Cytology - Science method

Background and Aim Advantages of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided tissue acquisition (EUS-TA) using a Lancet and Franseen needles have been evaluated and compared. However, little is known about the performance of each needle in diagnostic methods such as cytology and histology or the amount of blood contamination associated with each needle. This...

Congenital thymic cysts are rare benign neck masses found primarily in the paediatric population, comprising only 0.3% of congenital neck cysts in children. These cysts arise from embryonal thymic tissue along its descent path, with mediasti-nal extension seen in approximately 50% of cases. Due to their rarity, thymic cysts are often misdiagnosed a...

Spindle epithelial tumor with thymic-like elements (SETTLE) is an extremely rare tumor that occurs primarily in the thyroid gland. Histologically, SETTLE is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped epithelial cells and glandular structures. However, it is known that diagnosis via fine-needle aspiration cytology can be challenging. SETTLE pre...

Background Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2) can progress to CIN3 or worse (CIN3⁺). Some patients diagnosed with CIN2 from a punch biopsy exhibit varied risks of occult CIN3⁺ in the loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) specimens following treatment, underscoring the need for risk stratification. Methods We conducted a ret...

Accurate denoising of Pap smear images is essential for reliable cytopathological analysis and diagnosis. This study presents PAP-Net, a systematic framework designed to enhance the quality of Pap smear images by integrating multiple state-of-the-art denoising techniques, including DnCNN, FFDNet, Noise2Noise, SwinIR, BM3D, and Non-Local Means. The...

Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) are transforming pathology by integrat-ing large language models (LLMs) with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and domain-specific foundation models. This study explores the application of RAG-enhanced LLMs coupled with pathology foundation models for thyroid cytology diagnosis, addressing challenges...

Purpose It is crucial to prioritize the detection of precancerous lesions in clinical practice, especially in young women who have not yet made decisions about family planning. Herein, we conducted a retrospective study to track HPV regression among young females who underwent conization in the past five years and identify predictors of persistent...

INTRODUCTION: Ultrasound (USG) is the first line investigation in evaluation of thyroid swelling. The USG based risk stratification system for classifying thyroid swelling is known as Thyroid Imaging Reporting And Data System (TIRADS). Subjects with high risk undergo cytological evaluation (FNAC) which is reported according to Bethesda system....

Breast cancer (BC) is the most widespread cancer globally, yet current diagnostic and prognostic methods inadequately capture its biological complexity, despite the benefits of early detection. Cancer systems biology (SB) has advanced over the past two decades as a multiscale approach, but often neglects morphological complexity observable at cellu...

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains the most prevalent neoplasm of the head and neck. In recent decades, the incidence and prevalence of OSCC have not significantly changed, highlighting the critical need to develop and implement new risk assessment measures. The present study aimed to define argyrophilic proteins of the nucleolar organizer...

Background Recent updates to national guidelines recommend primary human papillomavirus (HPV) screening for routine cervical cancer screening alongside previously recommended screening options. However, limited guidance exists for implementation approaches that best facilitate cancer screening practice substitution and achieve optimal stakeholder-c...

Indeterminate cytology (IC) remains a most challenging issue for health professionals working in thyroidology, thyroidologists. We read a great deal of the article by Ali et al. entitled "Clinicopathological Features of Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study." This study addresses a challenging and crucial issue by exa...

Purpose To investigate distribution differences of parafoveal cone photoreceptors between dominant and non-dominant eyes using the adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AO-SLO) system. Methods This retrospective study included 156 eyes from 78 healthy subjects, all of whom had best-corrected visual acuity of 20/20 or better in both eyes a...

Objectives Ovarian cancer can present with malignant ascites at initial diagnosis or disease recurrence. Although indicative of advanced disease, the prognosis of malignant ascites is reported to be favorable for ovarian cancers compared to other malignancies. This study aims to detail the survival, in particular long-term (10 year), and predictive...

Objective Pancreatic cancer is a major global health challenge with high mortality rates and limited therapeutic options. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is a key diagnostic tool, but discrepancies between cytological and histological diagnoses can impact patient management. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of pancreatic FN...

Background: Oncocytic adenomas (OAs) of the thyroid, previously referred to as Hürthle cell adenomas, are uncommon tumors, particularly in pediatric populations, where they represent a minority of thyroid nodules. Due to their rarity and the potential difficulty in distinguishing benign from malignant forms on cytology, these adenomas present uniqu...

