Digestive Physiology - Science topic

Please also see the following RG links.

Dear Md. Rahat Ahmad Redoy

Did you find this program? I am also looking for a Naway Computer Program. Unfortunately, the file from Redimio Manuel Pedraza Oliver is not working.

Maybe any company sells this software??

Digestive enzymes are extracted from animals,plants and microorganisms. Pancreatic enzymes for digestion are extracted in the Middle East from Camel, Cattle and Cheeps.Also yeasts are an important sources in our country as a source of huge enzymes.Lactic acid bacteria are used as lactase source for treatment of lactose-intolerant people.

Dear Abdallah

The so called "intersticium" is a lymphatic dependent space with very little or no fluid inside it. It was known to anatomists for more than 200 years.

Discovery sometimes is not about discovering something new, but making a big fuzz about old things. Then it seems as a "new discovery".

This link of article may be useful

THE COW IS A RUMINANT (ANIMAL WITH MULTI-CHAMBER STOMACH.....THAT INCLUDES THE RUMEN AND IS ABLE TO CHEW GRASS IN THE MOUTH SWALLOWS IT TO THE STOMACH ...THIS WORKS AS A FERMENTATION CHAMBER) THUS IS ABLE TO PROCESS PLANT CELL WALLS LIKE CELLULOSE IN VARIOUS FORMS GENERATING A FULL RANGE OF NUTRIENTS FOR GROWTH AND MAINTENANCE . THE COW HAS ITS OWN FERMENTATION CHAMBER PROVIDING BASIC KEY NUTRIENTS FOR THE COW AND THE MILK IT PRODUCES (LACTOSE, CASEIN AND OTHER PROTEINS ) TO SECURE HEALTH OF THE OFFSPRINGS. AS AN MD PHD WITH PEDIATRICS AND NEONATAL CLINICAL TRAINING AND A PHD DEGREE FROM MIT FOCUSING ON AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEIN METABOLISM DURING THE SCRIMSHAW/MUNRO/YOUNG YEARS WHICH ENDED IN THE mid/late 90s; WE NEED TO BE MINDFUL THAT BIOLOGY-NUTRITION FOR HUMAN HEALTH IS CONDITIONED BY THE EVOLUTIONARY STAGE OF THE RESPECTIVE ANIMAL SPECIES . MAMMALS AS THE NAME IMPLIES ARE DEPENDENT ON MILK AS KEY FOOD IN EARLY LIFE ; THUS THE COMPOSITION OF HUMAN MILK IS CRITICAL AS A SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS INCLUDING THE RIGHT MIX AND AMOUNT OF AMINO ACIDS (essential and non-essential)/ MINERALS (Ca & P) TO SUPPORT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT . HUMAN MILK IS UNIQUE IN PROVIDING THE RIGHT AMOUNT AND TYPE OF NUTRIENTS TO SUPPORT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT SPECIFIC TO EACH SPECIE. THE NEED FOR ESSENTIAL LONG CHAIN FATS (N-3 AND N-6 PUFAs) for humans in early life is very high and is sustained for most of the first year of life by human milk, the amount and type of fat in the various mammalian species is defined by the maternal diet and the offspring's weight gain (adjusted for changes in body composition during early growth and rate of subsequent growth at various stages of development. As a short answer to A. Karan see above comment green grass alone can not support the PROTEIN NEEDS FOR growth of large mammals. It is only an ingredient for the biomass generated from grass in the multi chamber DIGESTIVE SYSTEM that provides the energy substrates for fat in milk, and the amino acids/proteins formed by the cow . So with full respect to the the evolutionary process as pointed out by RAHMAN (see above) the cow and thus we humans are dependent on the microbiomes in herbivores /rumminants and the magic of fermentation to deliver milk with specie-specific composition of Proteins (amino-acids) and fats including not only triglycerides and fatty acids but also long chain essential (n-6 and n-3 LCPUFAs including arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids) fats produced by the microbiome which in the case of ruminants provides good protein including essential amino acids to meet the needs imposed by rapid body growth but is clearly insufficient to provide essential fats key in fulfilling the needs of the rapidly growing/complex primate brain. Check the latest FAO/WHO report on HUMAN NEEDS FOR FATS AND FATTY ACIDS PUBLISHED BY FAO/WHO see attached document

Any animals do you mean?

