Costing - Science topic

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung unit cost pada perusahaan katering nasi kotak dengan menerapkan metode Full Costing. Metode Full Costing adalah pendekatan perhitungan biaya produksi yang mencakup seluruh komponen biaya, termasuk biaya bahan baku, tenaga kerja langsung, dan biaya overhead pabrik, baik yang bersifat tetap maupun var...

JM Bakery Manado is a bread production business. It produces every day except Sunday, but its cost of production calculation is outdated and inaccurate. It uses a traditional method that fails to group costs based on cost elements, and it does not distinguish between direct and indirect costs. This study aims to implement the direct costing method...

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, has spread to more than 200 countries, affecting millions, costing billions, and claiming nearly 2 million lives since late 2019. This highly contagious disease can easily overwhelm healthcare systems if not managed promptly. The current diagnostic method, Molecular diagnosis, is slow and has low sens...

This research explores the nature of the Duration-Based Costing (DBC) technique, its application requirements, and its role in performance evaluation according to the principles of responsibility accounting in economic units. DBC reflects a deeper understanding of how costs are allocated to activities based on the time required to perform them, ena...

Background Antithrombotic medications are essential for the management of abnormal clot formation. However, their availability, pricing, and affordability in Ethiopia, particularly in Addis Ababa, have not been comprehensively studied. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to assess the availability, pricing, and af...

This study explores the integration of accounting tools with innovative business models to improve financial transparency and foster consumer trust among rural smallholder farmers in China. The report highlights common challenges faced by smallholder farmers, such as irregular financial records and inadequate costing, which hinder their access to f...

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD), a common dermatological condition, is often associated with significant economic and social burdens. Despite extensive studies globally, there is a gap in understanding the impact of this condition in Romania. This study evaluated the economic burden of AD in Romania, considering both direct and indirect costs....

Given the continuous global degradation of the Earth’s ecosystem due to unsustainable human activity, it is increasingly important for enterprises to evaluate the effects they have on the environment. Consequently, assessing the impact of business processes on sustainability is becoming an important consideration in the discipline of Business Proce...

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly applied in a wide range of healthcare and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) areas to serve—among others—as a tool for disease detection and prediction, as well as for healthcare resources’ management. Since sepsis is a high mortality and rapidly developing organ dysfunction disease afflicting millions in ICUs an...

Background The spatial and spectral properties of the light environment underpin many aspects of animal behaviour, ecology and evolution, and quantifying this information is crucial in fields ranging from optical physics, agriculture/plant sciences, human psychophysics, food science, architecture and materials sciences. The escalating threat of art...

Introduction The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) conducts health technology assessment to assess cost-effectiveness and budget impact. For treatments provided in vials, NICE often considers how treatments are dispensed and adjusts the economic modeling costs accordingly. Vial sharing and wastage are likely familiar concepts...

Introduction Innovation is needed for the growing number of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is effective in improving exercise tolerance and quality of life, but these benefits do not appear to be sustained. This highlights the need for cost effective methods to maintain benefits on completi...

Elliptic curve cryptography is the second most important public-key cryptography following RSA cryptography. The fundamental arithmetic of elliptic curve cryptography is a series of modular multiplications and modular additions. Usually, Montgomery algorithm is applied for modular multiplications over large integers to reduce the computational comp...

This chapter delves into the concept of menus, with a particular emphasis on Persian cuisine. It explores the historical evolution of menus and their significance, while also analyzing the cost structures associated with individual ingredients and the overall preparation of traditional Persian dishes. The costing details presented are based on prop...

Cell-based assays have revolutionised the field of drug discovery, offering a more efficient and cost-effective approach to screening bioactive compounds and identifying potential drug leads. This comprehensive review explores the pivotal role of cell-based assays in the pharmaceutical industry, highlighting their advantages over traditional animal...

In this digital-based era, it is widespread in all circles to flock to become umkm actors from teenagers, adults and even parents. The growth of MSMEs in Indonesia continues to show a positive trend. The latest data from the Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs notes that the number of MSMEs in 2024 will exceed 65 million units, with a very wide range...

