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Questions related to Design Research
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I am looking for data for research in the field of graphic design
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Какие данные Вас интересуют?
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Can anyone recommend papers that explain design research or design research methodologies, particularly those focusing on DIY methods in product development?
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Sani Uddin Khan Sani, Teachers in my city noticed students couldn't focus on their work and lacked interest. And didn't know, talk or work with each other. After many attempts to improve things they decided on no access to cell phones. Students hated it. Still do. - But they started to talk and work with one another. He tells of hearing absurd and crazy ideas. And hopes (a big hope) phones they're remembering how imagine things. I think thats a big part of DIY.
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How to calculate sample size for Quasi-Experimental Design Research?
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Calculating sample size for quasi-experimental design research involves several steps and considerations, as it is crucial to ensure that the study has enough power to detect a significant effect if one exists. Here are the steps you can follow:
1. Define the Hypothesis and Effect Size
- Hypothesis: Clearly state the research hypothesis. For example, "The intervention will lead to a significant increase in test scores."
- Effect Size: Estimate the expected effect size (small, medium, or large). Effect size is a measure of the magnitude of the difference or relationship you are investigating. Common effect size measures include Cohen's d, odds ratio, or correlation coefficients. Cohen's d values are typically categorized as small (0.2), medium (0.5), and large (0.8).
2. Determine Significance Level (α) and Power (1-β)
- Significance Level (α): The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true (Type I error). A common choice is 0.05.
- Power (1-β): The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false (Type II error). A typical power value is 0.80, meaning an 80% chance of detecting an effect if one exists.
3. Choose the Statistical Test
Select the statistical test that will be used to analyze the data. The choice of test depends on the design of your study and the type of data you have. Common tests for quasi-experimental designs include t-tests, ANOVAs, and regression analyses.
4. Calculate the Sample Size
There are several methods and tools to calculate the required sample size, including:
- Statistical Software: Programs like G*Power, SPSS, and R have built-in functions to calculate sample size.
- Online Calculators: Various online sample size calculators are available for different types of studies and tests.
- Formulas: Use specific statistical formulas to calculate sample size based on the chosen test, effect size, α, and power.
Example: Using G*Power to Calculate Sample Size for a t-test
1. Open G*Power: Select the statistical test (e.g., t-test: Means - Difference between two independent means).
2. Input Parameters:
- Effect Size (d): Enter the estimated effect size.
- α (Significance Level): Typically 0.05.
- Power (1-β): Typically 0.80.
3. Calculate: Click "Calculate" to obtain the required sample size.
Example Calculation Using Formula
Find attached a simple two-group comparison using a t-test.
Practical Considerations
1. Attrition Rate: Adjust the sample size for expected dropouts or non-responses.
2. Variability: If you have high variability in your data, you may need a larger sample size.
3. Feasibility: Ensure that the calculated sample size is practical and achievable within your constraints.
Conclusion
Calculating the sample size for a quasi-experimental design involves determining the effect size, significance level, power, and the appropriate statistical test. Using tools like G*Power or specific formulas can help you accurately determine the required sample size. Ensuring a sufficient sample size is crucial for the validity and reliability of your study's findings.
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How are industrial design research designs generally configured? What methodologies do they generally use? The idea is to have on hand a repertoire of methods and frequent actions for research in industrial design.
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Federico Del Giorgio Solfa ....Federico If I was to chose a method for design research I chose the IDEO models. The IDEO studio arrived in the US in mid 1970’s. They developed a model to promote innovation. To be clear, what they accomplished was to away to maintain the health of the environment that had potential to imagine and innovate.
The studio was a mix of people form many cultures and professions.
The goal was understanding people to increase success of their design ideas. Because people change ideas, desires and needs our ideas for design should follow. .
Decades later “design theory” arrived and described model(s) for innovation. And today, two decades later we more models of innovation. If you follow current research AI is the holy grail for innovation.
However, the common feature of these models is expecting people to follow the model. That sameness of thinking and working and imagining is the anti-thesis of creativity and innovation. An environment that promotes the possibility of innovation is distinctly different than the model that says this is the way to create innovation.
My suggestions; work with children from 2 to 5 years old. Before our ideas of modern education get them behaving and thinking the same. Visit and work in art schools. In particular the intro courses in drawing and design. Visit with the physically and developmentally disabled. Watch how they live and engage with all the things we take for granted.
In my experience design concepts talks about design. Design, the human spirit that creates and innovates lives elsewhere. Finding that environment, helping it flourish might get you closer to the essence of innovation.
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explain step by step in graphic design research
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Dear Agoes JOESOEF Agoezy. The purpose of analyzing a graphic work is to determine the spatial meaning quality existing in human communication and recorded in collective memory. From a professional point of view, the analysis of a graphic product is intended to find the value of the artistic work. Since the publication of Erwin Panofsky's articles on iconography and iconology, this problem has been developed in many axiological theories in the Philosophy of Art.
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do you have any sketch floor plan for designing a biology research lab? any particular idea or website that I could use? there is a lot out there
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You might want to look at the information at:
There are plenty of other resources, but these may help you get started. There are some great articles on all of them.
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Hello researchers and experts,
I hope this post finds you well. I am currently conducting research in the field of drug design and (POM) theory. I am excited to connect with fellow researchers and experts who share a similar interest in this area and explore potential collaboration opportunities.
My research focuses on utilizing computational approaches and applying POM theory to enhance drug discovery and optimization processes. I firmly believe that collaboration is key to advancing scientific knowledge and achieving breakthroughs in this field.
If you are actively engaged in drug design research , I invite you to join forces and collaborate on exciting projects. Together, we can explore novel methodologies, share insights, and contribute to the advancement of this crucial field.
Please feel free to reach out to me if you are interested in discussing potential collaboration opportunities. I am eager to learn from your expertise and work together towards scientific excellence.
Thank you for your time, and I look forward to the possibility of collaborating with you
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Interested but not too conversant with POM theory
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Hi All,
I’m often asked to suggest academic Design Journals, but find it hard to find a 'one-stop' list so researchers/ students can review and select. I’ve started a rough list in no particular order (link below). Any Design related journal suggestions would be welcome, from Innovation to engineering, education to ergonomics, UX to Design history, etc. Discipline-specific or Interdisciplinary.
Please offer some suggestions and Il add them to the list. Looking for quality, peer-reviewed offerings.
Thanks alot!
P.J.
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Hi all
I've added all your suggestions to the list of Design Journals and created a clickable table of categories for easier search:
Please feel free to add and share.
The categories include:
  • General Design Journals
  • Design in Business/ Management/ Strategy/ Innovation
  • Built Environment / Architecture/Interiors/ Planning
  • Social Design/ Sustainability
  • Product Design/ Industrial Design/ Ergonomics
  • UX/ HCI
  • Visual Communications/ Information Design
  • Fashion/ Textile Design
  • Art/ Philosophy
  • Design and Policy
  • Design History
  • Design and Engineering
  • Prototyping /3D Printing
  • Design and AI
  • Design and Health
  • Design Education
  • Design Creativity and Craft
  • Design and Food
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There are two main types of research: Qualitative research and Quantitative research. Your research question will be based on the type of research you want to conduct and the type of data collection.
The first step in designing research involves identifying a gap and creating a focused research question.
