Cost-Effectiveness - Science topic

In Bangladesh, traffic is a huge problem, mostly in urban areas like Dhaka. Parking at the roadside is a major problem for traffic in Bangladesh. Private transport user waste most of their time in their daily life searching for a parking slot. Therefore, there is a crucial need to develop a system to help people find vacant parking spots. Systems f...

The daily work of railway engineers and managers consists of making a series of decisions, the quality of which is crucial to the efficiency and resiliency of the rail system. They face many challenges in their decision-making, including large and complex infrastructure asset networks; limited resources, time and information; a range of outcomes; c...

Call for Book Chapters: Authors are invited to submit quality book chapters within the aim and scope of the book. Renewable Energy Hybridization: Energy Optimization, Applications, and Sustainable Developments represents a significant contribution to the field of mechanical engineering, offering comprehensive insights into the optimization, applica...

Conventional echocardiography can sometimes pose a challenge to diagnosis due to sub-optimal images. Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) have been shown to drastically enhance imaging quality, particularly depicting the left ventricular endocardial borders. Their use during echocardiography has become a valuable tool in non-invasive diagnostics. UCAs...

Small Language Models (SLMs) offer efficient and accessible solutions for natural language processing. This study evaluates their performance in binary question-answering tasks, focusing on prompt sensitivity , multilingual disparities, and token probability analysis. Experiments with Llama-3.2, Mistral-7B, and Phi-3.5-mini reveal that True-First p...

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are critical for business process integration but often lack the flexibility needed for rapid adaptation. Low-Code Platforms (LCP) have emerged as a solution, enabling both developers and non-developers to customize ERP systems through visual development tools, modular add-ons, and API-driven integrations....

In case of poor-quality oil refining in the oil pipeline, water accumulations are formed, increasing hydraulic losses during transportation and contributing to corrosion processes. Hydrodynamic cleaning, which uses pumped oil flow, has been investigated due to its cost-effectiveness and adaptability for pipelines of varying diameters. This study de...

The aquaculture industry relies heavily on fishmeal as the primary protein source in aquafeeds. However, the increasing demand and limited availability of wild fish resources have led to a significant increase in fishmeal prices, posing a major challenge for the industry. Microbially fermented animal, plant, and single-cell proteins have emerged as...

Perovskite solar cells are one of the best options for energy supply in the industry as well as in everyday life. These cells are one of the most important alternatives to silicon solar cells due to the relatively easy and cost-effective preparation process. This type of cell is one of the types of nanostructures that today, due to the addition of...

This manuscript presents the development and validation of a non-invasive measurement system for evaluating red blood cell (RBC) quality during blood storage. Using Raman spectroscopy and embedded smart algorithms, the system enables non-destructive, cost-effective, and continuous monitoring of key quality indicators. Pilot studies demonstrate that...

The occurrence time and magnitude of injection-induced seismicity are influenced by engineering factors, such as wellhead pressure, injection location, injection volume, and injection rate. Understanding the relationship between injection operations and seismic magnitude is of great significance for optimizing industrial production and reducing ear...

Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have drawn significant attention in the electric vehicle industry, and activated carbon‐based anodes are widely recognized as a cost‐effective alternative to conventional anode materials. However, the application of these anode materials is significantly limited by the formation of an unstable solid–electrolyte interfac...

There has been growing interest in aqueous batteries, which are considered safer and more cost‐effective compared to Li‐ion batteries. Among them, aqueous Sn‐ion batteries have emerged as promising alternatives because of their high specific capacity and wide voltage window. Despite these numerous advantages, in aqueous‐based electrolytes, signific...

The rapid evolution of IoT hardware and software platforms is revolutionizing connectivity and data management across industries. On the hardware front, trends emphasize miniaturization, enhanced processing capabilities, and energy efficiency, driven by advancements in microcontrollers, sensors, and edge devices. These innovations enable seamless i...

To address the issues of long preparation cycle and high cost in fiber‐reinforced ultra‐high temperature ceramic matrix composites, Cf/ZrB2‐SiC composite was prepared by slurry injection combined with reactive melt infiltration (RMI). The dispersion and rheological behavior of slurries with different compositions were investigated, as well as the i...

The energy industry is changing. In response to the need to decarbonise our energy usage, new decentralised forms of electricity generation have evolved, supported by smart grid technologies. These technologies are also changing the way we use electricity, leading both residential and business users to become increasingly active in their energy usa...

As renewable energy systems become more complex, power converters require rigorous verification through simulations before hardware prototyping. The prevailing simulators are typically categorized into offline and real-time types. While offline simulators are more cost-effective, they often suffer from long computational time, whereas real-time sim...

