Science topic
Disease - Science topic
A disease is an abnormal condition that affects the body of an organism. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by factors originally from an external source, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases.
Questions related to Disease
Background Summary:
Poverty, disease, and hunger remain among the most persistent and devastating challenges facing humanity. Despite significant advancements in science, technology, and medicine, these issues continue to affect billions worldwide, hindering progress and well-being for millions. What if science could be harnessed not just to mitigate these issues but to eradicate them entirely?
Recent breakthroughs in various fields—such as biotechnology, renewable energy, artificial intelligence, and social sciences—offer unprecedented opportunities to tackle the root causes of poverty, hunger, and disease in innovative ways. Can we leverage these advancements to design systems of resource distribution, healthcare, and education that are sustainable and equitable for all? Can biotechnology revolutionize food production and health solutions, while AI and data analytics create efficient, scalable models for poverty reduction?
Can AI help to end poverty?
"Quashing poverty requires knowing who is in need and what their needs are, but collecting those data has long been a time-consuming and costly challenge. Some researchers are turning to artificial intelligence (AI) tools to help plug the gaps. AI can be biased, and could miss people without a digital trail. On the other hand, it can analyse a larger, more representative portion of the population than do household surveys, and identify patterns in data that even specialists could miss, says development economist Ariel BenYishay..."
To interject some reality into current U.S. government actions on NIH research overhead, I seriously doubt there are any biomedical research efforts of any useful quality in the US that could function on 15% overhead. This 15% idea sounds good to those who know little about research, but unfortunately it goes against facts, reason, logic, and law.
The various NIH requirements for accounting and many other compliance rules likely cost far more than 15%. Furthermore, buildings need to be heated, cooled and maintained. People need to be hired and managed. Cold rooms, warm rooms, and equipment need power and computing infrastructure. Most companies estimate their overhead on research as ~100%, and this is in fact the overhead charged at US National labs subject to lengthy DOE negations. So an enforced change to 15% NIH overhead would mark the end of quality US biomedical research as we know it now.
If the US remains a country of laws, then I predict that this 15% notion cannot happen any time soon. Legally this is an unconstitutional act as it changes congress appropriations and illegally breaks negotiated contracts for funded grants. If laws do not matter here, then Texas has thrown away billions for CPRIT and any meaningful cancer research will largely be done in other countries. Time will tell but statements made by current US leadership have not proven durable.
Near term, I guess that a 15% enforced overhead will mean the loss of our top scientists. This will cost the US many orders of magnitude more than the overhead they imagine saving somehow. Of course, this would also quickly end the pipeline from innovative research to products for US companies and be a boon to US competitors while losing billions in biomedical economy for the U.S. Perhaps money will speak if laws do not?
What do you think?
How can personalized lifestyle modifications, including diet, exercise, stress management, and sleep hygiene, be integrated into conventional medical treatments to optimize health outcomes and potentially reverse or manage chronic diseases or any other diseases in the past, present or in the future?
I'm interested in studying specific missense mutations in a human gene. My goal is to determine whether the mutated region of the protein is conserved across various species. Could you please guide me on how I can use in silico tools to find homologous protein sequences and identify their conserved regions?
Thank you very much
I am a Year 12 student at St Edward’s College, East Gosford. I am studying a subject called 'Extension Science' where my research is looking at the use of CRISPR on the treatment of Coeliac Disease. I would greatly appreciate any information, research data, research papers or any further information you may be willing to share with me. This is an area I would potentially like to study further at university and am hoping this project assists my future endeavours in this career path.
I also have a survey to collect data from credible sources, such as those with expertise in the field, about the topic of CRISPR on the treatment of Coeliac disease. There is some information I have collected at the beginning of the survey regarding what Coeliac disease is.
Here is the survey link:
Thank you in advance for your time and assistance. I hope to hear from you soon.
Warm regards,
Calan Tucker
Year 12 Student
Hi, there are several Feature selection methods intended to reduce the number of input variables to those that are believed to be most useful to a model in order to predict the target variable. I would like to know about the best technique for feature selection in terms of supervised disease prediction. Thank you for your recommendations.
As we know terrestrial plant are infected with many diseases and they are well documented. Is there similar kind of diseases reported in Seaweed?
