Design Methods - Science topic

@Gaoqiang Qu

Those topinc looks basically same with my question, and so general topic, can make a examample to me, mybe also based or personal esperience?.

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Method (OOADM) models software using real-world objects, employs UML diagrams, and supports iterative development. It's flexible and ideal for projects needing object-focused modeling.

Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) uses a structured, step-by-step approach with data flow diagrams and decision tables. It's more rigid and suitable for projects requiring systematic analysis and design.

Dear

Yes, it's not something that's not in the literature. We all know what pre-stretching and grounding does.

Footings are elastic and have no momentum. Walls are stiff and dynamic. But they download large moments to the base and break the connecting beams.

Tensioning the wall frames and bearing on the ground prevents large moments at the nodes and bending moments at the wall frames, since compression kills tension.

Niksy Maria. -- I’m sending these for help study the corrosion of steel. Though I don’t know if either is suitable for your work, each seems to offer ideas for what’s useful to include. I have worked with ASTM and found their recommended conce established & and widely familiar. But on the latest tools and techniques. The last links address Galvanizaton

1)__ ASTM (this is a well establish US group who sets standards for measurement and analysis and evaluation.

“Environmental Factors Affecting the Corrosion of Galvanized Steel”

Galvanized steel samples are exposed for periods of up to 30 months at nine air monitoring sites in the St. Louis, MO area. Climatic and air quality data are recorded during the exposure periods and subjected to a rigorous evaluation to eliminate recording errors and to estimate missing values. Weight loss is used as the measure of zinc corrosion on the galvanized steel. The corrosion rate is evaluated with respect to fluxes of pollutants (sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, oxidants, and particles) to the galvanized steel during both wet and dry periods, (2) temperature, and (3) amount of rainfall at Lambert Field (airport). Different definitions of when the galvanized steel was wet are evaluated to determine the most likely “critical relative humidity.” A theoretical model of film buildup and dissolution is developed to explain how factors affect corrosion rates. Nonlinear and linear multiple regression techniques are used to determine the statistical significance of each factor.

2)__ Science Direct

Evolution of corrosion degradation in galvanised steel bolts exposed to a tropical marine environment. — The time-dependent degradation of galvanised steel bolts subjected to marine atmospheric exposure for a maximum period of 2 years in the Wenchang marine environment of Hainan province, South China, was investigated.

3)__ Estimating Galvanized Steels Service Life in Soil. — Due to varying physical and chemical characteristic of soil, it is difficult to predict underground corrosion rates. Even in very close proximity, soil content conditions can have significant variations. In order to predict the performance of hot-dip galvanized steel in the soil, you must first try and classify the soil to which the galvanized steel will be exposed. The properties of soil that have the most effect on the corrosion rate are aeration, moisture content (or time of wetness), pH, temperature, and resistivity.

4)__ Performance of Galvanized Steel in Different Environments. — Does hot-dip galvanized steel perform the same in any type of environment?

Hot-dip galvanized steel is specified in many different applications and environments. Exposure conditions include atmospheric, submerged applications, chemical environments, and soil. Although the galvanized coating provides a barrier and cathodic protection in each of these environments, the mechanism of corrosion protection can be different. Lets explore how the hot-dip galvanized coating protects the underlying steel in different environments.

You don't really "design" an antibody. You grab your peptide or your mRNA and you vaccinate a critter. Its immune system then designs the antibody for you. Yes it really is possible. About $5k to hire a service to do it all for you, just off the sequences.

Hi, Good morning, I would recommend searching for them in Scopus, Web of Science, Google Schoolar or another search tool for scientific articles.

Renjish Vijay Thank you

Kelly, you might be getting ahead of yourself. Before you choose a research method and design, you need to know your research question. That is what "suggests" the rest of your study. This can't be overstated. Research designs often have their own type of questions they answer. A research question must be clearly stated with defined variables so it can be measured. Below are two examples. Both need work, but should show you what I mean:

1. Is there a relationship between time spent on social media and depression in adolescents? This suggests a correlational study and the way it is worded suggests it is quantitative.

2. What is the lived experience of using social media in adolescents diagnosed with a mental health disorder? This suggests a qualitative, phenomenological design.

If you don't have a research question yet, ask yourself what question you want the results of your study to answer. Choosing the method first can cause you to run a study that does not answer what you really want to know. I hope this helps.

I have my own manual design method, but I loved sharing the opinions and methods of fellow designers in the field of structural design.