Fire-damaged construction debris poses both a challenge and an opportunity for sustainable material recovery. This study investigates the use of 14-year-old, fire-damaged recycled brick aggregates (RBA) and recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) as partial replacements for natural coarse aggregates (NCA) in concrete up to 70%, utilizing a two-step mixi...

Pycnometric densitometers are essential instruments for measuring the density of liquids and solids with high accuracy and precision. This report explores the principles, history, types, and applications of pycnometers, emphasizing their role in various industries such as petroleum, chemical, pharmaceutical, and food processing. The discussion high...

Background Conduction system pacing (CSP) using His Bundle Pacing (HBP) and Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing (LBAP) is an evolving alternative to traditional right ventricular pacing (RVP), promising better physiological outcomes. This study evaluates the safety, feasibility, and performance of HBP and LBAP with Medtronic SelectSecure 3830 leads. Me...

Soil moisture plays a critical role in hydrology, agriculture, and climate systems, influencing plant growth, runoff, and drought prediction. Traditional methods for measuring and modeling soil moisture are often costly and spatially limited. This study evaluates the capacity of machine learning (ML) techniques to predict soil moisture profiles bas...

The demand for cost-effective, open-source, and flexible database systems has led many organizations to consider migrating from proprietary platforms such as Oracle to open-source alternatives like PostgreSQL. Oracle, though powerful and feature-rich, often involves high licensing costs and operational constraints. PostgreSQL has emerged as a prefe...

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, lifestyle-related metabolic disorder imposing significant health and financial burdens globally. This case study evaluates a Lifestyle Intervention Holistic (LIH) model incorporating Ayurvedic principles in a T2DM patient. Over 12 months, the intervention led to marked improvements in glycaemic control,...

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Floating offshore wind is gaining attention because of the superior wind resources available in the deep oceans, but also from a social license perspective-where there is a desire to see wind projects developed that are out of sight from land. However, the economics of floating wind are challenging, and new anchoring solutions may be required. One...

p‐Xylene is a key industrial chemical with increasing demand due to the shift in global markets toward petrochemicals. While most p‐xylene is currently produced through naphtha cracking, naphtha reforming, toluene disproportionation, and trans‐alkylation, alternative and cost‐effective manufacturing techniques are needed. Catalytic methylation of t...

The use of unmanned aerial platforms has increasingly been demanded in various applications. Among these, in-flight inspection stands out, traditionally conducted by aircraft equipped with various sensors to verify the performance requirements of ground-installed navigation aids, as well as air navigation procedures for operational and airworthines...

Traditional roadway support technologies frequently suffer from limitations including insufficient support effectiveness and elevated costs, especially when applied to large-section roadways. To address these challenges, this study proposes a non-destructive testing method for measuring axial bolt force based on the principles of elastic dynamics....

Current publication highlights exemplary commercially available memristive chips, capable of replicating processing nodes found in artificial neural networks and reservoirs. These hardware components can become foundational elements of neuromorphic computing. To achieve this, several pre-defined node-to-node connection strength modulation effects m...

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) form the backbone of global economies, driving innovation, employment, and regional development. However, their growing reliance on digital technologies has also made them increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats. Limited resources, lack of specialized cybersecurity personnel, and insufficient awareness often lea...

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by significant variability in clinical outcomes. Emerging evidence highlights the pivotal role of inflammation in the pathogenesis and prognosis of DLBCL. This narrative review explores the interplay between the tumor microenvironment, inflammato...

Numerous studies have been conducted into the reuse of such waste fabric; however, diversity in fiber type and the dyes used limits their potential applications. Therefore, innovative methods for recycling waste fiber need to be developed. This study explores the use of waste fabric as the primary raw material for the development of solar steam gen...

Planners in India need to look at whether they are investing in the most sustainable and cost-effective transit solutions

Purpose Development of aphasia therapies is limited by clinician shortages, patient recruitment challenges, and funding constraints. To address these barriers, we introduce Agent-Based Conversational Dialogue (ABCD), a novel method for simulating goal-driven natural spoken dialogues between two conversational artificial intelligence (AI) agents—AI...

Synthesize of silica from rice husk ash and its application in Thin layer Chromatography using cost-effective direct and indirect sol-gel method

While the inner profile of a blast furnace (BF) follows general standardization, its specific design remains largely experience-based. BF process modeling and optimization offer a systematic and cost-effective approach to studying the effects of key variables, including material properties, BF geometry, and operational conditions, providing valuabl...

