Science topic

Criminal Justice - Science topic

Criminal Justice is the system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. Those accused of crime have protections against abuse of investigatory and prosecution powers.
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“Intelligent machines” have long been the subject of science fiction. However, we now live in an era in which artificial intelligence (Al) is a reality, and it is having very real and deep impacts on our daily lives. From phones to cars to finances and medical care, AI is shifting the way we live.
AI applications can be found in many aspects of our lives, from agriculture to industry, communications, education, finance, government, service, manufacturing, medicine, and transportation. Even public safety and criminal justice are benefiting from AI. For example, traffic safety systems identify violations and enforce the rules of the road, and crime forecasts allow for more efficient allocation of policing resources. AI is also helping to identify the potential for an individual under criminal justice supervision to reoffend.[1]
Research supported by NIJ is helping to lead the way in applying AI to address criminal justice needs, such as identifying individuals and their actions in videos relating to criminal activity or public safety, DNA analysis, gunshot detection, and crime forecasting.
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AI can be used for highly risky policial operations
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what other legal researchers say
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The intersection of media law and the criminal justice system has a profound impact on how criminals are pursued, apprehended, and prosecuted. Media plays a significant role in shaping public opinion, disseminating information, and often influencing legal processes, while media law governs how information is reported. Here's how the interplay between these two fields impacts the pursuit of criminals:
1. Pretrial Publicity and Fair Trials
  • Media Coverage: The media can extensively cover criminal investigations and trials, which may affect the judicial process. High-profile cases can lead to pretrial publicity that influences potential jurors, witnesses, or even the accused, sometimes compromising the fairness of a trial.
  • Media Law Restrictions: Laws like gag orders and restrictions on pretrial reporting are used to control media coverage and protect a defendant's right to a fair trial. Judges often impose these restrictions to prevent media-induced bias.
2. Right to Privacy vs. Public Interest
  • Public’s Right to Know: Media outlets often claim that the public has a right to be informed about criminal activities and legal proceedings, including details about suspects and their background.
  • Privacy Laws: Balancing this with the privacy rights of suspects, victims, and their families is a constant struggle. Media law restricts certain types of reporting, especially regarding minors, victims of sexual crimes, and the identity of individuals before they are charged.
3. Influence on Investigations
  • Media as a Tool: Law enforcement sometimes uses the media to assist in the pursuit of criminals by releasing suspect images, warnings, or requests for public assistance. The Amber Alert system for missing children is a prime example.
  • Hindrance: Conversely, media coverage can sometimes hinder investigations by revealing sensitive information that helps suspects avoid capture or tamper with evidence.
4. Trial by Media
  • Impact on Due Process: High-profile criminal cases are often tried in the "court of public opinion," with media coverage forming narratives around guilt or innocence long before a trial concludes. This can affect juries and legal outcomes, leading to claims of "trial by media."
  • Legal Consequences: Overly sensationalized or biased reporting can result in defamation lawsuits or accusations of media misconduct. This is where media law steps in to mediate between freedom of the press and the legal rights of individuals involved.
5. Social Media and Digital Platforms
  • Instant Reporting: Social media has transformed the landscape of crime reporting, with instant updates, public participation, and even live streaming of events related to criminal acts or arrests.
  • Challenges to Law Enforcement: False information or viral speculation on social platforms can mislead investigations or lead to wrongful accusations. Media law is evolving to address defamation, misinformation, and privacy violations in the digital age.
6. Media Scrutiny and Accountability
  • Exposing Misconduct: Media plays an important role in exposing police misconduct, wrongful convictions, or systemic issues in the criminal justice system, such as racial profiling. Investigative journalism can lead to reforms and public awareness about abuses.
  • Checks and Balances: Media law ensures that journalists can report on these issues without facing undue repression, while also ensuring that they adhere to ethical and legal standards in their reporting.
7. Freedom of Press vs. Court Orders
  • Access to Information: Journalists often seek access to court documents, evidence, and trial proceedings under freedom of the press. However, courts may limit access to maintain confidentiality or national security.
  • Conflicts: Disputes arise when the media contests these restrictions, sometimes leading to litigation that shapes how the criminal justice system and the media interact.
Conclusion
The intersection of media law and the criminal justice system creates both opportunities and challenges. While media can aid in the pursuit of criminals by spreading information and raising public awareness, it can also disrupt legal processes or infringe upon rights if not properly regulated. The balance between freedom of press, fair trial rights, and public safety remains crucial in maintaining justice while leveraging the power of media in crime prevention and resolution
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How can we effectively balance the trade-off between model interpretability and predictive performance in complex machine learning systems, especially in high-stakes domains like healthcare or criminal justice?
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Balancing interpretability and performance in high-stakes machine learning domains, such as healthcare and criminal justice, is crucial yet challenging. One effective approach is to adopt inherently interpretable models, such as linear regression or decision trees, which provide clear insights into how features contribute to predictions. However, these models may not always achieve the highest performance. Therefore, hybrid strategies can be employed, where complex models (e.g., deep learning) are used alongside interpretable surrogate models that approximate their behavior, enabling stakeholders to understand key decision factors while leveraging the accuracy of advanced techniques. Utilizing techniques like feature importance analysis, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations), or LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) can help elucidate how specific features influence predictions in black-box models, enhancing interpretability without sacrificing too much performance. Additionally, ensuring stakeholder involvement throughout the model development process is vital; understanding their needs and contexts can guide the choice of models and interpretability tools. Finally, implementing rigorous validation and testing, along with transparent reporting of model limitations, is essential to foster trust and ensure that decisions made using the model are justifiable and reliable in high-stakes scenarios. By combining these strategies, organizations can better navigate the trade-offs and create systems that are both performant and interpretable.
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The following are metaphysics for social justice:
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Dear Alexander, my long-term researches on original Strategic Self-Management enables to conclude:
  1. During history Homo sapiens sapiens passes 5 quality leaps of methodology: a)Physics (5 senses), b)Metaphysics (World of Things), c)Dialectics (World of 2 -side relations), d)Cybernetics (PC modelling), e)Virtual modelling. So, the metaphysics is old modelling method and nowadays we use much more modern methodology Virtualics.
  2. Accordingly, a Strategy needs of quality leap of natural or artificial organisation on which future time points (long-term aims) could be fixed, also means and development mechanisms created and applied towards achievement of aims.
  3. Please read attached article. Have a nice day :-)
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When God sends me difficulties to deal with, my philosophy and faith should be the worse possibility for me is death and after I finally die, I get eternal salvation, because that philosophy is the most parsimonious.
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Cosmin Visan
Pantheists always declare themselves as God.
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Dear Researchers: I am wondering why we say the Climate is Changed. I think it doesn't make sense, because in science, the word "Change" is used to describe a situation when a phenomenon changes from One State to Another State without returning to its Initial State, correct?
But, Climate components, e.g., temperature and precipitation, have been going through Temporal Variability over the scale of days, weeks, months, years, decades, centuries, and ..., due to Temporal Variability in Solar Activities, correct (please, exclude the yearly seasonal variability due to the rotation of Earth's axis)?
If we think about the two periods in our Geological History such as the Ice Age and the Warming Era, it can prove that climate had been historically varying over Temporal Scales, correct? And, those Variabilities had nothing to do with human and human activities when at the Ice Age and the Warming Era, no human existed on the Earth, correct?
So, who was in charge of those variabilities if humans were not existing on Earth?
Sun and Temporal Variability in Solar Activities?
And, the last but most important question, when air temperature varies/fluctuates over two consecutive days, do you think the amount of greenhouse gases, especially the criminal one, CO2, can be that much increased/decreased Over A Day to cause the variations in air temperature?
Or, the Variations in Air Temperature for the most part is because of the Variations in Solar Activities with subsequent Variations in Solar Heat Release?
And the 2nd last question, can the horrifying words "Climate Change" with further implications made out of it to blame Humans as the main driver of "Climate Change" significantly influence our minds and hearts to Easily Accept the Depopulation of our Planet Earth by ...?
And the 3rd last question, can a substantial decrease in the CO2 level of our Earth's Atmosphere have some sort of side effects (negative impacts) on our Earth's Environment in coming years? And, do we know what would be the optimum amount of CO2 level in our Earth's Atmosphere? And, can we take enough well-representative samples from the Atmosphere to figure out a very good estimate of CO2 level as the Atmosphere is vastly distributed in multidimensions with no clear boundaries and with very dynamic behaviors over spatial and temporal scales?
Updates on April 20, 2024: First, many thanks to all contributors to this discussion for sharing their thoughts and ideas. I want to expand the scope of this discussion after reading all the answers provided by the contributors to this discussion, as follows:
Please, also consider that asking these questions doesn't mean I am against environmental pollutants; instead, I advocate for having clean environments and thus saving lives, for example, by manufacturing electric cars or generating electricity following the green (more environmentally friendly) approach using wind turbines or solar panels.