All due respect to you for this question

@ Muluken Goftishu

Dear Dr. Muluken,

Thank you for suggestion and advice!

I look at.

@Neha Pazare

It might help u🙋

I would prefer to use the TRNSYS software. TRNSYS is a transient systems simulation program with a modular structure. It recognizes a system description language in which the user specifies the components that constitute the system and the manner in which they are connected. The TRNSYS library includes many of the components commonly found in thermal and electrical energy systems, as well as component routines to handle input of weather data or other time-dependent forcing functions and output of simulation results. The modular nature of TRNSYS gives the program tremendous flexibility, and facilitates the addition to the program of mathematical models not included in the standard TRNSYS library. TRNSYS is well suited to detailed analyses of any system whose behaviour is dependent on the passage of time. TRNSYS has become reference software for researchers and engineers around the world. Main applications include: solar systems (solar thermal and photovoltaic systems), low energy buildings and HVAC systems, renewable energy systems, cogeneration, fuel cells.

To my knowledge, there is nothing new.

With all my best wishes 🌹

Dear Hakan Basargan

Have a look:

1.

2. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Design-of-a-Controller-for-the-Steer-by-Wire-Park-Oh/65da2e08054faea62770e8d2d825be5c3932bbbd

Kind Regards

Hi Ioannis Lymperis . If we can control the coordination - eigenperiod of structures in the earthquake, then we can stop the big disaster that can be caused by earthquake. Thanks

Very interesting topic.

I didn't understand the question. I think I need more elements to be able to help!

Thanks for answering. But i dont' try to model some system. The question is about control law synthesis methods (for example, classical methods in frequency domain, modern methods such as LQ, LQR, H2, H_inf etc.)

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Good information, thank you Grigorios Kyriakopoulos

A survey is a method of data collection; it is not in itself a research design, this being how one actually goes about one's research, taking into account practical issues like resource constraints, access issues etc. Thus, research design is not methodology which is about the application of methods; some use both terms interchangeably, but I think that this can lead to muddled thinking about research.

Can we reduce the process of 'design research' by omitting some steps, such as on-site survey and measurements? In other words, the design research is essentially proposing a quantum proportion passive solar house base on climate, optimum design elements, and most energy efficient lifestyle operations.

Some of the works cited in the article below discuss that:

I'm not sure why you need to refer to a philosophy. Generally speaking, meaningful research question and an appropriate way to address would be sufficient.

In any event relativism would not be compatible with any quantitative method.

Dear Dr. Tungnung,

If I understood the essence of your question ("Why do we need research and design strategy or process?") correctly, then I think I have a simple answer to you. Actually, what we need are design and research methodologies. They advise us on proper and effective strategies based on their underpinning theories. They also advise us on the processes (procedures and activities), as well as on the methods, the instrumentation, and the criteria. Eventually, methodologies systematize research and design. In other words, they reduce the dependence on the hypothetical, intuitive, heuristic, incomplete, and intangible elements, but also make it possible to benefit from everything that these can offer for the benefit of research and design. One more issue: Setting up research always needs activities that belong to the domain of design, and design typically benefits from the knowledge and means produced by design.

Best regards,

I.H.

Concrete Mix Design (ACI Method and British Method) - Scribd

https://www.scribd.com › doc › Concrete...

May it can help

The major difference is in the method of data collection, analyses and interpretation. Quantitative research involves the collection and analyses of primary data with an empirical means of interpretation, mostly involving statistical analyses or experimentation.

The best method is a thorough search because a grid method, or any other, will miss occurrences since the species is rare i.e. as I always say, if you don't put a quadrat over the plant, you will not find it lol :)

May be useful for math part:

1. Understanding learning systems: Mathematics education and complexity science

2. Contextual differences in student motivation and self-regulated learning in mathematics, English, and social studies classrooms

3. Flexible and adaptive use of strategies and representations in mathematics education

Good morning, Ms Bahnini, before looking for something new I would recommend to see what exists in literature for modelling a design methodology. Look e.g. to "Engineering Design" by Pahl & Beitz, edited by Ken Wallace and Lucienne Blessing. Look also to Le Masson-Weil-Hatchuel: "Design Theory". Also look for Ottosson: "Dynamic Product Development", and, of course to Integrated Product Development and Integrated Design Engineering. And if you still have the impression that you need another design methodology to model, then please send me a message.

As for modelling processes within Engineering, look for "Dynamic Process Navigation". Good luck!

