Cryogenics - Science topic

The growing global energy consumption and the transition to the renewable era highlight the urgent need for safe and energy-efficient liquid energy storage tanks. Rollover has been a severe hazard to the efficiency and safety of the storage tank accompanied by significantly enhanced mass and heat transport across the stratified layers, and rapid ev...

High-energy-density fuels play a vital role in the development of the aviation industry because they can provide more propulsion energy than conventional liquid fuels. Constructing more five-or six-membered rings in fuel molecules is an efficient way to increase fuel density. However, as the number of rings increases, the hydrogen content of fuel m...

To reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, an effort has been made in aircraft industry to investigate a superconducting application requiring an on-board cryogenic system. In this investigation, the question of cryogenic power electronics arose in an effort to reduce losses. Switches are the core of power electronics converters, which means tha...

A Co30Cr20Fe18Mn18Ni11Si3 high-entropy alloy (HEA) with low stacking fault energy and high strengthen was designed based on the principle of heterostructure strengthening. The alloy was processed into a multiscale heterogeneous microstructure containing hierarchical twins. The alloy achieved an ultrahigh yield strength of 1500 MPa, ultimate tensile...

Narrow bandgap materials have garnered significant attention within the field of broadband photodetection. However, the performance is impeded by diminished absorption near the bandgap, resulting in a rapid decline in photoresponsivity within the mid‐wave infrared (MWIR) and long‐wave infrared (LWIR) regions. Furthermore, they mostly worked in cryo...

The electrode is an important component of electrical discharge machining (EDM), playing an important role in machining efficiency, surface quality and geometric accuracy. In this work, a new method combining equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) and aging treatment (AT) was proposed. The ultrafine-grained Cu-0.5%Cr...

The recycling of membrane proteins from endosomes to the cell surface is vital for cell signaling and survival. Retriever, a trimeric complex of vacuolar protein-sorting-associated protein (VPS)35L, VPS26C and VPS29, together with the CCC complex comprising coiled-coil domain-containing (CCDC)22, CCDC93 and copper metabolism domain-containing (COMM...

Specific features of the morphology, properties, and temperature regimes of soils functioning in two different drained lake basins of the Bol'shezemel'skaya tundra are characterized. The basins differ significantly in the features of landscape evolution, the composition of bottom (soil-forming) sediments, and the patterns of the soil and plant cove...

Uranium hexafluoride (UF 6 ) is a commonly utilized material feedstock in uranium enrichment processes due to its high vapor pressure and ease of sublimation. When exposed to air, UF 6 undergoes spontaneous hydrolysis to form uranyl fluoride (UO 2 F 2 ) particulates which are utilized for the detection of undeclared nuclear activities by nuclear sa...

Nitrogenases are best known for catalyzing the reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia at a complex metallic cofactor. Recently, nitrogenases were shown to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide to hydrocarbons, offering a pathway to recycle carbon waste into hydrocarbon products. Among the three nitrogenase isozymes, the iron nitrogenase has t...

Direct measurements of the magnetocaloric effect were performed in a Heusler Ni44.4Mn36.2Sn14.9Cu4.5 alloy at cryogenic temperatures in magnetic fields up to 10 T. The maximum value of the inverse magnetocaloric effect in a 10 T field was ∆Tad = –2.7 K in the vicinity of the first-order magnetostructural phase transition at T0 = 117 K. Ab initio an...

The Einstein Telescope (ET) is a third-generation gravitational wave detector that includes a room-temperature high-frequency (ET-HF) and a cryogenic low-frequency laser interferometer (ET-LF). The cryogenic ET-LF is crucial for exploiting the full scientific potential of the ET. We present a new baseline design for the cryogenic payload that is th...

H 2 has gained global attention owing to its clean energy characteristics. As an energy vector, long-term storage and transportation of H 2 in liquid form is essential which requires effective pretreatment. Standalone technologies , such as pressure swing adsorption, membrane, and cryogenic, cannot produce highly pure H 2 with high recovery in an e...

Coherent spin dynamics of electrons in CdSe colloidal nanoplatelets are investigated by time-resolved pump–probe Faraday rotation at room and cryogenic temperatures. We measure electron spin precession in a magnetic field and determine g-factors of 1.83 and 1.72 at low temperatures for nanoplatelets with a thickness of 3 and 4 monolayers, respectiv...

Colour centres in wide-bandgap semiconductors feature metastable charge states that can be interconverted with the help of optical excitation at select wavelengths. The distinct fluorescence and spin properties in each of these states have been exploited to show storage of classical information in three dimensions, but the memory capacity of these...