Below is a list of common research questions that can be used in a dissertation. How research question can be created for a specific problem and a related data collection ?
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I am not sure that I would accept all of these as research questions. For starters, I see a hierarchy and redundancy there:
- Both your explanatory and evaluation questions are causal questions and thus explanatory. This is just hidden by the fact that "the impact of C" does not get a capital letter. Once you find the impact and name it "D", the question can be phrased (and answered) as an explanatory question.
- The exploratory questions you provide are also causal questions. I don't see how a strong distinction can be made between "What are the causes for C?" and "What factors affect C#s rate of growth?". The other one is obvious.
- The descriptive, comparative and correlational questions must be answered anyway if you want to answer a causal question, in your terms an exploratory, explanatory or evaluation question. They can be considered as necessary steps to answering these causal questions. I advise PhD students against reducing their PhD to these 'lesser questions'.
- I am not sure that your action-based question is a research question at all.
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Dear communities,
I will use a mixed-methods research to conduct my study. Can I use Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire (MALQ) as an instrument of a qualitative design research to explore the ways that metacognitive strategy instruction facilities the receptive skills learning? I have read several articles which all use this questionnaire in their quantitative design.
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First what makes it qualitative? The questionnaire might fall under quantitative considering the its indicators and nature. MALQ may provide specific indicators about how listening skills can be measured or monitored. Thus, it would be a structured one, unless indicators are abstract and not measurable so far it could be and could label as quali.
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particularly I am going to conduct an explorativ study using content analisis ; the procedure is to ask secondary school teachers to write a story from their professional activity where they not according to moral norms
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Generally speaking, if a population is very homogeneous and the phenomenon narrow, aim for a sample size of around 10. If the population is varied or the phenomenon is complex, aim for around 40 to 50. And if you want to compare populations, aim for 25 to 30 per segment.
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Investigating the impact of one variable to the other in educational studies
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You can use covariance-based software such as AMOS and variance-based software such as PLS.
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Have you been curious about the experience of qualitative research participants?
Often when we explore lived experience in qualitative research, participants tell us about some aspects of their life in such a way that they may have never told someone before. When going through such research procedures (like interviews or focused groups) have you been curious about the influence of your designed research procedures on participants' lives? Have you wondered how to do research on the impacts of research participation and the ethical dimensions and issues surrounding such procedures?
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This sounds very interesting Peyman! Of course, participants' experiences of participating in qualitative studies needs to be explored and documented. As a qualitative and narrative inquirer I have engaged with participants with an intention to elicit their stories of lived experiences. I can confirm that they do share with us (researchers) stories they have not shared with anyone else. I think that as qualitative researchers, we have focused on generating data and reporting findings. I like your view which directs us to the perspective of participants.
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When I observed mathematics education in preservice teachers at my university, I found that What students learn in mathematics classes does not match what is needed in school mathematics classes. That led to my initiation to do design research, a Hypothetical Learning Trajectory that contains a sequence of learning processes related to elementary school mathematics learning. I consider starting with observations in elementary math class to identify misconceptions, then jointly reviewing issues on campus, conducting literature reviews, designing lessons to address identified problems, implementing them in class and evaluating the results. The final result is a Local Instructional Theory on Learning about Teaching Mathematics for prospective teachers to overcome misconceptions that occur in elementary mathematics classes. I need so many suggestions to do this research.
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From my experience your idea has been voiced by every teacher in every subject from the beginning of teaching. In addition, myself and very teacher wants a concept close to what you describe. So much so that they have refined it and set it in place as a curriculum goal at all levels of education.
And it usually fails in real-world classrooms. Especially teaching students from 5 to 18 years old. These are people in their early stages of developing skills to learn. And by their nature never at the same levels. To me those needs come first. You can be successful as a teacher and at same time put aside the obvious theory and hopeful goals.
Like someone else here suggested, spend a few years with the children you hope to help and find out what their needs are and those of their families and community VS what you think they are. First experience helping people to learn before you decide how they should learn and how to organize the curriculum.
Mathematical skills, concepts and facts - like anything else - are easily learned. With a big "if"...if the child likes to learn and has had people help them along the way.
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How we come out safely from Covid-19 pandemic is not going to be easy. This one proposal by researchers seems like a good strategy for lockdown and exit, both, if the world wants to avoid certain economic meltdown. One common problem in most lockdowns: people are still connected by some daily use objects, artifacts, air, etc., in the grocery store, water foundations, shops, etc. What we now see is a nation or state base lockdowns. Exit strategy may need to involve deconstructing society into its fundamental blocks before reconstructing society from these same healed blocks. To deconstruct the research proposes identifying green zones where Covid-19 is less or safe and red zones where its unsafe or difficult to control. The green zones may be connected and the red zones would be lockdown within a town or city also. The red zones would eventually join the green network once it controls the virus spread.
Some excerpts: “In France, people are asked to stay within 1km of their homes. Although such a measure significantly slows down the spread, the virus can still travel through the entire network. In a city like Paris, two people who are 2km apart may still share the same grocery shop, and so everyone in this 10km city is connected within five degrees of separation. Instead of enforcing a radius of movement for each individual, as is the case in France, they propose that it would work better if people were allowed to move within disconnected areas, such as counties, towns, or boroughs. Obviously, such a division would be easier to enforce between separate towns than between boroughs of one single town. Division between some zones may therefore need to be legally enforced, while divisions between other zones merely recommended. This would, of course, represent a step up in state-enforced control in many countries.”
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Very important planning to optimise lockdown and it's exit mode - https://wb.gov.in/COVID-19/Measures.pdf
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I am currently writing a comprehensive survey paper. But have already worked out my research premises and submitted them for review. I want to write the survey under the same light as my research domain, particularly stressing my objectives and research questions. So, a general-purpose survey seems very broad whereas systematic literature reviews/mapping seems quite advanced at this stage. I want to keep my survey paper a generic theme but also want to uphold my own specific designed research questions and identified gaps.
Can a generic survey paper have specified research questions that we find in many systematic literature review/mapping articles?
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Yes, but in the case of the review, the question is answered with a bibliometric or qualitative analysis of the sources analyzed. Personally did this thing in this study:
Spreafico, C. (2021). Quantifying the advantages of TRIZ in sustainability through life cycle assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 303, 126955.
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Hello, I am trying to figure out a independent variable that I can manipulate having to do with motivation or learning in a 2x2 design. I’m trying to find something that is not school focused as I need more flexibility in gathering participants and don’t know many people.
It is for a school project and I’ve spent days researching trying to come up with something. Any help is greatly appreciated!
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Basically you can use any scale variables by dichotomizing them, e.g. previous knowledge (high/low) x interest in topic (high/low). These both would serve as your independent variables, that determine your dependent (measured) one, e.g. mean of learning outcome.
However, without any clue of your research question, the examples are just a good guess about how your design might look like.
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I was browsing the Berlin Biennale Archive materials and saw that artists use sociological concepts for both explanation and creation of value there. This is very close to the concepts of social co-creation of value and the change of perspective from competency to activism in action research and design thinking.
Look at this for example:
THE 7TH BERLIN BIENNALE ARCHIVE: DRAFTSMEN'S CONGRESS, PAWEŁ ALTHAMER https://artmuseum.pl/en/archiwum/archiwum-7-berlin-biennale/2054?read=all
Can you see any similarities and potential for cooperation? Is a joint conference of these artists and action/design researchers a good idea?
