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Corporate Responsibility - Science topic

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Under perfect market thinking, the responsibilities of governments and of corporations in development are known, which raises the question: Under perfect market thinking, who is to be blamed if social and/or environmental systems collapse, governments or corporations? Why?
Who do you think is to be blamed? And why do you think that is the case?
A short answer who and why is the best.
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Mohamed, in perfect market thinking, NO GOVERNMENT INTERNVENTION, responsibility is in the market, both PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS such as the case of the TRADITIONAL MARKET A LA ADAM SMITH or in the case of the PERFECT GREEN MARKET. Only when there is Market failure, traditional market or green market, the government has to intervene to correct it. So under perfect market the goverment is the market monitor/promoter of market efficiency and corrector and enforcer when there is market failure where he is not part of. Hence, here there is no conflict of interest between environmental responsibility and government action.
In non-perfect market thinking such as DWARF GREEN MARKETS in different forms, there is ongoing government intervention, which means RESPONSIBILITY FALLLS ON THE GOVERNMENT.
So if you shift from perfect market tools(perfect traditional market or perfect green market or perfect sustainability market, all free markets) to non-perfect market tools(such as dwarf green markets or dwarf red markets or dwarf sustainability markets) the responsibility for market failure shifts from corporations and consumers to governments as governments set the management targets....
So under non-perfect market the goverment is the market monitor/promoter of market efficiency he is affecting and corrector and enforcer when there is market failure that he has created: Hence, here there is a direct conflict of interest between environmental responsibility and government action.
For example, ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY BEFORE 2012 RIO + 20 UNCSD fell on corporations and consumers as their interaction determines the market price under perfect market thinking, then after 2012 then environmental responsibility shift from corporation and consumers to governments as governments set the pollution management targets the market has to meet making corporations and consumers in essence price-takers.
I do appreciate you took the time to write,
Respectfully yours;
Lucio
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Will ESG and sustainability reporting motivate business entities to realistically accelerate green business transformation and reduce the scale of greenwashing used by many companies and enterprises?
In the past, only a few companies and enterprises have, on their own initiative, applied non-mandatory enhanced non-financial reporting, including reporting on issues of meeting sustainability goals, green business transformation, environmental and climate social responsibility, creation and implementation of new green investments and eco-innovations, adding sustainability and green business strategies to the company's mission, conducting business in accordance with the principles of green economics and closed-loop economics, including, among others. Among other things, significantly decarbonizing production processes, basing production processes or the provision of services on energy from renewable and zero-emission energy sources, increasing the scale of recycling and reducing the level of environmental pollution from the manufacturing processes of business entities, organizing and financing pro-environmental and pro-climate projects such as planning and implementing reforestation programs carried out in post-industrially degraded areas, etc. This was usually associated with a situation in which the issues of sustainable development goals and the green economy were, on their own initiative, integrated into the strategy of their business, inclusion in the company's mission and strategic directions of business development within the applied business model.
However, in connection with the growing importance of the issue of achieving the objectives of sustainable development and green transformation of the economy, the increase in the level of general social pro-climate and pro-environmental awareness related to the issue of the accelerating process of global warming, the inclusion of the issue of carbon intensity with the implementation of the objectives of sustainable development and conducting business in accordance with the principles of green economics, the need to reduce the scale of greenwashing practices increasingly used by many companies and enterprises, the linking of the issue of carbon intensity with the system of fees for CO2 emissions being developed in the European Union, etc., the need for legal normalization has emerged. the need for legal normalization of the issue of expanded, full non-financial reporting including ESG reporting has emerged.
The essence of ESG (environmental, social and governance) reporting is to take into account the sphere of social, environmental and managerial responsibility of business as part of full, extended non-financial reporting. In view of the above, ESG reporting has recently become one of the key issues that determine the reputation but also the competitiveness of companies in the market. Research shows that business entities that undertake and develop pro-social, pro-environmental, pro-climate, etc. non-financial ESG reporting projects achieve better financial performance. The issue of improved financial performance is derived from the improvement of image, the increase in the scale of the company's brand recognition, the growth of the company's reputation with customers and investors. Improving the level of competitiveness of the company achieved through ESG measures is a process that requires the implementation of a number of measures in many spheres of business operation. Therefore, business entities should increase the scale of taking into account the sphere of social, environmental and managerial responsibility of business as part of full, extended non-financial reporting. Accordingly, it is necessary to take into account the implementation of social, environmental and risk management objectives in the context of business operations as part of responsible decision-making. In the sphere of corporate social responsibility, companies and enterprises should increase the scale of creating good working conditions, increasing diversity and equality in the workplace and engaging in social activities. All these aspects should positively affect the perception of the company by customers and employees, improve the reputation and image of the business entity which should then positively affect the level of satisfaction and motivation among employees.
The issue of environmental protection, including the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, reducing the level of environmental pollutants is also a particularly important aspect of expanded non-financial ESG reporting, which has a significant impact on the company's image and financial performance. Planning, improving and implementing measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase energy efficiency, reduce the scale of waste generation, increase the scale of recycling, reduce water consumption in manufacturing processes, apply the green, sustainable and closed-loop economics model are important elements of environmental, pro-environmental and pro-climate measures. Companies and enterprises that undertake and develop such pro-environmental and pro-climate projects gain recognition among customers, business counterparties and investors, which should also result in improved financial performance. Customers, business counterparties and investors noticing the pro-environmental and pro-climate measures taken by companies and enterprises notice that in this way certain business entities are also becoming fully pro-social in real terms.
