Cultural Communication - Science topic

Saussure’s Dichotomy:

Langue: The abstract, shared knowledge of a language. Parole: Actual language use by individuals. Saussure emphasized the social aspect of language.

Chomsky’s Framework: Competence: Idealized language knowledge. Performance: Real-world language use. Chomsky focused on innate cognitive structures.

Sociolinguistics: Studies language variation in society.

Culture is an essential part of human race, customs and believes. It can be done without or kept at arms length. it depicts who we are, where we are from and the kinds and types of things we do in relation to food, dance, art, sculptor, dressing and also craft. Hence is a phenomenon.

Thank you so so much!

Rosalia Rihadiani Identify with and support your views.

Language and culture go hand in hand. Language is actually a part of culture, but culture also depends on language for its transmission. Culture includes language. Language is a special cultural phenomenon, a concentration of values, ideology, morality, legal regulations, and aesthetic intentions of people's ideology, and language is a spiritual culture that was formed after the creation of human beings and with the creation of culture.

Yes! However, monotheism, prophets and divine religions appear in a land and a society where the people have the capacity and ability to accept it, and the greatest amount of mystical and knowledge experience happens to that prophet and to the next degree to his followers.

It is God's will and providence that his servants finally reach true salvation and happines.

Hi,

Here are some references

Rama T, Wichmann S. A test of Generalized Bayesian dating: A new linguistic dating method. PLoS One. 2020 Aug 12;15(8):e0236522. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236522

Gray RD, Atkinson QD, Greenhill SJ. Language evolution and human history: what a difference a date makes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011 Apr 12;366(1567):1090-100. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0378.

Serva M, Petroni F, Volchenkov D, Wichmann S. Malagasy dialects and the peopling of Madagascar. J R Soc Interface. 2012 Jan 7;9(66):54-67. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0228

who is interesting and like to contribute, could add me WhatsApp,my WhatsApp number +8613511085860

Extensive training

Here are some studies that may help guide you to the answer:

J. Stewart Black and Mark Mendenhall, 1990: Cross-Cultural Training Effectiveness: A Review and a Theoretical Framework for Future Research. AMR, 15, 113–136,https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1990.11591834

Daniel J. Kealey, David R. Protheroe, The effectiveness of cross-cultural training for expatriates: An assessment of the literature on the issue, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Volume 20, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 141-165, ISSN 0147-1767, https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(96)00001-6.

Last term, I taught a literature class to a group of twenty university students. We started the term with Tim Gillespie’s article “Why Literature Matters” The key concept Gillespie introduces in the article is what he calls “empathetic imagination.” Basically, it means “the cultivation of a deeper form of imagination, the empathetic identification with other humans, often people quite unlike ourselves.” Gillespie’s article and his concept of empathetic imagination were our constant points of reference throughout the term. We read all the texts (short stories, plays and poems) in this light. Just like yours, my students reported that the texts we covered in class somehow changed the way they looked at others (family members, friends and refugees) in everyday life. For instance, just after we finished analysing Thornton Wilder’s Our Town, an elderly student (she was in her mid-fifties, I assume) said that she recommended her daughter to read the play, and it helped strengthen the bond between them. On several occasions, other students started to tell me about the positive effects of reading and analysing literary texts on their relationships. So, I do believe that one of the main functions/objectives of literature courses should be teaching emotional intelligence, or what Gillespie aptly calls “empathetic imagination.”

Dear Monica Opole

The scientific community is a diverse network of interacting scientists. It includes many "sub-communities" working on particular scientific fields, and within particular institutions; interdisciplinary and cross-institutional activities are also significant. Objectivity is expected to be achieved by the scientific method. Peer review, through discussion and debate within journals and conferences, assists in this objectivity by maintaining the quality of research methodology and interpretation of results.

History of scientific communities

The eighteenth century had some societies made up of men who studied nature, also known as natural philosophers and natural historians, which included even amateurs. As such these societies were more like local clubs and groups with diverse interests than actual scientific communities, which usually had interests on specialized disciplines.Though there were a few older societies of men who studied nature such as the Royal Society of London, the concept of scientific communities emerged in the second half of the 19th century, not before, because it was in this century that the language of modern science emerged, the professionalization of science occurred, specialized institutions were created, and the specialization of scientific disciplines and fields occurred.For instance, the term scientist was first coined by the naturalist-theologian William Whewell in 1834 and the wider acceptance of the term along with the growth of specialized societies allowed for researchers to see themselves as a part of a wider imagined community, similar to the concept of nationhood.

Membership, status and interactions

Membership of the community is generally, but not exclusively, a function of education, employment status, and institutional affiliation. Status within the community is highly correlated with publication record. Scientists are usually trained in academia through universities. As such, degrees in the relevant scientific sub-disciplines are often considered prerequisites for membership in the relevant community. In particular, the PhD with its research requirements functions as a marker of being an important integrator into the community, though continued membership is dependent on maintaining connections to other researchers through publication, technical contributions, and conferences. After obtaining a PhD an academic scientist may continue through post-doctoral fellowships and onto professorships. Other scientists make contributions to the scientific community in alternate ways such as in industry, education, think tanks, or the government.