Richard Kleczek
Look also into my discussion: Does the new (attention: shocking) interpretation of Manet's Olympia develop knowledge about social processes of value creation?
ttps://www.researchgate.net/post/Does_the_new_attention_shocking_interpretation_of_Manets_Olympia_develop_knowledge_about_social_processes_of_value_creation
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Dear Dr. Horvath
I think that the main limitation of the current research on art is the usage of individualistic interpretations of art value or excluding the value form the unit of analysis. I'll try to show in conceptual/qualitative study that using the Theory of Social Practices interpretations and concepts can give a new way to study the art and art-related practices' transformations, which are the relevant research problems in studies on art. The research made this way is scarce along to my knowledge. One of the best research of this type I know is:
Ernst, D., Esche, Ch., Erbslöh, U. (2016). “The art museum as lab to re-calibrate values towards sustainable development.” Journal of Cleaner Production 135: 1446-1460.
RK
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Dear Colleagues
One of the things that has to be done so that design researchers and marketing researchers can work together is to agree the languages they use. It seems to me that one of the language barriers to overcome is using the "aesthetics" category in marketing.
For marketing researchers (Homburg 2015), "aesthetics" means "... is good looking; agree 12345 disagree".
It is difficult to consider such an understanding of "aesthetics" as relevant when taking into account, for instance, the designs of Celine tunics inspired by the works of Ives Klein Anthropometry, presented at fashion week Paris, spring-summer 2017.
Design researchers would rather ask "what does it mean?" or "what values embody these tunics?"
As the importance of competing with meanings increases, marketing researchers should research values as "what does it mean?" rather than "does it look good?" This could be one of the things that closes the gap between marketing and design languages and, consequently, research.
What do you think about it? Any interesting research published? I haven't seen any.
Maybe it's a topic for the
Creativity and Innovation Management
Special Issue – Call for papers
“Design & Marketing: Intersections and Challenges”
Richard Kleczek
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I have just submitted a paper on the sci-art cooperation. Here is the abstract. What do you think? From reformers to living labs: radical changes (transformations) of practices in art and science. Abstract Living labs is a formula of cooperation between scientists and artists that combines new methods of project implementation, new research methods (action research and design-based research). The results of these projects represent radical changes in current practices. I begin by presenting what a radical change in art and science is all about. Next, I present interdisciplinary stakeholder workshops as a working method of living labs and social phenomenology as an interpretative and methodological basis for researching artistic practices in the humanities. In the last part, I present what and how scientists of humanities and artists can study in the living lab formula. The originality / value of the research presented in the article lies in the indication of how artists and scientists can implement joint Sci-Art projects, based on the above-mentioned methods and the model of transformation of artistic practices. Keywords: radical change (transformation), social practices, living lab, humanities, art, social phenomenology
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Call for Contributions
I am chairing the track "Design Thinking to Improve Creative Problem-Solving: from the kindergarten to higher education" at the 2021 LearnxDesign International conference for design education researchers organized by the Pedagogy SIG of Design Research Society (DRS).
The track seeks submissions that will support the exploration of how school teachers, leaders, and students have incorporated design-based methods focused on creative problem-solving.
The submissions can be both academic papers, case studies, and workshops. All of them will be evaluated by double-blind reviews.
The conference will take place in September 2021 at Shandong University of Art & Design, in Jinan, China. The Covid-19 pandemic may force the conference to be held online.
You can find more information about the conference, the track and the call on this website:
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our paper
we are working on Creativity nurutring behaviour -of all stakeholders-Teachers,parents, school and hope enviornment, siblings, friends.
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Researchers experiment with individual and group of designers. In engineering design what are pros and cons (in general) for doing experiment with two designers in a group?
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Collaborative design is thought to have some general advantages and disadvantages. Depending on your experimental setting, the collaborative aspect could improve the outcome for each group. Importantly, the individual designers may be encouraged to express their ideas/understanding (sketches, notes, conversations) when working together. This might help the group keep track of the design process, as opposed to individual designers who tend to make fewer snapshots of their process. So if the experiment is comparing the process or the outcomes, grouping participants can be helpful. A benefit of having individual participants is the number of data points you collect.
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I am looking for a rigorous way to code and analyse visual data (e.g. photos of products) for insights. In specific from a phenomenological perspective.
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I would like to collect contacts for a planned symposium on Integral Sustainable Design and for networking in general on the topic.
Also see our call for articles in a special issue of the journal, Sustainability. The theme will be "Integral Sustainable Design research and Practice."
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In general, integral philosophy is interested in post-postmodern or meta-modern multi-perspectival approaches to understanding whatever one is studying. Capital "I" Integral is often used to refer to the Integral Model of Ken Wilber, a highly published contemporary American thinker. In 2011 I published "Integral Sustainable Design: transformative perspectives" covering 16 perspectives on sustainable design. You can find some info about it under the "Books" section on my RG page, and also on Amazon. There are also several others in Australia (Deakin University in particular), in Greece (Pygmalion Karatzas, architectural photographer), in Italy (at Università Iuav di Venezia) and at Jefferson Univ. (Rob Fleming) who are organizing research and writing books using the basic model and evolutions of it applied to the built environment. The basic premise of all of these is that better design solutions and more complete understandings are found when more perspectives are included, for example, from the arts, sciences and humanities—and when the workable dignities of Traditional, Modern and Post-modern worldviews are included (while transcending their disasters).
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I am involved in an interactive implementation project as a researcher, collaborating with practitioners in identifying evidence-based pathways for making workplace improvements. I have three questions about this set-up:
What are the facilitators and barriers that you face in your interactive research projects?
What are the methods and tools that help you overcome the barriers you face in such project?
How do you follow and evaluate such processes on a meta level?
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Some Human Factors experiments lend themselves more easily to testing within such restrictions - and in some cases meet the criteria for asking questions around single operator performance (with or without confederates in another room). Biggest issue are experiments where you have to have to directly interact with your participants. More so when having to set-up physiological measures. Some electrode placement can be done by the participant, but many need experimenter assistance to ensure correct contact.
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One of my students is setting up an experiment to test the effect of smart cameras on bridge operators’ situation awareness. In this experiment participants will watch 50 short videos per condition (smart camera vs. normal camera). After each video participants need to answer one simple question. Furthermore, after each condition the participants are asked to answer 6 questions.
We are looking for a software package in which we can set up this experiment. This means we need a software package in which we can combine the short videos (100 in total) and the questions. This software should not only allow to display the videos and questions, but also to capture the participants’ answers. For the video part of the experiment it is preferable that the screen only exists of the video itself, so not white/black frame around the video.
What is a suitable software package which we can use to create this experiment set-up?
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Does it have to be a software app? An alternative would be to do this within HTML. It would not be too challenging for your student to create a basic HTML page using javascript to accomplish what you are looking for. Furthermore, if you are at a University you could probably have someone in IT or a student set this up on a University server.