Henry Dreyfus was famous for studying the human body and workplace design. He used to work with Human-scale (USA company) so I just started you off with the following link, but there will be lots more you can research on him.

Question and description does not much. Please come again

Waste to energy (methane) is the most promising application of anearobic digestion:

Not a bad discussion! It is interesting that banal criteria are not discussed. As for emotional evaluation criteria, I would like to offer a book Jonah Lehrer "How We Decide". Of course, it is popular, but for people whose design work is related to qualitative evaluations of results (development of clothing, architecture, etc.), it can be useful.

Please let me have it!

Thank you very much I appreciate your helps

I am not sure what the source of your confusion is. If you used a form of phenomenological analysis, why are you unsure about labelling your research as phenomenological?

My dear Academic Friends, I'm working on "architectural design" area, I don't know anything about any researching of engineering area.

Here are the few case studies.

Attached herein.

It can apply to any system that can face complex unpredictable conditions but has sufficient redundancy to keep functioning as specified.  As Paul Fitts famously pointed out humans fail gracefully and machines disgracefully.  For this very reason.

Thank you very much

there is an innovation system platform that allows for interactive collaboration among participants to initiate innovation. Usually in agricultural extension where linkage is fostered along the organizations, farmers, extension officer and the marketers.

this allows for an interaction between all actors therefore allowing innovation to sprout anywhere withing the system not necessarily form the research hubs-that is the conventional ones. 

Please  let me share a simple technique I have applied successfully in the writing of project proposals.

Project plans are written to address needs according to the level necessity.

Having 3 pressing needs means 3 project plans, within which new ideas are journaled  hoping for future use.

You can hence, research for information, concentrate on the more important and then focus one with the highest projected output.  for satisfaction.

Dear Colleague,

Many years ago I addressed a very similar issue from the perspective of conceptual design. I counter-positioned the waterflow models (planned systematics) and the path finding models (intuitive creativity). This work can be seen as an indication that the planning and intuition problematic appears on multiple levels (individual, team, organization).

Best regards,

I.H. 

Dear hajib

You can find the best answer of your quation in the text book in experimental designs which is written by "wu and hamada in 2001" .

Hi Carljohnson,

Its not clear whether you'll be translating from written texts, or from an oral performance.  Even if you're working from a written text, or some later generation of a written text, the original transmission had to be oral, told by someone who actually held the tales in tradition.

That makes it important to note that a native tradition-bearer, telling traditional tales in his native tongue, may nevertheless tell the tale in whatever he thinks are the ethnographer's own terms, in an attempt to best get his points across.

For example, it has always disturbed me that Sam Blowsnake, translator of Native American Trickster tales for Paul Radin (turn of the 20th century), began his Winnebago myth cycle "once upon a time" (or else Radin translated Blowsnake's opening formula as "once upon a time").  Either way, "once upon a time" is the opening formula for what native English-speakers call a fairy tale; its a formula that signals "this is not a true story."  It seems highly questionable as the opening formula of any peoples' sacred text.  

We can't know, but It seems like Blownake was reluctant to assign truth-value to the tradition when telling it to someone from a dominant, colonizing Judeo-Christian tradition.  Alternatively, Radin himself may have assumed "once upon a time" for the the formulaic opening, based on his own bias regarding non-Judeo-Christian myth cycles (i.e., not true stories).  

Despite this instance, Radin's translation is really remarkable, done with notes that are easy to follow.  In Radin's case, even problematic instances (like "once upon a time") are also instructive.  For learning from academic discussion, I second the motion on Burke, Geertz and Levi-Strauss.  But for learning by seeing how its done, I highly recommend Paul Radin's masterful treatment of "Wakdjunkaga," the Winnebago trickster cycle in his classic work "The Trickster: a study in American Indian Mythology."

Judith

 A  semi structured  interview  was  also  conducted  with  five  randomly  selected  teachers  to  identify  their  reasons  for choosing certain instructional materials. The questions  in  the interview were spontaneous to cross check the data in the questionnaire. The descriptive results revealed that most  of the teachers  were reluctant to use many of the highly beneficial materials due to reasons including overcrowded  classes,  limited  technological  knowledge,  lack  of  time  for  preparation,  curricular   time constraints, heavy work load, burnout etc. The positive role of real objects and  authentic  materials in foreign language settings is undeniable and they should be utilized in every stage of language teaching.