And in the area of risk management, expanded non-financial ESG-sensitive reporting can help companies minimize the costs associated with potential risks associated with increasingly pro-environmental and pro-climate business activities. This can also reduce the scale of scandals involving ethical issues and increase the likelihood of avoiding risks associated with corrupt practices. The improvement of risk management processes increases the resilience of companies and enterprises to the negative factors of the external economic environment, including the impact of economic crises, economic recessions on the operation of the company's business, contributes to the precise estimation of the level of risk, the definition of risks and the preparation of appropriate safety reserves, the development of early warning systems for threats and development opportunities of business entities, motivates the creation of emergency systems, crisis management, etc. The effect of such activities carried out in the creation and improvement of risk management systems should also result in improved financial performance of companies, enterprises and other business entities. In addition to having a positive impact on a company's image, ESG can also help increase competitiveness in the market. ESG-related activities can generate savings for the company, improve the efficiency of business processes and increase customer and employee loyalty.
According to regulations adopted in the European Union, from 2024, full non-financial reporting will apply to large public interest companies already covered by the NFRD and with more than 500 employees. From 2025, full non-financial reporting will apply to companies with more than 250 employees and/or €40 million in turnover and/or €20 million in total assets. And from 2026, full non-financial reporting will apply to companies in the SME sector and other listed companies with more than 10 employees.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Will ESG and sustainability reporting motivate business entities to really accelerate green business transformation and reduce the scale of greenwashing practiced by many companies and enterprises?
Will ESG reporting motivate business entities to really accelerate green business transformation?
And what is your opinion on this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Yes, ESG reporting can motivate business entities to accelerate green business transformation by enhancing transparency and accountability regarding environmental, social, and governance practices. As stakeholders, including investors and consumers, increasingly demand responsible business conduct, companies may feel pressured to adopt more sustainable practices. Effective ESG reporting can lead to improved risk management, operational efficiencies, and enhanced brand reputation, ultimately driving organizations toward a more sustainable and competitive business model. This alignment of interests can foster genuine commitment to green transformation.
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Muñoz, Lucio, 2000. Rationality, Responsibility, and Sustainability: When Can Human Behaviour Have a Chance to Be Sustainable?, In: Sustainability Review, Warren Flint/PhD(ed), Issue 20, May, USA
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Louise, thank you for writing.
Have you heard about the green economic man's theory? How green rationality works. It came around same time WCED 1987 and was around during the UNCSD 2012 Rio + 20.
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Do you agree that the green business transformation of business entities, including companies, enterprises, financial and public institutions should be a key element of corporate social responsibility, i.e. environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility?
In this regard, should environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility be recognized as key factors in corporate reputation and non-financial ESG reporting?
Based on my research, I conclude that the green business transformation of business entities, including companies, enterprises, financial and public institutions, should be a key component of corporate social responsibility, namely environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility. Accordingly, environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility should be recognized as key factors in corporate reputation and non-financial ESG reporting. An important factor for effectively carrying out the pro-environmental and pro-climate transformation of the classic growth brown linear economy of excess to a sustainable green zero-carbon growth zero-carbon economy and a closed loop economy is to increase the pro-environmental and pro-climate awareness of citizens. Awareness of the urgent and effective implementation of the green transformation of the economy, including the implementation of the plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions until the creation of a zero-carbon economy, to slow down the process of progressive global warming to save the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems is a key determinant of ensuring the conditions of existence on the planet for future generations of people. Accordingly, the issue of pro-environmental and pro-climate awareness of citizens should be correlated with the environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility of business, i.e. economic entities, including companies, enterprises, financial institutions and other organizations. Meanwhile, environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility should be an important factor in the green reputation of companies, businesses, financial and public institutions, and also an important element of non-financial ESG reporting.
Key aspects of the implementation of the goals of sustainable development and the necessary acceleration of the processes of green transformation of the economy to decarbonize the economy, slow down the process of global warming, protect the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems I described in the article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
In view of this, should environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility be recognized as key factors in corporate reputation and non-financial ESG reporting?
Do you agree that the green business transformation of business entities, including companies, enterprises, financial and public institutions should be a key component of corporate social responsibility, i.e. environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility?
Do you agree that the green business transformation of corporate entities should be a key element of corporate social responsibility?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Green business transformation is crucial for corporate social responsibility (CSR), especially in today's world where environmental sustainability and climate change are pressing concerns. Integrating environmental and climate considerations into business practices not only helps in reducing carbon footprints and minimizing negative environmental impacts but also enhances long-term profitability and resilience.
Companies have a responsibility to operate in a manner that is sustainable and mindful of their environmental impact. This includes adopting eco-friendly practices, reducing emissions, conserving resources, and investing in renewable energy. By doing so, businesses can contribute positively to society and the planet while also meeting the expectations of stakeholders, including customers, employees, investors, and regulators.
Moreover, embracing green business practices can lead to various benefits such as cost savings through energy efficiency, improved brand reputation, access to new markets, and reduced regulatory risks. Therefore, incorporating environmental and climate considerations into corporate social responsibility initiatives is not only ethically sound but also strategically advantageous for businesses in the long run.
