Democratization - Science topic

Canvassing plays a crucial role in political campaigns and grassroots movements, leveraging direct, personalized interactions between campaigners and canvassed individuals to shape, reinforce, or change attitudes or behaviors. Its historical evolution from traditional face-to-face contacts to sophisticated door-knocking operations based on data, an...

In this article we provide a novel framework and empirical test of the strategic trade-offs of political parties' programmatic appeals. In a pluralized issue space, political positions have the potential to create severe strategic trade-offs for political parties, with gains among one group of voters offset by losses among another. Existing researc...

The American people, through their democratic vote, have brought Trump back to the White House, hoping that this time he will fulfil his promise to "make America great again" by retreating from the globalization process. This process has continued to accelerate at a nonlinear pace since the end of the Second World War. During Trump's first term in...

Building a common, democratic European space is not only a huge economic, industrial and social undertaking. This is a very complex civilizational and political undertaking, of a global nature, but generated in our European space giga-region coordinated by ESA and strongly coupled with the American space giga-region of NASA. Policies for the implem...

Recent reports raise concerns on the changing epidemiology of mpox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). High-quality genomes were generated for 337 patients from 14/26 provinces to document whether the increase in number of cases is due to zoonotic spillover events or viral evolution, with enrichment of APOBEC3 mutations linked to human a...

Data spaces have gained increasing attention due to the possibility of integrating heterogeneous data sources, which is particularly important for furthering digital transformation since sharing data is among its main drivers. Initiatives such as International Data Spaces (IDS) and GAIA-X contribute to the establishment of trustworthy data infrastr...

This study analyzes voting dynamics and proposal outcomes within Decentraland, a prominent Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO), by examining its voting behaviors and decision outcomes. We offer insights into how a DAO is employed to facilitate decision-making and discern the nature of the issues about which decisions are made. DAOs promise...

Oser, Jennifer. 2025. "Political Efficacy." In Nai, A., Grömping, M., & Wirz, D. (Eds). Elgar Encyclopedia of Political Communication. Edward Elgar Publishing. Accepted version. ABSTRACT: A fundamental question asked in early survey-based political communication research is whether people feel that their political actions can affect political proc...

Developments across multiple countries and regions in the past decades have underlined the extraordinary significance of the phenomenon of polarization, also with regard to a diminished social coherence and trust, democratic quality and governability. This entry provides an overview of the different types, drivers and locales of polarization and it...

The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic review of the literature on the relationship between democracy and economic growth. The aim was to provide scholars and policymakers with important up-to-date information on how democracy affects economic growth, as well as solid evidence of the gaps in the literature that need to be filled imme...

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current academic debate surrounding the study of hate expressions and their role in promoting socio-communicative polarization in digital scenarios. To achieve this, the conceptual foundations of how hate expressions have been understood, according to type, will be established, as well as the do...

This book explores the pervasive and globalised trajectory of domestic disinformation. It describes specific operations and general apparatuses of disinformation that are sponsored by the State institutions in several countries around the world, such as governments, political parties, and politicians. With an international team of expert authors, t...

This entry focuses on media criticism as a political communication strategy. Specifically, it argues that while media criticism is neither new nor bad per se, political actors increasingly use it strategically to pursue specific goals. It first defines media criticism and explains its democratic function. It introduces the concept of delegitimizing...

Computational propaganda (CP) is a global phenomenon that threatens democratic values and practices in both liberal and authoritarian regimes. This entry starts by discussing the tactics and agents of CP. False information and incivility are discussed as the main tactics of CP. Social bots have also been the focus of most empirical research as the...

In every teaching-learning process, evaluation is used as a key tool to quantitatively measure students' progress. Traditionally, the educational approach assigned the sole responsibility of evaluation to the teacher. However, involving students in the evaluation process significantly increases the opportunities to optimize the teaching-learning pr...

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing supply chain finance by making it more inclusive, efficient, and intelligent. AI-driven algorithms automate critical financial processes such as credit analysis, risk management, and fraud detection, while IoT-enabled devices provide real-time visibi...

