Science topic
Cybernetics - Science topic
That branch of learning which brings together theories and studies on communication and control in living organisms and machines.
Questions related to Cybernetics
❝Again, in a ship, if a man were at liberty to do what he chose, but were devoid of mind and excellence in navigation (αρετης κυβερνητικης), do you perceive what must happen to him and his fellow sailors?❞
─ Plato • Alcibiades 135 A
Differential Propositional Calculus • Overview
❝The most fundamental concept in cybernetics is that of “difference”, either that two things are recognisably different or that one thing has changed with time.❞
— W. Ross Ashby • An Introduction to Cybernetics
Differential logic is the component of logic whose object is the description of variation — the aspects of change, difference, distribution, and diversity — in universes of discourse subject to logical description. To the extent a logical inquiry makes use of a formal system, its differential component treats the use of a differential logical calculus — a formal system with the expressive capacity to describe change and diversity in logical universes of discourse.
In accord with the strategy of approaching logical systems in stages, first gaining a foothold in propositional logic and advancing on those grounds, we may set our first stepping stones toward differential logic in “differential propositional calculi” — propositional calculi extended by sets of terms for describing aspects of change and difference, for example, processes taking place in a universe of discourse or transformations mapping a source universe to a target universe.
What follows is the outline of a sketch on differential propositional calculus intended as an intuitive introduction to the larger subject of differential logic, which amounts in turn to my best effort so far at dealing with the ancient and persistent problems of treating diversity and mutability in logical terms.
Note. I'll give just the links to the main topic heads below. Please follow the link at the top of the page for the full outline.
Part 1 —
Casual Introduction
Cactus Calculus
Part 2 —
Formal_Development
Elementary Notions
Special Classes of Propositions
Differential Extensions
• https://oeis.org/wiki/Differential_Propositional_Calculus_%E2%80%A2_Part_2#Differential_Extensions
Appendices —
References —
Differential Logic • 1
Introduction —
Differential logic is the component of logic whose object is the description of variation — focusing on the aspects of change, difference, distribution, and diversity — in universes of discourse subject to logical description. A definition that broad naturally incorporates any study of variation by way of mathematical models, but differential logic is especially charged with the qualitative aspects of variation pervading or preceding quantitative models. To the extent a logical inquiry makes use of a formal system, its differential component governs the use of a “differential logical calculus”, that is, a formal system with the expressive capacity to describe change and diversity in logical universes of discourse.
Simple examples of differential logical calculi are furnished by “differential propositional calculi”. A differential propositional calculus is a propositional calculus extended by a set of terms for describing aspects of change and difference, for example, processes taking place in a universe of discourse or transformations mapping a source universe to a target universe. Such a calculus augments ordinary propositional calculus in the same way the differential calculus of Leibniz and Newton augments the analytic geometry of Descartes.
Resources —
Logic Syllabus
Survey of Differential Logic
Differential Logic • 18
Tangent and Remainder Maps —
If we follow the classical line which singles out linear functions as ideals of simplicity then we may complete the analytic series of the proposition f = pq : X → B in the following way.
The next venn diagram shows the differential proposition df = d(pq) : EX → B we get by extracting the linear approximation to the difference map Df = D(pq) : EX → B at each cell or point of the universe X. What results is the logical analogue of what would ordinarily be called “the differential” of pq but since the adjective “differential” is being attached to just about everything in sight the alternative name “tangent map” is commonly used for df whenever it's necessary to single it out.
Tangent Map d(pq) : EX → B
To be clear about what's being indicated here, it's a visual way of summarizing the following data.
d(pq)
= p ∙ q ∙ (dp , dq)
+ p ∙ (q) ∙ dq
+ (p) ∙ q ∙ dp
+ (p) ∙ (q) ∙ 0
To understand the extended interpretations, that is, the conjunctions of basic and differential features which are being indicated here, it may help to note the following equivalences.
• (dp , dq) = dp ∙ (dq) + (dp) ∙ dq
• dp = dp ∙ dq + dp ∙ (dq)
• dq = dp ∙ dq + (dp) ∙ dq
Capping the analysis of the proposition pq in terms of succeeding orders of linear propositions, the final venn diagram of the series shows the “remainder map” r(pq) : EX → B, which happens to be linear in pairs of variables.
Remainder r(pq) : EX → B
Reading the arrows off the map produces the following data.
r(pq)
= p ∙ q ∙ dp ∙ dq
+ p ∙ (q) ∙ dp ∙ dq
+ (p) ∙ q ∙ dp ∙ dq
+ (p) ∙ (q) ∙ dp ∙ dq
In short, r(pq) is a constant field, having the value dp ∙ dq at each cell.