The high cost and limited scalability of monoclonal antibody (mAb) production necessitate the development of alternative systems. Transgenic chickens offer a promising platform for recombinant mAb production; however, efficient purification methods remain underexplored. This study investigated the initial purification of recombinant mAbs from trans...

Background China’s national “Dual Carbon” goals have set clear timelines and imposed more stringent requirements for regional emission reductions. To effectively achieve these goals, developing an equitable carbon allocation framework at a finer, county-level scale is essential. This study develops a county-level carbon quota allocation scheme for...

Falls are a major health risk for the elderly, often leading to serious injuries and reduced independence. This paper presents the design and development of a smart wearable device that utilizes accelerometer sensors and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to detect falls in real-time and alert caregivers. The wearable continuously monitors the user's mot...

As sustainability becomes a critical differentiator in the Tourism industry, small tourism businesses face the dual challenge of implementing sustainable practices and effectively communicating them to environmentally conscious travelers. Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, once seen as tools exclusive to large enterprises, now offer accessi...

Change detection with multi-temporal remote sensing images has wide applications in urban expansion monitoring, disaster response, and historical geographic information updating. In recent years, advancements in artificial intelligence have spurred the development of automatic remote sensing change detection methods. However, the existing change de...

Penelitian ini membahas pengujian sistem pengenalan wajah berbasis Raspberry Pi 5 menggunakan pustaka dlib dengan metode Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG). Tujuan utama pengujian ini adalah mengevaluasi performa sistem dalam berbagai kondisi pencahayaan dan jarak. Pengujian dilakukan terhadap dua sampel wajah dalam empat skenario: dekat-terang,...

Because of their low latency, cost-effective construction, and rapid product updating, low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite networks have become an important part of the space infrastructure system. Software-defined network technology provides a candidate solution to adapt quickly and flexibly to network conditions and users’ requirements. However, with...

Optimizing the design of composite cylinders is crucial for balancing structural integrity, weight reduction, and cost-effectiveness, especially with the widespread use of fiber-reinforced materials in many engineering applications. This study presents a novel approach using Genetic Algorithms to optimize liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) composite cyl...

Modular construction has the potential to transform the construction industry, as most (80-95%) of the modules, which are considered prefabricated buildings, are manufactured off-site, which is more efficient, safe, cost-effective, sustainable, productive, and faster than traditional construction. It is not without challenges, however, as it requir...

Automated question answering (QA) over electronic health records (EHRs) can bridge critical information gaps for clinicians and patients, yet it demands both precise evidence retrieval and faithful answer generation under limited supervision. In this work, we present Neural, the runner-up in the BioNLP 2025 ArchEHR-QA shared task on evidence-ground...

YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO)-coated conductors based on colloidal precursor solutions containing preformed nanocrystals by metal–organic decomposition (MOD) are promising, cost-effective and reproducible superconducting films with high critical current density (Jc). Although the preformed nanocrystal addition technology has achieved great success in improvin...

Cu/SiC composite microgears exhibit significant potential in microelectromechanical systems due to their enhanced mechanical strength and retained electrical conductivity. However, conventional fabrication methods relying on photoresist-based molds face challenges of high cost and complex demolding processes. This study proposes a cost-effective ap...

The choice between deploying PostgreSQL on the cloud or on-premises is a significant decision that impacts cost, scalability, management, security, and performance. Cloud deployments, through providers like AWS, Google Cloud, and Azure, offer flexibility, ease of scalability, and reduced operational overhead by providing managed services with autom...

The evaluation of lane marking retroreflectivity is crucial for maintaining safety, especially for connected and autonomous vehicles. Handheld and mobile retroreflectometer units are the accepted technologies for checking the visibility of lane markings. Research has shown the feasibility of using mobile light detection and ranging (LiDAR) to infer...

Objectives Bloodstream infections (BSI) are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Rapid detection of the causative pathogen can help optimise therapy, reduce mortality, curb antimicrobial resistance, and lower healthcare costs. This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of adding molecular rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) to microbiology standard-...

The efficacy of MgB2-based cables for DC power transmission applications is well-established due to several advantageous properties such as the natural abundance and cost-effectiveness of precursor powders and the innate compatibility with liquid hydrogen, which has a boiling point of 20 K. Notably, MgB2 has a critical temperature Tc of 39 K. Howev...

This paper reviews the most efficient and direct solution to existing assembly techniques in three-dimensional (3D) printing and classifies them into macroscopic, microscopic, and mesoscopic categories. This paper discusses the challenges and possible methods for simultaneously achieving multi-material, multi-precision, and large-volume products. 3...