Monkeypox Virus is recently spreading very fast, which is very alarming. Awareness can assist people in reducing the panic that is caused all over the world.
To do that, Is there any image dataset for monkeypox?
It could be emotional because of stress
or it could be inherent
or it might be because of using chemical products
or it might be because of the water y wash your hair with the Chlorine concentration in that water is higher than natural limits
what is your opinions about that
we all know that it is our traditional practice which we are performing in any problem in our kitchen garden to farm level is it good to apply or not, how it is good or what are its effects.
People in our village have some belief of controlling some pest and disease, they apply salt in the rice field, what is its scientific importance.
Hello to all
About 3 months ago, I asked this question, but I didn't get a comprehensive answer.
Can a person who has had Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) get infected again?
Where can I find alagebrium I want to use it in my research ?
And astaxanthin also and is it expensive?
Adult male zebrafish will eat brine shrimp, but they have been swimming at the bottom of the fish tank. They are lifeless, their eyes look weird, and they become thin. What disease might this be?
In one of my articles, I studied the effect of concept mapping on the learning levels of students in taking the course of "nursing care of patients with glandular diseases subject"
Who can inform me about similar studies about the effect of concept mapping on the learning levels ?
How is your country/region responding to the outbreak of Coronavirus? What measures have been put in place? What other plans are in place? How is your country responding?
There is sweepage of the white fussy outcome of liquid with foul smell and destroying plant completely it is in the particular plant since few days, what is this and how it can be controlled?
Under the pandemic of COVID-19, screening becomes important to tackle the spread. Fever is one of the screening criteria for many public places screening for access.
However, how is fever defined?
Is the 0.1 degree change makes the significance?
What is the range of standard deviation being acceptable?
What machine is accurate?
Is those hand held infrared measuring machines reliable?
Is there scenarios giving false negative tha may make a huge consequence?
Normal Body Temperature: A Systematic Review.
Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6(4):ofz032. Published 2019 Apr 9.
Dear Fellows
With the developing stories of the spread of COVID-19 all around the world, which has been declared as a pandemic by WHO recently, I am wondering, in how much time this virus would vanish from the surface of the Earth? Is there any scientific study available for this?
Please share your opinions.
For patients taking Glutathione supplementation for Ulcerative Colitis or other disease, will this at all negatively impact the liver's ability to produce it's own Glutathione?
Do you think of it as a part of life, as a disease without a cure, as a way of immortalization, as a way of transformation, as a way to freedom..or something else. Is it good or bad? We all know that it is the real truth of life but why we always fear to talk about it.
How to judge the correctness of the obtained information related to COVID-19 and how reliable are the various online sources of this information?!
What should/not we trust?! where to get information!?
Does "Sense of Humor" play any role in health and disease?
Hello,
Most hand sanitizers contain 60-80% alcohol. Alcohol destroys organisms including bacteria, fungi, protists, and enveloped viruses by breaking down the plasma membrane. In recent years, microbial communities on the skin, in the airways, and in the gut have been shown to play an important role in health. Does daily use of hand sanitizer negatively impact the diversity and strength of the hand microbiome? If so, what are the implications of this to overall health? Do skin microbes play beneficial roles such as helping to prevent transmission of other pathogens?
Thank you.
Hello everyone, I hope all is well, I want to calculate the sensitivity of combined marker together to know if combination between them can be used to better predict the disease. here is a pic of what I want to do
In gene expression studies, what would be the reliability of house keeping genes expression say in a disease/insect attacked tissue that is being subjected to studies (RT qPCR ). Will the comparison be proper or inconclusive? We expect the internal environment of the tissue to be disturbed and hence this question. Or, am I missing some thing which is already taken care of?
I'm writing a review article in which I explain the different mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis reaches a persistent infection by establishing a cross-signal homeostasis with its host, in which both organisms modulate their actions and reactions towards the other one, and at some part I came up with this sentence " This thought provoking notion makes me think of its similarity to Newton’s third law of motion; a system reaches a steady state whenever the forces acting upon it are equal and opposite one another". How prudent is that?
What do you think about it? :)
With coronavirus cases increasing every day, countries are installing various methods to curtail the effect of the virus spread. Disinfection is considered as one of the ways to keep the virus in check. Countries including Turkey, Thailand, China, Vietnam and even some parts of India have installed disinfection tunnels with the aim of keeping the virus away. Please put your views on the below questions.
