Cultural History - Science topic

In all long-standing cultures, the great majority of musical instruments in use today have a history stretching back many centuries, during which their typifying timbres have evolved - if at all - in highly conservative ways. This suggests that their evolution might have been shaped in accord with certain deep-seated timbral preferences.

The origins of these preferences might be culture-specific and individually acquired through early-life exposure within a critical period, akin to infants' learning of phonemes specific to their native language. It's clearly evident that music listeners do tend to be better attuned to detecting and interpreting subtle expressive timbral nuances of instruments of their native culture than they are to foreign instruments, and that, for adults, the foreign-seemingness of non-native timbres doesn't greatly diminish even after years of exposure to them. On the other hand, certain basic instrumental timbres that feature across historically unconnected cultures - flutes and oboes, for example - might be attributable to innate acoustic preferences. Neither of these attibutions, however, account for our ability to fully accommodate the expressive subtleties of instrumental timbres native to our own culture that we first come to experience only as adults (e.g. lute, viols, saxophones). Or for why certain once commonplace instrumental timbres in our own cultural history - e.g., shawms, racketts, crumhorns, rebecs - didn't survive and seem foreign-sounding to our modern-day ears. And what is known regarding common-shared timbral preferences among individuals raised without any exposure to musical instruments, and are these culture-specific or cross-cultural? Clearly, much needs to be disentangled before any innate underpinnings of timbral preferences can be elucidated with any conclusiveness. Investigating the matter might yield insights - questions as well as answers - with implications not only for music-related science but for other fields with the cognitive sciences.

Research in speech phonology (by, for example George Lakoff and colleagues) has accumulated a considerable amount of clear evidence as to the existence of innate human phonetic/phonemic universals. I'd be extremely interested, and most grateful, to learn of any equivalent research investigating musical timbre preferences!

My thanks in anticipation!

Iraq is the top country of old culture ,history and civilization ,but now its going slow in return to lead in civilization despite its strategic position in middle east ,how can iraqi contribute to its progress?

Can anyone reccomend a book that provides a good overview of the early development of islam?

Has mankind begun to enter an age of 'global culture'; wherein the needs and desires of different cultures around the world are becoming synonymous due to the technological innovations and higher expectations toward standards of living (particularly Western lifestyle), as presented by contemporary architecture? Does architecture now dictate culture where once the opposite was evident?

I'm currently writing a paper on sexual deviance in Hittite society. I can easily find lists of the various laws but cannot find research on the reasons behind them. Why can a man have sex with a mule but not a sheep or pig? Why can he sleep with a set of sisters but not also their mother? Why is necrophilia allowed but simply handling a corpse discouraged?

I'm researching into the media used by the Khalistan movement in Britain. In particular my interest is to do with the use of newspapers and music.

The twenty first century has witnessed an emergence of multiple of identities egging upon different forces of the time. It has also come across the proliferation of the idea of cultural diversity as globalization, communications, market, migration and the increased diversification of identity patterns have emerged within traditionally homogeneous groups. While cultural diversity points towards the existence of several cultures that are dissimilar, heterogeneous and often incommensurable the multiculturalism promotes the acceptance of cultural diversity by encouraging the recognition of minorities by the society and its institutions. ‘Multiculturalism’ now takes into its fold not only the disadvantaged and marginalized groups like minorities and tribals but also the immigrants who may come under ethnic, religious minorities as well as minority nations and indigenous peoples and communities like LGBT, disabled, etc., After 9/11 and certain terrorist acts in Europe there has been a shift in thinking that considers the existence of immigrants incompatible with the European member cultures and history.

The recent upsurge of radicalism and nationalism in liberal multicultural democracies usher in the era of community confrontations as was witnessed by Europe in late nineteenth century and Asia in mid-twentieth century. The secular credentials are on the wane in many states known for their multicultural values and egalitarian orders and the politics of dominance and discrimination is on the rise. The statements of many European leaders from Germany, France Denmark about non-utility of multicultural model has alarmed the immigrant populations and minorities alike. The state behavior has transformed from community welfare to individual interests. Doesn't it needs a quick attention and reversal?

From the (2002) review by Roger Egbert:

At a time when movies think they have to choose between action and ideas, Steven Spielberg's "Minority Report" is a triumph--a film that works on our minds and our emotions. It is a thriller and a human story, a movie of ideas that's also a whodunit. Here is a master filmmaker at the top of his form, working with a star, Tom Cruise, who generates complex human feelings even while playing an action hero.