In this article, we offer a first description of the Tense Aspect Mood Polarity (TAMP) system of Ngwi, a poorly described West-Coastal Bantu language spoken along the left bank of the Lower Kasai River in the present-day Kwilu Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). We present a preliminary account of Ngwi's compact morphological ve...

The manual includes the development of an interdisciplinary subject module in higher journalism schools with teaching materials, innovative teaching methodology and principles. Introduction of new multidisciplinary subject "Philosophy of Media" teaching in the educational space of Georgia, in particular in the programs of the Faculty of Humaniti...

Space 4.0-wspólna, demokratyczna europejska przestrzeń kosmiczna, część 4 prof. dr hab. inż. Ryszard Romaniuk, Instytut Systemów Elektronicznych, Politechnika Warszawska prof. CBK PAN, dr hab. inż. Piotr Orleański, Centrum Badań Kosmicznych, Polska Akademia Nauk Streszczenie: Jednym z dominujących wspólnych mianowników idei Space 4.0, w domenie tec...

It is the only political party formed by the people with a global ideology. It is also the first political party in India to dismiss fake secularism as it is secularism based on righteous justice. Similarly, in 78 years of independence, it is the first political party to have distinctive yellow and white colors. It is also the first political party...

The article is based on a novel theoretical framework for studying the teaching profession and its professionalisation from a broad view of Education as a common field in which many different actors take part. The way the field of Education is (re)produced is rarely researched. Rather, its current order is assumed as valid, ignoring the infighting...

Democratic societies must adhere to the Rule of Law to ensure that every individual-including the government-responsible to the law. This research looks at the obstacles the Western Balkans encountered in defending the rule of law as they integrated into the European Union, concentrating on the discrepancy between the EU's high standards and the in...

Neoliberalism, as an economic and political ideology, has reshaped societies worldwide, emphasizing deregulation, privatization, and market-driven solutions. While proponents argue it fosters innovation and efficiency, critics contend it perpetuates inequality, consolidates power, and undermines democratic values. To understand how neoliberalism ma...

The emergence of fundamentalism in modern society calls for an understanding of it as well as the development of practical countermeasures. The theoretical and practical solution to this issue begins with Karl Popper's critical rationalism. This article's primary goal is to evaluate Karl Popper's critical rationalism approach in light of the fundam...

ABSTRACT This article examines the complex problem of countering propaganda and fake news in Pakistan, highlighting the necessity of sensible legislative measures to protect media integrity and rebuild public confidence. It looks at how common disinformation is becoming, especially on social media, and how it affects democratic processes and pu...

Wars naturally restrict citizens’ rights and limit the functioning of democratic institutions. However, being major existential threats, wars can also create conditions for reforms. In Ukraine, both the process of European integration and reforms have accelerated since Russia’s full-scale invasion. To address these parallel processes and investigat...

The article is based on a novel theoretical framework for studying the teaching profession and its professionalisation from a broad view of Education as a common field in which many different actors take part. The way the field of Education is (re)produced is rarely researched. Rather, its current order is assumed as valid, ignoring the infighting...

Environmental democracy has been a field cooperation between the European Union and Ukraine for many years. Ukraine has made strong progress in implementing respective international and EU law. However, as a response to Russia’s full-scale invasion in February 2022, the Government of Ukraine initially restricted these democratic rights. The chapter...

Over the past decade, social networking platforms have become an important communication channel for protesters in autocratic countries. In August 2020 and January 2021, the messaging application Telegram and social media platform Tik-Tok became platforms for protest mobilization and coordination in Belarus and Russia respectively. This article app...

This study examines the Cambodian People's Party (CPP), originally founded in 1951 as the Kampuchean People’s Revolutionary Party (KPRP), and traces its political development from 2008 to 2017. It explores the factors that have contributed to the CPP's political resilience, including its surge in popularity in 2008 and the decline it experienced by...

It goes without saying that in terms of economic performance South Africa is in dire straits. As many commentators have identified, per capita incomes have stagnated or fallen for over a decade, manufacturing – a sector of historical significance to long-term growth worldwide – has also fared poorly, and the disastrous state of key labor market ind...