1. Is it safe?
2. Is it Effective?
3. Is there any long term hazard of disinfection spray like invitation to chronic disease?
4. is it safe for skin and eyes?
5. How poor designs of tunnels in India is making it worst?
your answers and thoughts will help.
please spread awareness and block opportunistic thoughts in these critical times..
I am currently developing an application that helps farmers detect different diseases that affect mango trees. If anyone have information regarding where I can find a dataset of Mango leaves infected by different diseases, Please share it with me. I shall be very thankful.
Whilst snorkelling I came upon this sea urchin which seems to have developed this "growth" on its side.
The patch is on its side and it feels hard to the touch. After some research I found that "bald sea urchin disease" is a possibility.
This is not my field of expertise and would appreciate if someone could set me on the right path.
this is a necrotizing disease (ulceration of the integument) in Lytechinus variegatus sea urchins
Researchers and WHO have confirmed the many symptoms of suffering from corona virus. Some medical experts report that high blood pressure increases the risk of dying from covid19. Can corona virus affect our blood circulation system?
It is important for me that in what ways understanding of crisis leads to do some actions.
Although Covid-19 has been the massive pandemic, there are still other patients with poor health due to other diseases. Emergence of dengue and kalazar has been noted in some parts of our country. How is your country dealing with other non-covid diseases and how are the patients being treated?
Hi all;
i am in need to patient records with coronavirus symptoms and if it is positive or negative.
Can any one help me ?
Morbidity and mortality from invasive fungal infections remain unacceptably high, I really want to know why vaccines are not developed for fungal diseases, lack of scientific proficiency or ignorance?
I need to establish if there is a link between 2 columns from two different datasets with one matching column, where;
Dataset1: bipartite: (M, DS)
M DS
m23 ds3
m23 ds67
m54 ds325
... ...
Dataset2: tripartite: (M, G, DG)
M G DG
m23 g6 dg32
m23 g8 dg1
m54 g32 dg65
... ... ...
These 2 datasets have one column in common(i.e., **M**), and the relationship among the elements is shown below:
```
M ----affects----> G
M ----causes-----> DS
DG ----affects----> M
```
Primary Goal: To calculate the probability of a possible link/edge that might exist between indirectly related columns(eg. **DG** and **DS**) via the common column(**M**).
So, for a given list of DS entries, how to find the probability of the existence of a link/edge between
selected DS, and all the other DGs
```
DS <---- ----> DG
```
If DS; (ds3, ds67) were selected, the output should be like this:
element1 - element2 - probability/statistical value to signify the existence of direct relationship OR link.
```
ds3 - dg32 - 100% (common M value)
ds3 - dg1 - 100% (common M value)
ds3 - dg65 - 43.66%
---
ds67 - dg32 - 100% (common M value)
ds67 - dg1 - 100% (common M value)
ds67 - dg65 - 55.12%
```
I am trying to code this in Java, but Python based solutions can work too.
I am sorry I am not too familiar with graph theory, a little descriptive solutions would be really appreciated.
Thanks.
Apart from disease state, I know stress does, what are the other conditions that may reduce immunity level?
From a pure biology perspective, when a pathogen affects a host, what comes first, the effect of the toxin (effector protein) on the pathways or identification of the structure of the toxin by the immune system?
Poly-genic risk score have recently been an area area of interest for disease risk stratification, Geneticists have developed multiple PGRs for multiple diseases based on GWAS studies, my question is, from a genetic concept , you are allowed to use PGRs meant for a specific disease to predict another disease just because you think there some overlap between the SNPs associated between each disease based on previous GWAS? is it problematic from Genetic perspective, even if it's really working??
looking for some best ref. books on Viva in Clinical Biochemistry / Biochemical Analysis / Biochemistry PDF ??
To implement the Novel Strategy to #Control #Population in India, an old Institute is morphed for the new role. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332103614_Indian_Disease_Disseminating_Research_Institute_IDDRI
Our health and physical/mental well-being is very important to our family, to the community and to the nation. If we fall in sickness, we will be the burden of our family, our community and to the nation.
So to be responsible for our family, our community and our nation, we should take good care of ourselves.
no resources exist according to my knowledge.