The article addresses the diagnosis and treatment of epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma in a 1 year and 6 months old dog, which is atypical given that cutaneous lymphoma generally affects older dogs. The disease is a hematopoietic neoplasm that originates from malignant lymphocytes and can manifest itself in the skin, although it is relatively rare...

In Europe, only a few North American Symphyotrichum species are naturalized or cultivated, and due to artificial or spontaneous hybridization, their identification is difficult. Some taxa, such as Symphyotrichum lanceolatum, exhibit invasive behaviour. Others, such as Symphyotrichum novi-belgii, are regularly identified incorrectly. Knowledge of th...

Atypical pneumonia caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae often presents diagnostic challenges due to its nonspecific symptoms and slow progression. While most cases are mild and self-limiting, severe infections in immunocompetent adults are rare. This report describes a 32-year-old Chinese female with progressive pneumonia unresponsive to empirical quinol...

Background: Kuttner’s tumour refers to chronic sclerosing sialadenitis commonly affecting the submandibular gland. It clinically mimics submandibular gland neoplasms and has a possible association with IgG4-related disease. The literature on standardised diagnostic and management pathways is limited. This paper presents a case series and narrative...

In terms of cancer-related deaths, lung cancer is the most common type. To prevent this malignant and dangerous disease from progressing, early and differential diagnoses are very critical. A combination of dimercaptosuccinic acid and pentavalent 99mTc under alkaline conditions, 99mTc (V)-DMSA, can be used for malignant tumors' early diagnosis and...

Oral mucositis is a common complication of chemotherapy that significantly impacts quality of life and may reduce treatment efficacy. While oral cryotherapy has been widely studied as a preventive intervention due to its cost-effectiveness, safety, and ease of use, most research focused on clinical outcomes without incorporating objective cytologic...

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2) is a heterogeneous diagnosis with a high likelihood of spontaneous regression. Therefore, active surveillance for CIN2 has been implemented as an option in younger women in many countries. Yet, little is known about markers that may accurately predict the likelihood of regression to support active s...

Endometriosis is a chronic disease that jeopardises the quality of life of about 10% of women. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression, function, regulatory mechanism, and relationship with immune cell infiltration of PNMA2 in endometriosis. This study investigates the potential involvement and regulatory mechanisms of PNMA2 in the...

Introduction Urine cytology in bladder tumors is challenging due to the lack of definite cytomorphological criteria in categorizing atypical cases. The study aims to re-evaluate atypia in the light of three definitive cytological parameters (high N/C ratio, hyperchromasia, and irregular nuclear contours) and correlate with the follow-up histopathol...

Presepsin (P-SEP), a soluble subtype of CD14, has been widely reported as a useful biomarker for sepsis in clinical studies. However, the cytological mechanism underlying its production remains poorly understood. Previous research has demonstrated that P-SEP is generated when M1 macrophages (M1 MΦs) phagocytose neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)...

Background The Paris System (TPS) introduced standardized nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio thresholds for urine cytology to improve high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) detection, but these criteria remain subjective. This study used AIxURO, an artificial intelligence‐based model, to measure N/C ratio and nuclear area to identify abnormal cells...

The diagnostic care pathway of thyroid nodules spans multiple institutions. Collaborative networks are important to deal with such pathways that result from centralization and differentiation of care. Despite the high prevalence of thyroid nodules and the increase in cancer diagnoses, most nodules are benign and attributable to overdiagnosis, leadi...

Background Unravelling the relationship between trichome density and resistance to jassids in upland cotton, nine parental lines, viz . MCU 5, CO 14, CO 17, TCH 1828, KC 2, KC 3, GISV 323, GTHV 15–34, and RHC 1409 were obtained from the Tamilnadu Agricultural University. These genotypes were subjected to molecular analysis using 27 primers, merely...

The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2022 included new criteria to classification system for oral epithelial dysplasia (OED). Therefore, it is important to assess how these changes influence the prognostic prediction of OED classification. This study compared the diagnosis of OED classification according to the WHO 2022 criteria with the previous...

