Discourse Markers - Science topic

Well Prof. Jamel Chahed in my case I have experienced several unpleasant academic situations where totalitarianism was imposed inside schools & universities in our country:

For example we were banned in Venezuela to have access to foreign journal subscriptions back in 2010 (in our university) when still there was not hyperinflation. In addition, a couple of years later forced to use a software called "canaima" (kind of incomplete linux version given to children in schools firstly and then moved to supplant university computers with a posteriori disaster).

I do not know the results (quantitatively) on how the authoritarian disaster ended since there are not statistics, because whatever happens wrong in the public education sector in Venezuela (more than 90 % of the total) is erased as soon as possible because there is not even a one good experience. Venezuela is a totalitarian failed land in all aspects including education, science and technology. Some university authorities were imposed by a fake supreme court without any meritocracy, and so on. It is too much to say in one thread.

However, anybody can see the results of the illiteracy in teaching STEAM core subjects in middle schools and in universities. Please some articles with results from polls conducted by one Private Catholic University are in Spanish but google translate helps. Lack & total loss of the most basic students competences such as reading and basic maths among many negative results due to Authoritarianism:

https://sumarium.info/2022/10/12/informe-ucab-los-alumnos-de-educacion-media-en-venezuela-cada-vez-tienen-menos-competencias-en-materias-fundamentales/

Kind Regards.

A structure can be said to have "pragmatized" or become a discourse marker when you see the following changes:

1. At the semantic level: its referential meaning has changed to subjective or interpersonal meaning (see Sweetser 1990; Traugott 1989 etc.)

2. At the syntactic level: its syntactic behavior has become more free, and no longer bound to a particular sentential position.

Once these changes are observed, we speak of pragmatization. See Jing-Schmidt & Kapatsinski (2012) on the pragmatization of fear expressions for an illustration.

References:

Sweetser, Eve. 1990. From etymology to pragmatics. Cambridge U. Press.

Traugott, Elisabeth C. 1989. “On the rise of epistemic meaning in English: an example of subjectification in semantic change.” Language 65, 31-55.

Jing-Schmidt, Z. & V. Kapatsinski. 2012. The apprehensive: Fear as endophoric evidence and its pragmatics in English, Mandarin, and Russian. Journal of Pragmatics 44, 346-373.

Hello Ergaya Grair,

Speech act of requesting triggers the application of either direct or indirect strategies the choice of which depends on various sociological variables pertinent to face threatening acts and  speaker's assessment of addressee's sociocultural status, level of familiarity between them, and the significance of the request itself.Notably, the choice of direct or indirect approach to performing a request is linked to cultural differences and the way communicative principles operate in a given society. For more information, the following link can hopefully satisfy what you are looking for.

Best of luck,

R. Biria

II analyzed some crucial components of Discourse Analysis such as focusing on language as social practice, aiming social justice, focusing on context of language use and analyzing power and ideology in society. According to Schiff man, language policy is a social construct that rests on other conceptual elements such as belief systems, attitudes, values, prejudices, religious strictures etc. He refers the package of these conceptual elements as linguistic culture, which works as culture baggage that speakers bring to their dealings with language from their contexts. Ethnography is widely used in sociology, sociolinguistics, material culture study and communication studies ethnography is an understanding and description of how participants understand certain things in their lives such as interaction, policy, rituals, behaviors, events and customs. Since Discourse Analysis focuses on social problems and unequal social structures.discourse Analysis  also  points  out  that  politician  and  those  in  power  have  more  access  to media which is the result of their powerful influence  and strengthens their ability to  take control through discourse. Discourse Analysis and ethnography of language policy focus on the contextual impact on the language use the language policy helps to sustain the status quo by regulating and setting the boundaries for people to think and believe what is acceptable and unacceptable. principles of Discourse Analysis   and  ethnography  of  language  policy, a  language policy can be examined as

a Social construct bounded in and shaped by the  regional and national contexts;

 b.an ongoing process involving

c the multiple layers of policy agents in policy creation, interpreting and appropriation;

d. Social construct that serves the  interest  of  the dominant  groups,  which  should  be  critically  addressed  for  its embedded  inequality,  power  relationship,  hegemony  and  control;

 e. Creation  and production of semiotic variables.

Dear Lucía Cantamutto,

I hope the following references and attachments are of some help.

Kind regards,

Paul Chaney

 F. Rash. (2004). Linguistic politeness and greeting rituals in German-speaking Switzerland. Linguistik online. [Online]. 20(48). Available: http://www.linguistik-online.de/20_04/rash.html.

H Faiz, and N Zuhaila – (2013) Use of Greetings in SMS Messages from Students to Lecturers at a Malaysian University, International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 [attached]

Masriatus Sholikhah (2014) Depict Im/Politeness Via Mediated Message Services (Short Message Service, Blackberry Messenger And Whatsup) Of College Students, Home > Vol 3, No 1 (2014) > Sholikhah. http://www.ejurnal.stkipjb.ac.id/index.php/KID/article/view/425

R. Ling, (2005) “The sociolinguistics of SMS: an analysis of SMS use by a random sample of Norwegians,” Mobile Communications, pp. 335-349, [attached]

David H. B. Bednal (2004) Mobile Phone Etiquette: A Cross-national Comparison [attached]

WEI Chun-yan (Faculty of Foreign Languages, Shanxi University,Taiyuan) The Pragmatics Analysis of the Text SMS of Amusement, Available: http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HGXS200505016.htm

T Handayani (2013) Violating Politeness Principles In Cellular Phone Provider, Journal on English Language, and Culture [attached]

Morel, Étienne; Bucher, Claudia; Pekarek-Doehler, Simona; Siebenhaar, Beat (2012) SMS communication as plurilingual communication: Hybrid language use as a challenge for classical code-switching categories, Source: Lingvisticae Investigationes, Volume 35, Number 2, pp. 260-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.35.2.08mor

Frehner, C. (2008) Email – SMS – MMS: The Linguistic Creativity of Asynchronous Discourse in the New Media Age, Linguistic Insights - Volume 58, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Oxford, Wien, 2008. 294 pp. ISBN 978-3-03911-451-1 http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=13908&concordeid=11451