US legislators show a remarkable variation in how many bills and resolutions they sponsor and cosponsor to support Taiwan. I argue that legislators’ perception of China and their partisan identity play a crucial role in shaping their support for Taiwan. To test my hypotheses, I conducted a quantitative analysis of all Taiwan-specific bills and reso...

The actorial side is in general an interesting and novel component of globalization. The expression itself can be and could be used for political and social realities of the pre-globalization era. Yet, globalization means a new era in the history of this notion, mainly because globalization sets each actor, each individual free from organizational...

Feminism has been one of the most important social movements of the last centuries. Current societies have widely recognized their contributions. However, whereas ethnic diversity has been included in the movement, diversity in terms of academic background has not. Therefore, the contributions made by the “other women” from their daily lives, those...

Retaining human resources has become a prerequisite for HR professionals in competitive trench warfare. In light of this, the primary purpose of this study is to comprehend the critical role internal marketing plays in helping mobile phone companies in the Republic of Congo retain their human potential. We have decided to use qualitative methodolog...

This paper seeks to explain why some investor-state dispute cases are settled before reaching the ruling stage in democracies, focusing on disputes triggered by regulatory changes made by host government. Our argument is grounded in the domestic politics of the respondent country, specifically the partisan orientation of the incumbent government. W...

This paper addresses the issue of the conflict over land between the state and tribes in the Great Souss plain in Morocco. The focus of this study is on the Amazigh tribes. It explores the motives that contributed to the emergence of tribal protests, particularly their demands for land rights, following the civil reforms promised by the Arab Spring...

The design of the new town of Ataköy of 60.000 inhabitants - Ataköy Sahil Sehri -, located on the Marmara Sea waterfront at the west side of Istanbul, was conceived in 1956-57. The first building phases of the satellite suburb show the significant contribution of the Italian urban planner, architect and theorist Luigi Piccinato (1899-1983). His inv...

For the first time since 1994 the ANC’s share of the national vote has fallen below 50%, declining from 57.5% in 2019 to 40.2% in 2024. As significant, the provincial shares in Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) provinces fell well below 50%, with the recently formed uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) party, led by none other than Jacob Zuma, capturing 45.35% shar...

Background: Despite its ubiquity in education discourses, social justice is a highly contested concept that can be framed in different ways [Dowling, F., H. Fitzgerald, and A. Flintoff. 2012. Equity and Difference in Physical Education, Youth Sport and Health: A Narrative Approach. Routledge]. The ‘social’ element of social justice is always framed...

The rise of "bedroom producers" has democratized music creation, while challenging producers to objectively evaluate their work. To address this, we present AI TrackMate, an LLM-based music chatbot designed to provide constructive feedback on music productions. By combining LLMs' inherent musical knowledge with direct audio track analysis, AI Track...

In part two, DAVID LEWIS returns to the question of the relationship between democracy and corruption and argues that for political corruption on the scale he describes in part one to thrive with impunity, democracy would have to be hollowed out.

The role of media in democratic governance is pivotal, yet its impact on democratic consolidation remains debated. This study investigates the relationship between radio activism and democratic consolidation in Ghana, focusing on the influence of political news production and communication strategies by radio stations. Employing a case study design...

The development and implementation of low-cost sensors, in combination with microcontroller systems such as RaspberryPi, Arduino, and ESP32, have opened new avenues in the field of geosciences, providing accessible and flexible solutions for and analysis of natural phenomena. These platforms allow for the creation of adaptable and customizable moni...

The paper studies the causes of domestic conflicts based on a project of the University of Illinois (Social, Political, Economic Event Database, SPEED), which leverages six decades of journalist output (1945-2005). It contains 62,141 newsworthy disruptive events worldwide and distinguishes between events rooted in class-based conflicts and anti-gov...

Religious freedom and the right to practice a religion by persons deprived of their liberty do not cause controversy in democratic states. The challenge, not easily met, is to exercise guaranteed religious rights in penitentiary facilities. This study aimed to compare legal regulations and the level of protection of religious freedom that they impo...

The datasets on the Italian political class provides two sets of information: (a) census data on a broad spectrum of individual-level variables on elected politicians, offering an updated mapping of the characteristics of more than 20,000 Italian representatives at all governmental levels; (b) survey data on politicians' attitudes towards elections...

