reston viruses, thus identifying potential virus hosts and signs of the filoviruses in Asia.
The current and most severely Ebola affected countries are Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia (see the attached Figures). There is no FDA-approved vaccine available for Ebola. The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 50% and 90% of those infected with the virus. A number of interventions would be required to prevent or control the disease.
Question: What are the possible measures that would prevent Ebola virus from spreading into new areas/countries? What measures your country is taking to prevent the disease?(Any weblinks or references relevant to Ebola prevention would be much appreciated)
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@Johari, thanks for fine response. Here is the situation is Serbia, last news from mid August! 14 travellers who arrived from African countries where Ebola outbreaks have occurred were placed under epidemiological surveillance!
It was announced that one big hotel near Belgrade airport will be a quarantine!
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Is a measure of zero LDL good for you?
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In addition to the above answer of lab artifact or error, a sudden decrease may be due to a reaction in the blood which precipitates the LDLc with WBC’s and therefore, it would still be artificially low due to bound LDLc in vivo.  
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The calculation of cardiovascular risk is a current need in the management of cardiovascular disease prevention day today but there are differences between them.
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You might be interested in the new JBS Risk Calculator that considers lifetime risk.  Others differ because they are using different datasets with different parameters in different populations
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The advent of vaccines has considerable effect on the public health and disease prevention.
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Vaccination is the best way to counter and prevent infectious diseases in general and viral diseases in particular, it has made feasible of diseases like of polio virus and others, Regular and judicious use of vaccination, particularly mass vaccination and from time time following needful vaccination is very much helpful in preventing clinical diseases as well as epidemics and pandemics.  Apart from live and killed vaccines, nowadays researchers are ahead of inventing other safer and effective vaccines - like DNA vaccine, recombinant vaccines, reverse genetics based, mutant / pathogenic determinant deleted vaccines, plant based / oral-edible vaccines and others. Added to this novel vaccine delivery systems including of spray, nanodelivery and others are on the way. Hope practical applications will be soon of these novel vaccines very soon,. Novel adjuvants like TLRs, HMGB1, cytokines and other immunomodulatory regimens may adjunct in enhancing vaccinal responses.  Apart from this awareness and policies for mass vaccination need to be encouraged. Regarding African continent all such practices need to be adapted as well as research on vaccines need to be encouraged.      
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If we take two populations (patients and controls) and you dose trace elements in the blood or plasma or tissue .... etc..
A lower rate compared to controls may reveal that this trace element plays an important role for the prevention of this disease.
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Elements such as Cu or Fe that can perform Fenton reaction can triggers REDOX reaction and involved negatively in AD, however elements such as Zn and Se have antioxidant effect so if reduced may cause a problem. These suggested trace elements not only involved in AD but also have a pivotal role in other diseases such as cancer or chronic liver diseases. 
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The American Medical Association has now joined other organizations in deeming obesity a disease (not just a condition or syndrome). There is hand-wringing about proliferation of pharmaceuticals, surgery, and other medical treatments. What about prevention, and specifically, primary prevention for children? Is there applicable evidence for other diseases to inform us of what to expect for prevention and public health efforts around childhood obesity?
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Poetically, "a rose by any other name or label would smell the same." When I was growing up there were a few kids that were overweight. None in my public school were obese. I cannot recall one classmate or for that matter anyone I heard of or saw that was autistic. Why, temporally speaking, would that be? Kids then were more active. We walked to school or rode our bikes. (Like the Dutch where it is uncommon to see obesity). Our food tasted like food; it was healthier; fruit and vegetables were not picked before they were ripe and had nutrient value. Tomatoes tasted like tomatoes. Fish was not farm fed, nor beef grain fed. (In many parts of the world where food has not become "lifeless", obesity is uncommon." Perhaps, just a thought, obesity and overweight are the body's response to not getting the nutritional value that is needed i.e., a compensatory mechanism like up-regulation of receptors in the setting of a deficiency (soluble transferring receptor ↑ in the setting of iron deficiency".
Now add in the propensity to feed many families with the high carb composition of fast foods. Toss in television and the contribution of sitting on one's duff and stuffing our mouths while watching high anxiety episodes of serial killers, etc. Think about the brain-washing of our society's media where everything is oriented towards buy this, eat that, drive this i.e., it's all about getting, taking in, possessing. We now live in a world where TV shows about diners, drive-ins, cooking high caloric meals flourish. We even have TV shows that highlight obese characters. News programs interview one obese person after another. America, the land of the free and the home of the brave has become the land of entitlements, what's in it for me, and a meal of burgers, fries, and soft drink for only $5.
So what do you think? Labeling obesity as a disease will change anything? Perhaps when healthcare premiums are dramatically less with ideal weight, BMI or waist circumference that will change. Perhaps when are city planners make every third street a bicycle only or a shared bicycle-pedestrian street that will change. Perhaps when we move water from areas that flood every year and create a new great lakes system in the SouthWest and grow organic crops, and mandate grass-fed beef that will change; and when citizens demand less brutality and violence-oriented TV (note second-hand stress now in the news) that will change.
The chances of the above happening are next to nothing. Sadly, our American society and elsewhere are "emulating" the decadence that characterized the fall of the Roman empire. But who knows, the story is not over until the "fat lady sings."
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Thanks marc for the information.
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Any explanations for calculating relative risk (RR) for incidence and odds ratio (OR) for the longitudinal prevalence of diarrhea in randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention?
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Antonio is right, but in some cases, like in cluster randomized interventions, you could compare prevalences at followup, adjusted for baseline prevalences (see Lancet. 2012 Mar 24;379(9821):1120-8)