Objectives: The high cost of preoperative molecular testing remains a significant barrier to their widespread clinical use. This prospective study aims to investigate the clinical applicability of the ThyroSCAN PanelChip, a qPCR-based method, for preoperative BRAF V600E testing in thyroid nodules. Materials and Methods: Adult patients undergoing fi...

Background: Malignant pleural effusion is defined as the presence of malignant cells in pleural effusion (PE) or biopsy specimens and occurs in 15% of all cancer patients. The most common cause is lung cancer in men and breast cancer in women. The reason for hospital admission is usually shortness of breath. The main goal of treatment is to relieve...

Approximately 70% of medical decisions require a confirmatory laboratory test. This reliance highlights the critical role of laboratory medicine in enhancing healthcare outcomes and the need for appropriately trained and skilled laboratorians. To assess levels, types, composition and training of laboratory professionals in response to the changing...

Os sarcomas de tecidos moles (STM) são neoplasias malignas que se originam de células mesenquimais, acometendo principalmente pele e tecido subcutâneo. Apresenta característica invasiva, sendo esse o principal motivo para a remoção cirúrgica com margens amplas, necessitando, muitas vezes, de técnicas reconstrutivas para síntese desses defeitos. Obj...

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology is a well-established, rapid, safe and cost-effective diagnostic technique and is increasing in popularity to diagnose mass lesions in intra-abdominal organs. Deep-seated organs are safely sampled and routinely aspirated using the fine needle under radiological guidance. Objective: To diagnose intra-abd...

Septic arthritis following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair surgery is an extremely rare but possibly fatal consequence. To mitigate this danger, our team began presoaking grafts with vancomycin. Objectives: To determine the association of septic arthritis following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) restoration using hamstring autografts with...

Background: Rising incidence of breast cancer in India necessitates a deeper understanding of biological behaviour of tumor. Tumor grade has a pivotal role in understanding the same. Breast cytology provides a quick diagnosis and remains vital in resource limited settings. Although cytological grading systems have been in development for some time...

Lung diseases, both non-neoplastic such as chronic pneumonia and neoplastic such as lung cancer, have similar clinical characteristics so that they are difficult to differentiate. Cytological studies and lung biopsies are important diagnostic methods in determining the pattern of findings between the two conditions, especially when related to the p...

Cervical cancer remains a significant health challenge, with high incidence and mortality rates, particularly in transitioning countries. Conventional Liquid-Based Cytology(LBC) is a labor-intensive process, requires expert pathologists and is highly prone to errors, highlighting the need for more efficient screening methods. This paper introduces...

Osteosarcomas Myositis ossificans Delayed diagnosis of parosteal osteosarcoma a b s t r a c t The successful treatment of any disease depends on early and correct diagnosis. A failure to establish an accurate diagnosis can lead to ineffective, often expensive treatment and risky progression of the disease with all the negative consequences, includi...

Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the gold standard to diagnose thyroid nodules but fails in discriminating the nature of indeterminate lesions. Molecular testing can improve the diagnosis of these nodules and next-generation sequencing (NGS) can be used to test many genes simultaneously. Assess the performance of an NGS 17-gene panel on th...

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of close clinical surveillance intervals combined with oral brush biopsies to enable the early detection of malignant transformations in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) performed in our oral medicine clinic. Methods: This retrospective study was carried out on 414 patients suff...

Introduction Thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology (Bethesda III and IV) present a diagnostic challenge, as conventional cytology offers limited predictive value and can lead to unnecessary surgeries. Recently, validated molecular classifiers have been developed with the aim of improving the stratification of the risk of malignancy in these n...

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical value of high-risk HPV typing as a primary screening method for cervical cancer. Methods: From July 2023 to June 2024, 871 women, aged 23 to 77 years old, with an average age of (42.5 ± 3.45) years old, were selected for initial screening of cervical cancer in the health examination...

Objectives To search for a new classification scheme for oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) based on innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and to evaluate the clinical significance of this classification for diagnosis and treatment. Subjects and methods This study was based on a clinical cohort and applied flow cytometry to prospecti...

Mylohyoid boutonnière” is a frequently seen defect in the mid-part of the mylohyoid muscle. Infrequently, when large, this defect may lead to herniation of sublingual glands, which may present clinically as a neck mass. We present the case of a 50-year-old lady with slowly increasing neck swelling, with repeated inconclusive results from palpation-...