Resources —
Logic Syllabus
Survey of Differential Logic
Comments on “Information = Comprehension × Extension”
Resources
Inquiry Blog • Survey of Pragmatic Semiotic Information
OEIS Wiki • Information = Comprehension × Extension
C.S. Peirce • Upon Logical Comprehension and Extension
Information = Comprehension × Extension • Comment 7
Let's stay with Peirce's example of inductive inference a little longer and try to clear up the more troublesome confusions tending to arise.
Figure 2 shows the implication ordering of logical terms in the form of a lattice diagram.
Figure 2. Disjunctive Term u, Taken as Subject
Figure 4 shows an inductive step of inquiry, as taken on the cue of an indicial sign.
Figure 4. Disjunctive Subject u, Induction of Rule v ⇒ w
One final point needs to be stressed. It is important to recognize the disjunctive term itself — the syntactic formula “neat, swine, sheep, deer” or any logically equivalent formula — is not an index but a symbol. It has the character of an artificial symbol which is constructed to fill a place in a formal system of symbols, for example, a propositional calculus. In that setting it would normally be interpreted as a logical disjunction of four elementary propositions, denoting anything in the universe of discourse which has any of the four corresponding properties.
The artificial symbol “neat, swine, sheep, deer” denotes objects which serve as indices of the genus herbivore by virtue of their belonging to one of the four named species of herbivore. But there is in addition a natural symbol which serves to unify the manifold of given species, namely, the concept of a cloven‑hoofed animal.
As a symbol or general representation, the concept of a cloven‑hoofed animal connotes an attribute and connotes it in such a way as to determine what it denotes. Thus we observe a natural expansion in the connotation of the symbol, amounting to what Peirce calls the “superfluous comprehension” or information added by an “ampliative” or synthetic inference.
In sum we have sufficient information to motivate an inductive inference, from the Fact u ⇒ w and the Case u ⇒ v to the Rule v ⇒ w.
Reference —
Peirce, C.S. (1866), “The Logic of Science, or, Induction and Hypothesis”, Lowell Lectures of 1866, pp. 357–504 in Writings of Charles S. Peirce : A Chronological Edition, Volume 1, 1857–1866, Peirce Edition Project, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, 1982.
Information = Comprehension × Extension • Preamble
Eight summers ago I hit on what struck me as a new insight into one of the most recalcitrant problems in Peirce’s semiotics and logic of science, namely, the relation between “the manner in which different representations stand for their objects” and the way in which different inferences transform states of information. I roughed out a sketch of my epiphany in a series of blog posts then set it aside for the cool of later reflection. Now looks to be a choice moment for taking another look.
A first pass through the variations of representation and reasoning detects the axes of iconic, indexical, and symbolic manners of representation on the one hand and the axes of abductive, inductive, and deductive modes of inference on the other. Early and often Peirce suggests a natural correspondence between the main modes of inference and the main manners of representation but his early arguments differ from his later accounts in ways deserving close examination, partly for the extra points in his line of reasoning and partly for his explanation of indices as signs constituted by convening the variant conceptions of sundry interpreters.
Resources
Inquiry Blog • Survey of Pragmatic Semiotic Information
OEIS Wiki • Information = Comprehension × Extension
C.S. Peirce • Upon Logical Comprehension and Extension
Has anyone applied Beer (1994) Team Syntegrity (TS) with citizen assemblies?
Might TS be a useful underpinning approach?
Beer, S., (1994). Beyond dispute: The invention of team syntegrity, Wiley, Chichester, UK. (1994)
Team syntegrity: A new methodology for group work https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/026323739600028X
I'm introducing IA for students during a conference. My practice is more focused on the industrial side. But people asked me to integrate some medical insight.
I decide to integrate the manner to create the body numerical twin. But I have no experience about it. My first question was, how to model it. And I would like to know how people are roughly proceedings:
- are they trying to model a body in a globality, like if it was possible to put it in equations,
- or is it more a cybernetic approach, which implies to model each organ, then managing relationship between them?
Thanks for your highlights
Righteousness and Justice are common buzzwords often used interchangeably that we use in the present data-driven world and without knowing what exactly it mean. The current world has Courts of Justice as part of the legal system. As many or most use the said terms inappropriately and in a meaningless way, and being even the most bright scholars and pundits have only vague ideas about it, let us have a discussion about "What is Righteousness? and how it differ from Justice?", to bring out the real meaning of "Righteousness" and to bring about a righteous society.
