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There are at least a hundred definitions of life and the number is not decreasing. A large number of people feel free to try their hand at defining life. The author can use his definition to put everything he knows is alive in the proper bucket while letting everything else take care of itself. Some authors realize that a definition is of little use without an underlying theory of what life is (TOWLI). They realize that when a definition of life is not produced by an underlying theory, it is frequently a fancy way for the author to say that he knows life when he sees it.
I've considered this situation for some time and have come to realize that I have no idea what the Astrobiology/Origin of Life community's metric for functionality in a theory of life, or a definition of life, is. From my perspective, any such theory should be similar to theories that characterize other physical phenomena. Theories of life should range from "fully functional" to "completely fanciful". Here's what I think a fully functional theory of life should do:
1) The theory should assert and justify that life is a certain kind of thing. The assertion must be that it arises from one, or a combination of, the laws of physics, thermodynamics, chemistry, mathematics, information theory, or other testable characteristic of a system that displays living behavior.
2) The theory should assert and justify that there are characteristics that make a thing "alive" and it should present the simplest living thing that contains those characteristics, thereby mapping the boundary between "alive" and "not alive."
3) The theory should assert and justify that living things that exhibit characteristics with certain "high" values are more ideal living things and those that exhibit characteristics with certain "low" values are less ideal living things.
4) The theory should assert and justify that it applies to life on the largest and the smallest of scales.
5) The theory should assert and explain how it can derive the precursors to metabolism, the electron transport chain, cellular membranes, cell walls, information storage, and information translation, among other characteristics that are generally recognized as being necessary for life as we know it, given the conditions under which life as we know it could emerge.
6) The theory should assert that its predictions are testable.
7) The theory should assert that it applies to life composed of materials alien to life as we know it as well as under conditions alien to life as we know it.
When we figure out what this thing called "life" actually is, it should satisfy all of these requirements. Maybe more. Is it possible to apply this scale, or maybe a modified version of it, to the extant theories and definitions of life so that we can dispense with those that will never do any of these things?
-leonard
In Fuzzy Transportation Problem, we bound to subtract fuzzy trapezoidal numbers, if we use them to define uncertain data. Then a negative distribution is raised.We know that in a transportation problem negative distribution is meaningless. A fuzzy trapezoidal number (a,b,c,d) is said to be negative if a<0. So my question is what is the significance of the negative trapezoidal numbers or how can I explain the negative numbers or using what types of fuzzy arithmetic operations I just simply avoid negative numbers?
A parameter is defined as a value of the population whereas a statistic is a value of the data, i.e., the mean can be a statistic or parameter. However, it can be quite ambiguously and the context is obscured or missing . For example, the linear model has parameters B0 and B1; in E(y|x) = B0+B1*X1. If B1 is estimated via ML, B1 is a statistic (likelihood), but via MCMC a parameter (posterior). However, the coefficients B0 and B1 are described as parameters, even before estimation, but are not population parameters.
Thus, in referring to the parameters of the linear model the ambiguity remains in the use of the word parameters (if one does not specify the method of estimation or is unaware of it). Given I would like to express in a single sentence what I did, "I estimated the model statistic B1" highlights that it is the likelihood of the coefficient B1, whereas "I estimated the model parameter B1" highlights that it is the posterior of coefficient B1.
The question, is it valid to refer the the coefficients B0 and B1 after estimation as statistic or parameter given the likelihood or posterior? I have not read the expression statistic(s) in referring to the coefficients in a linear model only as parameter(s) (or sample parameter). I am trying to avoid ambiguity in my writing and clear my brain.
Thank you in advance
P.S. I adjusted the question
Hi,
I am writing simple DFLUX subroutine for Abaqus, trying to run some transient simulation. I have to define FLUX(1) as subject to temperature field of the previous step:
- of temperature in the node, for which FLUX(1) is defined: This is easily solved by using SOL command
- of a temperature of another node that is geometrically speaking a bit away: here my problem has occurred: I found that command VOLD(X,Y) calls for a temperature in node Y if X=0, so: VOLD(0,5) returns temperature of node 5.