However, we may not be able to avoid the consumption of fossil fuels in our lives as most of the appliances used in houses, cars, factories, industries, etc, are plastic-based and made from fossil fuels.
So, if it is impossible to avoid the consumption of fossil fuels in our lives and given that the produced CO2 from burning fossil fuels is a food source for plant growth and flourishing on the Earth, what other things, beyond the green approach of generating electricity, could be done to protect the environment and reduce the pollutants?
We know that environmental damage & pollution are highly related to poverty. Could the consumption of fossil fuels, by filtering out the pollutants (not the CO2, as it is not a pollutant to air since plants are consuming it during daily photosynthesis and producing it during nocturnal respiration) in the refineries and factories, boost the economy of producer and consumer countries of fossil fuels and thus reduce poverty around the world?
If so, may the world leaders and rulers care more about patriotism & nationalism than wrongly defined globalism and thus help to elect a person in each country to improve their economy and eventually reduce poverty?
May following this approach help to minimize environmental destruction and pollution and further consequences such as water and migration crises around the world?
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Dear Khodabakhsh Zabihi Afratakhti,
There is a broad consensus among climate scientists affirming the reality of climate change; as you said, human actions predominantly drive it, specifically the release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). While natural factors can impact Earth's climate, the evidence strongly supports the conclusion that contemporary climate change is primarily a result of human activities. Although natural elements like fluctuations in solar activity can influence the climate, their effect is comparatively minor when contrasted with the impact of human activities. Rigorous monitoring of solar activity has failed to reveal any significant upward trends that could account for the recent global warming.
Best regards,
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Also, I have prepared other theories that can be likely used for the study, such as positive psychology theory to be used in the field of the criminal justice system. also I'm in need to help me determine what to write in the statement of the problem
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All the theories you referred to can be used
Regarding the statement of the problem, you can combine two issues
1. the substance of the phenomenon i.e. what makes the phenomenon a problem? What is it about level of recreation program of detainees in jail that must be studied? How risky is it if this phenomenon is not researched into?
2. The gaps in literature that your study intends to fill
A combination of these two will give you a good statement of the problem
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Does the Criminal Justice System show bias towards the upper classes?
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The criminal justice system favours those that are educated and wealthy. Those that are uneducated are unable to grasp the navigation required in any justice system and those that are not wealthy cannot afford representation to navigate the system for them.
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Hello, my name is Kyle William Dawson; I am finishing my B.S degree in Criminal Justice at UCF and an undergraduate certificate in Criminal profiling.
I first got interested in researching sexuality in a class at Seminole State while getting my A. A degree called Intro to Human Sexuality, but that interest faded
As I do this under guard cert. at UCF, I am taking a psychopathology class and a sex offenders class, this has gotten me reinterested.
I have been watching a lot of lectures on Youtube and reading research papers, and I think there is a lot of work to be done in this area.
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Hola Kile, saludos cordiales. Tratare de dar respuesta a su pregunta.
Lo primero que debe tener claro es a que llama conducta sexual desviada y, ademas que tipo de tratamiento va a ofrecer, pues son variables medulares para esa investigacion.
Si los nombras delincuentes sexuales, presupongo que ya hayan tipificado algun delito sexual y por tanto estan en regimen de internamiento por el propio delito cometido o por peligrosidad social, por tanto serian estudiados por usted en estos centros de internamiento.
Inportante que tenga bien claro esta denomination reciente de INCELS del terreno sociologico, quienes son y que hacen, como tambien tener en cuenta los trastornos de personalidad, las parafilias, entre otros, que mas que una conducta de celibato son enfermos mentales, son pacientes que cuentan con sus derechos como tales y solo se envian a centros de internamiento cuando su conducta costituye un peligro social, despues de haber llevado tratamiento psiquiatrico compulsorio o no, en un Centro de salud mental por decision de un tribunal.
En fin, con los pocos elementos que tengo no debo sugerirle otras cosas. Si necesitas mas ayuda, puedes contar conmigo si asi lo deseas, es mi deber ayudarlo y lo hago con gusto. Éxitos!
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Please, feel free to give more examples and to share your experiencies and/or opinions.
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فرضت التقنيات الحديثة نفسها على ارض الواقع؛ لاسيما فيما يتعلق بأستخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في انتاج الاحكام الجنائية وذلك بأستحداث روبوتات قادرة على انتاج الاحكام؛ ويستند هذا الروبوت الى البيانات الرقمية المخزونة في النظام معتمدا على السوابق القضائية.
وهنا نجد ان انتاج الحكم على المتهم من قبل الالة وليس البشر.
وهذا ما يتطلب تنظيم تعاون دولي؛ لغرض الاعتراف بهكذا نوع من الاحكام.
فضلا عن ذلك، ان هذه الروبوتات اصبح يُعتمد عليها في استخلاص الدليل الجنائي وظهر في هذا الشأن الاعتماد على بصمة المخ كدليل مستخلص من تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي
فما حجية هذا الدليل في الجرائم الدولية؟ هل تعترف دولة غير ناظمة للذكاء الاصطناعي؛ بأحكام صادرة من دول اخرى قائمة على استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في انتاج الحكم واستخلاص الدليل؟
الموقف هنا تكون في غاية الخطورة؛ لايمكن تطبيقه اذا كانت الدولة لاتعترف بهذا التقدم العلمي ؛ وهذا ما يتطلب انتاج توجيهات دولية تقوم على اساس مراعاة العدالة الرقمية الجنائية
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Greetings! I'm interested in learning which Criminal Justice peer-review journals exist that focus exclusively on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime. If anyone can recommend valuable sources, that would be very helpful.
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As much as I understand, the case will be decided by the jury, which consists of people who are not experts either in law or in medicine. Why is this good?
Would you be happy if you were tried by people who know neither the law nor the mater which the trial is about?
Why do law school exist, if a jury of non-experts can decide in the most difficult cases?
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Judges decides as per the laid laws whereas jurys decide as per the fact / data made available to them.
Noone will be happy if he is tried by the person who does not know the law.
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Once the Restorative justice was prevalent across the globe, where the main focus of the justice system was the victims. But in 1610s, the retributive justice system was introduced in the criminal justice system and the position of victim was taken away by the state, and the victims were excluded from the justice process. Again in the 1970s the Restorative justice was again set in motion in criminal justice, but this system does not exist in all criminal justices. For ensuring justice to victims, do think this system should be incorporated in the criminal justice again globally?
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The development of restorative justice is one of the crucial achievements in the criminal justice system; it preoccupies particular attention theorists and practitioners. The relationship between the restorative and retributive response to criminal activities, with intent preferring a restorative approach as an integral retributive criminal justice. Under the influence of numerous international documents on restorative justice, the countries' individual criminal laws restorative procedures are taking up more and more space, while evident lag of these processes in the vast majority of countries.
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After the abolition of the death penalty in some countries, did crime rate increase or decrease in those countries? Which better serves justice: the deterrent effect -if any- of the death penalty or the risk of executing a wrongfully convicted human being?
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Dear RG friends, this question 'how effective is the death penalty as a deterrent?' should actually not be asked. After all, carrying out the death penalty is a question of ethics. As long as we as humans are not the creator of life, we are not allowed to end life through capital punishment. The death penalty is the ultimate act that fits into the philosophical movement 'The Enlightenment' where 'man' places himself above God. All the best, stay safe and healthy, Carl
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I am currently a student pursuing my B.A in Criminal Justice and I am about to start my final/senior project to be awarded my degree. I would like to focus my research on Juvenile Delinquency/Crime and Violence.
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Effect of social media, tv among other media are making young people consider their heros the people on tv especially the action pact ones.
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The Hulu production ‘Harlots’ highlights how during the 18th Century, aristocrats would often disregard the law (which they implemented and had enforced on their subjects) in their lust for power by abducting young maids and then would have their way with them such that the rape culminated in the death of the women all for some seconds of orgasmic pleasure. “This is fiction!!!”, you say. If you consider what has been happening at the House of Windsor over the last century you might be more credulous. Here we have a case of a young Princess Diana deceived into marriage so that the Royals could continue their bloodline. The princess, often confined to her bed-chamber (once she gave birth to the children), eventually had a mental breakdown that led to her death all while her prince charming committed repeated infidelity. In a like manner, we have another Royal, Prince Andrew, the much beloved son of Queen Elizabeth, caught with has ‘pants-down’ fraternizing with pubescent girls in the company of the late Jeffry Epstein who as an insurance policy against anyone who planned to report on his illicit operations on his Island of Pedophilia, video-taped all the rich and famous who indulged in those activities with him. What all these stores have in common is having unlimited funds to support an unchecked lifestyle.