This study explores the impact of lean accounting tools—specifically value stream costing (VSC), target costing (TC), and kaizen costing (KCO)—on the competitive advantage (CA) of industrial companies in Jordan. We conducted an online survey targeting 400 managers across 32 companies, which yielded 293 responses from 18 companies. We validated the...

Introduction: According to the Portuguese clinical guidelines published in 1999, patients with traumatic brain injury and coagulopathies should remain in-hospital for 24 hours for clinical and image surveillance, despite having an admission computed tomography (CT) scan showing no intracranial lesions. Growing evidence suggests this practice is not...

Importance Evolving breast cancer treatments have led to improved outcomes but carry a substantial financial burden. The association of treatment costs with the cost-effectiveness of screening mammography is unknown. Objective To determine the cost-effectiveness of population-based breast cancer screening in the context of current treatment standa...

The aim of this research is to determine the calculation of the cost of production costs incurred, the accounting treatment of damaged products and the results of analysis after calculating damaged products. The research was conducted at CV ABC Bekasi. The research uses quantitative research methods with a qualitative descriptive method approach. T...

This study developed and validated cost–benefit models to evaluate the economic feasibility of reuse and repurposing strategies in remanufacturing, utilizing activity-based costing to assess key financial factors and implications. The models provide a structured approach to compare reuse, repurposing, and recycling, focusing on identifying conditio...

Background: Population-wide screening may accelerate the decline of tuberculosis (TB) incidence, but the optimal screening algorithm and duration must weigh resource considerations. Methods: We calibrated a deterministic transmission model to TB epidemiology in Viet Nam. We designed three population-wide screening algorithms from 2025: sputum nucle...

This study explores the impact of food Security strategies of National Programme for food security as an approach to ensuring adequate household consumption of beneficiaries’ food crop farmers in Kaduna State. Review of secondary materials, in-depth quantitative data constituted data sources for the study. The multiple regression method was utilize...

The article focuses on the cost management accounting system as a basis for effective strategic and operational management and a guarantor for maximum profit. It examines various methods of cost management in agricultural holdings and enterprises. Characteristics of the methods are presented in the article. Such conditions for the use of methods as...

The challenge of O&M cost efficiency in the midst of increasing global demand for coal, which requires optimal cost management without reducing operational performance. The objective of this study is to determine the optimal O&M cost by analyzing key cost components such as fuel, heavy equipment, spare parts, labor, and infrastructure investment, a...

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is needed across the lifetime to maintain viral suppression for people living with HIV. In South Africa, obstacles to reliable access to ART persist and are magnified in rural areas, where HIV services are also typically costlier to deliver. A recent pilot randomized study (the Deliver Health Study) found that home-deli...

The escalating global demand for meat products has intensified ecological concerns, underscoring the need for sustainable meat alternatives. Although current methods effectively imitate ground meat, mimicking whole cuts, which constitute 54% of the global market, remains challenging due to the lack of scalable technology. Injection molding is a mas...

Healthcare fraud in billing and claims is a pervasive issue, costing the United States healthcare system billions of dollars annually. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of how advanced technologies such as data analytics, machine learning, and anomaly detection can effectively combat fraudulent practices, including upcoding, phantom b...

Human capital information which is vital for effective management of resources is usually only accessible internally within an organization. However, information regarding human capital or human resource investments and the return on these investments are currently not presented in the annual reports systematically and consistently. This paper exam...

Pharmaceutical three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology offers an automated platform that can be utilized to manufacture personalized medicine, improving pharmacotherapy. Although 3D-printed products have entered clinical trials, no costing studies have been performed yet. Cost insights can aid researchers and industry in making informed decisio...

The aim of this paper is to focus on the transformation of consumer conception which causes market volatility and inflation of product in market. As the competition among the marketers to offer the new product in market is stiffer than ever, costing of marketing is gradually increasing. On the other hand, consumers want to have the product as per t...