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Hello Everyone,
I had recently conducted a survey on Enablers and Barriers of Sustainable Manufacturing in addition to other key parameters too amongst 2 different groups; one being the Researchers working in the field of Sustainable Manufacturing all over the world and the other part being the industry professionals focussing various small, medium and large scale industry professionals in Ludhiana (Punjab, India) also known as "Manchester of East" as it has an established manufacturing base for engineering products (Source: http://progressivepunjab.gov.in/keycities.aspx)
The top 3 Enablers and Barriers highlighted by both the groups are shown as follows:
Enablers:
As per Researchers:
  1. Economic Benefits (associated with Sustainability activities),
  2. Improving Quality (processes, products etc),
  3. Government promotions and regulations;
As per Industry Professionals:
  1. Improving Quality,
  2. Lowering Manufacturing Cost,
  3. Education and Training System;
Barriers:
As per Researchers:
  1. Costs too high (investment related costs, sustainability activities related costs etc),
  2. Lack of awareness of sustainability concepts,
  3. Lack of standardized metrics or performance benchmarks;
As per Industry Professionals:
  1. Lack of awareness of sustainability concepts,
  2. Costs too high
  3. Lack of awareness programs conducted locally;
I shall be grateful to all concerned researchers if they could participate and give their views on the highlighted enablers and barriers as on why there is so much of difference in opinions of both the groups and what can be the cause of these enablers & barriers and what are the pertaining issues which needs to be tackled in them.
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Dear Dr. Bhanot!
I take a case-study approach, by focusing on COVID-19 vaccines:
1) Fu, X., Buckley, P.J., Sanchez-Ancochea, D. et al. The world has a unique opportunity: Accelerating technology transfer and vaccine production through partnerships. J Int Bus Policy (2021). https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-021-00124-7 Free access:
2) Ole Kristian Aars et al. 2021. Increasing efficiency in vaccine Production: A primer for change, Vaccine: X Volume 8, August 2021 Open access:
May I argue that sustainable development goals must be integrated to the vaccine production process worldwide: this is a case (vaccine type) - and context (environment) dependent problem to solve.
Yours sincerely, Bulcsu Szekely
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When I see government responses to crises such as the corona virus, I see a non-systematic response that in the end is more painful for the economy and society.
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Other things being equal, If governments took proactive responsibility and had a policy of given every citizen a minimum income per months for three months to cover at least rent and basic needs so they stay home at the beginning of the outbreak when people are healthy, they would save money as the number of sick people and therefore, the healthcare cost would be minimal. Proactive responsibility brings social, economic and environmental stability increasing the sustainability of the system during the crisis.
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But governments seems to love reactive responsibility causing unnecessary economic and social pain as more people get sick trying to make a living during the crisis and the health care cost goes to the maximum. This is happening all over the world right now.
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Which leads to the theoretical question from the sustainability angle, Is Corona virus response a classic case of lack of proactive government responsibility? I think yes, what do you think?
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The lockdowns introduced to specific industries and sectors of the economy, mainly to enterprises and companies operating in the tourist services sector, were aimed at slowing down the development of the pandemic, i.e. social transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus, reducing the scale of the number of infections of citizens with Coronavirus and reducing the number of people seriously ill with Covid-19 disease. In this way, the risk of failure of health care institutions was reduced, i.e. the risk of a situation in which there would be a shortage of beds in hospitals, ventilators, oxygen, etc., was reduced. On the other hand, the lockdowns introduced significantly increased the scale of the recession in the economy, which occurred to the greatest extent in the 2nd quarter of 2020. In addition, as part of the nationwide quarantine and the implementation of various anti-pandemic measures and instruments, certain restrictions were imposed chaotically without thorough research and analysis of the impact of specific anti-pandemic security instruments on the scale of the pandemic development. For example, during the first wave of the pandemic, i.e. in April 2020, together with other anti-pandemic safety measures and instruments, as part of crisis management during the first national quarantine, a ban was also introduced to enter city parks and forests. Citizens very quickly criticized such a solution on social networks, pointing out that instead of improving the pandemic situation, such a solution may have the opposite effect, i.e. a decrease in the overall resistance of the body to various external factors in a situation of long-term stay at home without the possibility of active rest and / or physical activity outdoors, including in city parks and / or forests. Due to strong criticism of this type of government actions by citizens, such anti-pandemic restrictions were quickly lifted. Criticism from citizens appeared mainly on social networks. It was a substantive, sarcastic and mocking criticism, and consequently effective. However, on the other hand, the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic on the scale of 2020 appeared for the first time. At the beginning of the 1st wave of the pandemic, it was not known what the scale of the global economy recession would be. The first forecasts of a decline in the economic growth rate, which appeared at that time, forecasted a recession of a dozen or so percent in the economy for 2020. Therefore, in the framework of the first such large-scale instruments of anti-pandemic security and crisis management, errors could occur, which were usually not repeated during subsequent anti-pandemic restrictions introduced during subsequent national quarantines introduced during subsequent pandemic waves.
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Dear academic comunity, My colleagues and I are conducting an international study related to social corporate responsibility in higher education. The survey is available at: https://forms.gle/JyYCHXRH4e1UdTbk8.
Could you join, please? :)
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Radka Nacheva Thank you so much.
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In recent weeks/months, I have received literally dozens of notices from Elsevier to indicate that a journal that was added to its centralized online submission and peer review tracking system, called EVISE, has now been transferred to Editorial Manager (EM), which is owned by Aries Systems Corporation. Much time was used adding journals to EVISE, only now to see that time wasted as journals get shifted. In some / many (?) cases of the transfers to EM, we have to waste time adding new details. I contacted Elsevier about this and got no response. So, my questions to any academic who might know about this, are:
1. Is EVISE being phased out?
2. Is there a security risk or technical or other problems with EVISE?
3. Have there been instances of hacking that might have compromised the integrity of journal submission? This is because one EVISE account (username + password) allows for access to multiple journals.
If others have experienced this, please share.