Coffee farmers in the Philippines have had a tough time over the past few decades with the decline of coffee plantations across the archipelago. This has driven them oftentimes to sell their best beans and consume the damaged or scrapped ones.
I'm currently looking into studying the effects of this by analyzing the blood of renal disease-afflicted coffee farmers from different regions of the Philippines for Ochratoxin A, which is produced by Aspergillium and Penicillium species that grow on damaged coffee beans.
As far as my research has shown, the correlation between ochratoxin A and renal disease in humans or primates is yet to be studied. Any help finding pre-existing research regarding this topic would be much appreciated.
In the last years, science have been showing a increasement of disease specific questionnaires. How you evaluate this sceanario and which are the positive/negative points of a specific questionnaire?
Hello everyone, I am a Biology Master student and total beginner in programming simulations in Matlab. My professor told me to get a working simulation I can play around with to get a feeling for it and to work with. Mostly I am interested in the mechanism the rabies virus spread in different population of animals (foxes,wolves, wild dogs or smth) but I would be really thankfull to get any kind of model that simulates a situation like that.
Thank you very much!
Here is the simulation of an infectious disease using the S·I·R Model.
-----------------------------------------
clear all; clc
function xdot = f(x, t)
xdot = zeros(3, 1);
b = 0.5; % probability of contracting the disease
N = x(1) + x(2) + x(3); % a fixed population
g = 0.25; % recovery rate
xdot(1) = - b*x(2)*x(1)/N; % Susceptible differential eq
xdot(2) = b*x(2)*x(1)/N - g*x(2); % Infectious differential eq
xdot(3) = g*x(2); % Recovered differential eq
endfunction
x0 = [495; 5; 0]; % Initial 495 Susceptible and 5 Infectious
t = linspace(0, 60, 600); % 60-week duration (600 data points)
y = lsode("f", x0, t);
plot(t, y);
legend ('Susceptible', 'Infectious', 'Recovered');
-----------------------------------------
I run the simulation on Octave (for simple cloud computing), but the codes are > 95% similar to MATLAB.
Hello, I am currently researching a spectral computed tomography system for medical applications. The system excels in delineating the elemental composition of materials, providing a 3D representation of the each element's distribution. This has shown excellent results in determining the composition of calcifications but I'm wondering what other diseases researchers are aware of that might benefit from this technique.
Apparently, untreated tooth decay can be the source of the appearance and development of various diseases and other diseases in the human body.
Therefore, the current question is: Can dental caries cause other serious diseases?
Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.
Are the results of test affected by the food and condition of the patient?
Should we be spending more time analyzing and securing water sources and reviewing farming types and practices?
Should we be considering changing crop types and farm locations?
Should we be analyzing and deciding on safer places to put human settlements? Move away from vulnerable coast lines and flood plains? Away from drought prone areas? Do we need to try to pre-empt disaster, instead of waiting for it to happen? Do we need to start planning for a large migration of people- the largest ever in our history?
Can we do this on a global scale, with pooling of international scientific expertise?
Should we stop fixating on carbon and temperature only and try to adapt to the consequences?
Does Antibiotic overuse in Farming contribute significantly to Antibiotic Resistance in Human Populations?
What would the effect be on the industry, if the antibiotic usage is cut drastically?
Is there a financial benefit to using antibiotics in this way? Why are we sitting with this problem?
Has anyone tested residual pesticide levels on Fruit and Vegetables? Before and after washing? Does washing fruit remove enough of the residual pesticide?
What is the cumulative pesticide dose over decades and does it play a role in diseases like Parkinson's Disease?
Are pesticide manufacturers culpable for any long term side effects?
Dear Investigator,
The comet assay has been in existence for many years, but the general protocol largely remains unchanged, despite it requiring numerous, time-consuming steps. We in the Oxidative Stress Group, at Florida International University, are very interested in learning about comet assay users’ experiences, and their thoughts on the protocol. Below is a link to a short questionnaire that we would be grateful if you would complete. All replies are entirely anonymous, but you will have the opportunity be entered into a prize draw for an Amazon voucher.
(you might need to cut and paste into browser.)
Feel free to distribute to other colleagues who may be interested.
Please feel free to contact any of us if you have any questions, or want to confirm the veracity of this email and questionnaire.