My simplified function so far looks like this:
FLUX(1)=0.2*SOL+VOLD(0,1155)
When I run it without VOLD, everything is ok. When I add VOLD command, Analysis File Processor completes successfully (this is what Abaqus says), so the code should be sufficient at least in sense of existing commands and encryption, but Abaqus/Standard aborts and from here on I don't know what to do.
I am thinking that problem is probably in FORTRAN code: Maybe VOLD(0,1155) returns not only a number but maybe a vector with some () or [ ] and that is why the equation is nat consistent: Like for example A=2*5+[(17)].
I am new to FORTRAN and has never used it before so I would appreciate any help either on FORTRAN scripting or DFLUX code formation (VOLD etc.)
Thanks in advance and BR.
When to describe a confidence interval as narrow, and hence a large sample size or wide and hence a small sample size? Thanks
I'd like to know about the best method to defined a fuzzy rule base for fuzzy logic controllers, most of references said experience knowledge is the best way, but what are the other parameters?
Hi,
I have a question about user defined hinges in SAP2000. Well, I have already the yield and ultimate moments and curvatures for beams and columns in a existing building from equilibrium and constitutive relationships equations. The purpose is to find the behavior of the hinges during a nonlinear time history analysis. SAP2000 permits to define hinges from one's moment-curvature analysis and for that reason I didn't use any table from FEMA or ATC. In case of columns and its P-M3 user defined hinges controlled by displacement, I didn't find how SAP2000 defines yield moment curvature for columns in his moment-curvature diagram. This value divides the moment in any point of the diagram and this part is diferent in beams where I can define a specific yield moment without problem.
Please, I would apreciate any help in this case.
(I adjunt a file with this problem)
we can define any function in:
Solution>Define Loads>Apply>Functions>Define/Edit
and then after saving the function we define the output of the function e.g Pressure, Force etc. but i cannot find any such option for defining angular velocity:
Solution>Define Loads>Structural>Inertia>Angular Velocity, where i should import the defined transient ang.vel function, or any tabular data import in the angular velocity. Please help.
I found scientific papers where are studied capacitor banks by changing input voltage frequency and temperature.
There are some coefficients that the authors define to find reliability of the capacitor banks.
Are there any suitable coefficients by which can be found the reliability of capacitor banks more precisely?
I am trying to derive an expression which allows me to calculate the fill factor of a PV module at any temperature or irradiance, given I know the STC parameters. Is there any existing relation?
Hi everyone!
I am conducting a research in drug-induced nephrotoxicity. In your opinion, what would be the most suitable standard to define drug-induced nephrotoxicity case? Is it KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for AKI or NCI-CTCAE v4.0? Or maybe you have another preference.
Please see the attachment for more details.
Can we define loading coefficient of a propeller like we do in the case of a wind turbine?
How can I define a materials parameter according to time under comsol 5.0
because when i try to solve my modele i have warning message like this
Variable non définie.
- Variable: t
- Géométrie: geom1
- Domaine: 1
Echec dans l'évaluation de la variable.
- Variable: comp1.ht.kzz
- Défini par: ((((((comp1.ht.F_mat23^2)+(comp1.ht.F_mat13^2))+(comp1.ht.F_mat33^2))*(comp1.mat1.def.k(comp1.mat1.def.rho((t/unit_s_cf)))*unit_W_cf))*comp1.ht.detInvF)/(unit_m_cf*unit_K_cf))
Echec dans l'évaluation de la variable.
- Variable: comp1.ht.k_effzz
- Défini par: comp1.ht.kzz
Echec dans l'évaluation de l'expression.