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"All journals formerly using EVISE have been migrated to Editorial Manager as of 1 Dec 2020." That's actually an inaccurate statement by Elsevier. I received 4 emails after December 1, on December 3, 8, 10 and 16 (2020), to inform me of journal migrations.
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Hi,
I am currently working on my graduate project about transparent CSR communication, and are looking for people who is willing to contribute to a survey about the topic. You do not need to work or be a researcher within fashion, it could be any sector. Your participation will be anonymously and kept strictly confidential. If you are interested, please click the link: https://forms.gle/XzXUNyA4EEj8cGXr5
Thank you in advance!
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Thank you very much! Muchammad Taufiq Affandi
I appreciate it! It is indeed!
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I am currently writing a research proposal around the research question:
" How does the perceived practice of greenwashing affect consumers’ perceptions of high involvement brands and their willingness to purchase these brands?"
I am taking a mixed-methods approach and am using both a qualitative semi-structured interview and quantitative questionnaire.
How do I get a sampling frame and what method of sampling would be best?
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i agree your opinion
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Hello
I'm seeking collaborators for research on corporate sustainability. My topics of interest include:
- in-flight plastic and food waste
- Southeast Asia corporate responsibility and sustainability
- Thai sustainability movement
- Singapore sustainability movement
Please feel free to suggest anything.
I am based in Singapore with mobility. I currently work for the largest environmental NGO in the world, focusing on greening businesses.
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Hello
Work with Reverse Logistics and Solid Waste.
If you want we can change some readings.
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Should small companies be equally held responsible as conglomerates, in terms of corporate social responsibility?
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Social responsibility is not directly company size related.
Usually, large companies have sustainability or social responsibility policies and report since it makes value. The better reputation can result in higher margins.
Small enterprises do not have written social responsibility documents and sometimes struggle for surviving. Legal compliance and the competition for markets and labour define the level of social commitment. However, there is another factor, namely personal relationships that sometimes makes small companies socially more responsible. The owners and coworkers know if somebody has a newborn and he/she can get extra benefits. In New Zealand, after the earthquake, some small business owner called all employees one by one whether they need help, and they drive to their homes in rural areas to see what happened and everybody was all right.
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Much needed "social responsibility" dimension of organisations getting a boost from Wall Street! (at least now, rather than later later). This could  be  a starting point towards achieving elusive social sustainability. 
"Wall Street has long been accused of short-termism and focusing only on profits, so having a mammoth icon of the industry embrace corporate responsibility as an investing metric could have ramifications for leaders worldwide."
"The concept of socially-responsible companies has been around for decades, but this week it got a $6 trillion Wall Street ally. Asset management giant BlackRock told the companies in which it invests that to prosper over time,
“every company must not only deliver financial performance but also show how it makes a positive contribution to society.”" "the move could have a trickle downeffect as well, enhancing the voice of other firms pushing for corporate social responsibility and influencing how leaders are chosen and boards are structured. There would be talent implications as well, with leaders ultimately needing a workforce that includes individuals who can deliver more than just profits. And firms would need to come up with metrics on their societal impact along with ways to measure how they are doing."
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The evolution of CSR has expanded it focus to internal stakeholders instead of external stakeholders. In a way, it implies that CSR is getting more important with multiple perspectives. The performance is not constrained to financial reports alone.
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After fifty years of research on the distribution of fish resources against the marine environment, I have doubts about the regularity of the global system responsible for the objectivity of resource and environmental linkages. Governments and related international corporations are responsible for the degradation of the environment. The same bodies are also the main sponsors of resource and environmental research. For the benefit of our planet, there should be an independent system for carrying out such research. Is fishing restriction the result of overfishing or the removal of an inconvenient witness to destroying the environment by the international community?
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You are describing "green-washing". Governments and international corporations exploit the environment and natural resources to make money, then offer money for research, conservation or restoration to to appear benevolent and to appease the public angry at the destruction of their environment. Basically the government takes a large amount of resource with one hand while handing out a small amount of compensation with the other. I have heard people in government and industry refer to providing research and conservation funds as "doing their penance".
I totally agree that research should ideally be completely independent of government and industry. Climate change denial is a perfect example of why this should be. Groups like the Heartland Institute are funded by the fossil fuel industry, so it is no surprise that the scientists on their payroll deny the existence of GHG-based anthropogenic warming. Likewise, many environmental impact assessments involving fisheries and fish habitat are commissioned by the energy or mining sectors, and assessment results that are unfavourable to the industry are either covered up or ignored.
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Corporate social responsibility does not generally increase profitability. And when corporate executives only implement acts of corporate responsibility that promote profits, and only as much of these activities as promotes profits, they are just being profit-minded, not responsible. This is in fact profitability in the guise of CSR. The correct way of approaching the issue of corporate social responsibility, is to first ask what a company is responsible for, and then implement these responsibilities, whether they increase profits or not. And in some cases they will certainly cut into the bottom line. There is thus a very real possibility that corporations should in certain cases deviate from profit maximization, from maximizing returns to owners, to pursue ends that are more important from a social point of view. 
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Previous studies reported inconclusive, and in some cases even contradictory, results for the relationship between CSR and financial performance, pointing in different causal directions (e.g., Marom, 2006; McWilliams & Siegel, 2000; Waddock & Graves, 1997; Wang, Choi, & Li, 2008).
Marom, I. Y. 2006. Toward a unified theory of the CSP–CFP link. Journal of Business Ethics, 67: 191-200.
McWilliams, A., & Siegel, D. 2000. Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: Correlation or misspecification? Strategic Management Journal, 21: 603-609.