In recent days, it has been mandatory to embed sensors in almost all electronic products to make the products as smart gadgets. RF systems play a key role in enhancing the sensing capability of those gadgets in easier and affordable way. RF sensors defined to be resonated at the designated frequency is considered accurate within the bandlimit. RF s...

Thanks to their many advantages, which enable them to be used in a wide range of fields and applications, Switched reluctance machines (SRMs) have recently come to dominate the field of variable speed electric drives. Compared with other families of actuators, Switched reluctance machines (SRMs) is distinguished by its simple robust construction, h...

Neutral rechargeable Zn‐air batteries (ZABs) offer high energy density, safety, and cost‐effectiveness. However, energy efficiency is limited by sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics, along with the formation of low‐conductivity discharge products. Here, a high‐efficiency neutral hybrid Zn‐air/MnO2 ba...

Working capital represents a firm's net investment in current assets necessary for daily business operations. It is formally calculated as the difference between current assets and current liabilities, indicating a company's short-term financial health and operational efficiency. Also known as circulating capital, it constantly changes from within...

Open-graded friction course (OGFC) is a thin asphalt mixture surface layer designed primarily to improve the functionality of a roadway. It is designed with a special aggregate structure with high air voids and stone-on-stone contact that accelerates rainwater drainage. It has many advantages, such as reducing hydroplaning, splashing, and spray, an...

Owing to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio, honeycomb sandwich structures have long been favored in impact mitigation and energy absorption applications. Integrating wood-plastic composites into 3D-printed bioinspired sandwich designs offers a sustainable path toward enhanced mechanical performance. In this study, the out-of-plane compressiv...

High-field magnetic resonance imaging to explore brain structure and function remains limited to high-resource settings. Novel, low-field (<0.1 T) imaging offers a more cost-effective/accessible alternative. However, the validity of low-field data at spatial resolutions relevant to research and clinic (vertex-level) remains unclear. Hence, we exami...

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Blue‐green lasers are essential for next‐generation optoelectronics. While GaN‐InGaN lasers offer excellent performance, their complex fabrication and challenges in precise bandgap tuning remain significant limitations. Hybrid lead halide perovskites present a promising alternative, with tunable bandgaps and cost‐effective solution processing. Howe...

Background Pyogenic spondylodiscitis and vertebral osteomyelitis remain challenging clinical entities, particularly when surgical intervention is required. While recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is well established in degenerative spinal fusion, its role in the context of active or previously treated spinal infection remains...

This paper presents a method to predict the impact of underground tunnel construction on nearby piles using non-linear soil-pile-tunnel interaction. Two stage analysis method have been used considering Kerr foundation model. Greenfield ground settlements have been compared with site-specific instrumentation data of East–West Metro Project, Kolkata,...

The investigation of an electrocatalyst that integrates both high activity and cost‐effectiveness to enhance the sluggish kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during water reduction constitutes a significant scientific challenge. Herein, we present an electrocatalyst that RuS2 nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed onto MoO3/MoS2 nanos...

In the manufacturing sector, there is a growing demand for in-line process monitoring of machine tools. Scaling up this practice with machine learning enables tool life prediction and optimization, enhancing product quality while reducing manufacturing and maintenance costs. This paper investigates the practical application of cost-effective micro-...

Three-dimensional (3D) observation of moving cells offers critical insights into fundamental biological processes. However, the limited temporal resolution of traditional scanning-based 3D imaging techniques constrains their use in live-cell imaging. Light-field microscopy (LFM) has emerged as a scanning-free alternative, enabling rapid 3D volumetr...

Partial shading of PV systems by clouds, buildings, or trees causes current mismatch among modules and generates more than one peak of power, reducing the power output significantly and complicating MPPT (maximum power point tracking). In this study, the performance of different PV array configurations (SP, BL, HC, and TCT) is compared under 16 par...

In the past decade, reconfigurable metasurfaces have attracted significant attention. While existing reconfigurable metasurfaces require human intervention to switch functionalities, feature non‐electromagnetic detection modalities or involve time‐consuming and resource‐intensive deep learning processes, in this work a simple real‐time self‐adaptiv...

This paper details a 3D-printed plate handler designed to address the limitation of automated plate manipulation within the Opentrons OT-2 liquid handling robot. The hardware enables precise, automated labware transfer, expanding the OT-2’s capabilities for complex biological and chemical assays. Technically, it advances the state-of-the-art by pro...

Artificial intelligence-based defect detection relies heavily on accurate and efficient algorithms to operate in real time. However, a significant challenge lies in obtaining sufficient and diverse datasets for training and testing these algorithms, particularly when utilizing deep learning (DL) techniques. Accessing large-scale datasets, especiall...