See:

The opening scene, demonstrating the effectiveness of crime prevention, based on mysterious predictions of the “pre-cogs,” contrasts with the account of the predictions involving the search for a “minority report.” Though the precogs, it is said, “are never wrong,” sometime they disagree among themselves. The hunt for the dissenting view leads on into political intrigue—which may explain our skepticism of the prediction of crimes –on the part of “the usual suspects.”

Let's think, for example, in American and French films of the 50s. Do these countries, despite of the differences between them -political, economical, social- have common points during the same age? Let's compare, for instance, as an experiment if you hace free time, two characters like Ethan Edward (John Wayne, The searchers, John Ford, 1956) and Antoine Doinel (Jean Pierre Leaud, Les 400 coups, François Truffaut, 1959).

Since this paper is in Spanish at this time, I am unable to give you any assistance please send me a copy of your La reconsruccion de siniestros ... paper in English

Museums in town tell about history and culture. We need some interesting media to attract them, giving experience beside learning culture and history. especially for children. Any Reference or Information will be help so much. thank you.

Preferably speaking Portuguese and English, Spanish or German.

Dear Laia and Anna,

I find your project very interesting. Please let me know if diasporic processes are relevant to your approach.

Kind regards,

Frederic Lefrançois

University of the French West Indies

Love-brother- yuorself

If cinema can be used as a source of investigation, could it be possible in a concrete historical period like Spain during the 20th century, in the 60s decade?

Archduke Leopold-Willem of Habsbourg, emperor Ferdinand III's brother, lived from 1647 to 1656 in Brussels, where he was general governor of the Low Countries.  He was a great collector of paintings; he bought no less than 1400 paintings of, among others, Holbein, Bruegel the Elder, Van Eyck, Mantegna,Giorgione, Veronese.

On May 6th, 1656, Léopold-Willem goes back from Antwerp to Vienna, bringing with him his collection of paintings, which he made install in 1657, partly in the Stallburg, in the Hofburg palace, partly in the Neue Burg.  He makes the Flemish painter Jan Anton van den Baren his manager of his collection.  In this collection, stands the Tower of Babel, as testifies the inventory written in 1659.  

In this inventory, the painting is described as follows : «581. Ein grosses Stückh von Öhlfarb auf Holz, warin der babilonische Thurn.  In einer alter Ramen mit verguldten Leisten, 6 Spann 4 Finger hoch, vnndt 8 ½ Spann braith.  Original vom älten Brögel.» (f° 255)

My question is : which was the value (in cm) of a Spann in this time ?  I didn't find a more recent book about the ancient measures than this (a bit old) one : Horace DOURSTHER : Dictionnaire universel des poids et mesures anciens et modernes, contenant des tables des monnaies de tous les pays, Bruxelles : M. Hayez, 1840.  But the author says nothing about the Spann.  Can anyone help me ?  I would be very glad, and thankful.

(Please, forgive me my bad english; I do my best, but it is not my mother language.)

Xavier de COSTER

Dears,

Does anyone know the research about a German newspaper called Hamburger Echo? By the way, is there any online database about this newspaper I can get? I am carrying out an research about this newspaper related to Marxism  during the period of 1887-1895.

Thanks,  

I am looking for some researches about ceramic used as decorating element in Persian palaces related to 5th century and before.

I seek co-authors for a research on the demography of isolated communites.  I have a few thousand of records from the parish registers (baptisms, marriages and deaths) of an Italian village located in a small island, covering  the XVI-XVIII centuries. I'm looking for specialists in the fields of automatic family reconstruction, genetics of isolated populations and historical demography

Colonial regimes fashioned diverse aspects of culture in the colonized territories, dislocated indigenous knowledge systems and in the process suppressing any possibility for growth of new technology.

The current Metropolitan Opera production (Feb. 2017) is Antonin Dvorak's Rusalka.  This opera contains what may be viewed as current events references. 

The Grove Dictionary of Music entry on rhetoric and music states that after the Baroque period, the rhetorical underpinnings of music were no longer studied.  But in the 20th C., such highlighted rhetoric in art music is causing a revival of interest.