- Expression: d(((-(comp1.ht.k_effxx*comp1.Tx+comp1.ht.k_effxy*comp1.Ty+comp1.ht.k_effxz*comp1.Tz)*test(comp1.Tx)-(comp1.ht.k_effyx*comp1.Tx+comp1.ht.k_effyy*comp1.Ty+comp1.ht.k_effyz*comp1.Tz)*test(comp1.Ty)-(comp1.ht.k_effzx*comp1.Tx+comp1.ht.k_effzy*comp1.Ty+comp1.ht.k_effzz*comp1.Tz)*test(comp1.Tz))*comp1.ht.d)*(dvol_spatial),{test@16})
- Caractéristique: Solveur stationnaire 1 (sol2/s1)
How has this role changed as a result of emerging technology and new trends in the marketplace?
I understand that, generally, community stability is defined by having no apparent change in population size over a given period of time. Such that, the level of disturbance occurring in a particular community is just one factor that greatly affects the stability of a community. So what are other significant factors which specifically affect the stability of a marine community, and how are these factors measured or quantified (if possible)?
Some define "short sleepers " whom sleep 6 h and less per night and others use duration less than 7h of sleep. Long sleepers are defined as sleeping 9h and more in most epidemiology studies. At the same time National Sleep Foundation recommended sleep duration is 7-9h.
how to define scale factors of various modes in *imperfection?
On what basis we choose this scale factor ?
Is it compulsory that we should choose it as some percentage of model's geometrical dimensions like thickness, height etc , or I can choose anything according to my choice ?
Hi
Whenever I am trying to simulate my simulink model, it first gives me an error of singularity in system, if I remove filters in the system, the error changes to "ill defined model", Can anybody help me in solving this?
Regads
Muhammad Ammar Malik
Did they challenge popular understanding of the concept? What was their opposing explanation?
In case p≥1, it is a classical result on convolution (discrete Young inequality)
If I can also establish LOQ using a calibration curve, is it OK if my lowest level is <10 signal to noise? Or will this introduce error into my method?
How can be defined the criteria
for crop suitability
(1) what is meant by unexpected here .how to detemine the level shifted from endemic to epidemic.
(2) what is the period of surveillance needed to say that this is an outbreak ??
is there any other method to check the effect of using different workfunctiion material on threshold voltage except using 'common' function in silvaco tcad'
The Ohms law relates the electronic current to the electric field by the relation J=sigma E and that E is defined by E=-dA/dt-d phi/dt. Can be attributed to a current density that is induced by the photon inside a conducting medium by the relation J_photon =-sigma d A/dt ?where A defines the photon field. In this case the polarization becomes P=sigma A.
Is there anyone using vPlanner for the implementation of Last Planner? I have some questions for defining the Lookahead plan manually into vPlanner. I would appreciate it if anyone is familiar message me in researchgate
load:-alternating sinusoidal voltage of 1V(excitation along z-direction)
Dear folks,
I am currently conducting a moderated multiple regression analysis with one outcome variable, several predictors of which some are moderator.
Now both my outcome variable and predictors are measured on a interval scale, Likert scale to be exact from 1-7 points (strongly disagree to strongly agree).
I've heard that centring is only useful when the predictors have no meaningful zero point. I think this is the case for predictors that are interval scale? However, my predictors measure the degree of psychological reluctance towards environmental conservation, someone with score of 1 can be regarded as pro-environmentalist (no reluctance at all). Now I defined this label as score "1", but if I were to define it as "0", do I have a meaningful zero point? Or am I totally wrong?
Now my question is do I need to centre these predictors before creating the interaction terms for moderated regression analysis?
And the subsequent question is do I include the original predictors or the centred predictors in the analysis along with the (centred) interaction terms.
Any help greatly appreciated!
In two-dimensional case, we can follow Kohn's definition of type by using holomorphic tangent vector field and the Levi function to define infinite type(cite H. Kang, Holomorphic automorphisms of certain class of domains of infinite type, Tohoku Math. J. (2) 46 (1994), 435–442. MR 95f:32041). But when we consider in higher dimensions, can we still use this method to define infinite type?
I wish to measure the concentration of particulate matter emission from the vehicular exhaust, to estimate the contribution of vehicles in particulate matter concentration in a defined area.