Now to Donald Trump. If you look at the history of this man, he employed his vast sums of money (presently estimated to be around 2.4 billion dollars by Bloomberg News) to commission a bevy of lawyers to succeed at victimizing individuals who cannot come up with a comparable sum of money to win in court. He picks his victims strategically. When he was accused of raping an underaged girl with Jeffry Epstein in the state of New York in 1994, the girl—later as an adult and apparently of modest means—never put forth an effective prosecution in 2016 (Case 1:16-cv-07673-RA). In a like manner when Trump refused to pay individuals for the construction of Trump Tower in New York or for the running of his businesses most did not have the means to fight him in court (US Today June 9, 2016). Trump has a long history of using the American court system to his advantage, knowing that by simply pushing more money, a rich person often overcomes the defenses of a poor person. Even when he loses in court, as he did for running a fake ‘Trump University’, he has the means to manipulate the media such that his followers concluded that he is indeed a master deal maker as underscored in ‘The Art of the Deal’ and promoted in the TV series ‘The Apprentice’ which propelled him to the presidency.
The methods used by Donald Trump to corrupt the results of the 2020 election is much in keeping with the forgoing precedent: use the court system even when the chips are down since in the end—even if defeated—one will have the opportunity to contaminate the minds of the entourage, which now number in the tens of millions and which includes prominent Congressmen, that the 2020 election was stolen, a distortion of fact that will then be used to pave the way to the next deception, which always seems to replenish his bank account. So far, Trump’s followers have contributed over 170 million dollars to his ‘election fraud’ scam. The only way to end this contemptible behavior is to put him away much like what has been done with Al Capone, Anthony Salerno, Ivan Boesky, El Chapo, and if he had not taken his own life, Trump’s partner in crime Jeffry Epstein.
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This was completely new and unusual in politics and public law. It was extremely interesting to see that political scientists and other professionals did not know what would happen the next day, what reactions would occur. Similar phenomena can be observed in other countries (actors, businessmen, laymen in power), we are arriving at another milestone.
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One of the principal objects of restorative justice is focussing the restoration. Although debate about the subject matters of restoration is not recent, it has been continuing since 1970s. What is your thought about it?
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Thanks Michael for your great answer. I also think restoration in the criminal justice indicates restoring the victim, offender and the community. The restorative justice puts its focus on victim, offender and community, whereas the prevalent retributive justice gives least focus on the victims. In restorative process, the victim is restored through healing his/her wounds, alternatively, the offender is restored by giving them an opportunity to understand their wrongs, ensuring their rehabilitation for rectification, facilitating to get pardon, helping to feel remorse. In respect of the USA, various restorative models, such as victim offender mediation, conferencing, reparation boards, peacemaking circle are in practice, but VOM are mostly used in almost 32 states. However, thanks again for your answer.
  • Michael A. Cretacci
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I am doing research with the aim of exploring the effect of personality disorders on criminal liability and infliction of penalties in Hungary. I would like to investigate, under what circumstances personality disorders (especially APD and psychopathy) diagnosed by forensic psychiatric experts in the course of the criminal procedure affect experts' opinions and courts' decisions on criminal liability (and infliction of sanctions by courts). Of course established personality disorders alone - without other mental disorders or psychopathological mental states that have existed at the time of the commission of the act - do not give ground for excluding mental capacity (and thus punishability), but in some cases they can result in the establishment of limited mental capacity if the 'insane state of mental function' hinders the perpetrator in the recognition of the consequences of the act or in acting in accordance with this recognition. Legal practice however does not seem to be consistent at this point.
International academic literature on this issue is extensive, but mainly pertaining to common law jurisdictions. I would like to inquire about research findings and experiences of - preferably, but not necessarily - continental law experts.
Thank you in advance for your sharing of information.
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In the UK, this rarely happens to be honest. Personality disorders are very rarely diagnosed using the full range, let alone being used in court. I used to work in a forensic mental hospital and despite all offenders in there being diagnosed with some mental health issue, it was never used in their trials. It was more about 'dealing' with them afterwards if that makes sense.
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I am looking for this book for my research. If anyone knows of a way to obtain it for free download please let me know. My school library does not have it. Thanks!
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Hi Emily,
Dominic here, in Malaysia. I used to be college in the US and have degrees in CJ and Psychology.
First off, police brutality reseaech are obtainable from research journals, there are many.
Secondly, check with NGOs especially Amnesty International USA, Human Rights Watch, and states NGOs.
Thirdly, check with Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), National Criminal Justice Resources (NCJRS), and any Federal, State or County databases. There are lots of information.
Lastly, for your book, check with your local library - they have interlibrary loans. Not sure which state you reside, but major universities in your state carries a copy.
Rgds, and happy hunting.
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Suitabulity to use the title "ADR in Criminal justice system" for research.
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Thanks for comments
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For amicable settlement of civil dispute, in brief we say ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) alternatively for settlement of any criminal matter, can we say ACR (Alternative Conflict Resolution) or we will say ADR in Criminal justice system. Would you please give your valuable opinion.
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You are invited to review and use some of my free material I posted here on RG on mediation, negotiation and alternative dispute resolution (ADR)...
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I have also conducted a study on perceptions toward criminals (PTC). Firstly, I and my colleague developed a scale about PTC and then conducted it of college students of social work, n=432.  I would like to tell you our findings: The scale of PTC has two sub-dimension: Psychological-personal aspect of criminals (8-items), sociological-environmental aspects of criminals (4-items). In PTC, the more score you have, the more adverse you see criminals. Via Scale of PTC, we aim to see perspective of students or professionals who work or probability of work with criminal in criminal justice settings. After conducting (PTCS), we found that our students see criminals as positive in terms of their psychological aspects and we try to explain it with humanistic nature of social work perspective. But our students’ rate of sociological aspect of criminals are higher than the other sub-dimension and this means that they are adverse to criminals. The sociological sub dimension has four items: criminals’ family are wrongful. Criminals’ family are criminal. Criminals’ friends are wrongful. criminals’ friends are criminal. I think that they are a bit right, but this finding may also sign a stigmatization of criminals as well. And I think that this finding may related to social model of social work. The perspective of "individual in its environment” may also effected the students. Via this perspective, our student may think that “criminals are good but their environment are also bad”. And I am of opinion that is the perspective of “individual in its environment” misunderstood by students or does this perspective effect wrongfully to students in terms of criminals or any. what could you think about this findings, please?
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Many thanks
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National Conference on "Challanges & Innovations of Criminal Justice System" 21-22 February,2019 held at Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, UP, India
Please Join this mega event....
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I am interested for this conference. would you give me the flier about this agenda
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We have already developed a scale about perceptions toward criminals for practitioner who will probably work in criminal justice system and I am also planning for victims one.
thank you.
Burak M. Gonultas, PhD
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In this study we aimed to determine the status of domestic violence in women of reproductive age with mental disorder referred to Razi educational mental health service of Tabriz, 2014-2015.
In this cross-sectional study, 400 women with mental disorders controlled by drug, aged 19-49 years were interviewed using the Women Abuse Screening Tool (WAST), Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-4), WAST (Women Abuse Screening Tool) and a socio - demographic questionnaires (associated by some relevant items of DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys) and Items included: age, the type of disease, disease duration, education level, employment status, marriage age, and the duration of marriage, divorce history, the number of children and the adequacy of income) at a psychiatric hospital in Tabriz-Iran or presented outpatient clinic of the hospital during the study and had willing to participate. This hospital is the only center providing inpatient psychiatry services in the northwest of Iran. The structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders (SCID-I) and axis II disorders (SCID-II) (a standard method for the diagnosis of patients with clinical symptoms) were used by a psychiatrist to diagnose participant. disease. All participants were using medicines to control their disease. Women with less than 12 months of marriage, those who were divorced over 12 months, and those with diagnosis of mental retardation, cognitive disorders, or dementia were excluded.
Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with patients when they were in a stable situation, with inpatients just before their discharge and with utpatients after they were visited by the physician if they were stable. Before the interview, the research objectives and the method and confidentiality of information were explained to the participants and written informed consent was taken from them. We used translation, face and content validity of Persian version of the WAST. At first, its translation validity was confirmed by forward and backward strategy. Then the questionnaire was given to ten faculty members of midwifery, psychiatry, psychology and necessary corrections were made after collecting their comments. Also, a pilot study was conducted on 29 convenient subjects to evaluate face validity and possible problems. Reliability of the tool was evaluated by test-retest (ICC=Intra Class Correlation) with the interval of one week and by internal consistency using Cronbach‟s alpha coefficient.
Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test, Independent t-test, One way ANOVA, Chi-square test, General Linear Model, Multivariate logistic regression model, Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was used to determine characteristics of the screening tools.
Based on the results, prevalence of domestic violence among reproductive age women with mental disorders was high and there were significant correlations between domestic violence sub-scales and quality of life domains of life. As the WAST at cutoff score of 04 have good accuracy in diagnosis of intimate partner violence among the women, routine use of WAST for screening could improve detection of violence and therefore may improve psychiatric services.
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Hi all!
I would like to invite you to participate in completing an online questionnaire (phase 1) of my PhD research. I am a PhD Law and Criminology candidate (Doctorate) from the Institute of Criminal Justice at the University of Portsmouth. This survey is targeting the general public’s perception of paedophilia, child sexual abuse and prevention strategies. I would really appreciate as many responses as I can gather so please feel free to share the survey link with others who may be interested. Please note: you have to be 18 or over to participate. If you have any questions please email me on lauren.stevens@port.ac.uk
Many thanks in advance!
Lauren Stevens
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You are welcome, looking forward to see the questionnaire
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What is Ethics? & /or what is Morality in Criminal Justice?
Since crime can be a social, legal, or a violation of code(s), and sanctions "bestowed" in the name of "justice" may involve an individual or a society's educational or economic situation, understanding (& eventual application) of Ethics & /or Morality in Criminal Justice is a significant issue which must be dealt with, especially if USA is to give up and cede the number one (# 1) position in incarcerating its own people!
Any realistic, concrete humanistic suggestion(s) on USA to go down to the 2nd, 3rd, 4th ... .. ... or the last position?
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At punishment of act its legal qualification, but not a moral component has to be considered.
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Someone, many many years ago wrote:
"[T]he temporal lords are supposed to govern lands and people outwardly. This they leave undone. They can do no more than strip and fleece, heap tax upon tax and tribute upon tribute, letting loose here a bear and there a wolf. Besides this, there is no justice, integrity, or truth to be found among them. They behave worse than any thief or scoundrel, and their temporal rule has sunk quite as low as that of the spiritual tyrants. . . . " (M.L.)
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I cannot see how the temporal lords with lord over people with justice and integrity over the long haul.
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One of the most complicated problems posed by the Internet, namely that of jurisdiction and lack of global criminal justice system. While cybercrime is a phenomenon without borders, the effective prosecution of such a crime is seriously hampered by conflicts of territoriality and jurisdiction.
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Thank, and most appreciated. However, cyber-crime continues to escalate and does not respect sovereignty
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Hi,
I am looking for a theory to justify my research on human rights application / protection of the accused during criminal justice process.
Thank you in advance.
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An accused person must be accorded the “presumption of innocence“ until proven otherwise by the crucibles of a fair trial; he/she must be (except the offence charged is of such a weighty nature) granted bail after plea or at any stage during trial; he/she must be notified of his/her offence; he/she must be accorded time and facility to make defence; he/she must be accorded protection from ‘self-incrimination‘; he/she must be heard from during the course of evidence to conduct his defence by himself or through a lawyer of his choic; he/she must be provided with a lawyer where the severity of the charge is of such a technical nature as to need legal aid counsel (and where he has none); he/she must be allowed to change plea (where he desires); he/she must must not be subjected to involuntary confessional statement ; he/she must be allowed post-trial opportunities,like filing notice of appeal before execution (in capital offences where death penalty has bee decreed),etc,etc, depending on the constitution and criminal jurisprudence of the legal system.
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Hello everyone,
My data analysis so far shows that criminal justice officials use specific methods, techniques, tactics or mechanisms to extract bribes from clients. I am however finding it difficult to get literature that addresses methods, techniques, tactics or mechanisms employed by officials to extract bribes. Any suggested readings will be much appreciated.
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Try this ? Have you read about the Doha declaration? UNODC
About the Global Programme At the conclusion of the 13th United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice held in Qatar, the Doha Declaration was adopted. Calling for the integration of crime prevention and criminal justice into the wider agenda of the United Nations, and endorsed by the General Assembly, the Doha Declaration has at its centre the understanding that the rule of law and sustainable development are interrelated and mutually reinforcing. To put the Doha Declaration into reality, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime - with the financial support of the State of Qatar - launched an ambitious Global Programme aimed at helping countries achieve a positive and sustainable impact on crime prevention, criminal justice, corruption prevention, and the rule of law. This four-year initiative promotes peaceful, corruption-free and inclusive societies for sustainable development, through a people-centred approach that provides access to justice for everyone and builds effective and accountable institutions at all levels. The Global Programme focuses on four inter-related components: Resilient, reliable and transparent institutions: Strengthening judicial integrity and preventing corruption in the justice system. Fair, humane and effective criminal justice systems: Fostering the rehabilitation and social integration of prisoners to provide a second chance in life. Youth crime prevention: Preventing youth crime through sports-based programmes and life skills training. Education for Justice: Supporting the integration of crime prevention and the rule of law into all levels of education. Library of Resources News Multimedia Network Contact us     Tertiary Organized Crime Module 4: Infiltration in Business & Government Share this pageToggle Dropdown University Module Series Organized Crime Module 4 Infiltration of Organized Crime in Business and Government Introduction and learning outcomes Key issues • Extortion • Extortion racketeering • Loansharking • Links between organized crime and corruption • Bribery versus extortion • Money-laundering • Liability of legal persons • Summary • References Exercises • Case studies • Thinking critically through fiction • Excerpts of legislation Possible class structure Core reading Advanced reading Student assessment • Review and assessment questions • Quiz 4 • Research and independent study questions Additional teaching tools Published in April 2018.
Developed under UNODC's Education for Justice (E4J) initiative, a component of the Global Programme for the Implementation of the Doha Declaration, this Module forms part of the E4J University Module Series on Organized Crime and is accompanied by a Teaching Guide. The full range of E4J materials includes university modules on integrity and ethics, crime prevention and criminal justice, anti-corruption, trafficking in persons / smuggling of migrants, firearms, cybercrime, wildlife, forest and fisheries crime, counter-terrorism as well as organized crime. All E4J university modules provide suggestions for in-class exercises, student assessments, slides, and other teaching tools that lecturers can adapt to their contexts, and integrate into existing university courses and programmes. The Module provides an outline for a three-hour class, but can be used for shorter or longer sessions. All E4J university modules engage with existing academic research and debates, and may contain information, opinions and statements from a variety of sources, including press reports and independent experts. Terms of Use and Disclaimers
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To what extent does the criminal justice system provide justice for victims in the UK and Wales?
#victims #justice #criminaljusticesystem #uk
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Though I am not familiar with UK law law but residing in common law following country gives me a urge to answer this question in a nut Shell. The cardinal principal of criminal Justice system is that no one should be condemned convict until proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt. Further,it can be comprehended that to safeguard the inhabitants of the society from the fury of the goons and corrupts application of a due criminal Justice system is prerequisite. Other wise people would people would resort to different avenues other than court.which will create miscarriage of justice.
Regards,
Irfan
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Hi Folks,
In his 1975 book The Mythical Man-Month, Fred Brooks introduced the notion that increased incremental persons added to software projects that were already late increased the time necessary for completion.
Do you know if Brook's Law has been examined from other project perspectives -- systems engineering, general engineering, criminal justice, intelligence analysis, finance, economics, and so forth?
Thank you!
Have a great day!
--Adrian
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Sirs,
Thank you all so very much for your answers!
--Adrian
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Beyond a few relatively vague pieces from the press, I have come up empty. Some surveys of veterans (especially in criminal justice contexts) ask, but I would like to have some idea of national numbers for comparative purposes. I am sure the DoD must track, but it does not seem readily available. Any suggestions on government or peer reviewed sources would be appreciated. Thanks.
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The Army historical branch in the library connected to the United States Army War College at Carlisle barracks is an outstanding source for historical data. The issue of discharge status has been area of interest related to the United States military since the American Revolution. Today, discharge status carries only greater importance than ever before because of the benefits related to discharge status and/or disability claims. It is very common to see significant efforts made to upgrade discharges for those reasons
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I teach criminal justice. As this is a world wide body of academics in a large number of varied disciplines, I am very interested in what you think the most critical or important critical justice problem is in your country.
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The fact that policies and practices across the criminal justice system are changed in the absence of scientific evidence, or worse, against the available evidence. Everything from policing, interrogation tactics, suspect lineups, decisions to prosecute, eyewitness testimony, jury decision making, judge decision making, sentencing, treatment, and supervision.