Bangladesh's path to liberal democracy seems fraught with challenges that cannot be overcome through conventional means. Instead, a more pragmatic approach may be required—one that balances the ideals of democratic reform with the realities of Bangladesh's sociopolitical landscape. A multiparty government, focused on economic stability and educatio...

Nigerian democracy has experienced series of challenges since the military administration handed over the leadership of the country to democratically elected leaders in 1999. One of the problems facing democracy in Nigeria which can hinder its consolidation is the attitude of citizens and government towards citizens' engagement especially the youth...

ZET Bilindiği üzere Avrupa Birliği (AB), Avrupa'daki demokratik ulusları birleştiren en eski uluslararası örgütlerden biridir. Avrupa Birliği'ne üye olmanın şartlarını belirten Kopenhag Kriterleri 1993 yılında kabul edilmiştir. Avrupa entegrasyon süreci, katılan ülkeler üzerinde çok çeşitli etkiler yapmaktadır. Reform sürecinde AB, Türkiye'nin üyel...

The state’s monopoly on sovereignty can be challenged by criminal systems capable of gaining legitimacy within communities. Understanding the psychological basis of such legitimacy requires broadening traditional conceptualizations of authority to consider how it operates without legal backing and outside formal channels. This research introduces t...

This paper explores how Generative AI could serve as a "killer app" to popularize knowledge robots, including both physical and conceptual robots, for mainstream users. By drawing parallels to historical precedents, it argues that the natural language capabilities of Generative AI models could remove barriers to widespread adoption. The paper defin...

This book focuses on the war in Ukraine and how politicians commented on this issue in the first months after the invasion. The reactions of heads of state to the Russian invasion of Ukraine have varied, even in the democratic world. While an overwhelming rejectionist view was expressed in Western Europe, politicians in some Central and Eastern Eur...

In the complex arena of modern politics, money plays an undeniable and often decisive role. The influence of financial resources on political campaigns, lobbying efforts, and policy decisions has become increasingly prominent, raising concerns about the erosion of democratic principles and the growing power of special interests. This essay delves i...

1. In a country or society, if experts share their specialized thoughts without 'keeping quiet,' the common people can benefit from it; just as it would help in the sharing of knowledge, so it would discourage many people from speaking inconsiderately. 2. We would like to see the new generation of people strong in 'mental forte,' not immersed in...

This study examines the relationship between coaching behavior styles and athletes' sports satisfaction in UAAP Schools in Manila, using data from 170 athletes aged 18-25. Employing a descriptive correlational research design, it utilized the adopted questionnaire from the previous studies. Findings revealed that coaching style is connected to the...

This paper tries to argue that the democratic principle of Federalism as enshrined in the constitution is made contradictory and a mockery when any of the tiers of government (in this case, the local government) in respect of election petition matter is statutorily restrained from appealing its election petition cases to the apex court (Supreme Cou...

This paper aims to investigate how moral and matriarchal leadership might enhance the continent's environment for democracy, improving living and working conditions. African nations historically esteemed the influence of matriarchs; nevertheless, their representation in politics and business has diminished significantly. Africa possesses abundant r...

In the complex arena of modern politics, money plays an undeniable and often decisive role. The influence of financial resources on political campaigns, lobbying efforts, and policy decisions has become increasingly prominent, raising concerns about the erosion of democratic principles and the growing power of special interests. This essay delves i...

The U.S. is confronting its most serious threat to democracy since 1776 when the 13 American Colonies issued their Declaration of Independence from British tyranny. The current threat is posed by far-right populist MAGA Republicans. It must be combatted via objective analysis, and via appeals to the full spectrum of democracy-loving voters and pote...

The U.S. Electoral College, established to balance federal and state interests, has become increasingly controversial, particularly after the 2016 election in which Hillary Clinton won the popular vote but lost the presidency to Donald Trump. This system’s design disproportionately amplifies the influence of smaller states, undermines democratic fa...

The paper aims to present the dynamics of the media freedom index in post-communist Romania. Using secondary statistical data regarding political, civic, and economic sectors, the paper indicates the complex interplay between democratic transition and media independence. As regards the “watchdog” and “agenda-setting” functions of mass media, the pa...