Hi, There are several in the literature. It depends on the experimental design

Because everyone believes that without these methods, you can still design well. There is no comparison between design following a design method and not following. (How can we vigorously compare?)

Personas and scenarios are definitely boundary objects in the design process.  They have always been characterized this way. And basically that is the primary source of their value in design. You have to separate the concept of boundary object from the term as a particular kind of jargon. In my writing from the late 1980s and early 1990s on scenarios, I always emphasized that different knowledge communities (software developers, usability engineers, users, marketing people) could all make sense of a system design through the mediation of scenarios as a shared (and use-oriented) representation -- that's a boundary object!

You could check out early papers like these ...

Carroll, J.M. & Rosson, M.B.  1990.  Human-computer interaction scenarios as a design representation.  In B.D. Shriver (Ed.), Proceedings Volume II of HICSS-23: 23rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Software Track. (2-6 January 1990; Kona, HA). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, pp. 555-561.

Carroll, J.M.  1994.  Making USE a design representation.  Communications of the ACM,  37/12, 29-35.

Our my books ...

Carroll, J.M. 2000.  Making use: Scenario-based design of human-computer interactions.  Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.  Japanese edition published in 2003 by Kyoritsu Publishing, Tokyo; translated by Professor Kentaro Go.

Rosson, M.B. & Carroll, J.M., 2002. Usability engineering: Scenario-Based Development of Human-Computer Interaction. San Francisco: Morgan-Kaufmann.

My advice is to check literature on "design of experiments (DoE)". That's the keyword... An example is chapter 2 "design of experiments" in here: http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-31187-1

You will find 2 pages on box behnken and all the general DoE information to gain understanding.

Any QDA software will work, as mentioned above (I use ATLAS.ti, others like NVIvio, MaxQDA, etc.) You can find a list here:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-assisted_qualitative_data_analysis_software.

If you doing interviews, you need to either have software that handles multimedia files or need to transcribe them into text. Be sure that QDA software handles your modality. Some options are free, some are not but all simulate processes that are analogue in a digital format - which allows the application of statistical tools.

HOWEVER, none of this will help you if you don't have a structure for your analysis or an idea of what you are looking for. That is why the suggestion above about hermeneutic approaches matters (David Glyn Roberts). If in doubt, you can look at Grounded Theory, that lets you start to build theories from what is found. So the question becomes what are you looking for, and how might that information correlate with quantitative data. How does your design method (which are notoriously ambiguous to start with) allow you to start to structure your qualitative data? This might mean tagging anything that addresses spatial qualities, emotional effects, value statements, etc and then, once tagged, sub-categorized based on tighter nuances. The biggest issue with data is that it can tell you anything if you don't have a relevant structure - garbage in, garbage out.

One can easily get over prescriptive when discussing these types of thinking in relation to design.   Kees and the others are certainly wise to assert that abduction plays an important part in design thinking.  However we must be careful not to assume induction and deduction are either not used or not important.  I suggest that good designers have a very flexible thought strategy and can flip between these types of thinking often without even being aware of what we observers might think a crucial difference.

as for examples of abduction in design I think there are two important categories.  My one time research student jane Darke famously described the phenomenon of the primary generator in design.  This is a sort of glorified guess about the form of solution that might be helpful.  They then learn about the problem by exploring this.

Kees and I have stressed in our book design expertise that design education understandably concentrates on developing a knowledge of design solutions.  It's a kind of reverse engineering process in which problems are explored through solutions.

one can also see the idea of frames as pioneered by schon and his followers as a kind of abduction.   If we frame the situation this way maybe it will be helpful.

this is a good question Rod in the sense that one could easily write a whole book on the subject.  Perhaps you should have a go!

Try looking at BS7000.

Some Triz curses also teach how to apply the Triz methodology, in my view this is another name for case based reasoning.

Regards

Paul

thank you Reece George

Structural design should consider movements generated during the earthquake but even if forces generated in the structural elements are long-term

Up to now there is no agreement about the mix design of the SCC. Many proposed method and tests have been introduced. Some of these methods start from bottom to top : cement grout (optimising the SP saturation point) then used this grout as a base to optimise the mortar,then the full concrete. This approach should consider the achieving of a maximum packing density of all the ingredients (coarse and fine aggregates, fine materials including cement and other used filler). Some of the proposed method start from top to bottom taking into account both the experience and all the limitations of SCC mix design such as cement past volume, sand to coarse aggregate ratio, volume of fine aggregate to volume of mortar ..etc. These ratios are very important to achieve the main requirements of SCC in fresh stage such as high filling and passing abilities and low segregation tendency .You can find more about these ratios in the original Japanese method (volumetric bases method). However, according to the citation of the attached paper, it seems that the proposed simple mix design procedure is mostly used. 