Differ from one type to another, but generally; These fatty acids are important for maintaining your Pets joint health. Look for Pets foods that contain fish oil or fish products, as well as flax seed or canola oil, which all contain high levels of omega-3 fatty acids. You can also purchase supplements that contain omega-3 fatty acids.

Unlike farm animals; Diet Composition Drives Animal Health, Growth Rates, Production Costs & Financial Returns

As many who work have worked with fats and oils are undoubtedly aware, an important feature of fats and oils, known collectively as

lipids1

, is their versatility. Fats and oils serve a number of important nutritional and non-nutritional functions. They have multiple benefits

from optimizing pelleting products, machinery life, feed throughput and formula density; to controlling dust in feed mills and in barns; to

the ability to affect nutrient and energy levels, energy density, feed efficiencies and thermo-body regulation; to impacting animal growth

rates by influencing average daily growth (ADG) rates, particularly in younger pigs.

Before we get into the specifics of fat/oils as an energy source, it is often helpful to understand the primary components of feed rations,

as well as the principal drivers of feed costs which normally account for 60-70% of overall costs of production. Why is this important?

Feedstuff selection can often play a major role on operator profitability because most producers, unfortunately, are price takers vs.

price makers, and small savings in feed costs, or a corresponding improvement in feed efficiency or average daily gain, can drop to the

producer’s bottom line, multiplied across each pig in production.

Swine diets must be balanced to contain the necessary nutrients to nourish the animal. Required nutrients include energy, amino acids

(from proteins), minerals and vitamins. Recommended swine diets will vary depending on the nutrient requirements for pigs, which in

turn will vary according to their stage of production and health, gender and genetic line, lean growth rate, whether they are gestating,

producing or consuming milk, and ambient weather and barn conditions.2

When afforded ad libitum (“eat at will”) access to feed, pigs in experimental settings will eat until their energy requirements have been satisfied.

However, in commercial production most pigs do not enough energy to meet their energy needs for maximum protein deposition and growth. This

is one of the reasons why adding fat to the diet in commercial situations can improve growth rates that surpass university study (high intake)

conditions (Mike Tokach, KSU, personal communication, Apr 2012).

In addition, fat can be utilized not only to provide energy but fat-soluble vitamins, essential fatty acids, and even molecular signaling

substances. Often the amino acid which is the most important limiting factor in grain-soybean meal diets is the amino acid lysine (used

in the synthesis of new tissue).3

It is the cereal grains which are used as base feed ingredients because they are low in fiber and high in

energy. However, all grains are deficient in protein quantity and quality, as well as minerals and vitamins, so additional ingredients are

normally required to balance the ration.

Soybean meal is an excellent source of amino acids, which forms the basis for balancing diets vs. looking to soybean meal simply for

its crude protein value. Diet formulation can be a bit tricky when fat is used since its impact is to reduce feed consumption. Lysine

requirements need to be increased so that animals obtain the required amounts to allow maximum growth to take place.4 For more

information on balancing swine diets, please see (van Heugten et al, 2007.)

 Interesting links attached above. Epicatechin is quite a beneficial flavonol, found in foods already generally recognized as healthy (berries, apples, dark chocolate, ginger, grape seeds / wine, even ephedra!) Dark chocolate is the most popular source, but dieters must weigh the cons (increased calories) against the pros (general cardiovascular health, insulin benefits, and others).

Dirk,

Perhaps you will find something useful in the linked article. I found this today while searching for information on the pH of pigeon droppings in the context of a project I am working on. I found your query first, and so came back to share.

Perhaps the information is not as species-specific as you would like, but I think an urban context (where the effects of deposited wastes are likely to be most severe) does not readily lend itself to obtaining the type of "pure" wastes you are trying to find evaluations for. This study also does not seem to take into consideration other possible sources of the salts and acidity in the droppings that were sampled.

Hope this helps in some way-

Kind regards,

Lorraine

One common mistake in diet studies is the failure to insure that dietary treatments have the same caloric density (isocaloric) or the same protein level (isonitrogenous) when they should.Thus, simply exchanging ingredients will change the energy level of the diet as well as the protein level and confound the experiment with an extra variable. Energy must be added to some of the diets to make them isocaloric.