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Given the recent interest in creating swarms of robotic flies that carry explosives and contain face recognition circuitry (as described in Bot Flies, The Economist, Dec 16, 2017) will a time come when the enablers of such killing machines will be made to account? We all know that machines will never—and I emphasize never—be able to make decisions without the assistance of humans so expect arguments such as “the machine did it” to fail in a court law. Can you imagine a world where people like Robert Oppenheimer (the developer of the atomic bomb) are hauled off to prison and later put to death for the creation of lethal autonomous weaponry?
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Dear Edward,
I propose you to see links and attached files in subject.
-Who is Responsible for Autonomous Weapons? - Future of Life Institute
-When Thinking Machines Break the Law - Schneier on Security
-UN urged to ban 'killer robots' before they can be developed | Science ...
https://www.theguardian.com › Science › Weapons technology
-We can't ban killer robots – it's already too late | Philip Ball | Opinion ...
https://www.theguardian.com › Opinion › Robots
-Making the Case: The Dangers of Killer Robots and the Need for a ...
-Killer robots: No one liable if future machines decide to kill, says ...
-Humans Can't Escape Killer Robots, but Humans Can Be Held ...
-Military Robots and the Laws of War - The New Atlantis
-In defence of killer robots: Interview with expert Dr. William Boothby ...
Best regards
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We all see innovation in almost every field, almost every year/month/day.
We have better laws and protection. Food safety, property rights regulated, human rights, international criminal justice and so on...
But, morally, how do you think we as humankind are?
Are we better than in the past?
Do we respect others?
Do we try to understand others needs?
Do we stop doing what could - anyhow - prejudice others, just because it could? Even if it can certainly prejudice us?
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We are always in the sorcerer's apprenticeship ; the human learning curve is slower and lower than the technical one; only ethical learning processes can close this gap. Modern knowledge and classical wisdom have to be brought together, especially in education, economics and medicine. Quantitative knowledge transfer (the learning assembly line) alone is not sufficient to cope with the challenge of moral behavior; the educated personality must be put back into the focus of learning. In any case, the ethics is now in our hands, it is a matter of value preferences.
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I am undertaking research on court referred conferencing for young offenders and I would like to  specifically investigate the empowerment principle underpinning Family Group Conferencing. However most of the articles focusing on this appear to be written from within a child welfare context and are discussing Family Welfare Conferences rather than youth justice models. Any help with this please
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I suggest you read this article
Iudici, A., Maiocchi, A. (2014). Community Justice and juvenile offender: the management of an individual case with criminal slope with community involvement. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, Vol. 5 (20), pag. 2015-2027.
Antonio
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Hello, is anyone offering any opportunities to contribute to research regarding in Child Welfare Social Services, Human Services and Criminal Justice?
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and Iudici, A., Maiocchi, A. (2014). Community Justice and juvenile offender: the management of an individual case with criminal slope with community involvement. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, Vol. 5 (20), pag. 2015-2027.
Antonio
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I am a junior criminal justice major doing a research proposal for my class in quantitative methodology. I need raw datasets to do my research from, and have been unable to find any. Suggestions?
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It is not something that I am aware of in the UK. However, there is currently a transition in police officer entry standards in the UK driven by the College of Policing. They may have some background research. However, as policing functions differ hugely I agree with Ben measuring performance will be very difficult. So much so key opinion formers differ enormously on how to do so. Good luck Sean
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If you give prisoners in the U.S. an option to get classes in order to become teachers for impoverished areas and in return for a reduced sentence for only criminals for petty crimes. Would this be a good idea?
The criminals would be monitored carefully.
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HI, Timon,
The social and political obstacles to what you propose are substantial. As a matter of course, ex-offenders are barred in the US from working with children. As you might easily imagine, parents are quite likely to object to this arrangement regardless of the degree of oversight provided.
Another major obstacle is that petty crimes do not receive sentences of sufficient length to permit adequate provision of educational programs to prepare ex-offenders for teaching duties. Petty crimes tend to be dealt with by local or county jail sentences of less than a year's duration. Obviously, there is little that an educational program might provide with a population that churns up to 6 or 8 times a year.
And there is always the problem of funding for the educational programming provided. Prisoners are no longer eligible for Pell grants or other federal funding, and it is a rarity for states to see the wisdom in targeting scarce tax revenues to educate this population, regardless of the high return on the investment in lower recidivism or future criminal activity.
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I was wondering if anyone had any expertise on the fourth amendment pertaining to electronic surveillance.
Would prospective warrantless StingRay searches that track a criminal to their own private residence be constitutional. Under the public movement doctrine, public roads are arguably covered, however if we follow Karo, it states that once the tracking invades the residence of an individual it violates the fourth amendment.
Thank you,
Dr. Sartre 
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Ok thank you, I will be looking at U.S. v. Lambis and the reasoning behind it.
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When child abuse victims tell of their victimization, evidence may be difficult to find. Add constraints on the legal age victims gain a voice within the legal system, many childrens' human rights are ignored in lieu of the accused's rights. What policies and strategies are presently effective in the United States for prosecuting and sanctioning child abuse offenders? Does anyone know of state or local governments that evidence a high success rate in holding offenders accountable?
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I will echo Ben's response suggesting that prevention is more important.  We know that rates of harsh physical punishment (abuse) are much higher in low and middle income countries and that the correlation between the use of harsh punishment and years of maternal education is -0.735 in a 19 community study.  AHT is also inversely correlated with maternal education and age. Delayed childbearing (i.e. LARC for teens) and facilitating girl's education are two prevention policies that can pay great dividends in reducing maltreatment. Conversely, prosecution is closing the barn door after the horse has left for AHT as repeat AHT with second or third children after recognition of the first case appears exceedingly rare.
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What are the best (and most progressive) LGBT inmate policies in correctional settings. 
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In most American correctional institutions the inmate is assigned to housing based on their biological gender. However, some like Riker's Island in New York have allocated particular housing units for those that would voluntarily prefer to live in them.  The issue in most jails and prisons is overcrowding and there is not a lot of leeway in housing assignments.  
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Can anyone refer me to research exploring the application of complexity theory to the criminal justice system? Or the application of complexity theory to a complex social phenomenon i.e. human trafficking?
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Could include how restorative justice works.
Could include results from certain studies.
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Dear Laura,
Please have a look at the recent meta-analysis of Sherman and colleagues examining the effectiveness of restorative justice conferences in terms of reducing the rate of re-offending of offenders.
Sherman, L., Strang, H., Mayo-Wilson, E., Woods, D. J., & Ariel, B. (2015). Are restorative justice conferences effective in reducing repeat offending? Findings from a Campbell Systematic Review. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31, 1-24.
In addition, for a systematic review of the same authors of the impact of restorative justice conferences on victims, see:
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Can they alter, or not make a register, if they just think about the possibility to receive a bonus? Especially in countries where the salaries are poor.
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There may become an under reporting or failure to log such violent crimes due to the fear of losing the bonus,especially in the poorer countries which in turn could have adverse effects on the community. A bonus could also possibly cause staff conflict regarding disagreements on what violent crimes should be reported.
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My question is related to caseloads of police officers in USA. We are trying to analyse police officers´ role in controlling the crime, we have understood that if police officer clears the crime (arrest) on same day it happened would reduce the burden on them for the later days. Later arrestees prosecute at Court/Jury, at this stage Judges will have (?) discretion power to decide on the punishment. Judge may send them to the prison or impose monetary punishment or community service. If they impose monetary punishment, the criminals would pay and again engage in the activity, which would certainly increase the burden on the police. To check this hypothesis we need to check judges´ discretion power. Do you have any idea where I can get such information/data (punishment of various crimes, prison or monetary punishment)
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Thank you very much Ines Ferreira Leitem, Felicia Croall , Fran Ashton and Kjell Hausken.
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We have found that within several police investigations, psychologists have applied the procedure credibility of testimony, without the proper scientific support. this is true?
From the literature we have reslizado research, we found that this procedure was developed for application to child victims of sexual buso, and this in question even if Validi apply to witnesses and adults.
There is debate about whether it is appropriate application to victims of other crimes and found no referncia about the application of this suspected of having committed crimes people.
Anyone with information on the subject?
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Can you write your question in Spanish please, to better understand what is the question?
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Globalization affected every facet of life. Third world countries are most affected in various aspects. I want your opinion about its effect on Justice in third world countries
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While globalisation has had a great impact on economic development its impact on justice is far from satisfactory. First you need to consider a few questions and research in relation to these.
1, What is the definition of 'justice' and what is its scope
2. Are you looking at the independence of the judiciary in the country or the efficiency of the judicial system or both?
3. Are you looking at the impact of international conventions and treaties eg. on human rights on justice for the people of a country?
I believe that Harshvardhan Singh has shared some excellent articles. 