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Natural disasters and Force Majeure including, but not limited to, act of God, acts or orders of governmental authorities, tsunamis, earthquakes, fire, flood, typhoon, tidal wave, or hurricanes have caused unprecedented amount of lost to lives and properties around the world. Design disciplines, such as architecture and environmental design have responded well to such events in two main ways. The first obvious answer to disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis is the physical structural resilience of the built environment, such as buildings, infrastructures, and landscapes especially along the sea coasts. The second intervention measure is the social disaster preparedness of the community and individual. Amongst many others, these two physical and social resilience preparedness in the face of natural disasters can be observed in various design oeuvre: urban, building projects and products.
The so called lockdown ordered by governments around the world is essential to fight the pandemic. While acknowledging the necessity it is also clear these measures could cripple the world economy, trade, connectivity, etc., and bring on a global recession never seen before in such a large scale in the world history. Amidst these uncertain times, the normal practices of meetings are replaced by video conferences and other forms of connectivity. But, these shift was made possible with the current information and technology. However the habitats we now occupy can be said to be a programme and agenda, or products of the past eras. Given such conditions, how can Covid-19 pandemic influence design and design research? How will such a pandemic initiate positive changes in the field of design and research to conform to socially, economically, and environmentally responsible agendas?
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materials of design objects can also be studied now for its disinfectant properties. Various materials have reacted differently to coronavirus and copper performed better than most common materials such as steel, aluminu, wood, plastic, etc. unfortunately copper material use in design has been reduced significantly today. Maybe we can find it’s use more from now.
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I am interested in those who wrote something about designers designing in tune to their worldview / beliefs.
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I have a few of my favorites due to their contribution to the paradigm of Design Cognition.
John S. Gero, Gabriela Goldschmidt, Kristina Höök, M Hassenzahl
Very scientific (the former two) and more pragmatic (the latter two).
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Am in the very early stages to design research proposal, interested in Cellular Automata Model for Highway Geometric/alignment design?
Any clue as I like it but I fail to integrate the two ideas.
Best regards
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Dear colleague,
Your proposal seems to be interesting. Can you more precisely specify your problem? What is its alignment design?
In the meantime, you can try to study a review paper of even publicly available open-source software at my RG page.
Most of my publications about CA and complex system modeling is written in the form to help everyone to easily dive into the subject.
Later I can give you more resources but in the review paper, you find a lot of useful citations too.
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What are the data needed and exclusion criteria for the researches studying the prevalence of infectious diseases or viral infection incidence in epidemiological researches?
How to design the study and what are the suggestions to get a good questionnaire form?
Regards;
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The Phenomenological Approach is one of the philosophical approaches that affected architectural design and scientific research. I’d like to get some evidences by architects or researchers by using this approach.
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Your discussion begs the wider question about whether design can or even should be practiced within some philosophical approach. Over many year I have studied many successful and interesting designers. I would say the vast majority do not claim to have some overarching philosophy. some would undoubtedly say that you should not design to prove a theory. My view is that design is simultaneously a wonderful and yet highly problematic cognitive activity. Anything that is found useful by any designer to aid their thinking seems fine. The idea however that one approach is more correct or useful than any other does not find favour with me. I have found a tendency to claim the fundamental rightness of some philosopy exists in design schools, more often in architecture than other areas of design. In my view this is dangerous for the young design student struggling to find their way.
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I understand design knowledge should be used to make design decisions in design research project. For that reason, knowledge systematization is a necessary capability where the learned knowledge could be used to make design decisions or create an innovation. However, I haven´t found literature where knowledge systematization steps are described. I have just found literature about knowledge management cycle. Could you recommend some articles or describe some knowledge systematization stages?
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Hello
Kelly, A. E., Lesh, R. A., & Baek, J. Y. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of design research methods in education: Innovations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics learning and teaching. Routledge.
da Conceição, C. S., Broberg, O., Paravizo, E., & Jensen, A. R. (2019). A four-step model for diagnosing knowledge transfer challenges from operations into engineering design. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 69, 163-172.
Bohemia, E., Neubauer, R., & Harman, K. (2019). Rethinking design: From the methodology of innovation to the object of design.
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In a research (e.g. computer science, etc.) that involves enhancing existing algorithm or introducing a new algorithm: 1. What will the research design involves? 2. How does one quantify the research method (since research method is either quantitative or qualitative or mixed methods) ?
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Research design is a plan to answer the research question in effective way which divided into two groups: exploratory and conclusive.
A research method is a strategy used the data obtain to archive that plan which divided into: qualitative and quantitative
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Can you frame research questions, problem statement and design methodology? We can co-develop the proposal for seeking solid/co-funding? Looking forward to hearing from Scientific communities.
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Yes, I can about sociological methodology with planning and developement research in social science. I would make crodfunding project to fund sociological research projects in the future. I've a communication degree and I could make graphic and web stuff.
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There are usually some controversies or contentions particularly with whom first author, corresponding author and last author should be. While some institutions only reckon first author for full score during evaluation, other positions are not 'so' countenanced.
This authors positioning becomes major subject of controversies especially when supervisor is not yet a full grade professor. While corresponding author sometimes design the research and provides intellectual supervision, s/he losses some percentage during evaluations for not being the first author based on some institutional disposition.
Is there really a global standard with respect to authors' positioning on manuscript?
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The widely accepted principle is that author order is according to substantive contribution to the particular paper. This includes the main idea, design of the study, determining what statistics to run, positioning the paper, and writing. That is not always easy to determine, and people might disagree as to whose contribution was most. Many people consider the writer as the lead on the paper and take first authorship on that paper. In many fields the last author position is given to the most senior person on the team. This might be the professor with students, or a full professor with junior faculty. When this is done, the senior person isn't usually writing the paper. What should not occur is that the senior person (faculty with students, senior faculty with junior faculty) automatically take first authorship--that should be based on contribution to the paper. This is an area where exploitation can occur.
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The analytical approach to the principles of designing with the forces of nature, climate, in a deliberate and empirical way can be said to be a seminal and critical design research method, especially in architectural theory. The aim being sustainable design as a matter of necessity and socio-economically responsible agenda in design practices. Some researchers opined that the need to have adequate and sufficient weather and solar house component operating data is a prerequisite in any attempt to evaluate solar house design performance. In this similar vein, it has been highlighted that climate, socio-lifestyle (use), and architectural design affordances of form and function, and economical low-energy building operation systems are strategic parameters.
‘WHAT’ parameters can be added or reduce? ‘HOW’ can these parameters contribute in the (Re)Search for appropriate architectural design paradigms? For instances, Can we reduce the process of 'design research' by omitting some steps, such as on-site survey and measurements? In other words, the design research is essentially proposing a quantum proportion passive solar house modules base on climate, optimum design elements, and most energy efficient lifestyle operations.
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Can we reduce the process of 'design research' by omitting some steps, such as on-site survey and measurements? In other words, the design research is essentially proposing a quantum proportion passive solar house base on climate, optimum design elements, and most energy efficient lifestyle operations.
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There is a lot of discussion about Biophilic Design nowadays. But, have we, as designers and researchers, understood what Biophilia really means? How do we design and care about human well-being? Is this measurable? Do we have really meaningful designs and case studies to showcase and/or suggest for scholars to be taught and be inspired? I shall appreciate your thoughts, as you may help my students at various levels of architectural and urban design.