BACKGROUND: Choosing an appropriate accounting system for hospital has always been a challenge for hospital managers. Traditional cost system (TCS) causes cost distortions in hospital. Activity-based costing (ABC) method is a new and more effective cost system. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare ABC with TCS method in calculating the unit cost...

This study aims to analyse the application of the full costing method in determining the cost of production at UD. Barokah Jaya, a layer chicken farming business located in Malang Regency. The urgency of this research arises from the need to understand how effective cost management can increase business profitability, especially in the context of i...

t The endeavour was undertaken to model and investigate ternary reduction helically coiled gear case body. To initiate the process, examinations were conducted for interrogating and recognizing constructional functioning on the differential gearbox. Afterwards, through a review of various research papers, it was established that majorities of the o...

BACKGROUND: Present trends in hospital management are facilitating the utilization of more accurate costing methods, which potentially results in superior cost-related information and improved managerial decision-making. However, the Activity-Based Costing method (ABC), which was designed for cost allocation purposes in the 1980s, is not widely use...

Prior research into the extent to which operating units have considered activity-based costing (ABC) has either examined the extent to which operating units have considered or not considered ABC. This paper uses logistic ordinal regression analysis to examine the impact of the level of competition, product customization, manufacturing overhead cost...

Access to health care is a fundamental human right. However, nearly one-third of the global population have no access to it. This magnitude is even much worse in low- and middle-income countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 12 to June 5, 2024 to determine availability, price and affordability of essential medicines for managing...

The question of how to calculate the effective credit hour costs for different departments in Higher Learning Institutions was approached in this paper using Joint Costing and Activity-Based Costing techniques. The cost of the effective credit hour in the higher learning institutions was treated as joint cost problem. The main advantage of joint co...

Over the last century, many studies have used accounting methods and tools in focusing on environmental issues. This paper introduces readers to developments within the appropriate accounting tools designed to support firms and sectors reduction energy use as well as reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. Current practice of traditional accoun...

Balanced scorecard (BSC) functions as an action plan for the basis of establishing the strategy which is definedwith critical success factors. BSC classifies the vision and strategy of the enterprise in four perspectives in whichfinancial and non financial scales are used. BSC becomes a strong method for planning, developing andtransforming the str...

Managing cost of production is at the heart of survival of present day corporations, as increased competition, uncertainty and risk present in the operating environment pose challenges for 21st century managers. This empirical paper examines product cost management strategies by adopting and implementing the Kaizen Costing System. The sample size o...

The author begins the article by outlining a brief historical evolution of activity-based costing (ABC) in the USApreceded by an operating definition of terminologies. Next, he presents the literature review and themethodology employed during the study. He reviews the application of ABC in the service sector, followed byan analysis of the unique at...

Background Health economic evaluations require cost data as a key input, and reimbursement policies and systems should incentivize valuable care. Subfertility is a growing global phenomenon, and Dutch per-treatment DRGs alone do not support value-based decision-making because they don’t reflect patient-level variation or the impact of technologies...

Today, quality has become the best considered issue for manufacturers and suppliers. Hence, understanding thisconcept and its execution – related costs in the organizational level is a substantial and vital principle forachieving this goal. To ensure the success of the total quality management process, creating an official structurerelevant to this...

Healthcare fraud remains a significant issue, costing the industry billions of dollars annually and compromising patient care. Traditional fraud detection methods, such as manual audits and rule-based systems, often fail to keep pace with the complexity and volume of healthcare data. Machine learning (ML) offers a transformative approach to detecti...

The resource consumption accounting (RCA) integrating activity-based costing (ABC) with Germanic flexible marginal costing (GPK) is not only a new cost accounting method, but the innovation of the cost management system. Its application has been gradually emphasized by more and more people, and the application range is extending continually. Combin...