In high-sensitive laser interferometers, such as the gravitational-wave detector KAGRA, ultra-high-quality mirrors are essential. In the case of KAGRA, where cavity mirrors are cooled down to 20 K, large-size Sapphire crystals are used as the substrate for the main mirrors to achieve both a good optical quality (i.e., low absorption and uniform ref...

The purpose of this research is to establish a combined surface roughness and cutting zone temperature study for modeling and optimizing cutting parameters for turning operations of D3/1.2080 steel with coated carbide under cryogenic cooling and MQL conditions. Cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut are investigated as input factors, while surface r...

Rational design of metal–organic framework (MOF)-based materials for catalysis, gas capture and storage, requires deep understanding of the host–guest interactions between the MOF and the adsorbed molecules. Solid-State NMR spectroscopy is an established tool for obtaining such structural information, however its low sensitivity limits its applicat...

Single fluorescent molecules embedded in the bulk of host crystals have proven to be sensitive probes of the dynamics in their nano environment, thanks to their narrow (about 30–50 MHz or 0.1–0.2 μeV) optical linewidth of the 0-0 zero-phonon line (0-0 ZPL) at cryogenic temperatures. However, the optical linewidths of the 0-0 ZPL have been found to...

For 20 years now, the French machining activities have been federated around the Manufacturing’21 group. The activities of this group cover all the issues related to mechanical manufacturing of machines, robots, tool path, and analysis of the cutting process.. This review article is interested in this last part: the analysis of the cutting process....

Cryogenic operation of CMOS transistors (i.e., cryo-CMOS) effectively brings an ultra-steep sub-threshold slope and ultra-low leakage, enabling high energy efficiency with appropriate tuning of threshold voltage and supply voltage. On the other hand, cryo-CMOS suffers from elevated sensitivity to process and voltage variations. To facilitate early-...

Devices for cryogenic cooling based on the Stirling cycle include pulse tube refrigerators. They are often employed in a variety of applications, including space exploration, superconductivity, and cryogenic research, where small and dependable cryogenic cooling is necessary. A working gas, commonly helium, is compressed and expanded in cycles with...

Wide arrays of high-temperature materials, including nickel-based alloys, are used to manufacture components of aeroengines, eyeglass frames, and musical instruments. Monel 400 is an important nickel-based alloy and a combination of nickel, copper, iron, and manganese. Monel 400 is the hardest material, stronger than steel and a corrosion-resistant...

Recent years have seen considerable advancement in cryogenic technology. Air separation devices have used the cold box with heat exchanger plate-fin (PFHE) in numerous applications. Cryogenic technologies are used in many industrial processes to recover heat and reduce energy consumption. The multistream plate-fin heat exchanger (MSPFHE) is heavily...

Chip formation is dependent on the machining environment and is a major factor representing machining characteristics. This paper experimentally investigates the influence of cryogenic cooling and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) on chip formation during titanium milling and their effects on tool wear and cutting force. Chip segmentation, shear a...

This paper examines the optimal aging temperature of WE43 alloy that has undergone precipitation hardening in conjunction with deep cryogenic treatment. The microstructure and phase composition were investigated, a microanalysis of the chemical composition was performed, and instrumental indentation tests were performed to determine the parameters...

The Younger Dryas chronozone is an abrupt climate event terminating the last glacial period ∼12,900–11,700 calendar years ago marked by rapid changes in regional human, floral, and faunal population dynamics across the globe. Working at Connley Cave 5 in the Fort Rock Basin, Oregon, we demonstrate that this cold event generated microscopic cryogeni...

Quantum fluctuations (QFs) caused by zero-point phonon vibrations (ZPPVs) are known to prevent the occurrence of polar phases in bulk incipient ferroelectrics down to 0 K. On the other hand, little is known about the effects of QFs on the recently discovered topological patterns in ferroelectric nanostructures. Here, by using an atomistic effective...

Robust spin-photon interfaces in solids are essential components in quantum networking and sensing technologies. Ideally, these interfaces combine a long-lived spin memory, coherent optical transitions, fast and high-fidelity spin manipulation, and straightforward device integration and scaling. The tin-vacancy center (SnV) in diamond is a promisin...

Inspired by the dynamic wet adhesive systems in nature, various artificial adhesive surfaces have been developed but still face different challenges. Crucially, the theoretical mechanics of wet adhesives has never been sufficiently revealed. Here, we develop a novel adhesive mechanism for governing wet adhesion and investigate the biological models...