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) represent rare mesenchymal neoplasms with dual myomelanocytic differentiation. We report a case of a uterine PEComa in a female patient presenting with chronic abnormal vaginal bleeding initially attributed to leiomyoma. The patient underwent abdominal excision of the leiomyoma, and gross examination r...

Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (cTVT) is a contagious tumor in dogs. Commonly, it develops in the sexual organs including the potential to metastasize to the mammary gland. This report describes cTVT cells in the colostrum of a pregnant bitch with metastasis in the mammary gland. A three-year-old Dalmatian bitch was pregnant and presented nodu...

Thyroid tuberculosis is a rare disease. Diagnosis can be difficult because the clinical course is not very specific in most cases. Ziehl-Neelsen staining is frequently negative. Epithelioid granulomas and necrosis are the main biopsy findings. The diagnosis can be confirmed using polymerase chain reaction, detection of acid-fast bacilli, or bacteri...

Background Thyroid nodules are mostly benign lesions within the thyroid, with a small percentage being malignant. The decision for surgery is mainly based on the fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology report, which is categorized into six categories from non-diagnostic to malignant. The accuracy of FNA is of utmost importance to minimize the complic...

Purpose To explore the diagnostic performance and feasibility of high-frame-rate contrast-enhanced ultrasound (HFR CEUS) combined with contrast vector imaging (CVI) in detecting benign and malignant superficial lymph nodes (SLNs). Materials and methods In this single-center prospective study conducted between October 2023 and February 2024, 38 con...

Background Accurate diagnosis of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) is challenging, especially in poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). This study was aimed to search the best or best combination of neuroendocrine markers in the diagnostic workup of NENs via analysis of the real‐world data and machine learning algorithms. Methods Cy...

A BSTRACT Aim and Objectives Age and gender identification are critical in forensic investigations, especially for unidentified human bodies. This study explores differences in nuclear size, nuclear area, and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio between healthy individuals and those with physiological or pathological conditions, aiming to understand how thes...

Nowadays, with the continuous improvement of people's health awareness and the increasing incidence of cancer year by year, the screening work of various clinical diseases, especially cancer, is also widely promoted. Cervical lesion screening is a common type. Cervical lesion screening is used to judge whether women have cervical lesions and increa...

Sacral bone metastasis from primary follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is rare. Most reported cases include factors indicative of thyroid origin, such as a history of treated thyroid cancer or newly identified thyroid nodules with malignant cytology. We herein report a 57-year-old woman with a metastatic sacral lesion of thyroid origin, initially m...

Background: Ultrasound elastography (USE) is a non-invasive technique for distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid nodules. It uses strain ratio to determine thyroid nodular stiffness, however it has limitations when no normal thyroid tissue is present. Objective: To assess the diagnostic performance of USE in the prediction of malignant thyroi...

Purpose To investigate the effect of acidic urine (pH ≤ 5.5) on disease recurrence or progression in patients with nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) followed by intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) induction therapy. Methods A total of 578 patients with intermediate- and hi...

Purpose Ultrasonography (US) is the most accurate and cost-effective imaging method for identifying thyroid nodules. The difficulty in determining which nodules to sample for fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology has prompted the introduction of the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (TIRADS), which assesses the malignancy risk associated w...

Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is a fatal complication of malignant tumors with limited treatment options. Finding more effective therapeutic strategies is of significant importance. This case reports an LM patient from breast cancer treated with intrathecal pemetrexed (15 mg) combined with PD-1 inhibitors (40 mg). The pemetrexed dosing regimen inc...

Persistent infection with high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) is a major cause of cervical cancer. Current management of low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) primarily involves monitoring, though some cases progress to cervical precancer or cancer, requiring timely intervention. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 5‐aminole...

Background/Objectives: Recent advances in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have shifted from conventional chemotherapy to targeted therapies aimed at specific genetic mutations, particularly in the adenocarcinoma subtype. These therapies have improved overall survival and quality of life. However, some patients still face barrier...

A Biologia Celular é essencial para entender o funcionamento básico dos seres vivos, desde organismos unicelulares até multicelulares, como os seres humanos. No entanto, essa temática é vista como complexa por muitos estudantes, sendo necessário buscar alternativas para auxiliar no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Pretendeu-se através deste traba...