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Dr. Stephen Kellert, the pioneer of Biophilic Design, intended to foster the creation of built environments that connect people to nature, natural systems & processes and to each other, rather than designs that further alienate us. Many people work, live, heal and learn in hermetically sealed buildings, seeing primarily with artificial light, breathing mechanically driven air, living sedentary lifestyles and eating over-processed foods...in the name of technological progress. Obesity, ADHD and depression are on the rise. The research and evidence are mounting that support the need to change the patterns we have created. I agree Eleni, that this shift will require a holistic approach across most disciplines. Although green and blue infrastructure are part of biophilic design, it is so much more.
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More definitions, than authors ... Can we come to a general definition, or it has no sense to strive for it?
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Design Science is a research methodology associated with Information Technology. Design science offers specific guidelines for evaluation and iteration with the research project.
It can be found in may disciplines and fields, mainly in engineering and computer science and there are several approaches used in DSR. It is worth noting that during last decade the most commonly accepted name for the field has changed from "Design Science" to "Design Science Research". However, Hevner in 2004, speculated that DR is research about design wherease DSR is research using design as a research method or technique.
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Any one is working on smart cities concept can list some research required in this filed
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Hi Ba,
I missed your response but good that I can see it now. Workibg with New Zealand on this topic can be interesting and share our experieces with you and potentially involve you. Please feel free to send me an email with more detaols about your interest so I can follow-up
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I would be grateful if you could reply by referring to valid scientific literature sources.
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Aryan Shahabian In my Design Research project (VR facilitated ergonomic design), I used Research Design method to construct my studies. In my view, research design is a general approach to plan studies in a systematic manner, which belongs to the scietific philosopy, so it can be applied to different studies, like mathemetics, informatics, engineering, social science. Anyway, I'm not an expert about both concepts, you'd better ask experts, e.g.
Design Research - Prof. P.J. Stappers proposed Research through design method,
Hope the information could help you a bit.
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The aim of the question is to collect broad reflections on the development of Design as a knowledge-creating discipline, especially on doctoral level research, and the internal or external factors that affect its impact.
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Dear Dr. Murillo,
You asked the question: …”what factors are making it difficult for academic research in Design to advance” ( in its dissemination or to assess its impact (or even to be produced!)?)” I think we must go back to the roots if we really want to find ‘the factors’.
Organized purposeful inquiries in design, including PhD studies and other types of project-based research, concurrently build the body of knowledge, establish the discipline/art of design and forward towards its science. The connection of science and design has been formulated two alternative ways. In one formulation it is “design science”, which strives after the systematic principles and processes of designing artifacts (Fuller, Simon, etc.). The other formulation is “science of design”, which involves rigorous investigations of and theorizing about the phenomenon of design (and many associated phenomena (involving products, knowledge, users, processes, enablers, stakeholders, business, technologies, and so forth) (Cross, Andreassen, etc.). By the way, according to me, ‘the knowledge of systematic designing’ and ‘the knowledge of study of designing’ are inseparable. I tried to show it in my paper in 2004. Unfortunately, we have no proper word or phrase for this compound. Having mentioned these, I wonder if these ontological issues are taken into consideration at devising Ph.D. level research programs at universities. (Probably, not everywhere.)
Another issue is that research in design (even a promotion research project) can be approached from multiple various philosophical stances (e.g. objectivist, empiricist, constructivist, instrumentalist, phenomenologist, pragmatist, modernist, anarchist, etc.). These perspectives influences not only the purpose, the specific objectives and hypothesis of research, but also the methodological conduct, the value criteria, the outcome, and the impact of the studies. More often than not, I come across with ‘designerly’ approaches of design knowledge exploration and synthesis.
Furthermore, design research is practically always, but variously, contextualized (i.e. done in various context). Four generic contexts of doing design research can be identified:
• understanding the phenomenon of design in the society (nature, knowledge, methods, values, norms)
• extending our knowledge on the principles of designing (laws, relationships, facts, theories, frameworks)
• supporting creative human activities and processes by proper design methods and tools (models, technologies, devices)
• enhancing problem solving intelligence and competences in specific practical cases (informing, modelling, organizing, validating, etc.). Obviously, a defendable decision should be made on these, since it is difficult to do research with all these four purposes or contexts in mind. The research schools may have priorities, as well as the Ph.D. researchers. Are these always in harmony?
A next issue is that the traditional (reductionist) approach of science making does not always apply to design research. Some of the phenomena studied by design research are holistic (a kind of multi-disciplinary), rather than reducible. If they are decomposed to sub-phenomena, their essence may be lost. Consequently, they need different (synthetic, rather than analytic) methods. However, these are scarce and underdeveloped. For instance, we do not know enough about data-driven design science.
The inquiry in ‘design’ (whatever it means) is not second to the inquiries in materials, planets, species, or particles, computers). But it is an issue that the ‘science of design’ cannot be supposed to be (and is actually not) fundamental (pure) science. At some places it is formulated explicitly, while it creative and heuristic nature of designing is safeguarded at other places. Many agrees that the ‘science of design’ should feature foundational (disciplinary) parts for building and empowering the discipline, as well as application-orientated (operative) parts. For this reason, at design-orientated faculties are put into a category (a box) different than natural sciences and the sciences of engineering (and evaluated according to different criteria). Typical are, for instance, architecture, industrial design engineering, and the like. It is always a question how a foundational part and the operative part can simultaneously be present in a Ph.D. study? There are no universal rules … One thing is important: a short knowledge transfer cycle is supposed to be between the foundational knowledge generation part and the practical knowledge generation/transforming part of design projects.
I think the availability and profile of design journals, the academic forums (conferences and workshops) are just technical issues, which can be managed by the comminity well. The general awareness of the above, and many more things, needs attention.
Kind regards,
I.H.
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It's well understood that "Design process" can initiate changes in the relationships of things, situations and phenomena and people for the better. "Design as a Process" affords a shift from the invisible to the transparent visible and shareable approach and it can be useful for analyzing, deconstructing an usually large complex projects into different phases/stages to facilitate easy implementation, management or coordination amongst members.
What do you think? Please share your thoughts and ideas!
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Dear Dr. Tungnung,
If I understood the essence of your question ("Why do we need research and design strategy or process?") correctly, then I think I have a simple answer to you. Actually, what we need are design and research methodologies. They advise us on proper and effective strategies based on their underpinning theories. They also advise us on the processes (procedures and activities), as well as on the methods, the instrumentation, and the criteria. Eventually, methodologies systematize research and design. In other words, they reduce the dependence on the hypothetical, intuitive, heuristic, incomplete, and intangible elements, but also make it possible to benefit from everything that these can offer for the benefit of research and design. One more issue: Setting up research always needs activities that belong to the domain of design, and design typically benefits from the knowledge and means produced by design.
Best regards,
I.H.
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Good day,
I have been using systematic reviews to investigate and analyse specific knowledge areas (Product-Service Systems) and industries (medical devices) through the lens of Circular Economy business models.
I'm applying systematic literature review (Tranfield2003, Moher2009) of cases considering mainly secondary sources - published case studies for PSS and internet entries for medical devices. A deductive content analysis (Elo2008, Hsieh2005, Mayring2000) is used to analyse such cases.
I understand that systematic review of cases is widely used in Medical areas. I would like to know if anyone knows some widespread work on Operations management / Design research that makes use of a systematic review of cases to investigate a specific topic.