Rapid, on-site analysis of environmental contaminants necessitates the use of cost-effective and straightforward apparatus to encourage widespread adoption and align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation.

Introduction: Political orientation is known to influence health behaviors and policy support. This study examined the implications of political orientation on the social climate of physical activity (PA) and policy support addressing both climate change and PA (i.e., climate–health co-benefits) in Canada. Materials and Methods: Based on the Socia...

This abstract is about synthesizing paper from a troublesome grass-weed called Panicum Maximum using available handmade equipment via cost-effective methodology.

Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is considered a promising candidate for lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) due to its inherent high conductivity, reversibility, and low cost. However, its poor compatibility with electrolytes, the unavoidable shuttle effect, and limited structural stability in liquid electrolytes hinder its widespread application....

Evidence suggests that smokers' responsiveness to cessation medication depends on genotypes. Whether personalized treatment based on genotypes is cost effective compared to standard treatments, however, has been unexplored. We thus construct a lifecycle model with endogenous health evolution and life expectancy and with heterogeneities in genotypes...

Balochistan province comprises arid and semi-arid districts with very low average annual rainfall. Due to rapid urbanization in Quetta, the groundwater level is decreasing rapidly. Considering the situation, water scarcity in Quetta is highly critical and mainly worsened by the scarcity of access to wastewater treatment plants. Thus, exploring the...

Background Care home residents are at high risk of severe outcomes following respiratory infection due to age, co-morbidities, and close contact with staff and other residents. Frequent staff testing could potentially reduce respiratory infection cases in residents, but evidence is limited. This study uses historical COVID-19 data in England to ass...

Active Learning (AL) and Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) are critical paradigms addressing the escalating challenge of data labeling in modern machine learning, particularly within complex industrial environments. AL enables a model to interactively query human experts for labels on the most informative data points, thereby optimizing the annotatio...

Incoherent digital holography (IDH) has made 3D imaging possible under fluorescent and other thermal light sources. Typically, different transverse planes can be reconstructed from a single IDH, each plane at a time. However, is it possible to reconstruct a single transverse plane or multiple planes from the same IDH? We herein introduce a novel, t...

How cost-effectively can we elicit strong reasoning in language models by leveraging their underlying representations? We answer this question with Resa, a family of 1.5B reasoning models trained via a novel and efficient sparse autoencoder tuning (SAE-Tuning) procedure. This method first trains an SAE to capture reasoning abilities from a source m...

The rapid advancement of technology has significantly transformed modern living standards, driving an increasing demand for smart home automation solutions which are designed to optimize energy consumption, enhance user convenience, and provide remote controlling and monitoring capabilities. However, existing systems often suffer from high complexi...

Composite boat manufacturing relies heavily on the efficient layout planning of molds, which are often large, space-consuming, and expensive to manage. Effective mold layout directly impacts production space utilization, cost efficiency, and lead time. This study proposes a multi-objective optimization approach to address the simultaneous challenge...

Electronic blood transfusion (EBT) systems have the potential to significantly enhance patient safety and healthcare efficiency. Although national guidelines recommend their implementation, widespread adoption requires addressing gaps in evidence regarding cost‐effectiveness and clinical impact. This study assessed EBT implementation in English hos...

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is an effective technique for material identification and classification, utilizing spectral signatures with applications in remote sensing, environmental monitoring, and allied disciplines. Despite its potential, the broader adoption of HSI technology is hindered by challenges related to compactness, affordability, and...

A set of vertices \(S\subseteq V\) in a graph \(G=(V,E)\) is called an internal minority set if for every vertex \(v\in S\), a minority of the neighbors of v are in S, or equivalently, every vertex \(v\in S\) has strictly more neighbors in \(V-S\) than it has in S. As we will show, minority sets in graphs are closely related to, but different than,...

This paper provides a comprehensive comparison of carbon emissions, cost-effectiveness, and disaster risk mitigation between old building rehabilitation and reconstruction scenarios through a full life cycle assessment (LCA) framework, combined with the China Building Carbon Emission Calculation Standard. The results show that the reconstruction sc...

This study aims to optimize the internal logistics processes in manufacturing facilities by analyzing alternative transportation routes and providing optimum solutions. Challenges such as increasing product variety, complex supply chains and uncertain demand structures have made the management of logistics processes increasingly critical. Using veh...

In the evolving new-type power systems, numerous and intricate risks make targeted risk classification and optimal defense resource allocation very difficult. This paper addresses the pressing issue by introducing a comprehensive risk assessment and defense model based on deep learning techniques. Initially, the methodology involves the extraction...