Will it be possible to build an artificial consciousness similar to human consciousness in digitized structures of artificial intelligence if in specific structures of artificial intelligence will digitally reproduce the artificial structures of neurons and the entire central nervous system of humans?
Dear Researchers, Scientists, Friends,
If artificial intelligence that mapped human neurons was built, then it would be a very advanced artificial intelligence. If artificial intelligence was built in such a way that all human neurons would be reconstructed in digital technology, it would mean the possibility of building cybernetic structures capable of collecting and processing data in a much larger database capacity than at present. However, if it would only be the reproduction of simple neural structures and their reproduction to the number of neurons contained in the human organism, then only or mainly quantitative and not necessarily qualitative factors that characterize the collection and processing of data in the human brain would be achieved. Without achieving all of the qualitative variables typical of the human nervous system in a cybernetic counterpart, it might be doubtful to create in this cybernetic structure an artificial nervous system of cybernetic consciousness which is the equivalent of human consciousness.
Do you agree with me on the above matter?
In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:
Will it be possible to build an artificial consciousness similar to human consciousness in digitized structures of artificial intelligence if in specific structures of artificial intelligence will digitally reproduce the artificial structures of neurons and the entire central nervous system of humans?
Please reply
I invite you to the discussion
Thank you very much
I have described the key issues related to the opportunities and threats of artificial intelligence development in my article below:
OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT
I invite you to collaborate with me on research projects.
Best wishes
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Dear Gerard van Reekum,
Yes of course. As of today, it is not possible to be sure of the implementation of a specific scenario of future developments, including the development of artificial intelligence technologies. However, in our discussion, we try to consider the most likely scenarios for future developments.
Thank you, Regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Will artificial neural structures become such advanced artificial intelligence that artificial consciousness will arise? Theoretically, such projects can be considered, but to really verify this, artificial neural structures should be created. From research on the human brain, it appears that this is a very complex and yet not fully understood neural structure. The brain has various centers, areas that manage the functioning of specific organs and processes of the human body. In addition, Sylvia is also complex and consists of elements of emotional, abstract, creative, etc. intelligence that also function in separate sectors of the human brain.
In view of the above, does research on the human brain and progress in the construction of ever more complex structures of artificial intelligence lead to synergy in the development of these fields of science? Will the development of these fields of science lead to the integration of research into the analysis of human brain activity and the construction of more and more complex structures of artificial intelligence equipped with elements of emotional, creative intelligence, etc.?
Besides, does the improvement of artificial intelligence lead to the emergence of artificial emotional intelligence and, consequently, to autonomous robots that will be sensitive to specific changes in environmental factors, factors of the surrounding environment? Will specific changes in the surrounding environment trigger programmed reactions of advanced artificial emotional intelligence, ie activation of pre-programmed algorithms of implemented activities and learning processes as part of improving the learning processes of machines.
Therefore, another important question arises in this area:
Is it possible to create an artificial consciousness that will function with the structure of an artificial electronic neural network built in such a way as to reflect the structure of the human brain? In this way, the structure of advanced artificial intelligence will be able to improve on the basis of acquired knowledge eg from external internet databases?
Do you agree with me on the above matter?
In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:
Will it be possible to build artificial emotional intelligence?
Please reply
I invite you to the discussion
Thank you very much
Best wishes
Actually I'm finishing my introduction to the Special Issue of AI & Society called Cybernetics in Latinamerica. Contexts, Developments, Perceptions and Impacts. In writing the introduction for that special issue, two questions emerged:
VSM model was used by several governments in the latin America region, but I have never found out if the VSM has been used by Japanese, Chinese, Canadian, United States or and European governments. Is that true? Can someone help me with that question or give a critical opinion about it.
First and second order cybernetics are now well known, but how we should define third order cybernetics
I am writing a research paper on how computers have been used in the body and how they may be used in the future. What examples, opinions, or ideas do you have on this topic? Should I broaden my paper to talk about the use of technology with the body in general?
I have been working on hybrid methods of Invasive weed optimization. Based on these hybrid methods I have published three articles in Soft Computing, IEEE Trans. on System, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems and Applied Intelligence. One is under review in Applied Soft Computing. Please let me know how to approach Professors who are working in Soft Computing.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines the fundamental of cloud computing as a concept for delivering a shared pool of configurable computing resources, which can be provisioned and released with minimum management effort and service provider interaction. Also, it enables convenient, on-demand network access to these resources. Multi-cloud environment is the combination of multiple public clouds and private clouds.
Papers:
Mell P, Grance T (2013) The NIST Definition of Cloud computing (v15). Tech. Rep, National Institute of Standards and Technology, vol 15, pp 1-3pp.