Also, is there any reference for such a methodology that I could borrow from medical areas or that already has been adapted to fields connected to social sciences?
Thanks for your time and let me know if I can be any more specific.
References
Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Mayring, P. (2000). Qualitative Content Analysis. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(2).
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., Altman, D., Antes, G., … Tugwell, P. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review, 14, 207–222.
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I have also been on the search for SLR reporting protocols for studies that are a mix of quantitative, qualitative, and mix-methods studies within the social sciences (disasters). Pettricrew & Roberts' book, "Systematic reviews in the social sciences: a practical guide" is pre-PRISMA so I'm looking for updated perspectives. enough back story!
Tonight I dug into the equator Network (Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research) and it might have some examples for you to look at. I see they have some example reporting guidelines for Case Reports:
The CARE Guidelines: Consensus-based Clinical Case Reporting Guideline Development
Search on Case Report:
I know it is not your discipline; however there might be examples that can be used as models.
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Each space have special characteristics, which should achieve human needs. The of the question is to identify the quality list of factors that designers and researchers considered
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You may look at these works.
- Panero, Julius, and Martin Zelnik. Human dimension & interior space: a source book of design reference standards. Watson-Guptill, 1979.
- White, John. "The birth and rebirth of pictorial space." Cambridge, MA (1957).
- Ching, Francis DK, and Corky Binggeli. Interior design illustrated. John Wiley & Sons, 2017.
- Dodsworth, Simon, and Stephen Anderson. The fundamentals of interior design. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.
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If yes give proper justification with reference.
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I think it all depends on how you define 'question' and how you define 'objective'. In Frank's example they are the same statement written in different forms, which means that one of them is completely unnecessary.
For example, in the most extreme case 'my research objective is to answer the question why does water go solid at 0 degrees Celsius.'
Either the question or the objective should be at a higher level and the other should be more specific and detailed. Personally I think the objective should be the higher level idea and the questions should be clearly designed to help one reach the objective.
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I have just started my work with wastewater. I was little confused about the composition of synthetic medium given in literatures. As for textile waste water, Can anyone give me a clear view of choosing the right salts which mimics the real effluent characteristics? And Could someone explain how the synthetic wastewater are designed for research purpose?
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Hi Tharani,
The following paper may be useful:
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As I wrote in my chapter "The i2Flex Methodology: De nition, Praxis, and Conditions for Success" (Avgerinou & Gialamas, 2016), "the relationship of CoI to QM was identified and researched only recently (Bogle et al., 2009; Swan et al., 2010; 2014). Although these tools cannot be connected to each other, they can both lead to improved outcomes when used in online and blended courses. The researchers support the use of the QM “as a guide to activities development for online and blended courses” (Shattuck, 2015, p. 18). This way, the course will be designed “with an eye toward the development of the CoI presences in course implemen- tation provided the structure to insure that the high quality and inquiry focus of the original courses were preserved” (Bogle, et al., 2009, p. 62). In particular, QM Standards 1(course overview), 2(learner objectives), 3(assessments) are connected to designing for cognitive presence; Standards 2(course ob- jectives), 4(learning activities), 6(pedagogically appropriate technologies) are connected to designing for teaching presence, while Standards 2 (learning objectives), 5(learning engagement), and 7(learner support) are connected to designing for social presence" (p. 149).
At this point I am looking for instructional design and/or research experiences stemming from the convergence of these two areas within a Higher Ed, or K12 *blended* context. Thanks!
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Requires an expert opinion
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Nested design is a research design in which levels of one factor are hierarchically subsumed under or nested within levels of another factor.
Crossed design is a research design that has at least two factors that are crossed, i.e. every category of one factor co-occurs in the design with every category of the other factor.
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Dear everyone,
I'm currently designing my research on the learning of sentence stress by EFL learners. I've designed four sentences for each stress type, and plan to have my participants read each sentence twice (or three times, as the default design for research on speech production). I'm not sure if the numbers of sentences and repetitions for each stress type is sufficient for evaluating the L2 learners' performance.
Also, I'll ask my participants to do a perception task. Do I need to include the same amount of stimuli as in the production task?
I can have more sentences and ask my participants to repeat more, but that will be too demanding to the participants.
In brief, my question is: What is the ideal number of stimuli for a certain speech feature in order to assess L2 learners' perception and production of this feature?
Thanks a lot.
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Hi Congchao,
The big issue here will be with replication and how strong your internal validity is in the research design. As is well known since about 2010, there is a grave concern about the lack of replicability in many experimental studies -- especially those addressing human social sciences. The current recommendation regarding per subject varies from 5-10 repetitions. Here are a few articles that discuss some of this. I hope this helps
jack
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I am planning a small research proposal as a part of one of my masters' units. The broead topic of the proposal is social differences in students' academic achievement. I am interested in investigating whether there is a correlation between peer victimization and Academic achievement, using a test of relationships (Pearson, Spearman, Kendall etc.) The sample will be students from ethnic minority groups. My variables will be peer victimization which will be the independent variable and academic achievement which will be the dependent variable. I was thinking of include race/ethnicity as a third variable but if I do so, I don't know which will be the appropriate test for testing the relationship of all three variables.
Can you spot any drawbacks on the research design or in the Research Question?
Is there any reliable and valid measurement for primary school students' academic achievement?
I would appreciate that, because I am a novice in research.
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What's your definition of "peer victimization" (please be comprehensive and explicit; provide a few examples)? Interested. Use ethnicity if possible. I would also consider other variables such as socio-economic status, home and school environments (social, physical, geographic, linguistic, etc.) and many others. Many similar studies have been done. Also, and importantly, if you're just beginning to get into this kind of research (you mention you're a novice), be sure to familiarize yourself with and follow ethical standards and protocol.
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e-learning and information design are research points start from previous years and still there are many conference care and support them. However if any research adopt these point and other related topics, not found encouragement.
what big problems are we working on today in 2018, and what problems can we dream to solve through future information science research?
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Advancement in technologies has increased the flexibility of teaching and learning so access is easier and more convenient for especially adult learners with family, work, and study commitments. The initial presentation is part of the research I am doing in design an new course in flexible learning design and development:
Best regards,
Debra
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I interviewed clients for designing a mean that helps them solving a problem they encounter.
Since I am running out of time and my deadline is approaching, I was advised to change my research question from a design research to a needs assessment. Now I am asking myself if I have to change my sub-questions that I got answered to sub-questions that match the new main question.
Actually I got an answer for what mean is needed but I cannot design it anymore. So how can I describe this instead of altering my subquestions and main question?
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Needs assessments are typically more general and exploratory than projects that are driven by a specific set of research questions. In particular, the goal in needs assessment is often to learn the participants' perspective on the research topic.
In terms of the impact this would have on your project, the key issue is that you have already completed your data collection, so that would raise concerns about the extent to which your data collection was based on your full set of research questions. In other words, to what extent were your interviews based on an open-ended exploration of the participants' perspective (as in a typical needs assessment), versus pre-determined by your own research goals.
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How have approaches in sustainable design research evolved together (or not) with sustainable design practice? What has been the relationship between both? Has sustainable design research informed/contested/reinforced, etc. sustainable design practice? How?