1/ If we consider a context defining a term as a set of sentences giving necessary information about the meaning of this term, would it be a contextual definition or a definitional context?
2/ Can we find other types of definitions in one definitional context?
I prepares NiZn nano wire on AAO template and defined FTIR and XRD result.
i can't find the references that give the word "situational fidelity" a definition
only can find the definition of "fidelity"
i want to know how to describe "situational fidelity"
I want to define diesel generator (30kw and less) model in standalone hybrid energy system. how to estimate pollutant diesel generator?how estimate cost of start up in term of power diesel generator?
Dear All,
Does anyone know that how we can define trapezoidal CZM for ductile material in Abaqus? Do we need to write a subroutine for it because in Abaqus we can just define CZM for brittle material?
Thank you,
Many have advanced a kind of "recipe" for plot construction or for creative-writing based on canonical types. But pure types do not occur in reality, what seems to exist are close proximate (hence the inclusion of "resemblance" in the question) or composites. Any views on this? Other related issues: Verisimilitude
I have to make some tests for independence between several composite variables, such as BPRS-Total, BPRS-Negative, BPRS-Positive etc., and a number of explanatory variables. The problem is that these composite variables have too many levels. My questions are, can I reduce the levels by taking the average of the items included, will it be correct? And is there a standard system of cut-off values defining the patient's condition based on BPRS (24) total?
Thank you in advance!
Density is defined as mass per unit volume. The density of the majority of the material is available in the literature. Actually I would like to find the density of TiC0.7N0.3 please let me know.
what i need is to define the creep properties of Steel ASTM 992 in abaqus using strain hardening , the problem is how to get the Power law Multiplier , equivalent stress, and time order as defined in abaqus ?
7800 elements have missing property definitions. The elements have been identified in element set ErrElemMissingSection.
I have defined the material and then assign the property to whole elements.
Does anyone know how to model a sandwich composite which has plies of WRM and CSM reinforcements ?
Abaqus has an option of defining unidirectional ply properties, but I couldn't find anything for short fiber composites or bidirectional reinforcement.
What is the Ag2O conduction band potential in NHE or SCE at pH=7
As I see it proximity is perhaps equated to such concepts as "vicinity" or within the "set"- measurable or amendable to description in more or less a fuzzy manner. While "distance" is about units of measurement?
if you have another information about calculation of SFE of ternary FeNiMn please tell me.
Sielianinov index is sometimes employed to define the forest fire hazard. Is it a most recommended one? What other of climate related index can be use to determine forest fire hazard?
Hi
I am using a Columbus for fluo images analysis. I need to define double or triple positive cells. My nuclei are stained with Hoestch (all cells), Sytox (dead cells only) and FITCs (apoptotic cells). I need to define which cells are double positive for FITCs and Sytox. Does anybody has any experience with that? Thanks!
I have to define the indicators of social vulnerability. If there is any suggestions, it will be rely helpful to accomplish my research.
I was wondering which method you would recommend me to define the time complexity of human-readable algorithms obtained from a hyper-heuristic framework.
Many thanks for your help in advance.
Is it possible to define a poll system which guarantees anonymity ?
In the side-blown flowing process, with the increasing of gas flow, the gas flow regime will be jet flow, the jet flow is shown in figure 1. However, how do you define and extract the side-blown jet penetration depth?

Meta modeling has been defined as the the formal way for defining an abstract syntax of a domain specific modeling language, no specific method has been formalized for the definition of concrete syntax. Though some researchers have define the concrete syntax of their language based on their own informal definition of the concrete syntax. Dear all is there a formalized way for defining a concrete syntax of a language (the concrete syntax here in question is a graphical concrete syntax).
Or it is defined only as energy required to hop from one defect state to another?
I will be glad to get some information similar to the question.
Thanks.
Recently I evaluated a branchial arch syndrome case. He is 5 years old and has well defined asymmetry in face. Should I start using removable appliances for growth modification? Or wait for surgical correction (distraction osteogenesis)?