Leila M, Abdelhafid Z, Mahieddine D (2018) A New Framework of Authentication Over Cloud Computing. In Cybernetics Approaches in Intelligent Systems. CoMeSySo 2017. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Cham Springer. vol 661, pp 46-52
Oussama, A, Zitouni, A (2018) A Multi-Agent Security framework for Cloud Data. the 6th computer conference ICAASE 2018. University Constantine 2. Algéria.
One of the threat to humanity is THE emergence intelligent machines. When AI gets full control and when sky-net comes to exist....might be already there, ....the plan is to enslave humanity rather than making things easy for him. I know, soon the robots replace many employees and do many complicated jobs including industry works, medical works (complicated surgery, scanning etc), cooking, nuclear and other energy sector operations, care works for child and elderly etc.
Machines are smart and fast; they don't get tired, they don't do random (ie they are error free). They are very adaptive, capable of evolving abruptly and are self aware. Machines spy on humans 24/7, on every little corner of the earth due to the emergence of 5G which gives them this ability, the ability to track and identify everyone for every space-time on the glob with their direct satellite connection...and this means the end of human privacy. I have no idea what the fate of human being will be in such times.
Making human half machine half human (cyborg), a bio-mechanical being is one application of this field to create superhuman soldiers. Many countries including Russia, US, china, UK are using such technology side by side with their genetic engineering research to strengthen their military. They are always up to humanity, to destroy the human race from the face of the earth in every way possible.
5G is a key together with AI for all these to succeed. 5G towers are already in place to begin work in US and UK (some are already in operation). 5G has a data speed of 100 times that of the 4G network system and the towers should be installed very near to the client residents as it work in very short distance point to point communication. It uses very short wavelength or very high frequency which obviously expected to cause caner and other serious side effects on any living cell due to its high frequency microwave radiation. I know many people are not aware of the downside of such technology and the potential damage it might cause. It is my belief that 5G radiation is responsibly the cause for the massive death of birds and other animals near to such towers in US. The towers look like this, you might find one of these on your building or neighborhood.
I would like to know what you think about 5G network and the technology related with it.
Do you know some good papers/thesis with experiments of neural network applications. The area (image/speech recognition/weather forecast/etc.) is not important, but which are good (or outstanding in your opinion) in terms of:
- How the design/experiment is described (reproducible);
- Execution / implementation;
- Analyses of results (used metrics etc.);
- Threats to validity / discussion
I am also interested to hear about some papers which are (in your opinion) only good in a particular area (e.g. the analysis) but weak in other areas.
I see a lot of NN papers which are weak (e.g. not really reproducible, small dataset, analysis on only error rate and that is it).
Do you know some papers about (reporting/design) guidelines for NN-experiments? I found e.g.:
Zhang, G. Peter. "Avoiding pitfalls in neural network research." Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, IEEE Transactions on 37.1 (2007): 3-16.
Background is that I want to avoid to trap into most common issues for my thesis or at least mention it if I cannot solve it given time constraints (etc).
Thanks
Looking for relevant literature, interested scholars and institutional help and grant.
As far as I know hybrots have been used only in research environment for the purposes of studying neural activity. Are there any already existing practical applications that utilize natural intelligence in some way? Or is someone currently working on that?
Hi, dear professor Swapan Kumar Parui,
We present the research laboratory of the Computer Science and Cybernetics Faculty at the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraina.
We have expertise in designing online handwriting recognition text and images for mobile devices. http://mi.unicyb.kiev.ua/?page_id=444&lang=en. We are interested in your research. We would like to cooperate with you in a joint project. If it is interesting to you, connect with us, please. If necessary, we can send more detailed information about our research activities.
Best regards,
Dr. of P.-M. S., Professor,
Faculty of Computer Science and Cybernetics ,
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
Email: vtereshch@gmail.com, v_ter@ukr.net
T:+3802590427, +380679002449
1. Why a negative frame of mind is prevalent among the most thesis examiners and editors of the top journals in the field of Humanities and Social Sciences about qualitative study?
2. Why a bunch of pseudo academicians will navigate the ideas of qualitative inquiry and decide the whole community of qualitative researchers in the name of some vague terms, e.g. numbers, quantifiable data, or statistical analysis?
3. Why qualitative researchers need to express their views about generalization time and again where there is no more any idea left called "generalization" in the postmodern world?
4. Why only qualitative researchers have to prove themselves immune of manipulating and of data and establish the reliability, whereas, manipulation of quantitative data is much easier operation to conduct?
I want to study the progression of various cyber threats in a cyber physical systems.