QUOTE

What still remains to be fully explained is how these critical interrelationships often controlled the craft of composition. These developments are unclear partly because modern musicians and scholars are untrained in the rhetorical disciplines, which since the beginning of the 19th century have largely disappeared from most educational and philosophical system. It was only in the early 20th century that music historians rediscovered the importance of rhetoric as the basis of aesthetic and theoretical concepts in earlier music. An entire discipline that had once been the common property of every educated man has had to be rediscovered and reconstructed during the intervening decades, and only now is it beginning to be understood how much Western art music has depended on rhetorical concepts. ("Rhetoric and Music." Grove Dictionary of Music. Blake Wilson et al.)

UNQUOTE

Does anyone know of research that specifically analyzes the rhetorical aspects of modern era opera since Wagner to now?

Given that directors have much leeway in creating subtexts in classic and contemporary works, this is a topic that is open for more study.

In spite of an apparant invasion plan and a list of individuals to be rounded up following an invasion there is little to indicate that Hitler intended a full blown invasion and occupation of Britain in the early stages of WW2.

Hitler did however have a pathological obsession with destroying the Soviet Union and openly talked of expanding the Reich into Soviet territory.

Would, or more likely could Hitler have ever occupied Britain in 1940?  

We are in the process of building an International Digital Employee Assistance Archive that will be Open & Free to anyone..... Recently a very important Icon in our field passed and so we are considering having a Section that Identifies some of the Icons in the field who have passed but need to be remembered...... Has anyone done this in their Archive or what are your thoughts of including this type of information in an internally based archive....

The fact that Brazilian Concrete Poetry had established itself artistic and historically as nascent in the early 1950s, and today knowing its affirmation in the national scene as a reference to rupture with the classic verse, its creative root: Haroldo de Campos, Augusto de Campos and Décio Pignatari - provided a consistent backbone to the movement, can one attribute such development and consistency to the fact that its actors are semioticians?

I am trying to look at how the University as a contested space influenced the actions, relationships and culture of the growing feminist and gay movements in Britain during the late twentieth century. 

In spite of clear tendencies of Alexander III the Great to build an empire that would unite number of nations, it is not quite clear how far he practiced the “brotherhood of nations”, i.e. homonoia. (See below Tarn, and de Mauriac  as well as the use of the term by Aristotle, that I gave later). His empire and later Diadochi states were apparently not quite compatible with the idea “of being of one mind together”, what the word “homonoia” probably should mean. Was the reality quite opposite?

Were the political and administrative structure of the Macedonian states, the empire of Alexander of Macedonia, Egypt of Ptolemy’s and the Hellenistic Diadochi states, while its citizens were of mixed national origins, prominently “nationalistic states”?

What kind of state was the empire of the Alexander of Macedonia? Was it a Macedonian nationalistic state, where all high administrative and military positions as well as core military units were occupied by the Macedonians; or did its political structures mirrored the mixed multi-national population that constituted the empire? How many of Alexander’s generals and high officials were Greek and how many Macedonian? Did Alexander chose for satraps in the occupied territories some Geeks or exclusively Macedonians and local dignitaries? What was the national structure of the core military units that were left in the occupied regions?

I am also interested in the political system of the Ancient Egypt at the end of the 4th century BC. Was the Egyptian Ptolemy dynasty an Egyptian, Macedonian or Greek dynasty? Did the Ptolemy family mix with the Greek families or with local Egyptian families or it remained “racially clean” Macedonian?

What kind of states were Hellenistic states? Were they by their political and national structure Macedonian or Greek? How many generals in those states were Greeks and how many still Macedonians? Did they rely exclusively on high military or state officials that were Greeks or they were mostly Macedonians; did “nationalism” lose its power with time and when?

* When the commentators would advance significant affirmation, I would encourage them to put the most relevant and direct reference, if possible avoiding popular reviews and other non scholarly publications.

____________________________________________

Tarn, WW: Alexander the Grat, Vol II, Sources and Studies, Chapter 25, Cambridge University Press, 2002 (1948).

Henry M. de Mauriac: Alexander the Great and the Politics of "Homonoia", Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Jan., 1949), pp. 104-114, Published by: University of Pennsylvania Press, Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2707202

The expression “homonoia” in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics (EN) was translated by Crisp, Reckham and Thomson by “concord”. Here below are some parallel translations of some connected Greek espressions from the classical and more recent translators of the EN (in the following order: Bartlett-Collins, Crisp; Reckham; Ross; Thomson). This list may help make clear some points that get easily confused.