I echo the collective view in the articles cited in that justice requires political will. In most developing countries that espouse democracy it is a highly 'disciplined' democracy that does not bear criticism and debate even in the face of glaring mismanagement and corruption recognised and investigated internationally.
Another issue is the treatment meted out to immigrant workers. Even with the best labour laws enforcement of the rights of immigrant workers is pathetic .
On the aspect of war crimes, take the eg. of Cambodia and the hybrid Court investigating the human rights violations perpetrated by a few top octogenarian leaders during the Pol Pot era. I would hardly consider that satisfactory or sufficient to assuage the trauma of 2 - 3 generations of Cambodians and others.
So I would submit that the concept of Justice in the globalised era is not on par with economic development.
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Murder is the most heinous form of unlawful homicide; intentional killing is it's paradigm case, which usually incurs a penalty of mandatory severity. But most jurisdictions permit reliance on partial defences which reduce intentional killing from murder to a lesser homicide such as, for example, manslaughter. Provocation and excessive force in self defence are recognised as partial defences in many jurisdictions. Should freely given consent to die or incur a risk of death at the hands of the defendant also be recognised as a partial defence? This would be an affirmative defence with appropriate definitional safeguards. The suggestion is not unprecedented. Thomas Macaulay's Indian Penal Code permits reliance on such a partial defence.
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Hi all,
There won't be a homonymous answer for all legal systems. Mark these questions.
 1. What difference is there between euthanasia and murder with consent? Is there anybody who would consent without sufficient reason(s)? 
2. This first remark is only helpful if euthanasia is more or less accepted in a legal order.
3. Even if accepted, still 3 questions should be regerded. (a) what are the legally permissable grounds for the will to die (euthanasia)? (b) should one or more professionals judge these grounds? and (c) is legally permissable help or acting itself limited to a certain group of persons, like professionals? 
Succes,
Niels
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Does anyone teach a criminal justice analysis/statistics course using a book that uses stata (as opposed to SPSS)?  I would love recommendations 
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Hello, 
A quick google search provided me with the following two book. That being said I am not sure if both use STATA but I know once says that it uses both SPSS and STATA.
Statistics for Criminology and Criminal Justice
By Jacinta M. Gau
Statistics in Criminal Justice
Authors: Weisburd, David, Britt, Chester
I hope this can help. 
P.S. No book can mean there is a market for it =) 
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Small islands seem to have similar crime risks: money laundering, corruption, tourists, close knit populations, nepotism, lagging behind in crime analysis capabilities.
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Yes - I am currently considering these issues in the Pacific for my PhD.
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Prison labor, private prison industries
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Firstly, thank you for your answers but i think the answer is not adequately correlate with my question. Moreover, can you clarify "awareness and dept of belief system of prisoners" briefly.
Best wishes, Levent
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May i know who are the researchers in the field of criminal justice system and in good governance studies?
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You would need to narrow down your inquiry -- which country, for example, and what areas of criminal justice? E.g., sentencing, conditions of confinement, reentry, etc.
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Balancing public safety, children safety v. privacy. What is more weighty?
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We know that there are several risk factors for offending against children and a prior offense is just one of these. I doubt that anyone would find it motivated to map individuals according to any of these other risk factors. So, if the argument is to inform the public about "risk" then one would need some additional argument to why this particular risk factor (prior offense) is more meaningful than any other. 
And, one has to remember, that all risk factors for offenses against children are unreliable, they lead to a lot of false positives as well and in such instances may increase public and personal distress for no reason whatsoever.  
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There has been plenty of research regarding the plain facts and statistics asked in the question, but I have yet to encounter any information regarding the underlying reasons for these prevailing statistics and facts. Sure, one could gather that an underlying fear of racial minorities, especially those living in poverty, makes their crimes seem worse than other minorities — but does research exist to corroborate these statements on people's popular opinion?
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Good question, You have several ways to look at this.
First of all, let's look at the issue of race & crime. Just focusing on Criminal Homicides, blacks commit roughly the same number (actually a bit higher) of criminal homicides as whites (FBI-Crimes in the US). That in itself demonstrates how easy it for the skewed perception in your question.
The issue here (and in the other index crimes) is how does a minority match and surpass the majority in criminal events? You cannot ignore the influence of gangs and the gang culture in this issue. Minorities are extremely over represented in gangs and gang activity. That's not saying whites aren't in gangs, they are, but not at the same rate as blacks and hispanics. Most of the juvi tried as adult crimes are Murder, Robbery, Felony Battery, Habitual Felon and Sexual Assault. 4/5 of those are acts heavily used in gang activity.  
Of course Plea agreements are always on the table and can allso have an effect. Money (attorneys) and cultural aspects (levels of cooperation) can be used to lower/raise the chances of adult charges. 
I have not run into any consistant source to separate the gang activity charges from the regular population. The Justice Dept (Bureau of Justice Statistics) and the FBI give access to their reports/research which could help you in this issue. Numerous sources (like the Suntimes in Chicago and the Baltimore Sun in Baltimore) have homicide trackers which can give you snapshots of those jurisdictions.
Unfortunately this topic gets extremely political very fast. You are going to have to work hard to avoid that.
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juvenile detention, prisons, courts, sentencing
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My impression is that people on the spectrum are more likely to end up in contact with the criminal system, both as perpetrators but also as victims. I have found some interesting articles in danish by the man in scandinavia who is the best I know of in the field, Bo Hejlskov. In the link below there are some good references (in english)
Henrik Anckarsäter has written a review of the link above. In swedish unfortunately. He explains that Bo Hejlskov shows both that there is a overrepresentation of people with autism and at the same time that there is not. Hejlskov explain the paradox that in the ordinary prison population there is not a difference. But if you look at those that have been sentence to forensic care instead of prison there is a clear overrepresentation. Here is Ackarsäters list of references.
Anckarsäter H, Nilsson T, Ståhlberg O, Gustavsson M, Saury, J-M, Råstam M, Gillberg C. Prevalences and configurations of mental disorders among institutionalized adolescents. Pediatric Rehabilitation 2006; in press.
Gabbard GO. Mind, brain, and Personality Disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162(4):648-55.
Hare DJ, Gould J, Mills R, Wing L. A preliminary study of individuals with autistic spectrum disorders in three hospitals in England. 1999. London: The National Autistic Society. 
Isager T. Autism Spectrum Disorders and Criminal Behaviour – A Case Control Register Based Study. 1ST International Symposium on Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Forensic Context, 2-3 September 2005, Copenhagen, Denmark. Conference paper.
Scragg P, Shah A. Prevalence of Asperger´s syndrome in a secure hospital, Br J Psychiatry, 1994; 165:
679-82.
Siponmaa L, Kristiansson M, Jonsson C, Nyheden A, Gillberg C. A juvenile and young adult mentally
desordered offenders: The role of child neuropsychiatric disorders´. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law: 2001;29: 420–26.
Söderström H, Nilsson A. Childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders among adult patients in a Swedish special hospital, Int J Law Psychiatry, 2003; 26:333-38.
Söderström H, Sjodin AK, Carlstedt A, Forsman A. Adult psychopathic personality with childhoodonsetr hyperactivity and conduct disorder: a central problem constellation in forensic psychiatry. Psychiatry Res 2004; 121:271-80.1/9 2004
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I am elaborating a study about fraud in exported vehicles in the European Union with a real case in the south of Spain with police data. This is my first paper in this area and I need somebody interested in this study that can collaborate for publishing together.
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Fifteen years ago I spent a year in Kaliningrad, Russia, and became interested in the movement of stolen cars from the EU (Western Europe in general).  I did a little field work that resulted in a publication:
Gerber, Jurg, and Martin Killias.  2003.   “The Transnationalization of Historically Local Crime:  Auto Theft in Western  Europe and Russian Markets.”  European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 11(2):215-226.
There was little on this topic at that time.
Let me know if you want to pursue this work.
Jurg Gerber
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Are there any empirical evidence that International criminal justice (ICJ) do help post war countries?
In post war countries where usually corruption is rife and  majority of the population live below the poverty line, can ICJ be of priority for the population or more a means of setting international precedent? 
Also if it can be argued that ICJ is important for post war countries, how can it be applied so that the affected people can feel a part of the process considering the ICC for example which hearings and procedures are held thousands of miles away from where the crimes being tried occurred.
Any answers or articles on these topics will be highly appreciated
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I agree that this is a contentious issue with good arguments for and against. In researching, I suggest using ICL (international criminal law) as an alternative to ICJ as you might find more relevant hits. A few arguments 'for' ICL are that it functions to:
Provide theoretical and conceptual foundations and set international standards, it provides a  model for domestic legal systems (for example, providing progressive procedural rules in prosecuting rape and sexual violence), it establishes an official version of the past - vindicating victim's lived experiences and preserving the narrative for future generations, and can act as a deterrent and change societal norms regarding tolerance for atrocities. (If people conspire and carry out genocide, for example, they will answer for it). Failing to prosecute could embolden future perpetrators.