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and tuberculosis (TB) share overlapping clinical features, such as lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, and night sweats, which can complicate the diagnostic process, particularly in endemic regions. This case report describes a 10-year old boy with persistent cervical lymphadenopathy, initially diagnosed as tuberculous lympha...

Background Pleural effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, which occurs as a result of disturbance in the balance between production and reabsorption. Cytologycal examination is important as diagnosis, determining the stage, guiding further treatment for malignancy. Effusion fluid is often processed using cytocentrifuge...

ANÁLISE DOS ACHADOS DE ANUSCOPIA COMPARADO AOS RESULTADOS DE CITOLOGIA ANAL

Polymorphous adenocarcinoma (PAC) of the parotid is a rare entity with minimal reported incidences in the Asian population. It generally presents as a solid tumor and is considered a diagnostic dilemma due to morphological diversity and variable histological patterns. This article reports a unique fluid‐filled PAC of the parotid gland mimicking a c...

The chromosome numbers of 56 populations belonging to 25 species and 4 varieties of Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) from China were examined, and those of 13 species and four varieties are reported here for the first time. The karyotypes of 39 populations in 23 species and four varieties were also studied. Among them, twelve species and one variety were...

Pancreatic cyst fluid (PCF) specimens present significant interpretive challenges. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is essential for guiding patient management, as pancreatic cysts vary from benign to pre‐malignant and malignant. Appropriate triage differentiates low‐risk cysts requiring surveillance from high‐risk cysts necessitating surgical resec...

Background HPV testing has become the recommended primary screening method for cervical cancer in China. However, referring all HPV-positive patients for colposcopy is not practical. This study monetized clinical performance metrics to evaluate the relative performance of 10 secondary triage strategies compared to referring all patients for colposc...

This case illustrates the combination of medullary thyroid carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis and emphasizes the need for careful cytological and histologic evaluation of cold nodules of the thyroid. FNAC together with Bethesda scoring and immunohistochemistry improve the accuracy of diagnosis as well as optimal management of complex thyroid pat...

Cancer Cytopathology Practice Essentials is a new series of expert‐authored reviews offering practical, high‐yield updates on key cytologic topics. Designed for both trainees and experienced pathologists, it is intended to serve as a diagnostic resource and an authoritative reference for the field.

Background/aim There are many different benign and malignant etiologies of pericardial effusions (PEs), which can compress the heart and large vessels emerging from the heart and cause significant clinical findings. The aim of this study was to cytologically examine the underlying diseases causing PEs and to conduct detailed evaluations of underlyi...

O Condrossarcoma é considerado o segundo tumor ósseo mais comum em cães, sendo a excisão cirúrgica a principal indicação terapêutica naqueles casos aplicáveis. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de exérese de condrossarcoma em costela com consequente correção de hérnia diafragmática iatrogênica devido a remoção da neoplasia. Foi...

A 60-year-old woman with thyroid goiter came for a regular follow-up. At initial presentation, she had a nonsymptomatic neck mass. Physical examination revealed a firm, nonmovable, 2 cm nodule on the left side of the thyroid gland. Initial ultrasound revealed solid-cystic nodules, 1.9 cm at the left lower pole of the thyroid gland and 1.4 cm at the...

Sorghum seeds and seedlings were treated with Colchicine at three concentration (o.15, 0.25 and 0.5 %) and three durations ( 2.5, 5 and 7 h) and grown in pots and various, morphological and morphological and cytological observations were recorded and reported. Isolated tetrapolids were tested in the glasshouse and filed level experiments.

Both the fields of immunohistochemistry and veterinary histopathology are critical for diagnosis during disease management. Immunohistochemistry localizes antigens within cytological tissues, ensuring high-resolution imaging and mapping. Put simply, veterinary histopathology provides information about the disease, while immunohistochemistry provide...

Cytology is essential for cancer diagnostics and screening due to its minimally invasive nature. However, the development of robust deep learning models for digital cytology is challenging due to the heterogeneity in staining and preparation methods of samples, differences across organs, and the limited availability of large, diverse, annotated dat...

Programmed DNA elimination (PDE), a phenomenon wherein cells eliminate a subset of genetic material during certain stages of development, is observed in a broad range of organisms. The fungus gnat Bradysia (formerly Sciara ) coprophila undergoes a series of PDE events during their development, including elimination of germline-restricted chromosome...