I am aware of historical overviews of sustainable design practice, how designers have conceived sustainability and acted accordingly over time (e.g. Madge, 1993; Madge, 1997; Knight, 2009; Keitsch, 2012; Ceschin and Gaziulusoy, 2016). Are there similar overviews regarding sustainable design research?
It seems to me that research has been very much overlapping with practice and that two approaches have dominated academic production: a) using practice-based research to enable a better world and b) analysing initiatives from practice to highlight trends and propose sustainable design strategies for practitioners. Am I right? What other relationships have emerged?
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You might want to look at Systems Oriented Design that is focused on designing with and through complexity: https://www.researchgate.net/project/Systems-Oriented-Design
Or similar field adjusting the first one for prototyping of and through living environment performance: https://www.researchgate.net/project/Systemic-Approach-to-Architectural-Performance
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Many proposals are made (by visionaries and/or academic researchers) about what good design should be (e.g. the cradle-to-cradle manifesto within sustainability), how to do design research (e.g. context mapping), or of tools to help designers. In practice they are often applied in simplified, streamlined or even dogmatic ways. Has anyone studied the potential of anticipating the future applications by professionals (and amateurs), that may not have full expertise of a philosophy, method or tool? Could mis-use and mis-application be prevented by  anticipating this inevitable phenomenon?
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My dear Academic Friends, I'm working on "architectural design" area, I don't know anything about any researching of engineering area.
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I´m looking for some meaningful strategies for validating design guidelines in the information systems context. So I found some examples using iterative process and mixed methods but I want to check if there is better options with theoretical support to avoid a concept test or field work. 
My best option so far is the section 5 in:
Thank you for your suggestions 
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This might be a surprising idea at first reading, but ... You may consider quadrant-based validation with the involvement of experts as a strategy for validating design guidelines in the context of information systems. We have used this approach to validation of complex methodologies for information system development (e.g. exploration of the applicability range of a methodology, the application limitations and constraints, and killing application cases). You can find more information about QBV in some of the PhDs developed in our research group. 
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I'm planning to research into the domain of non-formally trained graphic designers in the communication design field which appears to be a grey area. The term 'non-formally trained graphic designers' refers to persons practising as designers without any formal education and or training in graphic design. I'm looking forward to finding out about issues related to review of related literature, methodology and analysis of my proposed topic.
Attached is a proposal I have written to that effect for your perusal
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Exactly my point! Research only enhances personal creativity by exposing the person involved to a far greater range of possibilities and ways of thinking, particularly if they have experienced the education needed to allow them to meaningfully analyse those possibilities and the reasons they came about
PS
this was the same system used in the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Either they stole it from the London Hospital or the London Hospital stole it from them. To paraphrase Picasso 'mediocre designers copy, great designers steal"
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Preferably research on business or innovation management
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Andrea, Javier and Stephen, thanks much for you too. These will help.
BR,
Erno
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We are working on the topic of research by design and how can be actually applied to formalize research results and documents. From the fundamental texts by Bruce Archer and Christopher Frayling to the more recent book by Richard Foqué or the memorandum written by Jeremy Till for the RIBA, we are working on establishing a framework for different possibilities of applied design research. We would be very thankful for any comment, suggestion or text reference, thus any experience or research related. We are specially focused in Architectural design.
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Dear all,pls what about typography art , who artistic now following this art and the application of typgraphy ?
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Hi Abdelrahman,
I am,
Regards,
Fedde
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Technology is changing fast and wayfinding indoors up until now has lacked a good solution. Beacons and the such like have been considered for making it possible to have a GPS style feature indoors but as yet seem to work whereby they pinpoint users accurately. What solutions are out there?
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In my experience the most accurate technology is UWB. RSSI based systems are not so accurate.
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How do we find out what reasoning strategies architects use? I would like to exclude from this project heuristics-based reasoning. Instead I would like to limit to reasoning that can be mimicked by using available design artifacts and reasoning rules - no domain knowledge :-/ yet
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Thank, you can email them directly once you come back from the nice Canary Islands. Enjoy our volcanic island in Spain and visit this place http://www.lanzarote.com/es/timanfaya/
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The process that I've used during my project has been to let participants use my prototype, do a semi-structured interview, transcribe the interviews, analyzed them using open coding and tried to discover patterns (by cutting out sentences that represented a certain idea and put them in piles physically) that served as input for the next iteration of prototyping.
This whole time I was under the impression that I was doing affinity diagramming and I planned on reporting it as such. 
After reading several papers now on grounded theory approach, content analysis and thematic analysis as well as looking up affinity diagramming and card sorting, I am not really sure as to what method I used.
I think I did either conventional content analysis or thematic analysis, but I cannot really tell them apart.
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What you described is definitely is NOT a card-sorting exercise. I would not describe it as such.
It sounds like you were doing an exploration usability test. Did you have any tasks you asked users to perform? Were you measuring task success? If so, that would be a performance test. 
What you described also seems like a contextual inquiry methodology. I'd have to know more details to give you a definitive answer.
IMHO, the phrase 'content analysis' is more encompassing  than 'thematic analysis.'  So it might be safer to call it a 'content analysis'.
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I want to carry out a survey on employees in enterprise, however I am not sure, if surveys, that are already created in this field are applicable to my research. Do I need to test them before conducting my research? 
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Hi Polina,
For any survey research through measures, it is important to see their reliability and validity for your sample.  You may have two situations:
   1. the measure is relevant but is from a different cultural context
   2. It is not standardized or tested on a similar group
You need to do cross cultural validation in case of situation 1. You may refer to: 
Sharma, Radha R. 2012. Measuring Social & Emotional Intelligence Competencies in the Indian Context, Cross Cultural Management: International Journal, 19 (1)  30-47.
In case of situation 2 you should look for another measure or develop your own.
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This article presents a number of tips to avoid making big mistakes in the use of typography. It is a collection and sharing of ideas from researchers typography as Erik Spiekermann, Vincent Connare, Paul Fenton, Enric Jardí, Enric Satué, Eric Gill, Stanley Morison, Beatrice Warde, Ellen Lupton, Jorge de Buen, Paco Calles Emil Ruder, Robert Bringhurst, Michael Beirut ...
I would like to set up a debate to extend ideas and other references that have not been accommodated in this article by limited in its extension.
What are the criteria taken into consideration when using a typography? What font is the most appropriate for a particular type of text?
Thank you.
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 I would say that typographical choices are mainly a question of contexts.
Technical context (display-context and processor-context), 
Glyph range, 
availability of typefaces, 
cultural or reader context,
content-context,
visual or layout-context and
a subtext by which the author or the typographer can influence the reading of a text.
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I am looking for anti-racism relating to color blindness. And how can fashion be a platform to protest color racism.
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Fashion may also propagate a culture-independent style, may not it?
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I am interested in references that explain 'introspective research' as a research methodology, but also references of 'design research' in which this method was used.
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You could have a look at this EU grant which will conclude this year...there are a number of books comming out of it in the next 8 months and a major exhibition in London at Westminster in November....http://adapt-r.eu/. Also these two articles touch on the use of reflection as a researc tool in design practice research and provide a model of knowledge for design practice research that is situated within design itself rather than imposed on it from the direction of other disciplinary codes eg philosophy, theory, feminism, social science etc....the third listed paper deals with that issue directly.