Waddock, S. A., & Graves, S. B. 1997. The corporate social performance–financial performance link. Strategic
Management Journal, 18: 303-319.
Wang, H., Choi, J., & Li, J. 2008. Too little or too much? Untangling the relationship between corporate philanthropy and firm financial performance. Organization Science, 19: 143-159.
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Hi,
I think you may benefit from this paper::
J Story , P Neves: "When corporate social responsability increases performance: Exploring the role of intrinsic and extrinsic CSR attribution", Business Ethics: A European Review Vol 24, N°2,April 2015, p 111 -124.
Best regards.
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Excuse me, my study is talking about the corporate governance and firm performance with use some of moderating variables. I use the ROA as a measurement for performance. But some of the firms have a Negative ROA. I use panel technique.
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Dear Mohammad,
I am not sure whether you should use absolute numbers by converting the negative observations to positive values. Performance can be negative, thus the reasons have to be investigated. We should not change our observations in order to "make" them match our hypotheses.
Paul
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I have been reading some articles about sustainable marketing. Now i am trying to understand it and put it in perspective to other corporate sustainability research fields.
Now i have seen there are many different definitions of sustainable marketing, one of them is from (Emery
"A holistic approach whose aim is to ensure that marketing strategies and tactics are specifically designed to secure a socially equitable, environmentally friendly and economically fair and viable business for the benefit of current and future generations of customers, employees and society as a whole."
Whereas marketing, defined by Kotler 2011 as: 
"The process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return."
Now, some of the articles I have read are in the field of sustainable supply chain management. Based on the definitions of marketing and sustainability marketing, the notion i get is that sustainable  supply chain is a  necessary conditions for sustainable marketing, because it is necessary in the “creation of value”, which is an element of marketing according to Kotler.
Because If upstream partners of a business, which itself has a sustainable value chain (all activities meet environmental and social criteria. Plus,  after transaction, the product does not have negative effects on the customer or society or environment (also long term), it could be considered as sustainable.
But the input which was obtained from upstream partners, who contribute negatively in a socially and environmentally way through their operations, would make the business of the “sustainable focal company” in the end not sustainable?
 And is this rationale, why emery defines sustainable marketing as a “holistic approach”? 
Thanks in advance.
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Hello everybody, thanks for the answers; almost all the definitions of sustainable marketing are holistically, it seems that making the supply chain more sustainable is an inherent factor of sustainable marketing as well.. 
The process of creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers in such a way that both natural and human capital are preserved or enhanced throughout. ((Martin and Schouten 2013). 
The resources of upstream partners are necessary to "create" the value in many cases, i would figure. So it seems that looking for sustainability solely inside your own company's borders but neglecting the input from upstream suppliers is shortsighted and not what most authors mean by holistically. 
Because if that would be the case, company's that claim to be sustainable for instance, could just start outsourcing operations to countries where socially and environmentally regulations are not strict, and claim that all of their own operations are sustainable. While in reality, some of the input for their operations are not sustainable, thus the created value in the end is not totally sustainable after all. Which would not be considered as sustainable marketing accourding to autothors like Peattie, Martin and Schouten. At least that is my interpretation of it. 
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Dear all,
I hope all is well. I have recently started working with the MSCI KLD STATS Social Ratings data set as available on WRDS. 
In many papers which make use of the KLD dataset, social ratings are said to range between -2 and +2 (e.g., "MSCI KLD assigns a score of zero, one or two for each of the concern and strength areas." - Ekin Alakent Mine Ozer , (2014), Can companies buy legitimacy? Using corporate political strategies to offset negative corporate social responsibility records, Journal of Strategy and Management, Vol. 7 Iss 4 pp. 318 - 336 // "The KLD categories are rated on a scale ranging from -2 (major concerns), -1 (concern), 0 (neutral), +1 (strength), to +2 (major strength)" - Hillman, Amy J.; Keim, Gerald D. (2001): Shareholder value, stakeholder management, and social issues: what's the bottom line? In Strat. Mgmt. J. 22 (2), pp. 125–139). However, the data set on WRDS is only binary (1, 0 depending on whether concern or strength was present).
Do you know which data or scale these papers are referring toand where the difference is coming from?
Thanks a lot,
Martin
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I first encountered the KLD data in Waddock and Graves's 1997 article in Strategic Management Journal (SMJ 18 (4), 303-319).  They explained it in detail and spent pages on methodology and on how they verified the KLD data.  I think anyone working with KLD data should read and cite that.  In my paper with Sandy Rothenberg in 2008 (SMJ 29 (7), 781-789), we used a slightly simplified version of their approach, which also worked well, and which I think is the approach you're looking at.  What you do is add up the positives and subtract the negatives in each major category to get an overall score for the category that typically ranges as you describe.  This method seems pretty popular now, but the problem with it (other than that it's not always obvious to someone just getting into KLD work) was highlighted by Mattingly and Berman (2006, Business & Society 45 (1), 20-46), who demonstrated, among other things, that there are some issues with measruing the KLD data as a single item.  You should read their paper before doing your study!  My own response is to sum the positive items for CSR and to sum the negatives for CSiR, which my group has done in our most recent paper.  That's the long answer.  The short one is that people are adding the positive items and subtracting the negative (i.e., if a company has a 1 for a concern, you subtract 1 for that item in that category).  I hope this helps.
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In Colombia we are in a peace process, and the private sector has challenges. which one?
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CSR has a stakeholder model that can be applied to any institutional body and related question.  So decide who are the key stakeholders, then study/suggest how each can be involved in a socially responsible manner.  Check out the attached link and related article.  Mucho suerte!