The debate between Prof. Munyonzwe Hamalengwa and Dr. Lawrence Mwelwa over the Pule precedent highlights a critical constitutional and jurisprudential discourse in Zambia. The Pule decision, which affirmed former President Edgar Lungu's eligibility to contest the 2021 elections, has drawn sharp criticism and support, reflecting broader tensions bet...

Misinformation poses a significant threat to democratic societies by undermining public trust, increasing polarization, and obstructing informed decision-making. This paper explores the pervasive impact of misinformation on democracy and emphasizes the critical role of K-12 educators in fostering media literacy skills among students. By equipping s...

After arrival of AI, ChatGPT Edu aims to deploy AI across academic, research and operational teams on campuses around the world and Learning 'using' technologies has become a global phenomenon. Integrating OpenAI's technology into our educational frameworks accelerates transformation. Universities collaborating to harness these tools, extending lea...

The study analyses, from an historical, critical and evolutionary perspective, the legal provisions of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) concerning: (a) the management of the funds and the establishment of the annual accounts by the European Commission (Articles 317-318 TFEU); (b) the audit by the European Court of Auditors...

In the rapidly evolving landscape of artificial intelligence (AI), Meta’s open-source Llama series stands at the intersection of technological innovation, accessibility, and political intrigue. Spearheaded by Mark Zuckerberg, the Llama models have redefined the AI ecosystem, achieving remarkable adoption rates and showcasing efficiency breakthrough...

This article examines how cognitive resources such as internal efficacy and political knowledge relate to citizens’ ability to evaluate democratic institutions. Using original survey data from the United States (N = 1093), we find, first, that internal efficacy is associated with more positive assessments of democratic institutions in general. Conv...

In this paper, we explore how the neorepublican concepts of domination and antipower can contribute to the surveillance studies literature and a more democratic and participatory approach to technology development and deployment within the criminal justice system. We frame the neorepublican approach as an alternative to the predominant liberal para...

The article addresses the tension between the internalization of a violent border regime intent on preempting migrant arrivals and the everyday democratic struggle against that regime. It builds on ethnographic fieldwork in Rome to illuminate conflicting political imaginations and existing practices of the already plural, albeit unequal, Italian po...

The concept of citizen participation emerged towards the end of the twentieth century as part of the new democratic paradigms of the Western countries of America and Europe. However, citizen participation is an ancient principle that has guided the political, economic and social management systems of many ancient indigenous social groups. The aim o...

This article aims to critically reflect on the digital phenomenon as a manifestation of the formation of a new global and informational capitalist system, centered on the information paradigm. In this context, the presence of private actors stands out, mainly from the sector of large technology companies (big techs), who compete for spaces of power...

This paper takes the development of comic art in China as the research object, aiming to demonstrate the influence of authoritarian political system on the development of art. First, it introduces the three art forms of Chinese comics: satirical comics, comic strips and modern story comics, and summarizes the development characteristics of Chinese...

The present work aims at analyzing two problems, which have been verified for a long time in Latin America, and the proposal for their overcoming from a specific epistemology: the lack of consolidation of democracy and authoritarianism, seen from the so-called “new” Latin constitutionalism. American From the research problem (“has the 'new' Latin A...

Guided by dialectical and historical materialism, we present research that focused on understanding the professional field of occupational therapy in education in Brazil. Following the study’s methodological path, the text provides an initial overview that addresses the relationship between this field and Brazilian Basic Education, as well as our u...

The peace agreement in Colombia set women’s equitable political participation in its second provision. To do this, it defined central themes for addressing a women-oriented political proposal, through the implementation of central provisions, such as full rights and guarantees to hold political opposition, democratic mechanisms for citizen particip...

In contemporary Europe, far-right parties threaten liberal democratic principles such as pluralism, media freedom and minority rights. Despite the stigma they normally face, far-right parties have experienced electoral breakthroughs even in countries where they remained electorally marginal such as Germany, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. We advance th...

The objective of this research is to assess the perception of administrative workers of a Technological Higher Secondary Education Institution in Tabasco, Mexico, about leadership styles and productivity, as well as the correlation that exists between both variables. Quantitative method was used; the study had a non-experimental, cross-sectional, d...