Thank you very much in advance,
Marcus
Professor and Head of Department.
Oxidative Stress Group, Dept. Environmental & Occupational Health,
Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199.
In a resent submission to a journal a reviewer commented:
"As far as I know, viruses are self-replicating structures, using for this purpose nucleic acids identical in function to those present in living cellular organisms. They can therefore be regarded as living - and virology is indeed a branch of biology. "
My understanding is that viruses and viroids (not mentioning prions) are non-living since they are metabolically inactive and unable to reproduce outside a host. Some virologist even refer to them as infectious agents and not organisms.
Is this still a debate that requires clarification or have we come to some sort of consensus?
I have found that my zebrafish are sick and I suspect they are infected by some kind of pathogenic bacteria. I found Ulcers on their tails, and near their fins, so could it be caused by mycobacteria? Besides that, congestive cardiomyopathy was found in some of them. I am very curious to know how this outbreak happened, although all the fish are reared in system and the water is under a UV light.
Taking advantage of the colleague's question, in my fish system (Zebrafish) is growing a filamentous structure that I doubt whether it is mucus or fungus. can anybody help me?
I have decontaminated the system but the structure continues to appear.
I'm curious to know if there is a study that examines the rates of genetic diseases that some children inherit from their parents in the case of mixed race children.
There are studies on genetic factors leading to cancers and height and other interesting information out there but none yet I have found about genetically diverse parents' children and the possible (if any) genetic diseases they can face.
Cultivated Agaricus bisporus and bacterial blotch disease management
Is there any paper or online archive where detailed location specific data for Cancer in India available?
Would be wonderful if you can help.
Regards,
Mainak.
Does average years of life loss (AYLL) can be used to monitor the progress of a particular disease over time? If so, does it require to be age-adjusted? What does an increasing AYLL over time suggest?
It is a common trend of cultures to marry within own blood relations. Do you think it may be harmful to the children of such couple or their next generation?
Please explain only scientific views and research reports.
An autoimmune disease is a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body. Are there any scientific reasons explaining why the body acts abnormally in this way and are there any special treatments for these diseases?
I am trying to purify DNA from a gel but yields are seemingly too low. I have loaded ~500ng of DNA onto my gel, run it, and cut it out and purified it using a Quigen Gel Extraction kit. I am only getting back ~5ng/ul. Should I up the amount of DNA I am loading on my gel initially and if so, how much should I load?
What is the present status of Next Generation sequencing in Clinical Diagnosis?. Is it well defined to make a conclusion for diagnosis?.
We are trying to find comprehensive datasets that include species, specific diseases, and location information. Does anybody have any good databases or can anybody send me monitoring data sets that they have access to? We found the HICORDIS database, and that is perfect. Are there any from outside Hawaii?
Thanks!
how useful would you say genomic approaches is in this field in comparison to traditional methods used previously to identify pathogens?
Is it better for patient treatment for us to use genomic sequencing methods such as WGS/NGS?
Does it help public health investigate outbreaks and make international surveillance easier?
Surgical myectomy is highly effective in treating HOCM. Since the disease may present in different anatomic forms, those patients with more extensive disease pose surgical challenges. For instance, in those patients with apical and mid/apical hyperthrophy, surgery often requires a combined transaortic and transapical approaches. However, one may argue that a successful basal myectomy would be a safer and equally effective treatment, leaving untreated the mid septum and/or apical septum. What is the validity of this later argument, in terms of recurrent heart failure and sudden death?
I have a project about disease detection and recognition .. but the medical dataset is my problem .. i didn't decide which type of disease we can work on ...
I want to benefit from your experiences in this field ..where can i find clear dataset and what are the best disease that you suggest to work on in my project...
Best Regards
the habitat and distribution of important pathogens and focuses on pathogenicity and pathogenesis?
The defintion of outbreak is clear for me : it is the occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a defined community, geographical area or season. outbreaks of single cases is also clear for me . What is vague for me is as follows... eg : if the regular vaiation for a disease is about 100 -200 per year when to say that it is an outbreak ? if it exceeds 250? or 300 or 400? how to confirm that this is an outbreak ? at what level ? and on what basis? is there any reference or general rule?