Live animation has gained immense popularity for enhancing online engagement, yet achieving high-quality, real-time, and stable animation with diffusion models remains challenging, especially on consumer-grade GPUs. Existing methods struggle with generating long, consistent video streams efficiently, often being limited by latency issues and degrad...

The study explored the relationship between target costing and competitiveness at Jordanian Private Universities.The research question regarding target costing focused on leadership of target selling price, customer needs,degree of developing a team work, cost of the product life cycle, stage of product design and value chaindevelopment. A question...

The integrated product of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) and Economic Value Added (EVA) is the ABC & EVA system, i.e. the integrated cost system. Traditional ABC method gives priority to the interior activity chain of enterprise to implement the cost analysis, but ignores the capital cost, so the cost accounting is not complete. The ABC & EVA system...

This study aims to identify the target costing system and its application in Jordanian industrial companies, and towhat extent the companies apply cost reduction methods, also what are the obstacles prevent using target costingfacing Jordanian companies, 50 of these companies were selected randomly and distribute a survey to the financialmanager to...

Data show an increase in time taken by secondary education seniors in fully transitioning into higher education by declaring a major. Many of those who do make an early decision in choosing an academic major end up making numerous changes in degree choice, costing extra time, money and effort in attaining an undergraduate degree. In this project, r...

Most of the companies today have no idea what their products cost them to make. Usually companies think they do know but unfortunately they are not correct. This misunderstanding has led many business organizations to make decisions that are bad to the business. They might abandon profitable products in favor of products that are losing money. Howe...

This study aims to show that application of Time-Driven Activity Based Costing (TDABC) to the managementof cost of Information Technology (IT) Services operations and how it can be used to achieve significant costreduction. To achieve this; a case study organization was used and the scope of activities was limited toTechnical Services department Op...

On the purpose of maximizing shareholders’ value, the profitability analysis established on the basis oftraditional accounting earnings cannot meet the demands of providing accurate decision-making information forenterprises. Therefore, this paper implements the Activity Based Costing (ABC) and the Economic Value Added(EVA) into the traditional pro...

This article aims to evaluate the advances and challenges to the adoption of the activity based costing system (ABC) by the public sector of countries like Colombia, Uruguay and Brazil, always keeping a comparative perspective with the historical experience of the United States. Considering the growing demand of citizens-users of public services in...

In 1394, a research was conducted to detect the influential factors on using analytical methods in external audit. Results of research hypothesis examination revealed that analytical procedures were used effectively during implementation steps of external audit and needed initial information including industry indices, budget, standard costing, fir...

The study aims to know the extent of applying strategic management accounting tools in Jordanian banks. Thetools that this study tested are; Activity Based Costing, Benchmarking, Competitor Analysis, ValuingCustomers, Integrated Performance Measurement, Life Cycle Costing, Cost of Quality, Brand Value Monitoring,Managing and Budgeting, Strategic Pr...

This study aims to examine issues related to the management of inventory, working capital, pricing process and costs in companies operating in the fruit canning segment in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The researched management practices have often been addressed in literature as instruments for achieving greater business efficiency and...

Software houses are now keen to provide secure software as requested by customers’ desire with respect to security and quality of their products especially related to the software costing estimation in the software development and implementation environment. Therefore, there is a need to identify the potential security risks while estimating the ap...

A mathematical programming model employing activity-based costing is developed for material procurementperformance improvement in a single supplier-single customer environment in shipbuilding. Four types ofactivities are identified as targets of cost reduction: supplier caused (reflected) and customer caused (reflected)activities. Complete informat...

The focus of this paper is to explore the impact of activity-based costing (ABC) on telecom companiesperformance. To achieve this aim, a questionnaire survey was considered, and structured interviews withselecting staffs in management accounting and financial departments were conducted to supplement the surveydata. This paper shows that ABC is appr...

The aim of this paper is to provide empirical evidence about the effect of costing technique used by companies on the cost performance of new product development initiatives in industrial companies in Europe. A survey was carried out collecting response from 204 companies in the different consumer product industries to investigate the comparative e...