Has there been any sociological or anthropological study of cyber-families, cyber-neighbourhoods, etc?
Any reference material would be of great help.
Kebede
Cybersemiotics = Second Order Cybernetics + Peircean Semiotics
Dear all,
I've developed an article concerning a cybernetic ontology and try to bring this article on a higher level. I’m looking for support with co-authoring and publishing this article. Who can help me with review, constructive comments and additional content?
Topics:
- Cybernetic ontology
- Project management
I work in Organisational Development using a mix of systemic and dialogical principles and want to bring some rigour (and imagination) into my use of the ideas of Gregory Bateson and wondered whether anyone had attempted to develop a methodology that built on the various ideas Gregory had about systems and cybernetics, aesthetics, grace, tight and loose thinking, etc?
Thanks,
Gareth
Theoretically cybernetics can be applied to all existing theories of aging.
However, I have not been able to find any research where a model of socio cybernetics has been applied to the evaluation of any intervention/observational research on healthy aging.
I would appreciate your suggestions. with thanks, chariklia
How do you as a supervisor. therapist or supervisee relate to work on professional-personal connections? If you have done such work have you found it useful?
The process of supervision is recognized as crucial and formative in establishing therapeutic competency (Gilbert & Evans, 2000). Link between therapists' (and supervisors’) personal and professional growth is a critical, yet often overlooked, underestimated and rarely explored factor in supervision (Heid, 1997).
Competence in using one's self is directly linked to a therapist’s (and supervisor's ) maturity and differentiation from their family of origin (Titelman, 1987). Marovic & Snyders (2010) advocate work on professional-personal connections and point out that achieving greater levels of maturity and differentiation of the personal self from the family of origin would lead to a more mature and competent use of self in therapeutic and supervisory relationships. Hence, exploring professional-personal connections in supervision is vital for professional competence.
Gilbert, M. C., & Evans, K. (2000). Psychotherapy supervision. An integrative relational approach to psychotherapy supervision. Buckingham: Open University
Press.
Heid, L. (1997). Supervisor development across the professional lifespan. The Clinical Supervisor, 16(2), 139–152.
Marovic, S. & Snyders, F. (2010). Cybernetics of Supervision: A Developmental Perspective. The Clinical Supervisor, 29:35–50.
Titelman, P. (1987). The Therapist's Own Family. In Titelman, P. (Eds.) The Therapist's Own Family: Toward Differentiation of Self ( pp. 3-41). Jason Aronson Inc.
The Law of Requisite Variety define that only variety can destroy variety, likewise, KM imply that the Knowledge be dynamic inside the organization to respond the fast market changes. Nonaka propose this relation, but I would like to explore in deep. Some Ideas about the possible links?
It seems that they both aim to reach an optimal state by controlling some variables.
If energy is neither created nor destroyed, then how did energy come about in the first place? Energy perceived by consciousness is information. Consciousness is a form of energy that is self aware. There are states of consciousness that can include individual states to cosmic states of consciousness. Buddha becoming enlightened entered the cosmic state of consciousness which is the highest state where one becomes aware of the witness that does not change. Consciousness includes the mind and intelligence which is a projection from the physical brain, however, consciousness is not just a biological process as consciousness remains after the death of the physical brain. Personality is a attribute of consciousness that changes with time and experience. Emotions are attributes that that also change with time and experience. The core of consciousness (witness) remains the same.
Consciousness is software and the mind is an essential component of this software responsible for generating thoughts that are based on experience to evaluate the world around us. The brain is the hardware. The data (experiences) from the software is stored in the server (cloud) and when the hardware is faulty and breaks down, the experiences in the cloud remain. Consciousness does not die with the death of the physical body and energy is neither created nor destroyed, consciousness transforms.
Two great mathematicians. Founder of the science of cybernetics Nobert Wiener.
Are we dealing an abstract and intangible thing in software science and engineering without any constitutional laws as a foundation?
In general, the term ‘complexity’ is used to characterize something with many parts in an intricate arrangement. In the context of CPSs, we can differentiate five types of complexities: (i) static complexity (the number and relationships of components that do not change with time), (ii) dynamic complexity (the number and relationships of components that change with time), (iii) self-organizing complexity (open systems reorganize themselves to different systems), (iv) evolving complexity (open systems evolve through time into different systems) and (v) co-evolving complexity (two-way interplay between the changing system and its environment). When all these types and forms of complexities are present, we talk about aggregative complexity.
I have selected a topic i.e Cybernetics protector for IBM's Contest, on Project i.e TGMC.
So, i want some information on it. And if possible, tell me on which area i can use this.
This srs should include information about cybernetics and its protection......