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Please suggest me.
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Dear Nizamuddin, find the attached file on CSR and firm performance.
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Can anyone provide me recent data on Corporate Sector Responsibility in India?
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Whats the exact nature of CSR data that you are looking for? An india wide CSR data seem would mean a compilation of CSR activities by the Indian corporate. Therefore you may have to have generate such a data on your own. Yet sites like karmyog.com and indiango.com may come handy
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Can anyone provide me recent data on Corporate Sector Responsibility in India?
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Please find the attached file herewith. Hope it will be helpful for you.
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Why transparency and risk management are important? What is the role of transparency? What are the effectiveness of risk management?
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The lack of transparency starts at the mortgage underwriting standards.  Lax underwriting standards were exacerbated by the safe feeling from consistently raising home values.  No-documentation loans & stated income loans (a.k.a liar loans) permitted an environment of high risk.  Dangerously high true debt-to-income (DTI) ratios combined with low actual disposable incomes, and limited skin-in-the-game (equity) for the borrowers, encouraged unqualified borrowers to default in the absence of an easy home-flipping environment.
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I’m doing some work involving board evaluation, board disclosures and board balance. Whilst there are plenty of theories on board evaluation and disclosures, I can hardly lay my hands on any on board balance. Does anyone out there have an idea of theories in that area. I’m applying a standard board balance description as one where the group must be the right size, with the right balance of executive and non-executive directors, and have a good mixture of abilities, knowledge and experience. Any publications will also do.
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I am doing a paper on the relationship between CSR in the field of education and healthcare on brand image. I have not set the measuring variable for brand image yet, so there are no constraints on that note. I am not successful in finding any surveys online. I can only find literature that used valid and reliable questionnaires, but none was attached. Any help regarding that would be much appreciated.
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Literature over the last 15 years discusses the changing nature of corporate responsibility (CR), and the role that public policy of national governments can play in shaping / enabling CR. However, I am keen to learn more about the role that local governments (or municipal governments) can play. Can anyone point me to recent literature about this?
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Dear Helen,
Slovakia is comparable with Poland, and one should see that there is unequal understanding of mutual relationships between private and public subjects, i.e. while the local governments consider the private companies very important collaborators, from the perspective of the private companies the local governments belong to rather moderately important collaborators (much more important for them are their clients, suppliers, providers of innovations etc.). Taking into account this fact, the local governments are able to influence corporate responsibility usually if (1) there is a clear advantage for the company due to its location, for instance City of Kosice and the U.S. Steel Kosice (http://www.usske.sk/citizenship/citiz-e.htm), or City of Zilina and the Kia Motors Zilina (http://eng.kia.sk/index.php?context=212&context=212&data_id=563&year=2009); (2) there is an efficient and target-oriented local leadership; for instance mayor, Mr. Konkoly, of small municipality called Kechnec (http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/opendays/od2007/doc/presentations/d/PPT_Jozef_KONKOLY_10D20.ppt).
Recently I was researching in the field of public/state aid for members of the Roma ethnic groups, and there is no doubt that the local governments, NGOs and private companies tend to replace a role of the state in dealing with poverty, discrimination etc. In other words: since 1989, the central governments have often implemented only the urgent policy tools required from the side of different international actors (e.g. OSCE, COE, and EU), and consequently, unsystematic approach, policy experimenting which is too often accompanied with failures, political unwillingness to take the responsibility for this policy issue, and general helplessness of state administration have become features of various central governments' policies focused on the Roma in Slovakia. In such a situation, various cooperation initiatives of the local governments, NGOs and private companies have led to much better results in many cases.
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I am a Graduate Student at Central Washington University doing thesis research on the social impacts of fracking in Colorado. I am working on my IRB application now and am unsure how to include information on subjects who have signed non-disclosure agreements. It is my understanding that if individuals and families have signed an agreement they will choose not to talk to me, however, the ethics review board at CWU may need more information.
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HI Edward,
Central Washington University (CWU) is where I attend graduate school. The IRB stands for Institutional Review Board. The Board must approve any research involving human subjects and ensure the researcher will not cause any harm to the research subjects.
Hi Laurent,  
I cannot sign NDA as I plan to publish my research. I am concerned with encountering subjects in my research who may have signed an NDA with an Oil and Gas Company. I would be putting those people at risk by talking to them. I do not plan to seek out research informants who have signed NDA's but I need to address the issue in my Institutional Review Board application.
Thank you both for your replies.
Janessa
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I am involved in evaluating a stakeholder engagement project (Technology ethics) . The aim of the project is to improve respect of ethics principles and laws in technology research and innovation, and to ensure that they are adapted to the evolution of technologies and societal concerns.
One of the main focus of the evaluation is assessing the impact of the project to stakeholders. However, I am thinking about ways of measuring impact (qualitatively, quantitatively or a mixture of both) therefore any suggestions are welcome. The evaluation will be looking at, for example, stakeholders change in attitudes or behavior  towards technology ethics, evidence of learning, level of  involvement/ engagement during and after the project's life cycle.
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Impact of a project can be both positive and negative. A starting point is to do a SWOT analysis of the project in order to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. On the positive side you will have strengths and opportunities, on the negative side weaknesses and risks. Negative impact can be handled using traditional risk analysis approaches. Positive impact might be specified in economic terms. It may also be specified in terms of other nonfunctional requirements, for example environmental benefits, which it may not be possible to quantify in economic terms.
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I am working in university social responsibility but specially trying to include this issue not only in MBA courses, I think a lot of students will work, more or less in a Corporation then CSR must be present in all degrees.