Objectives: This study aims to develop and validate a standardized methodology for creating high-fidelity, custom-made, patient-specific 3D-printed vascular models that serve as tools for preoperative planning and training in the endovascular treatment of peripheral artery disease (PAD). Methods: Ten custom-made 3D-printed vascular models were prod...

In the United States, medical errors, clinical complications and bad outcomes are often managed through a medical-legal system that seeks retributive justice, costing billions of dollars, and leaving patients and healthcare providers with deep emotional wounds and fractured relationships. In contrast, a forgiveness-based approach through Servant-le...

This study aims to verify how costing practices are employed in furniture manufacturers in the cluster of São Bento do Sul, Santa Catarina, in southern Brazil. It is a descriptive research study (survey) whose data were collected by means of applying a questionnaire to people in charge of business cost management. The research involved 25 of the 73...

تهدف هذه الدراسة الى بيان المرتكزات المعرفية للتكلفة المستهدفة الخضراء ودورها في تخفيض التكاليف ومدى مساهمتها في حماية البيئية من خلال تقليل التلوث وتقليل استهلاك الموارد والطاقة إضافة الى تحسين الجودة وتخفيض تكاليف الفشل البيئي أي تحقيق التوازن بين المسؤولية البيئية وتخفيض التكاليف فضلاً عن كيفية ادخال النواحي البيئية في معادلة التكلفة المستهدفة و...

The paper examines the need to develop Activity Based Costing Systems (ABC) in accounting practices among manufacturing firms in Nigeria as a tool for product costing as Nigeria marches to the top 20 economics of the World come 2020. With the aid of a structured questionnaire, a total of 50 copies of questionnaires were administered to a cross-sect...

This study aims to identify the impact of the application of Activity Based Costing (A.B.C.) in the pricing of banking services in the Jordanian commercial banks, and to achieve the objectives of this study a questionnaire was designed and analyzed by (SPSS) program, was used descriptive statistics mean, standard deviation and percentages, as well...

Today, there is a debate about the future of standard costing. Some academicians assert that this method is inappropriate in a modern manufacturing environment. The aim of this article is to study the use of standard costing in the automotive industry, the leading manufacturing sector of Turkey. The findings show an average usage rate of 77 percent...

This study was carryout to evaluate the connection between cost accounting practices and financial performance of listed food and beverages companies in Nigeria.This study utilized a descriptive survey research design as its methodology, with the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory serving as its foundation. Triangulation was used to gather data for t...

During the last two decades, with increasing competition in highly changing business environment, literature has cautioned against the efficiency and capability of traditional management accounting techniques in providing sufficient information needed for decision making. In coping with continuing changes in business environment and increasing pres...

In this article, we are presenting a model for optimizing the selection of cost drivers in activity-based costing such that the optimal set of cost drivers will minimize the sum of the absolute product unit price deviations and will keep the budget under the intended amount utilizing a quasi-Knapsack structure. Comparative analysis from two benchma...

This paper provides empirical evidence on the adoption of a broad range of management accounting practices in Malaysian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the manufacturing sector. Data collected from a postal survey of 160 accountant managers are used to facilitate the study. The results indicate that the traditional MAPs such as convent...

This research aims to determine the ideal selling price of MSME products for Sambas Songket Irmawati Weaving in accordance with accounting theory. This is because most of the MSMEs of Weaving Sambas set the selling price based on estimates or according to the usual market price and the purpose of this research is to find out the potential sustainab...

Objective: This study, aims to determine the cost of hemodialysis sessions by using traditional costing and activity-based costing (ABC) methods, to provide a tool for controlling costs and to contribute to the financial planning studies of health managers. Methods: The research was carried out in the hemodialysis unit of a university hospital in T...

Value addition of bulk curl tear cut (CTC) black tea is important to meet emerging customer needs and address challenges in a competitive beverage market. Spicing of the tea is one way of value addition but little or no research has been done on the biochemical effect of blending tea with spices and consumer acceptability. A study was conducted to...