Members of the same community do not need to work together.Communication between the members is established by disseminating research work and hypotheses through articles in peer reviewed journals, or by attending conferences where new research is presented and ideas exchanged and discussed. There are also many informal methods of communication of scientific work and results as well. And many in a coherent community may actually not communicate all of their work with one another, for various professional reasons.

Speaking for the scientific community

Unlike in previous centuries when the community of scholars were all members of few learned societies and similar institutions, there are no singular bodies or individuals which can be said today to speak for all science or all scientists. This is partly due to the specialized training most scientists receive in very few fields. As a result, many would lack expertise in all the other fields of the sciences. For instance, due to the increasing complexity of information and specialization of scientists, most of the cutting-edge research today is done by well funded groups of scientists, rather than individuals.However, there are still multiple societies and academies in many countries which help consolidate some opinions and research to help guide public discussions on matters of policy and government-funded research. For example, the United States' National Academy of Science (NAS) and United Kingdom's Royal Society sometimes act as surrogates when the opinions of the scientific community need to be ascertained by policy makers or the national government, but the statements of the National Academy of Science or the Royal Society are not binding on scientists nor do they necessarily reflect the opinions of every scientist in a given community since membership is often exclusive, their commissions are explicitly focused on serving their governments, and they have never "shown systematic interest in what rank-and file scientists think about scientific matters". Exclusivity of membership in these types of organizations can be seen in their election processes in which only existing members can officially nominate others for candidacy of membership. It is very unusual for organizations like the National Academy of Science to engage in external research projects since they normally focus on preparing scientific reports for government agencies.[8] An example of how rarely the NAS engages in external and active research can be seen in its struggle to prepare and overcome hurdles, due to its lack of experience in coordinating research grants and major research programs on the environment and health.

Nevertheless, general scientific consensus is a concept which is often referred to when dealing with questions that can be subject to scientific methodology. While the consensus opinion of the community is not always easy to ascertain or fix due to paradigm shifting, generally the standards and utility of the scientific methodhave tended to ensure, to some degree, that scientists agree on some general corpus of facts explicated by scientific theory while rejecting some ideas which run counter to this realization. The concept of scientific consensus is very important to science pedagogy, the evaluation of new ideas, and research funding. Sometimes it is argued that there is a closed shop bias within the scientific community toward new ideas. Protoscience, fringe science, and pseudoscience have been topics that discuss demarcation problems. In response to this some non-consensus claims skeptical organizations, not research institutions, have devoted considerable amounts of time and money contesting ideas which run counter to general agreement on a particular topic.

Philosophers of science argue over the epistemological limits of such a consensus and some, including Thomas Kuhn, have pointed to the existence of scientific revolutions in the history of science as being an important indication that scientific consensus can, at times, be wrong. Nevertheless, the sheer explanatory power of science in its ability to make accurate and precise predictions and aid in the design and engineering of new technology has ensconced "science" and, by proxy, the opinions of the scientific community as a highly respected form of knowledge both in the academy and in popular culture.

Political controversies

The high regard with which scientific results are held in Western society has caused a number of political controversies over scientific subjects to arise. An allegedconflict thesis proposed in the 19th century between religion and science has been cited by some as representative of a struggle between tradition and substantial change and faith and reason.[citation needed]. A popular example used to support this thesis is when Galileo was tried before the Inquisition concerning the heliocentric model.[9] The persecution began after Pope Urban VIII permitted Galileo to write about the Copernican model. Galileo had used arguments from the Pope and put them in the voice of the simpleton in the work "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems" which caused great offense to him.Even though many historians of science have discredited the conflict thesis it still remains a popular belief among many including some scientists. In more recent times, thecreation-evolution controversy has resulted in many religious believers in a supernatural creation to challenge some naturalistic assumptions that have been proposed in some of the branches of scientific fields such as evolutionary biology, geology, and astronomy. Although the dichotomy seems to be of a different outlook from a Continental European perspective, it does exist. The Vienna Circle, for instance, had a paramount (i.e. symbolic) influence on the semiotic regimerepresented by the Scientific Community in Europe.

In the decades following World War II, some were convinced that nuclear power would solve the pending energy crisis by providing energy at low cost. This advocacy led to the construction of many nuclear power plants, but was also accompanied by a global political movement opposed to nuclear power due to safety concerns and associations of the technology with nuclear weapons. Mass protests in the United States and Europe during the 1970s and 1980s along with the disasters of Chernobyl and Three Mile Island led to a decline in nuclear power plant construction.

In the last decades or so, both global warming and stem cells have placed the opinions of the scientific community in the forefront of political debate.

With the advancement of science and technology, this generation now has a damaging belief that men are capable of doing 'everything'.

Hope attached one is useful for your investigation. 

Be prepared to NOT be the expert. Realize that your education and your degrees mean exactly zero in many social groups. I have been dong participant observation in Haiti for almost 10 years. I am still the stupid one, I am still the child. Be humble. They are teaching you & that is not your right or their obligation. It is a gift. Check your tender feelings and outrage at the door because some people will not like you. They will not support your research. Racism happens. My best advice ever about fieldwork is "Suck it up, buttercup." Say thank you for every gift of knowledge & remember even the awkward or unpleasant incidents add to your data.