Thanks, I understand, but as I am french speaking, writing, it is difficult for me to give the answer as need... sorry. I understand academic researsh - I have Sorbonne 1 backround...

In my view, a simple questionnaire with answers  with several options or in a numeric scale (for example from 1 very bad to 5 very good), written with pencil / pen on A4 paper is very easy to understand for a wide range of persons with different cultural/ socio-economic/academic backgrounds (children, students, parents, teachers), leaving some final free space for written comments, suggestions or questions: a mix of quantitative and qualitative aspects can be quite important for design research, and can give insight to issues you were not taking into consideration. A second option is an online quiz: while you can have more participants because you can send the link to mail lists (and to other places geographically distant), but some people feel less confident with digital media and this can intimidate real opinions. 

Sure, here it is.

Hello,

our research team has experiences from industry cases. Most successful cases are when the workshops are facilitated. We use cause-effect mapping capturing the most important product parameters and how they interact.These are connected to customer needs.

The engineering knowledge changes from tacit to explicit in these sessions also. This enables the company to validate the design reasoning for their products. Then the company has better ability to manage the design and the properties of the artefact i.e. the product.

The article is in spanish, I'm sorry I don't have a translate yet!

Synthesis is a scheme to generate a possible way the product work. It will also be called as concept design. In the design process a number of concepts will be identified and then the best concept is chosen for further development.

Analysis is once the concept is designed properly to understand the performance of the product system that was designed as per the engineering requirements. This could be for forces, temperature, flow, kinematics, etc. These two stages are intertwined with iterations moving back and forth until a satisfactory design is achieved.

This is a very interesting question, and one that I have been wondering about recently. From my point of view, it is not the mechanistic methodology that is the problem (although this may be problematic if one assumes that all psychological constructs one measures are necessarily mechanistic in nature), but rather the fixation on reductionism. Reductionism leads to a explanatory 'race to the bottom', in which behaviour is to be explained by cognitive entities (representations), which are to be explained by neural processes (usually regions of activity), which are to be explained by chemical reactions, and so on until psychology becomes the study of molecular behaviour. This reductionist goal of explanation of course influences methodological decisions, in which potentially interesting behaviours or situations are stripped away to supposedly get at the 'true' processes involved. The danger of this is that psychology becomes the science of constrained and artificial reflexes and their supposed lower-level 'causes' (John Dewey picked up on this point in 1896).

For what it's worth, I try in my head to conceive of psychological experiments as about describing the behavior of interacting systems. This would apply as equally to an intentional moving agent interacting with its auditory environment, as to a motor control region of the brain interacting with changing neural signals from a different region, as to one social group interacting with a different social group in a particular contextual constraint. This approach deliberately eschews the need for reductionism as an explanatory goal, and also allows that interacting systems may be described (measured) in different ways without changing the fundamental thing happening. This helps a little I think, although the real challenge of psychology from this approach will be to explain how different systems relate to each other, and to be able to predict the descriptive outcome of a certain systemic interaction, i.e. to offer a constructive prediction of human behaviour.

What do you think?

Hi Nathalie. In fact the same that as been happening to other sectors might be necessary to retail... mass customization (of the the experience). The customers still have the need at least in some products to go to the store but the way they might use it, the store, may come to be very diferent in the future.

Hi Allison

If you are still searching and want further scope

I would suggest putting this on the Franklin Furnace email

list www.franklinfurnace.org/‎

and/or the

Fluxus email group lists

or contact Cecil Touchon directly http://cecil.touchon.com/ as I'm sure he would be interested in this project

Dear Hugo,

Your mention about research on local needs is very important and relevant. Though not as defined in science and technology, research is always continuously done by people at large. There are are experiments, evaluations, failures, successes etc. the architecture goes on changing organically due to such "Open experimental research" We can find numerous examples in older settlements (At least in Bharat, I do not know much about other countries) We find old houses and shops and schools being renovated with various experimental re-thoughts. The successful experiments are copied or adopted. And such change continues. To this extent we can say "Though national style has merged into universal and individualistic style, LOCAL STYLE PREVAILS and is very important aspect in development of Architecture.