We are working on management of brinjal fruit shoot borer . Most of the plots are infected with cercospora leaf spot . Does this has any relation with the infestation of borer. The severity is increasing day by day. What should we do to manage the disease ? Does the management of disease create any negative impact in the research?
Different individuals possess different genetic and epigenetic information, so precise treatment is very difficult to realize.
There was a vaccine developed against angiotensin 2 to fight hypertension several years ago, but I am interested in knowing if any other vaccines have been developed
Answer would be more helpful if you can provide me any Data (or) article which majorly describes about the predominance of different brain waves in normal as well as in diseased rats.
Dear all,
Currently, my research related to discovering SNP combinations association with disease. I need to compare my result with other studies. Could you give me some available tools to test this kind of association?
Best regards
What if the Relative Risk value is zero? Does that indicate there is no association between the risk and the disease?
I am trying to determine the bleeding time in various disease conditions
There are several papers on miRNA prediction.
Why don't we predict an miRNA against pathogen causing diseases?
How could it help to improve therapies of those diseases?
IL10-592 CA genotype, and not the CC nor the AA genotypes, has been found to be associated with development of the disease. How can we explain this finding?
Majority of human diseases are from animal origin, presently many diseases are newly emerging, but still in India there is no proper collaboration and coordination between medicos and vets, How to solve this issue?
Hi! Any suggestion of autoapplicated scales for apathy and impulsivity to be used with Parkinson´s disease patients? Thanks!!!
I noticed that several papers refer to Campylobacter as a commensal bacteria in the poultry gut, while others mention it as an infection, as the bird may shed it in the faeces. In my opinion it is not an infection just because it is in the faeces, if it is a commensal bacteria in the gut. However, if it is affecting the bird in any (negative) way, then it could be called an infection.
Any thought on this dilemma?
I am in the process of identifying whether or not any correlations can be drawn between the the expression of genes and proteins. I know when studying the risk in diseased patients we often look to genomics to get a better understanding as to our predisposition to different diseases. With this being said, people are now finding proteomics to be a better indication of actual health. Is there anyway to define a correlation between gene expression and subsequent protein expression or are there too many moving pieces to effectively do so?
i particularly wants to know that is there any disease that is caused by gain of function mutation and in that due to mutation protein binds to some different substrates? please let me know
Compatible fungicides with Azoxy ?
There are some technologies, including spectroscopic and imaging-based and volatile profiling-based post harvest disease detection methods.
What are their drawbacks?
In a case control study, systematic sampling design for case (with disease) and purposive sampling design for control (without disease non -case healthy individual) can both design be used?
What methods are there to create new cutoffs for a given continous measurement as an indicator of health, or diagnosis of a disease? For example, how can I create new cutoffs for C-reactive protein as an indicator of severity of a disease (normal, mild, severe....)? To be specific, I am interested to know the methods for new cutoffs, not about the C-reactive protein per se.
Hi,
I was just wondering how tight junctions contribute to the development of diseases and if there is any known connection between Claudin 6 expression in developmental programming and/or the development of metabolic diseases?
Any thoughts/ comments?
Thanks,
Pooja.
There are thousands of special classifications of symptoms, like NYHA, or psychiatric, or others. Most of them are related either to specific disease (group of diseases) or anatomic localization, or both. But I haven't succeeded in finding a universal approach for classification of existing symptoms according to their features, like specific/unspecific; subjective/objective/paraclinic; local/general, etc. There is part of ICD-10 (R00-R99), which tries to classify symptoms and Symptom classification by NCHS (was developed in 1974, see link to *.pdf file), but I didn't find any fresher. Does anybody know any universal symptom classification?
Rosai Dorfman's disease is the accumulation of histicytes in lymph nodes and sometimes in extra nodal regions of the human body. Treatment depends on the presenting symptoms, patient clinical state at presentation and the organ involvement. It may not require any treatment other than observation, sometimes may require surgery for airway divertion, may require the use of prednisolone or chemoradiation. I would like to know the current management of this disease besides those just mentioned above.
I realize this question may sound weird (to say the least)... but I was always wondering if one took all the reported literature cases for a specific disorder / disease (assuming that there would be 1,000's of them) -- would the collected sample actually approach the true disease population? Would there still be significant reporting bias? What do you think?
I suspect they will not all be formal publications.