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Domestic violence and sexual assault are, of course, different types of cases, so I don't expect there to be a single review. Other work on this topic are also welcome.
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J. Ptacek (ed) Feminism, Restorative Justice, and Violence Against Women New York: Oxford University Press.
Strang H & Braithwaite J (eds) Restorative justice and family violence Cambridge University Press, Melbourne
A Restorative Approach to Family Violence: Changing Tack edited by Hayden, A., Gelsthorpe, L., Kingi, V. and Morris, A. Published by Ashgate Publishing Ltd, Surrey, UK
and on sexual assault see many works by Mary Koss.
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Whilst there is concern about the existence of ADHD there is equal concern that, as it does exist with regard a type of diagnosis relating to a varied set of behaviours, many of which are considered undesireable without their being any specific intent. Such that recent focus has been on the prison population and how many may or should be diagnosed with ADHD but what of those under community supervision? Does anyone know of any policies/practices which are in current use - UK prefered but International data eqally invaluable.
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The response by governmental agencies to this issue will vary across jurisdictions. Some states, counties, or cities have more sophisticated mental health services. In California, AB109 passed by the legislature, essentially released thousands of state prisoners to the counties. This resulted in immense pressure on county agencies to develop and implement programs to reduce recidivism as they have inadequate jail space and other program slots. Reducing recidivism is now a high priority. The San Bernardino County Probation Department has implemented day reporting centers for probationers, Interestingly, the County Behavioral Health Department has service providers in these centers. There is no research on the effectiveness of these mental health services nor the number of people using center services. This is an area that is in need of research.
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I would like to have a comparative idea of how is the situación in the different EU Member States. It will be interesting to have different perspectives of how useful can it be the criminalization of cartels in Competición Law. 
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This is  a brief paper for Veronica Pinotti and Martino S. gives you an idea where anti-trust is considered a crime in EU.
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Can anyone assist me into finding articles that I can use for my research paper
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Justicepolicy.org has some interesting information. There are many school to prison pipeline articles written. Here is an interesting one: Safran, S. P., & Oswald, K. (2003). Positive Behavior Supports: Can schools reshape
disciplinary practices? Exceptional Children, 69(3), 361-373.
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Criminologists appear to have carried out little research as to if LGBT people commit crime and how they experience the CJS. Is there any current/recent research about LGBT people, offending and their treatment by the CJS (apart from DV and Hate Crime).
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Thanks Lee and Arin, just what I was looking for!
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How should Adolf Eichmann have been punished? The question assumes that punishment is an appropriate response to his crimes.  Hannah Arendt agreed with the Supreme Court of Israel that Eichmann should be put to death, though her reasons were quite different.  She concluded her study of his trial, ‘Eichmann in Jerusalem’, with the following words of condemnation: ‘no one, that is, no member of the human race, can be expected to want to share the earth with you. That is the reason, and the only reason, you must hang’.  She would have condemned him to forfeiture and elimination rather than punishment.  Suppose Eichmann had not been sentenced to death.  If he is to be punished, how is it to be done? This is the challenge implicit in Arendt’s final condemnation. If he is allowed to live, how are Eichmann's judges, the correctional officials, prison warders and the broader community which they represent, going to ‘share the earth’ with him?   Eichmann would probably have made a compliant prisoner.  He was compliant with his interrogators: Arendt records that he told them that, ‘he would like to find peace with [his] former enemies’.  If he is not to be executed, must the criminal justice system offer him opportunities for redemption, reconciliation and eventual release?  
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Hanging or banishing Eichmann for life is just one part of the entire story. The real part is actually outside the Eichmann trial. How do we we propose to deal with the demon called racial prejudice?
We have enough UN conventions, resolutions, declarations and national laws across the face of the earth expressly and impliedly banishing racial prejudice. Yet, it is the most visible facet of our life everywhere. The real enemy of peace therefore are not the Eichmanns of the earth; it is the political use of race, color, language, creed, ethnicity, religion and caste. Unless we find a common voice against it, Eichmann will continue to live in perpetuity and we will be chasing mirages of justice.
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We want to identify effective community reintegration programs for female offenders, both delivered in prison and the community. This is one step of a research project
that looks to identify best practices and effective programs.
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Dear Jaun Luis,
In San José de Costa Rica (17 dec 2014) have been approved a series of documents about Social Reintegration in Latin America (women, and others group). If you can look if possible that you can find relevant information (documen abotu women and good practicas). This is the link: 
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Me and a group of researchers from the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam are conducting research on the level of custody and the range of services provided to prisoners who have been sentenced by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL). Inmates sentenced by these courts are serving their sentences in a variety of countries that have participating agreements with the tribunals. At present, there are ICTY, ICTR and SCSL inmates spread around 14 European countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and UK) and 4 African countries (Benin, Mali, Rwanda and Tanzania).
I would appreciate any information you have regarding:
- correction system in any of these countries
- individual prisons where these inmates are housed
- the level of security and custody provided, and
- any information about the daily routine they experience, including recreational, educational, and other rehabilitation services
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Dear Patricia, 
I would be very happy to assist and help to your research regarding Spain, if it is actually active. Let me know too. Regards
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The Nuremberg Trials set the tone for the evolution of a host of norms that eventually found their reflection in the Rome Statute. With over 122 Ratifications, the Rome Statute has come to be a guiding light on its own merit casting its luminance on those functions of sovereigns that hitherto were protected from 'public scrutiny'. There are serious debates as to whether by subscribing to the ICC nations are forsaking their sovereignty. The number of ratifications however are reflective of the emergence of a consensus amongst nations that no regime must violate individual right to life and dignity in the name of sovereign impregnability. Charles Taylor's conviction seems to suggest that the consensus is not merely a vote for morality. Or, is it?
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Greetings Professor Srinivasan. As the factors go:
1 - I agree with you in the matter of of time being, the 69 years that separate the present from the Nuremberg Trials are a substantial amount of time. Nevertheless, our legal system, and by that I refer to the international one, is quite slow in matter of recognition of norms that affect the liberty of States, and its representatives. Since we have in many books, as in Orakhelashvili's or in Hannikainen's, the recognition of the immunity of the representatives as a peremptory norm of international law.
2 - Regarding to the acceptance of States, the number that is necessary for the recognition of a peremptory norm, is yet to be defined, and such definition is not to be achieved soon. I agree that it should be usefull to have representatives of different legal systems, and representatives of all continents, so it would be diminished the debate over the eurocentration that is well used by some. I think the peremptory norms should be used as a protective system to the International Community as well as to human beings, and in the cases presented by you, the crimes to be judged by the Roman Statute, it is most present.
3 - It is set to motion the engine and it's parts, but I still do not know if it already set to be enforced. Cause untill the date none of the customary norms used in the international relations is recognized as peremptory, as the requirements ask for. Undoubtedly, someday, it is gonna be recognized by States, beyond the conference meetings held in Viena, a group of norms, or at least the existence of some norms as peremptory. It is set as an example the Human Rights legislations, that are recognized as important and fundamental for State pratice, but none of them recognized it as peremptory in the legal text, only on arguments during the conference, and yet, not by all.
But in our field the changes are set in academy long before they reach the reality of politics.
Glad to have recieved an answer. Hope to continue the conversation, that cannot be held at the University, since as for the moment, I am the only one with a background in International Law. Have a great day also!
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In England and Wales the coroner is responsible for investigating deaths that are suspected to be i) violent or unnatural, ii) of unknown cause, or iii) in police or prison custody. About half of all deaths in E&W are reported to the coroner for further investigation but inquests are only necessary in about 30k cases. The rest are registered as natural deaths once the cause has been established. How is this function carried out in other countries worldwide?
I am a PhD researcher just writing up my thesis on the way coroners carry out this role in E&W.
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The Unites States Criminal Code of Procedure Title 1. Chapter 49 outlines the procedures for inquiries in deaths where the cause in unknown. Any doctor in a hospital or private practice can request an autopsy if the cause of death is unknown. Also, if the death is a result of a criminal act, an autopsy can be performed to confirm the cause of death. At any time in which the cause of death in a person is not evident, an autopsy can be ordered to determine the cause of death. The family members of a deceased my appeal to their local Justice of the Peace for an inquiry as to the cause of death. The US Centers for Disease Control has also requested autopsy on certain cases if they suspect the person has been exposed to infectious disease. Cases of suspicious cause of death have often resulted in the exhumation of bodies for autopsy and forensic testing to try to determine the cause of death; although these cases are rare. I hope this information is helpful.