Hi Melanie,

hope you will find helpful, best wishes.

Ghanim.

As a folklorist whose academic interests are often viewed as "lowbrow" or as the "detritus" of culture, I try to help my students by citing the distinction between the category "Religio Licita" (the communal expressive behaviors, institutions and traditions generated, modified and maintained by the official State, Church and Academy) -vs- "Traditio" (the communal expressive behaviors, institutions and traditions that are generated, modified and maintained outside that authority).

Religio licita, usually a powerful hegemony, protects its boundaries by purporting superiority (hence "high-ness") over traditio, sometimes with good reason, but not always.  Clearly, there isn't much logic to the idea that a highly difficult, perfectly executed fiddle tune is a failed symphony.  Nor does it make good sense to criticize the Native American belief that humanity sort of "shimmered" out of animal form, as a "savage" or lowbrow" belief, compared to the "civilized" highbrow notion that pain, travail and death came into the world because a woman was seduced by a talking snake.

As a taxonomy, the religio licita-traditio distinction might be helpful to accurately organize your "high" and "low" material.  Under religio licita we would find academy-taught arts, sciences and beliefs, including mainstream religions; under traditio, we would find vernacular or folk arts, sciences and beliefs, including folk religions.  Notably, as folklorist Don Yoder once put it, the difference between religion and folk religion is the difference between what is preached from the pulpit and what is believed in the pew--not always the same; sometimes unobtrusively parallel, and sometimes in direct conflict.  In any case, traditio will always be there, ready to roil up, and step in as needed, whenever the pulpit fails the pew.

For studies of the high/low juxtaposition in western civilization see:

Stallybrass, P.  and A. White. 1986.  The Poetics and Politics of Transgression.  London: Methuan.

Neulander, J. "Creating the Universe: A Study of Cosmos and Cognition" Folklore Forum 25: 1 (1992)  3-18 [I think this may be available through Researchgate]. 

Three cultural competence tools follow:

1. Rew, et al. Measuring cultural competence in nursing

2.Schim, Development of a cultural assessment instrument, and

3. Campinha-Bacote, The process of cultural competence.

All of these are easy to find on the web.

There is a interesting theory called DISPLACEMENT. It´s an explanation of the evolution of nervous system that basicaly states that the less ammount of motor and sensitive areas are grown during individual ontogeny make less connections to grow in the correspondent brain area, giving more space to the other "data processing" candidates (similar body structures) to have more neural space available and thus increasing their power and influence in the resultant behaviour of the resultant individual.  This is a very usefull theory to explain how a species evolution can be balanced in terms of body and brain balance, but there could have space to explain some special habilities of certain populations with differential environment  imputs to process the information that in terms of survival is more interesting to their cultural and environmental needs.

Just to add some more neurophisiological support to the idea, that I found plaussible, but mainly philosophicaly supported, I have in mind an ideas that I read in The co-evolution of language and the human brain, by Terrence Deacon (1997, Penguin Press) that can be adapted and explain what you are proposing.  

Children of the actual school age in occident are developing higher accuracy in the use of their thumbs because of the intensive use of them in the text messages. (Dr Sadie Plant of Warwick University's Cybernetic Culture Research Unit) There has been described telepatic power in some australian aborigens, due to their need of distant communication that may be related (as themselves explain) with some kind of different way of relating each other, based in thay lies simply dont exist, so everyone can read in others mind. In the novel By Marlo Morgan "the voices of the desert"

If you want to get some firmly based arguments for your research, may be those are points for beguining to dig in the awesome field of the non usefull but natural and real powers of mind, Once in history some humans started to talk with others when none of the rest of them could do it, and this trait gave his group such an advantage that now all we humans share this "normal" trait. At that time that would have been considered "special power or paranormal activity". The evolution is not only what happened yesterday... is today ... is now

Dear All,

There are a lot of taboos of various origin and nature. The easiest way is to mention ancient or very old taboos. In Europe and in Hungary wolves (Canis lupus) were feared animals and are protagonists of many myths: Wererwolf (Werwolf, loup-garout, vérfarkas). The Hungarian equivalent of wolf is farkas it means an animal with a tail because one must have used only a circumlocution. The wolf itself was a taboo.

I am not a specialist in this field, but having worked 7 years for a Japanese company in Hungary and being very much interested in comparative cultural research I do have a (non-expert) opinon. My impression is that acculturation is a notion used for people living on the territory of another culture for a longer time. Inter-cultural communication skills are needed, however, for a much broader circle of people, e.g. for those working in joint ventures. (Hall has very good examples of cultural misunderstanind even for European-European companies using monochronic and polychronic timescale, let alone Asian-European cooperations). From the practical viewpoint one cannot send each coworker to spend years in another culture, nevertheless (I believe) that certain inter-cultural commincation skills may be taught to them to reduce the cultural shock and misunderstanding. The most important thing is, however, empathy and keen observation. That's why women are better in this respect than proud males ...

Interesting question you may not find it in the area of drama but if you use the word film then you may be able to find something