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Often, educational technology design seems to be driven by market factors (e.g., fun, money) and perhaps design research (e.g., game environments), but rarely effectively accounts for research on how children develop understandings of the target content. This leaves practitioners short of high-quality technology tools (e.g., practice apps instead of developmentally appropriate learning apps). We can't expect tool/game designers, content researchers, design researchers, and practitioners to be experts in all these areas. However, we should work together throughout development, testing, and implementation. Have you had any success with this sort of collaboration? Are there avenues you would like to pursue? What would support these investigations?
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Mool Raj: Collaboration from the outset sounds like a great way to go. How do coordinate these group efforts?
Kevin: You make a good point about finding quality apps and sticking to a consistent body of work when possible. For my own research and projects with colleagues back at Utah State University, we have been in touch with designers to try to make/tweak apps to be more mathematically accurate and perhaps even collect/share data for analysis. Some small developers have made tweaks along the way, and a few have expressed interest in teaming up. However, we tend to run into money and time troubles. It takes quite a bit of money to develop an engaging app even without the substance and data collection we researchers may want, while the app design and math/tech education research fields run on very different time scales with drastically different expected products. I wonder if Promotion & Tenure committees would value such collaborations...
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Design researches are commonly done by group of researchers or participants. What if an individual does it?
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Mono-disciplinary research questions or hypotheses can be successfully addressed by knowlegeable and skilful individual researchers. However, interdisciplinary, multi-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary research questions or hypotheses require collective research approaches. Although, collective research is often done in large scale international (such as EU and NSF funded) projects, there is no generic theory to explain multi-scale collaboration in a level- and context-independent manner. Current theories are not articulated enough with regard to various manifestations of collective research work. I differentiate between: (i) cooperation (involving information/knowledge/methods sharing and supporting organizational outcomes), (ii) coordination (harmonizing both explorative and confirmative research activities and instrumentations and support of mutual benefits), (iii) collaboration (giving up some degree of independence in research programs and efforts to realize a shared goal), and (iv) coadunation (achieving the state or condition of being united by gradual epistemological and methodological synergy forming and growth).
Formation of integration in collective research projects (from incidental partnership to strategic alliance) is a non-deterministic interest-driven process. Integration of collective research work is often emergent and volatile. As for the future, we need multiple theories to explain cognitive, behavioral, methodological, epistemological, procedural and praxiological issues and dependences.
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I'm planning to do a research for my master thesis. however, I have a problem with one of my advisers. I intend to use qualitative design with research problems derived from previous studies gaps. unfortunately, my adviser do not agree with it. he said that a qualitative research must be based on preliminary data I've collected and theories or relevant research are used as the supporting items instead of as a background of research construction. any one can help me? I need references (if any) to prove my point of view.
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Muhammad, be assured that after you graduate, people will still advise you to do as you are told. Resistance to new thinking is very common. So if you want to do your own thinking in this world, you will need to learn to sell yourself and your ideas. 
Your adviser is especially resistant, so you need a way to sell your approach that he will accept. Here's a thought: Identify other qualitative researchers in your department who have taken your approach, at least to some degree, and talk with them to learn why. Search the references of your adviser's publications for other researchers who have also done that. Look especially for examples that your adviser may accept, because of the way it is done or who is doing it. Then, when you are ready, have a conversation with your adviser about the approach that so-and-so takes in this paper, and might that also be worth considering for your project?  
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I am using ICF as a conceptual framework in research of school to work transition for young people with disability. I am also using social inclusion theory for analysis and ICF to frame the questions and design research instruments but am struggling with how to use ICF framework as its implication is large. If you could please suggest sample of the question guide, it would be wonderful.
Thank you,
Huong
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How to "use" the ICF is akin to asking how to "use" a car.  There are technical aspects and then there are those left to your creativity and inventiveness.  Technical aspects include the use of the codes and qualifiers and the needed assessments to map onto them.  Clinicians and scholars alike are often frustrated by the ICF because it does not "tell" you how to do much of anything.  It as never intended to dictate but to provide a common framework for professionals to design effective real life programs to enable all people to reach their full potential.  What works ICF wise in country X for elderly patients with dementia does not have to be same as for country Y for children with cerebral palsy.  Home health care has different components than skilled nursing home care.  Specifically, in the ICF it states "As a classification, ICF does not model the “process” of functioning and disability. It can be used, however, to describe the process by providing the means to map the different constructs and domains. It provides a multiperspective approach to the classification of functioning and disability as an interactive and evolutionary process. It provides the building blocks for users who wish to create models and study different aspects of this process. In this sense, ICF can be seen as a language: the texts that can be created with it depend on the users, their creativity and their scientific orientation"  Which use, which measurements will ultimately prove the best?. That is what research is for and the ideas you come up with may be just as legitimate as those who have been studying disability for years.  In addition, research builds upon previous work. But someone has to start, someone has to be the first to try.  It may fail but that is of great value because then everyone knows not to go down that route again.  If there are any specific articles of mine you would like, I would be glad to share them.
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It is hard to select research design approach being followed in my study. Since I did not randomly select(draw) sample from a population but I randomly assigned the 100 students equally to the control and treatment groups. Is it still random sampling? As random sampling means the selection of sample from population. I did this the other way around. Since it was convenience for me to work with a certain teacher so I took her classes for further experimentation. As far as, random sampling or selection is concerned, I can not use Quasi Exp design instead I can employ Experimental Design. Since the research was conducted in natural setting(school) and the independent variables(various instruction types ; conventional and an edu app instructions) were isolated, controlled and then manipulated which are against the Experimental Design and supports only the Quasi Exp Design. So what sampling technique should I mention in methodology section? Since I have employed Quasi Exp research Framework where I did Random assignment and I worked with experimental and control group. This is a bit confusing. 
Citations:
Campbell, D.T., Stanley, J.C. (1966). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Skokie, Il: Rand McNally.
Cohen and Manion's Book
"Random Selection & Assignment", retrieved from
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I understand as "quasi experimental" instances when a given intervention -mostly those you cannot use experimentally- affects a certain group of persons accidentally or unintentionally (regarding the resulting effects). That would be the classic Loperamide case. In such a situation, "randomization" does not exist, although a very small probability that both unintentional and randomization could occur. Besides, randomization is usually made following random numbers generated by a software program. I do not know how you made it. Nevertheless, any answer could fall wrong without knowing what you want to prove (or expect as result of your eventual analysis).
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  • I want to know specifically of problems in a tabloid chair for left-handed users and I want to know what are the solutions that have been done to overcome this problem for the tabloid chair for those left-handed users. The new design of tabloid chair for left-handed
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Thank you so much Napoleon and Mark for the feedback. Really appreciate and it helps me a lot :D God bless...
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For my dissertation, I am using Beck Depression's Inventory (short form) and a subscale from the Ryff Scales of Psychological Wellbeing. I belong to UCL which allows me access to loads of journals, papers so I'm unsure why I can't find it.
Can't seem to find the short form, I have the reference but cannot access it (Beck & Beck, 1972 - screening depressed patients in family practice: a rapid technique, postgraduate medicine).
The Ryff Scales, I have contacted them twice but to no avail. Could anybody help me out?
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Patrick, DASS-21 is not Beck medical screening tool, bot are well established measures for depression. 
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I am looking for some reliable references about "protocol analysis" in design research? review articles and articles that describes the roots , history and different types of the method.