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With respect to dowry death cases in India, the conviction rate is one of the lowest.
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Manner is a difficult question. It needs all collation of all circumstantial evidence, along with the postmortem examination findings (thus scene, eye witness and participants in the case's evidence, etc. all play a key role). An even bigger contributor in determining the manner is if the victim was able to make a dying declaration about her circumstances of death.
I would think the one situation where all things come together in a decent system of death investigation and death investigators is the US Medical Examiners' system, but I have qualms about their interpretation of the manner of death automatically transcribed on all death certifications - where the ME's manner may be at variance with what the courts find out later!
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I'm especially interested in the following: a) increase of number of mentally ill people in prison since mid 1990s b) homelessness c) cost of private residential care d) construction of 'new' asylums d) increases in A&E attendances for people with a mental illness.
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There is a lot of literature on this issue from Britain
I have copied few references here. There is a series of papers fromTAPS project.
Long-stay patients discharged from psychiatric hospitals Social and clinical outcomes after five years in the community. The TAPS Project 46
J Leff, N Trieman - The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2000 - RCP
Background There have been no large-scale prospective studies evaluating the transfer of care from psychiatric hospitals to district-based services. Aims We aimed to compare the quality of life of patients in two north London hospitals scheduled for closure with that in ...
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[PDF] Team for the Assessment of Psychiatric Services (TAPS) Project 33: prospective follow-up study of long-stay patients discharged from two psychiatric hospitals
J Leff, N Trieman, C Gooch - American Journal of Psychiatry, 1996 - Am Psychiatric Assoc
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the policy of closing psychiatric hospitals and replacing their functions with community-based services. Method: All long-stay nondemented patients in two UK hospitals scheduled for closure were assessed with a ...
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The TAPS project: VIII. Design of the research study on the long-stay patients.
C O'Driscoll, J Leff - The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1993 - psycnet.apa.org
Abstract 1. Describes the origins of the Team for the Assessment of Psychiatric Services (TAPS) project and the design of the prospective study of the long-stay patient populations of 2 large mental hospitals in north London scheduled for reprovision and closure by the ...
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The TAPS project: XIII. Clinical and social outcomes of long-stay psychiatric patients after one year in the community.
J Anderson, D Dayson, W Wills… - The British Journal of …, 1993 - psycnet.apa.org
Abstract 1. As part of the Team for the Assessment of Psychiatric Services (TAPS) project, this study compared clinical and social outcomes for 278 long-stay psychiatric inpatients who were discharged from the hospital and 262 long-stay psychiatric inpatient controls ( ...
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The TAPS Project. 22: A five-year follow-up of long-stay psychiatric patients discharged to the community.
JP Leff, G Thornicroft, N Coxhead… - The British Journal of …, 1994 - psycnet.apa.org
Abstract 1. The Team for the Assessment of Psychiatric Services (TAPS) assessed a group of 114 long-stay patients in 2 psychiatric hospitals while in the hospital, and then again 1 and 5 yrs after discharge to community placements. Measures used were the Present ...
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Long-term outcome of long-stay psychiatric in-patients considered unsuitable to live in the community TAPS Project 44
N TRIEMAN, J LEFF - The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2002 - RCP
Background Whereas the majority of long-stay in-patients have been successfully resettled in the community, there is a group of such patients who are too disturbed or disturbing to be managed in standard community homes. Aims To study the long-term outcome of a group ...
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The TAPS project. 3: Predicting the community costs of closing psychiatric hospitals.
M Knapp, J Beecham, J Anderson, D Dayson… - The British Journal of …, 1990 - RCP
Abstract The planning of long-term care in the community as an alternative to in-patient care requires accurate information on the likely expense of altering the balance of provision. Unfortunately, as very few long-stay psychiatric hospitals have yet closed, the planning of ...
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The TAPS project: VII. Mental hospital closure: A literature review of outcome studies and evaluative techniques.
C O'Driscoll - The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1993 - psycnet.apa.org
Abstract 1. Reviews the literature on outcome studies of deinstitutionalization and mental hospital closure with particular reference to the UK, the US, and Italy. Data from these studies are discussed in terms of their influence on the design of a new study to evaluate ...
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The TAPS Project A report on 13 years of research, 1985-1998
J Leff, N Trieman, M Knapp, A Hallam - Psychiatric Bulletin, 2000 - RCP
The Team for the Assessment of Psychiatric Services (TAPS) was established in May 1985 with the explicit purpose of evaluating the national policy of replacing psychiatric hospitals with district based services. TAPS'remit was to mount the evaluation with respect to the ...
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The TAPS Project. 4: An observational study of the social life of long-stay patients.
M Dunn, C O'Driscoll, D Dayson, W Wills, J Leff - The British Journal of …, 1990 - RCP
Abstract Observations of long-stay patients in a club in a psychiatric hospital were carried out unobtrusively over several months. Much of the social activity that went on was stimulated by an economy based around the purchase and exchange of tea and ...
The TAPS project. 3: Predicting the community costs of closing psychiatric hospitals.
M Knapp, J Beecham, J Anderson, D Dayson… - The British Journal of …, 1990 - RCP
Deinstitutionalisation--from hospital closure to service development.
G Thornicroft, P Bebbington - The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1989 - RCP
Original Article
Out of the wards and onto the streets? Deinstitutionalization and homelessness in Britain
1992, Vol. 1, No. 3 , Pages 265-275
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Tom Craig1† and Philip W. Timms1
1United Medical & Dental Schools, St Thomas's Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH
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[C] Community mental health teams (CMHTs) for people with severe mental illnesses and disordered personality (Cochrane Review)
P Tyrer, J Coid, S Simmonds, P Joseph, S Marriott - The Cochrane Library, 2003
Deinstitutionalization, social rejection, and the self-esteem of former mental patients
ER Wright, WP Gronfein, TJ Owens - Journal of health and social behavior, 2000 - JSTOR
A public hospital closes: impact on patients' access to care and health status
AB Bindman, D Keane, N Lurie - Jama, 1990 - jama.jamanetwork.com
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Various models exist for strategic decision-making about resourcing and priority-setting in the police field. Centripetal and centrifugal impulses are the main options. The principle of subsidiarity requires decentralised processes of governance. Testing the effectiveness of the devolved alternative is vital to find out if and how public safety is being improved and how disorder is being tackled.
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The problem lies in the accountability of the police virtually no control over the judicial system by the non-governmental organizations and independent public organizations. In the above links are only established the possibility of controlling the police itself or government agencies police property that leads to the development mechanism "understand because he is."
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Is extraditing an effective measure to prevent terrorism?
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I don't think that extradition is the best counter-terrorism strategy. I guess political will is the key to tackling terrorism. along with it, effective counter-terrorism laws and institutional backup can reduce this problem. the worst scenario is one when the whole nation is divided into what constitute terrorism.
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JF Stephen once remarked that the degree of moral loathing of the offence of murder is a reflection of the fact that murderers are hanged for the offence. That reflection has interesting implications for jurisdictions which abandon mandatory penalties for murder.
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The definition of murder is not based on malice aforethought. While malice aforethought may help prove a reason why the murder occurred but is not required for a conviction. There must be the act of killing someone and the intent to do so. Furthermore, many states also have a category called Felony Murder where if certain violent crimes are committed and during the crime any person other than the felon(s) is killed, the criminals are subject to the same penalties as an intentional murder, Therefore intent to kill does not have to be proven. Rather, the intent to commit one of the included crimes must be proved,
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I have recently laid the groundwork for research on male victims of domestic violence. I recently was involved with a male victim of domestic violence. He had been videoing the abuse and when he called the local police department. He was disregarded and was told deal with it, as the officers didn’t see a big issue. Not only did the victim have marks, but had the officer’s remarks on tape. The officers stated that if he had a problem and continued to push the issue he would be charged with disorderly conduct.
I personally spoke with the commander and he stated he did not see an issue and gave a phone number for the victims advocate group for the state. Not only that the person we spoke with, had no idea where he may go for help. As this really doesn’t happen and when it does, they (male) does not have a shelter like the women do.
I would like to stir my research on male victims of domestic violence and if there is a correlation with the murder suicide cases. As the male victims just don't have the resources as the female victims.
My research is in need of cases that may be helpful in my research. Did things get missed by law enforcement, mental health providers and states as male victims are not believed, because female perpetrators can drop a tear and prejudicial judgment may come into play and the male is seen as the person who inflicted the violence.
What do we as professionals do to reach out to the male victim. Are we in need of better understanding to relay to law enforcement, mental health providers, and give them the same resources as any victim of domestic violence?
Any cases that I may use or input would be of great help, as little research and cases are out there.
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