Intermediate species in the assembly of amyloid filaments are believed to play a central role in neurodegenerative diseases and may constitute important targets for therapeutic intervention1,2. However, structural information about intermediate species has been scarce and the molecular mechanisms by which amyloids assemble remain largely unknown. H...

Fluorescence microscopy has witnessed many clever innovations in the last two decades, leading to new methods such as structured illumination and super-resolution microscopies. The attainable resolution in biological samples is, however, ultimately limited by residual motion within the sample or in the microscope setup. Thus, such experiments are t...

Metal deposition with cryogenic cooling is a common technique in the condensed matter community for producing ultra-thin epitaxial superconducting layers on semiconductors. However, a significant challenge arises when these films return to room temperature, as they tend to undergo dewetting. This issue can be mitigated by capping the films with an...

The fundamental theory of nuclear interactions, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), operates in terms of quarks and gluons at higher resolution. At low resolution the relevant degrees of freedom are nucleons. Two-nucleon Short-Range Correlations (SRC) help to interconnect these two descriptions. SRCs are temporary fluctuations of strongly interacting clo...

We present a novel cryogenic VUV spectrofluorometer designed for the characterization of wavelength shifters (WLS) crucial for experiments based on liquid argon (LAr) scintillation light detection. Wavelength shifters like 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene (TPB) or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) are used in these experiments to shift the VUV scinti...

Different preservation temperatures for sample storage in space stations and corresponding refrigerator devices have been designed. In the below-freezing environment, frost will occur on the inner wall surface and the sealing place of the refrigerator device, which may have an impact on the operating performance and sealing performance of the refri...

The compositional engineering of lead-halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) via the A-site cation represents a lever to fine-tune their structural and electronic properties. However, the presently available chemical space remains minimal since, thus far, only three A-site cations have been reported to favor the formation of stable lead-halide perovs...

R5Pd2 compounds are known to exhibit magnetic glass transition and large cooling power in the cryogenic temperature region. All the R5Pd2 (R = Ho, Dy, Dy0.6Gd0.4) compounds crystallize in the cubic Dy5Pd2-type of structure (space group Fd3m). The compounds Ho5Pd2, Dy5Pd2, and (Dy0.6Gd0.4)5Pd2 undergo a paramagnetic to glass transition at 27 K, 38 K...

The transition of large-scale cryogenic propellant tanks from metal to composite materials is the main trend in the global aerospace industry. Aiming to address the challenges of achieving the manufacturing of integrated and cost-effective manufacturing of aerospace cryogenic composite tanks that cannot be realized through the conventional autoclav...

Bottom-up grown nanomaterials play an integral role in the development of quantum technologies but are often challenging to characterise on large scales. Here, we harness selective area growth of semiconductor nanowires to demonstrate large-scale integrated circuits and characterisation of large numbers of quantum devices. The circuit consisted of...

Among women across the world, breast cancer is the number one cause of death since 2020. Some of the main treatments against this affection represent severe physiological and aesthetic adverse effects. To reduce these side effects, many minimally invasive treatments have been researched. One of these many techniques is ablation therapy by emission...

This research aims to investigate the mechanical performance of the different weight proportions of nano-TiO 2 combined with Kevlar fiber-based hybrid composites under cryogenic conditions. The following parameters were thus considered: (i) Kevlar fiber mat type (100 and 200 gsm); (ii) weight proportions of TiO 2 nanofiller (2 and 6 wt%); and (iii)...

Spin-based quantum information processing makes extensive use of spin state manipulation. This ranges from dynamical decoupling of nuclear spins in quantum sensing experiments to applying logical gates on qubits in a quantum processor. Fast manipulation of spin states is highly desirable for accelerating experiments, enhancing sensitivity, and appl...

Phonon polaritons are promising for infrared applications due to a strong light-matter coupling and subwavelength energy confinement they offer. Yet, the spectral narrowness of the phonon bands and difficulty to tune the phonon polariton properties hinder further progress in this field. SrTiO3 – a prototype perovskite oxide - has recently attracted...

At cryogenic temperatures, gases exhibit significant deviations from ideal behaviour, and the commonly employed gas model may inadequately represent the thermodynamic properties of cryogenic gases, subsequently impacting numerical simulations using various thermodynamic and transport models at cryogenic temperatures. The findings of this study reve...