Homonoia = like-mindedness; concord; concord; unanimity; concord

1155a24 (Book 8, VIII, 1)

1167a22 (Book 9, IX, 6)

Eunoia = goodwill; goodwill; goodwill : goodwill; goodwill

1166b30 (Book 9, IX, 5)

Koinonia = community ; community; partnership; community; community

1159b27 (Book 8, VIII, 9)

_________________________________________________________

I am searching for NOISEMAKERS in ANCIENT GREECE and ROME, in art depictions and archaeological finds.

I know that "Draco" in the Roman army is one possibility but I need one more simple piece.  It is possible exist as music instrument.  Please I am not interested in children's toys.  

I attach one actually and traditional noisemaker, it is very similar to the one I am searching but isn't the same.

Thanks.

These sources can be St. Bernard himself and/or any individuals that have ties/ relationships with the Knights Templars. The time period must be 1100-1200.

Looking for information on worker agitation and stikes from the mid 1920s to late 1930s. Ideally related to the Lancashire cotton industry, specifically Oldham, but any would be welcome, primary document or written secondary work. 

Does anyone know of any Arabic or Greek sources that refer to the leper knights?  I have western sources, both modern and medieval, but none from the enemies' perspectives.

... or for comical effect? Think of Hendrix-style gimmicks, but documented in a traditional context. Examples from the Mediterranean area and the Middle East would be particularly welcome. 

Many foreigners like Greeks, Kushanas, Hunas, Turks. Afghans,etc have invaded India but in course of time became Indianised but why not the Europeans in general but English in particular became alien to the same ?.

Are there any sources about an ancient cultic worship of one's own reflection (in water)? Have historians found such a phenomenon?

I am working on interpretation of combat images from Roman pottery, to this end I am looking for any newly discovered images of fighting men on Roman pottery, I am particularly anxious to know of any new discoveries on Arretine ware.

I need bibliography on illustrations of situlae, on which feasts are shown where servands are shown serving wine.

I have a list of 8 treatises starting from Bernard de Rosier (1436) to Conrad Bruno (1548). I am aware of later ones like de Vera, Mothe le Vayer, Wicquefort and Callieres but would like a comprehensive list. Thanks for any help.

I have reviewed the paper Specificity of Esthetic Experience for Artworks:

An fMRI Study - Di Dio, Canessa, Cappa and Rizzolati. The study compares photographs of two classical Greek sculptures with two contemporary young men in underwear and purports to derive some useful knowledge about the nature of aesthetic judgement. While I am not qualified to critique the experimental methods, I question assumptions underlying the study.

The study seems to ask this question: "What is the difference between looking at a Greek sculpture and looking at a dude in the gym change room?" As if the difference were simple. I contend the mater is far from simple. Let me elaborate why. The first complexity is the question of who is looking?

The first set of assumptions are about the normative (white? western? male?) viewer. Did the experimenters ask a Nuigini native or an Inuit? An Australian Aboriginal or a Mixtec?

Some people might be immediately outraged by being requires to view an image of a near-naked young male human, some might find the experience pleasurable.

In the case of viewing the images of two near-naked young men -  if the viewer is a gay male or a straight female, they might look at the images and wonder:

 Is he 'well hung'? Are his nipples pierced? Does he have a tattoo?

They might become sexually aroused.

A straight male or lesbian would likely not pursue such inquiry, but any viewer might ask "Am I looking at a genre of soft porn?"The images bear some resemblance to those by 'Tom of Finland'. 

They might look for markers of ethnic or social status:

What brand/style of underwear is he wearing?

Does he look smart or stupid?

What does his haircut tell me? Does he look like a neo-nazi skinhead?

Would I want to have conversation with him?

These and many other considerations will occur in any experimental subject.

Clearly, few are going to ask these questions about an archaic Greek sculpture.

To add another dimension of complexity:  these are images, representations, not the things themselves. As a moderately educated westerner, I know immediately I’m looking at an image of an archaic Greek sculpture, which fits into a particular version of cultural history which I am, to a greater or lesser extent, enculturated to. I can take a position, not about the sculptures as representations of naked guys, but as icons which stand for an entire historical and ideological narrative – I can endorse, reject, qualify, etc. Indeed, art history asks us to de-eroticise 'art', lest it become debased. This, in my opinion, is Victorian nonsense, but still very much part of the idea of 'art'.