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Hi Leticia,
It is ironic that today The Chronicle of Higher Education has the following article on the epidemic in athletes having "soft majors" in order to stay eligible to play and, despite this, never earning a degree:
Seems it is the burning ethical issue of the day for universities, as it should be.  Many black families are so excited about getting the first member of their family to attend college only to wind up with the child receiving no education at all -- just the sports scholarship to play at the university as long as he is eligible.  This is really a crime since the active years of employment (even for an athlete that "goes Pro") is very short -- just until he hits 40 and less than that if an injury cuts his career short.  After 40, the only promise of a career is becoming a sportscaster or an actor (if the athlete is nice to look at) or, perhaps, return to college and get A REAL EDUCATION.
In short, it is important for parents with athletically gifted children to ride herd over the courses and majors "selected"  by coaches for their children.
Gwen
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I cannot find any research which just focuses on the team size, structure, integration, reporting lines etc of an "ideal sustainability team" of a large corporate. Does anyone know relevant research on this or can provide direction for new research?
Thank you.
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You can follow the following attached file that would be better for your organization. 
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Corporate Responsibility Statements, generally given by any sizable and notable corporation, outline social responsibilities the company upholds from equality to sustainability or even faith.  Do these statements have a positive, negative, or muted effect on loyalty and trust of consumers?
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I believe as we move forward, it will become mandatory that CSR is a real and pronounced position in every company that relies on consumer trust and loyalty.  I think as news and investigative journalism continue to tell the stories of companies, a corporate authentic seal of approval for CSR will be required.  A commitment to all stakeholders will be mandatory. 
See my book:  Fostering Spirituality in the Workplace: A Leader's Guide to Sustainability with 7 companies that may present something of a model. We cannot write or say enough about this.  It is an idea whose time has come, and it is as if all of nature is silent to see if we have the will to make the moral choice. 
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When a student who has earned a grade of "C" (average grade on a F,D,C,B, and A grading scale) in your course has asked you to write a letter of recommendation for employment or a scholarship, is it ethical to write a glowing letter of support? What is the best way to address this issue if a college or department has a normal distribution grading policy?
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Always believe in young people and think positive, give them a chance and help them in their career. People can develop when they are given a good opportunity!
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There are those who say that companies lose a lot of profit when they adhere to ethics.
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May be in the first years of adopting a such measure...I thing the real earnings are realized in the long term...
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Companies tend to adopt different ways for determining 'materiality'. But what works and what doesn't? How do we know whether addressing an issue is a cost overrun for companies if at the end of the day stakeholders don't really care about it?
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I supposed the heart of the debate is when you have conflicting needs from different stakeholders (profit maximisation versus going above and beyond in sustainability initiatives). It becomes really tricky. Was just wondering if any studies have been done to explore this trade-off.
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I am looking for studies and journals that explain with examples of where the corporations obligations towards the water and environment start and end.
Thank you
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Thank you so much for the wonderful question; corporation sector worked on water, sanitation and health etc., but lack of publication works; doesn't take them in to the unknown. several materials or reports are available in PWD sections of all district head quarters; please if you can go through the things, which were unpublished so far ; some of the materials were published in CPCB portal, NEERI portal, etc.
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It seems everyone has a sustainability strategy now and calls it a strategy. What makes it "strategic"? Is the theory behind this mainly the resource theory, stakeholder theory and then shared value or is this missing something?
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This question gives me a chance to recall the classic work of Donella Meadows (1941 – 2001), late research fellow at MIT, on how do we change the structure of systems to produce more of what we want (sustainable) and less of that which is undesirable (unsustainable). Donella was a pioneering American environmental scientist, teacher and writer an best known as lead author of the influential book "The Limits to Growth", which made headlines around the world. She proposed a list of places (leverage points) to intervene in complex systems in increasing order of effectiveness. Here they are (from Meadows 2009):
• 12. Numbers: Constants and parameters such as subsidies, taxes, and standards
• 11. Buffers:The sizes of stabilizing stocks relative to their flows
• 10. Stock-and-Flow Structures: Physical systems and their nodes of intersection
• 9. Delays: The lengths of time relative to the rates of system changes
• 8. Balancing Feedback Loops: The strength of the feedbacks relative to the impacts they are trying to correct
• 7. Reinforcing Feedback Loops: The strength of the gain of driving loops
• 6. Information Flows:The structure of who does and does not have access to information
• 5. Rules: Incentives, punishments, constraints
• 4. Self-Organization: The power to add, change, or evolve system structure
• 3. Goals:The purpose or function of the system
• 2. Paradigms: The mindset out of which the system—its goals, structure, rules, delays, parameters—arises.
• 1. Transcending Paradigms
As you can see the most effective leverage points are paradigms and trascending paradigms, very difficult to change but the most effective for a really sustainable change. In the words of Donella "the shared ideas in the minds of society, the great big unstated assumptions, constitute that society’s paradigm, or deepest set of beliefs about how the world works. These beliefs are unstated because it is unnecessary to state them—everyone already knows them. Money measures something real and has real meaning; therefore, people who are paid less are literally worth less. Growth is good. One can “own” land. Those are just a few of the paradigmatic assumptions of our current culture, all of which have utterly dumbfounded other cultures, who thought them not the least bit obvious". Notice, however, that most of the current sustainability research, even the most advanced on complex systems, instead, is focused on the least effective leverage points. I think that this is a really "strategic" viewpoint to be considered..Sustainability research is mainly focused on the least effective leverage points like the economical aspects likely because decision makers and politicians believe that sustainability is mainly an economic problem and it is more approachable in this way. So, "Numbers" like constants and parameters such as subsidies, taxes, and standards become the main focus. This happens for sustainability in environmental protection science too, by just providing numbers, standards, thresholds for pollutants that should not be trespassed, and for species diversity too. However this is a quite myopic viewpoint and I doubt that it can lead to sustainability ever.