The same principle can be applied to experiments that include diets with different protein sources as dietary treatments. In this case, care must be taken to make sure that the growth effects being measured are due to protein source rather than protein level. The diets are made isonitrogenous by varying the level of the protein sources according to the protein content of each

This link might help you

Search the internet for further information!

Dear Kamakhya,

that is intresting :).

But from a scientific point of view, it first needs to be clarified, that an experiment never can "prove" a theory. Experiments are only able to say, that (in this case) the opposite is unlikely...: It is unlikely that Yoga does not improve digestive functions, however this is not precise, I think it gives you a gist.

And the way it is done is:

Define a "Manipulation" or "independent variable": for example invite two groups of people: one group makes yoga for half an hour in your laboratory, the other group only sits there for the same amount of time. Make sure, that "doing Yoga" is the only difference between what is happening in both groups.

Define "improving digestive function" - this is your dependent variable. I do not have a clue, what this could be: maybe the quality of the stool. Whatever it is, it should be a plausible indicator of the quality of digestive functions. Maybe we have some physicians here :)

Now you can do diffrent things.

1. Forget the groups, but analyse the stool before doing yoga and after doing yoga. In terms of quality there should be an improvement...

2. Invite those two groups, and analyse the stool only afterwards. There should be a difference then, to "reject" the hypothesis, that yoga does not improve the digestives....

3. Do both.

Make sure, that no one you invite to participate does actually yoga for herself regularly. The idea of testing is to have the highest possible control for causal effects. Namely, your manipulation is the only systematic source of possible differences in the digestive functions. So think about other explanations too, and rule them out.

Funny thing, let me know the results ^^

Best, René

I would suggest you contact Dr. Barry McCleary of Megazyme (Ireland)  he is a manufacturer of specialized enzymes used on a number of industries (mainly food, beverage and feed science.  He is a very knowledgeable and helpful.

As roughly 10% of mankind suffers constipation, I would give it a go go go (I am also starting looking in the constipation issue btw). BMS

You can use by a thin-layer chromatographic method for bile acids has been described from many researcher which separates glycine conjugates, taurine conjugates, and free bile acids into three separate bands. The solvent system used for this purpose

is ethanol-isopropyl alcohol-isooctane-ethyl acetate (25: 10: 10: 10). This

method is time saving and very simple for quantitative estimation of the

glycine:taurine ratio in biological specimens. Good luck !

The possible mechanism depend on the activation of the adaptive immunity by a gliadin peptides which pass the intestinal barrier and is "captured" by the APCs, like the dendritic cells. The most known gliadin peptide is the 33-mer. When it pass the gut barrier it is processed by the tissue transglutaminase, in this moment the peptide that is formed is a cross-link peptide, with a part of gliadin sequence a part of tissue transglutaminase. So when this new peptide is caught by the APCs and presented to the lymphocyte T it drive the immune response both on gliadins and tissue transglutaminase.... there are other part of this mechanism, more complex and not fully understood.

Hi, 

Which pepsin? There are several forms of this enzyme.

You can check this thesis to get an idea

Dear Jagadeeswaran

Cathartics and laxatives increase the motility of the intestine or increase the bulk of feces. The dosages for all of these drugs are highly empirical and usually extracted from human dosages. Clinically, these drugs are administered to increase passage of gut contents associated with intestinal impaction, to cleanse the bowel before radiography or endoscopy, to eliminate toxins from the GI tract, and to soften feces after intestinal or anal surgery.

Saponification of castor oil in small intestine produces a small amount of an irritant sodium ricinoleate soap . This soap can be absorbed and eliminated in milk producing secondary effects on nursing offspring.

As a laxative or purgative in non-ruminants or young ruminants, where saponification in small intestine helps produce a small amount of an irritant sodium ricinoleate soap which produces most of desired effect. This occurs within approx 4-6 hr in dogs and longer in large animals. Longer the duration more contact time to such irritant, may recommend not to take it in ruminants.

Thank you so much!

according to its age and diet composition

you can see more aboth in book:leo m.l.nollet,2000:food analysis by HPLC.marcel.dekker.inc.new york

Thank you very much!. It sounds very interesting, I will look for the last studies on resveratrol.