The authors seem confident that there is such a thing as 'art', that we can distinguish between art and non-art, and that these Greek sculptures epitomise it. As an art professor, I dispute these assumptions. 

Further, as a culturally educated person, I read these images - regardless of what they represent - as, not just black and white (chemical) photographs indicative of a certain period of C20th image technology, but as offset lithographic translations of these photographs in mass paper media publication, possibly a compendious history of world art, circa 1970.

I may have opinions about such compendious histories of world art, and the way they reduce all artworks to small flat rectangles, and the way they thus create a false sense of continuity supporting a thesis about the history of art.

 The authors seem to feel that the Archaic Greek sculptures automatically qualify as some epitome of 'beauty'. This is indicative of an axiomatic endorsement of a theory of art history by the authors. I do not endorse this version of art history. I therefore do not automatically confer 'beauty or aesthetic value on these images. 

As I hope to have indicated,the ways contemporary westerners think about images is profoundly complex. To assume that fMRI data collected from subjects viewing these images represents aesthetic response, it to me, an unjustified assumption.

Simon Penny

Cultural and critical studies 

This postcard was issued in Aug. 1915 and circulated until 1916 at least.

'Paradise Now' is a avant-garde theatre was Performed in Living Theatre in America in 1960.

I am presently researching how social cohesion was achieved and maintained in Liberia between a diverse population comprising an  Americo-Liberian elite, re captives and the indigenous tribal peoples, in the period 1822-1900. Is anybody else out there carrying out similar research?

I've been looking for some financial grants for my research project in bildungsforschung ( cultural formation), and it is so hard.

So I come at the comunity to ask.

I will research differences and similarities about foods in different religions for this reason ı need a sample survey.

Any Arabic speakers who would help me find out what does "budal" or "bodal" mean? I found it in a ancient document and I think it is a channel or a leat, near a watemill. 

Any research expert on the contemporary African diplomacy and International Relations can answer my question

In the past few decades we've lost records pertaining to the manufacture & distribution of products due to Paper Retention Policies. The lack of paper storage & the often hazards of on-line records storage, gives question: How much information will actually be available for future researchers? Take soda bottle caps. There likely have been 30 changes to Coca-Cola bottle caps alone, not counting varieties, since 1970. Is there a record? Can we date each type? Is that information already lost to us?

My research thesis is looking at the working man's sensory environment in the factory space of industrial Britain. I am planning on comparing the research I have done at New Lanark with factories in Manchester and Lancashire that were notoriously bad for their treatment of workers. 

After a PhD about the public land registries from the rural spaces of medieval and early modern Southern France, I am beginning new researches about the role of the surveyors in the same region.

I am very interested in improving our knowledge of this underestimated microcosme, which inserts between the masses and the notables of the countryside, whether these last ones were noble persons or commoners.

I will take with pleasure any bibliographical information or archives references.

Thanks !

I was wondering why Poland, a land rich in culture and history endowed with specific identity, was uncomfortable for the great powers at the beginning of the 19th century, to the extent that, with reference to Germany and Russia, it was just supposed to be deleted as national identity.

I read recently that according to an Israeli study, older people have more problems with alcohol after retirement. This study, conducted by the University of Tel Aviv claims that not only retirement leads to drugs and alcohol abuse, but rather a series of other painful circumstances that occur in this stage of life, like the death of the partners/spouses and friends. A similar US study indicated that about 3 million Americans, 55 years or above, suffer alcohol problems. I would be interested in research this aspect of aging in more details, focusing Holocaust survivors. Thank you in advance; would appreciate your comments and also the pointing of literature.

I found that during my serveys in DRCongo

I am hoping to get a greater number of sources regarding crew social dynamics on H.M.S. Challenger. My obstacle is that I reside in Thailand with limited access to hard copy sources.

I'm looking for sources that discuss American Indian student involvement.

I am not looking for stories abiout Shantala Devi. I need specific outlooks on dance in the temples.

I would also be interested in domestic useage of gas as lighting and heating/cooking in the late nineteenth century in Manchester, UK.

I'm about to start a micro-study on a particular corpus of material. I am curious to know who else is working in this area just now?

my interests are in paratext, and eighteenth-nineteenth century UK music publishing.  Seeking ways to share subject with and BEYOND music departments ...