This study compares the inaugural and resignation speeches of Boris Yeltsin, the first democratically elected president of the Russian Federation. It responds to the present call for interdisciplinary research on presidential politics in Russian post-Soviet history. The aim of this comparison is to link the speeches to their historical context by s...

The Special Issue provides the first consolidated outcomes from a large cross-country research project, conducted by the UK-based Centre for Global Higher Education, on the contributions of higher education to public good outcomes. The public good outcomes of higher education are outcomes other than private pecuniary benefits like individual earnin...

Training artificial intelligence (AI) systems requires vast quantities of data, and AI developers face a variety of barriers to accessing the information they need. Synthetic data has captured researchers’ and industry’s imagination as a potential solution to this problem. While some of the enthusiasm for synthetic data may be warranted, in this sh...

This article examine how the communication strategies of South African political parties impact voters' decision-making. Focusing on Diepsloot, a densely populated township located in the northern part of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, the study aimed to understand the effects of political communication on voters' choices. The research focuse...

The ascension of Mikhail Gorbachev to the leadership of the Soviet Union on March 11, 1985 marked a signifi cant change in the trajectory of socio-political, economic and religious life in the USSR. His ambitious reforms, known as glasnost (openness/transparency) and perestroika (restructuring), aimed to revitalize and democratize the stagnant s...

Commencing with the distinctive institutional environment of China, this study broadens the perspective of cross-border journalism from the transnational/international dimension to the institutional dimension. Drawing upon embeddedness theory, the research delves into the forms, scope, and characteristics of cross-border cooperative relationships e...

The outbreak's impact on the world as a whole, particularly the world economy, has been enormous. Although there have been studies on the impact of the epidemic on certain areas and sectors, there is a lack of comparative summaries and a lack of a more comprehensive exploration of the results of the epidemic. This paper aims to synthesise a number...

The Czechoslovak Sociological Society, which was founded sixty years ago in 1964, was an important player in the re-establishment of Czech (Czechoslovak) sociology in that era. The society gradually took over the academic management of the field and its international representation, commencing the application of democratic and meritocratic principl...

Open access (OA) has transformed academic book publishing, offering authors and publishers new opportunities and challenges. OA makes academic books more accessible, visible, and citable by removing paywalls, democratizing knowledge dissemination and promoting global collaboration. With mandates from governments and funding agencies worldwide, publ...

The term ‘breakthrough generation’ was coined by the German philosopher Hugo Fischer (1897–1975) in 1930, at the very beginning of the Great Depression. This structural notion represents a timeless, emancipation oriented ideal that effectively integrates the relevant positive qualities and abilities of modern and critically thinking man, which he h...

A modernisation-and individualisation-induced loss of trust, membership, and voters has been addressed in party research for a while. However, social theory authors such as Beck, Bauman, Sennett, and Taylor have pointed to further or-ganisational dilemmas that have not been addressed in depth: a. That demands for flexibility, individualisation and...

The ‘waves and ebbs’ model proposed by Huntington in his 1991's The Third Wave has profoundly shaped how scholars interpret global trends of democratization and autocratization, but has also received criticisms, especially concerning its ability to explain regime change in the three decades following the end of the Cold War. I contend that, rather...

Scientific Management is usually studied for what it brought to factories, production and the organization of work: yet, it did much more. Our contribution focuses on how Taylor’s ideas were adapted to domestic occupation by overlapping with another forgotten movement promoting household efficiency and primarily led by women: Home Economics and its...

Education 4.0 arises to provide citizens with the technical/digital competencies and cognitive/interpersonal skills demanded by Industry 4.0. New technologies drive this change, though time-independent learning remains a challenge, because students might face a lack of support, advice and surveillance when teachers are unavailable. This study propo...

Indonesia’s Constitutional Court introduced the concept of meaningful participation in the lawmaking process, emphasizing the right to be heard, considered, and explained. This concept was institutionalized through amendments to the Law on Lawmaking Procedures (Law Number 13 of 2022). However, meaningful participation remains poorly implemented, as...