Here is the link for Donella's work www.thesolutionsjournal.com/node/419.
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Duty of care is part of a travel policy for business travelers.
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The travelers safety should take in business industry because the decreasing of the accidents and hazards will encourage the clients especially in flight transport
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Espicially in corporate valuation issues...
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Gwen, try these:
Hussein Dewji and Scott Miller (2013) Assessing the Components of Effective Corporate Governance. Strategic Management Review: January 2013, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 47-63.
Assessing the Components of Effective Corporate Governance
Abstract
This paper examines the various internal and external components of corporate governance, offers recommendations based on existing research and suggests areas for future research. The internal factors of corporate governance that are reviewed in this paper include the composition of the board of directors, the structure of managerial compensation, the concentration of share ownership, and the level of firm debt. These factors are typically under a firm's control and can be adjusted to match an organization's firm-specific needs for governance. The external factors we consider include the market for corporate control, the managerial labor market, and the legal implications. Normally out of a firm's direct control, these factors provide an additional form of governance for shareholders. Together, internal and external factors work to resolve agency conflict between management and shareholders; however, they need to be carefully evaluated when implementing an optimal and unique governance structure for each particular firm. This paper contributes to the existing literature by examining the issue of corporate governance from the perspective of multiple business disciplines and discussing the implications of the results for practitioners.
Corporate Governance and Value Creation: Evidence from Private Equity
Viral V. Acharya, et al
Using deal-level data from transactions initiated by large private equity houses, we find that the abnormal performance of deals is positive on average, after controlling for leverage and sector returns. Higher abnormal performance is related to improvement in sales and operating margin during the private phase, relative to that for quoted peers. General partners who are ex-consultants or ex–industry managers are associated with outperforming deals focused on internal value-creation programs, and ex-bankers or ex-accountants with outperforming deals involving significant mergers and acquisitions. The findings suggest the presence, on average, of positive but heterogeneous skills at the deal-partner level in large private equity transactions.
Measurement Malaise in Strategic Management Studies
The Case of Corporate Governance Research
Dan R. Dalton
Herman Aguinis
We adopt a construct validity lens to provide a critical reexamination of established corporate governance research. In particular, we focus on the body of work relying on the theoretical bases of agency theory and involving boards of directors’ independence, CEO duality, equity holdings, and their relationships to corporate financial performance. We offer a five-step protocol involving the following components: (1) establishing the base rate for the phenomenon in question, (2) evaluating the extent to which the dependent variables are germane, (3) evaluating the extent to which the independent variables are germane, (4) determining whether explanatory power is improved as a consequence of improved measurement, and (5) concluding whether previously established estimates should be revised. We implemented the proposed protocol and used alternative measures that reduce threats to construct validity. Results yielded substantially higher estimates of relationships in corporate governance research. Future research can adopt the proposed protocol to understand whether a similar improvement in explanatory power could be achieved in other research domains.
Castañer, X. and Kavadis, N. (2013), Does good governance prevent bad strategy? A study of corporate governance, financial diversification, and value creation by French corporations, 2000–2006. Strat. Mgmt. J., 34: 863–876. doi: 10.1002/smj.2040
Building on and extending prior research, we propose a comprehensive framework which posits that free cash flow moderates the impact of corporate governance on financial diversification. We argue that because it increases CEO perceived risk, alignment devices increase rather than decrease financial diversification. In a sample of 59 publicly traded French corporations during 2000–2006, we show that financial diversification negatively impacts shareholder return and firm value. We obtain support for several of our hypotheses: at high levels of free cash flow, CEO variable compensation increases financial diversification, whereas chairman/CEO non-duality reduces it. In contrast, independent directors increase financial diversification at low values of free cash flow (although weakly). We also find that ownership concentration only reduces financial diversification when free cash flow is low.
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For a review we are looking for CSR interventions aimed at promoting physical activity among children and we are looking for evaluation reports (published or grey literature).
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Lilana,
Here are more suggestions from social marketing colleagues that deal with CSR:
try looking at the IOM report entitled Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity (http://books.google.com/books?id=0emL9yq6raAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false) which is from 2007 but has a section on CSR efforts and a little on evaluation of physical activity for kids efforts by industry. I believe that Nike Go was evaluated, but getting one’s hands on that could be tough. I have a colleague who knows more about that evaluation if interested. Also, the Let’s Just Play Go Healthy Challenge was evaluated I think, since Alliance for a Healthier Generation and the Clinton Foundation partnered up to fund it. I would think they would have done some evaluation.
Or from Nancy Lee a suggestion on her book Good Works has one whole chapter on Corporate Social Marketing.
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Giving the empirical fact that the era of economic growth is over (cf. Richard heinberg "the end of growth", mats larsson "limits to business development and economic growth", and of course dennis meadows et al.), what will this mean to business? How can economic, social and ecological value be created? What kind of organizational forms will we see (e.g. Business ecosystems, networks between profits and non-profits)? These questions are driving my research and i am curious to know what you think.
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Corporations will find a world with shrinking global (and national) GDP very difficult to operate in at a profit. (And advertising agencies will find it nearly impossible?) I suspect that there will be a lot more community-owned enterprises and co-ops—and small family-run businesses. The growing literature on ‘degrowth economics’ gives some ideas as to possible economic futures.