Regarding identity construction in the European expansion.

I am researching the routes of the Cairo-Cape railways as part of my PhD. Tanzania's Central Line, from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma, was built by the Germans and there seems to be little about it in English. I am looking for historical sources on its building, anecdotal material and material about its impact on the local people, together with its importance in the German colonial endeavour. Unfortunately, I don't speak German, but may be able to get help translating short references. Thanks for your help.

These items were supposed to be 'liquidated' under Allied Control Council Directive No. 30 but is there any surviving evidence as to how this was carried out in practice?  Any correspondence, memos, photos etc would be of great interest!  My research project explores burial practices and commemorative culture during and after the Third Reich. 

Im loking to know the urbanism plans for Argel betwin 1963-1965

I been researching the democratic transition of Chile. My focus is on the cinematographic representation of everyday life and politics (State) during the democratic transition of Chile. I read the most important theories in the relation cinema and history, such as Pierre Sorlin, Robert Rosenstone, Roman Gubern, Marc Ferró, Gilles Deleuze, Christian Metz y José María Caparrós.

I'm working on Dalit women and Social Exclusion: A study of the Chamar Women in Post colonial Uttar Pradesh. I want suggestions, sources related to Dalit women in Uttar Pradesh, material / texts Social Exclusion and Chamar women related sources in Historical perspective. 

There are some better maps than others, to give some examples: Linschoten (1595), Pedro Barreto de Resende (1635), Plan de Goa (1750), Lopes Mendes (1863), Direcção das Obras Públicas (1910), etc

If one could should at least 5 in order of relevance what would they be and why.

Have tried using google translate but the translation has been insufficient in gaining an understanding of the text. 

I'm doing a research (quasi dissertation) for a class, and would need specific information on latin american classical composers, especially of those that were active during the 19th and 20th century.

Gifts could be of anthropological objects too and I am also interested if anyone knows something about gifts made by John Jacob Astor's son in-law, the german diplomat Vincent Rumpff (1789-1867). Thank you!

I have started a project on Tobias Smollett, 1737-55. Detailed research shows he arrived in London in 1737 and interacted with Fielding, Pope, Cibber, and Hogarth. The research has major implications for the history of English Literature and is being slowly posted online at www.tobiassmollett.blogspot.co.nz

The research arises from continuing investigation of themes discussed in an essay in a forthcoming book,   “A Satire, not a Sermon: Four Stages of Cruelty and Murder” in 250 Years On New Light On William Hogarth edited by Bernd Krysmanski, 45 Essays to Commemorate the 250th Anniversary of Hogarth’s Death ISBN 978-3-00-046975-6

The context of this query is ongoing research into the reconceptualisation of shale tip sites.

I want to write a text about the interwinement of the different attitudes towards the Chinese Indonesians (for example the period of racial segregation under the regime of the Dutch) and architecture (for example the way Chinese Indonesian houses or housing districts differed from others). Does anybody know papers on this subject?

I will work on Pakistan and South Korea cases

I am writing my thesis on friendly societies in nineteenth-century Victoria, Australia.

F S are recognised in the fields of mutuality, respectability, thrift, etc. but their role in civil society requires exploration and in particular answering the question concerning their value/contribution to the social capital of the day.

Any references or comments?

Studying the neutrality of the Netherlands, especially during WW I and the inter war years, I am interested in similarities and differences with other small neutral countries.

Recently I have been researching on how to understand the historical content of the cultural practices of sociability in the second mital of the nineteenth century. I've noticed that the concept of sociality exists before being typified by contemporary sociology as an object of study. I hope you have some points of view dissimilar to enrich the debate

I'm mainly interested in the 1920's and 30's .

How to define what is "new" compared to what is inherited from the past ? And how do the two overlap in artistic creation?

I am studying contemporary creation of Yiddish songs, so I would like to interrogate their "newness" in a broader context of cultural transmission, folk "revival" (or revitalization), migrations and urban multiculturalism.

I’m interested in history of system of catholic education in non-Catholic countries in XVIII century, particularly in Russia. Please, contact with me if you have some interest and information hereof.

Progressive Education Movement in Thirties America

I'm studing the circulation of a history book published in Spain in the 1880 decade. There were three editions, but I would like how extensive was each one. I'm not a specialist in history of the book, so any suggestion about resources, methods or tricks will be very welcome. Thanks in advance!