The negatively charged silicon vacancy center (SiV −) in diamond is a promising, yet underexplored candidate for single-spin quantum sensing at sub-kelvin temperatures and tesla-range magnetic fields. A key ingredient for such applications is the ability to perform all-optical, coherent addressing of the electronic spin of near-surface SiV − center...

The use of renewable energy creates the need to solve the problem of its discontinuity. Previous experience has shown that energy storage devices are best suited for this. They can be attributed to new technologies, since the operation of some energy storage devices is based on the latest achievements of modern science and technology. Energy storag...

Alloys with a gradient structure (GS) exhibit a superior combination of strength and ductility. However, the effects of treatment temperature and stacking fault energy on the tensile behavior and microstructure evolution of GS alloys have not been systematically investigated. In this study, GS Cu-Al-Zn alloys with different stacking fault energy (S...

The group II intron ribonucleoprotein is an archetypal splicing system with numerous mechanistic parallels to the spliceosome, including excision of lariat introns1,2. Despite the importance of branching in RNA metabolism, structural understanding of this process has remained elusive. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of three single-particl...

Inflammatory caspases are key enzymes in mammalian innate immunity that control the processing and release of interleukin-1 (IL-1)-family cytokines1,2. Despite the biological importance, the structural basis for inflammatory caspase-mediated cytokine processing has remained unclear. To date, catalytic cleavage of IL-1-family members, including pro-...

The quantum sieving is a promising approach for the separation of hydrogen isotopes under cryogenic conditions (< 100 K) in microporous solids. To evaluate the role of pore size and guest–cation interaction strength in this process, the adsorption properties of Li-exchanged LTA zeolites (Li8Na4A and LiA) for D2 and H2 were studied. The single gas a...

The surface conductivity influences the etched pattern profiles in the plasma process. In the dielectric film etching, it is vital to reduce the charging build-up, which bends the trajectory of incoming ions for highly anisotropic etching. A significant increase in surface electric conductivity of SiO2 films was observed when exposed to down-flow p...

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) significantly improves the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging, and its most important medical application is cancer diagnosis via hyperpolarized ¹³C-labeled pyruvate. Unlike cryogenic DNP, triplet-DNP uses photoexcited triplet electrons under mild conditions. However, triplet-DNP of pyruvate has not been ob...

Heat switches are devices for controlling heat flow in various applications, such as electronic devices, cryogenic cooling systems, spacecraft, and rockets. These devices require non-linear transient thermal simulations, in which there is a lack of information. In this study, we introduce an innovative 1D thermo-hydraulic lumped parameter model to...

Systemic light chain (LC) amyloidosis (AL) is a disease where organs are damaged by an overload of a misfolded patient-specific antibody-derived LC, secreted by an abnormal B cell clone. The high LC concentration in the blood leads to amyloid deposition at organ sites. Indeed, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revealed unique amyloid fold...

At least 24 liquefied natural gas (LNG) rollover incidents have been reported since 1960. During rollover, because of the heat ingress through the tank walls, a stratified LNG may be suddenly homogenized while releasing massive amounts of vapor. It can result in an overpressure in the tank and significant amounts of potentially explosive LNG vapor...

In recent years, with the development of ship electric propulsion system, High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) motors have gained attention as a promising potential resolution due to their high-power density and the progression of cryogenic refrigeration technology. We present an electromagnetic characteristics numerical analysis of 40 MW, 120 rp...

The design, performance characteristics and validation of a next generation reference facility for CO 2 in air standards based on manometry is presented. Novel attributes of the facility include automated operation, avoidance of significant pressure corrections for measurements on extracted CO 2 , fully characterized trapping efficiencies, and redu...

SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 15 (Nsp15) is critical for productive viral replication and evasion of host immunity. The uridine-specific endoribonuclease activity of Nsp15 mediates the cleavage of the polyuridine [poly(U)] tract of the negative-strand coronavirus genome to minimize the formation of dsRNA that activates the host antiviral interf...

The electric capacitance tomography (ECT) technique has been widely used in phase distribution reconstruction, while the practical application raised nonideal noise and other errors for cryogenic conditions, requiring a more accurate algorithm. This paper develops a new image reconstruction algorithm for ECT by coupling the traditional Landweber al...

Cross sections and rate coefficients for rovibronic excitation of the CH+ ion by electron impact and dissociative recombination of CH+ with electrons are evaluated using a theoretical approach combining an R-matrix method and molecular quantum defect theory. The method has been developed and tested, comparing the theoretical results with the data f...