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I’m seeking reliable data on the typical construction timeline for setting up a processing plant, specifically for industrial/construction minerals and metallic ores. Below is a breakdown I’ve encountered, but I would appreciate feedback or references to studies or reports that validate or refine these estimates:
  • Site preparation: 4-8 months
  • Civil works: 12-18 months
  • Installation of equipment: 8-12 months
  • Finishing work: 3-6 months
i.e 24 - 48 months on average.
Are these timelines consistent with industry standards, and could anyone provide more detailed insights or case studies related to such projects? Any references to credible sources or personal experiences with processing plant construction would be very helpful.
Thank you!
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The average construction time for a processing plant for industrial minerals and metallic ores can vary significantly depending on several factors, such as the size of the plant, the type of mineral or ore being processed, the location, environmental regulations, and available infrastructure. However, here are some general estimates:
  1. Small to Medium-Sized Plants: For smaller plants (e.g., less than 100,000 tons per year capacity), construction can take around 12 to 18 months. These would be simpler facilities with more standardized processes.
  2. Large-Scale Plants: For larger operations, such as those for processing large quantities of metallic ores (e.g., copper, iron, or gold), the construction timeline can extend to 24 to 36 months or longer. These projects often involve more complex infrastructure, equipment, and logistics.
  3. Factors Affecting Construction Time:Permitting and approvals: Environmental and regulatory approvals can add several months to the timeline. Location: Remote locations with limited access or infrastructure can increase construction time. Engineering complexity: Complex processing technologies or custom equipment designs may add time to the overall schedule.
In addition to the physical construction, project commissioning and testing can take an additional few months.
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I want to have a joint group research on topic of Supply Chain Management OR Topics under construction management. Group will follow the research work, analysis and collaboration. Reply if interested.
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I think it would be useful to provide the BIM-based technologies for contractors and supply planning which can be obtained by using the automated technology of construction and reconstruction management AT "Building Manager".
AT "Building Manager" is not one software product, but a system of interconnected software products of different developers, designed to achieve a main goal:
- Maximum automation and information linkage of all divisions of the design and construction organisation into a single system with complex and dynamic resources – time – costs estimation.
The creation of this automated technology required considerable efforts from developers of all software complexes included in AT, from the development and coordination of information exchange protocols to the development of special software.
Joint operation of software complexes of different purposes within the framework of a single system not only systematised all information flows against the background of significant reduction of labour intensity of separate processes (for example: calculation of estimates or formation of network organisational and technological model of construction for calculations of calendar plans) with the significant increase of information reliability level, but also has opened such opportunities, which were unavailable when using these software complexes separately.
Such capabilities include 4D-visualisation of the construction process (three-dimensional display of the construction object on any day of the calendar plan with or without the fact of work execution).
Inclusion or not of different software complexes in AT "Building Manager" is not regulated by any contract between developers, but is determined by functional capabilities of software products to provide import and export of information with the use of information exchange protocols accepted in AT "Building Manager".
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International Conference on Engineering, Science, Technology, and Innovation (IESTI 2024)
Date: 19-09-2024
Location: Online
Submission Deadline: 15-07-2024**** Extended to 1-8-2024
The Organizing Committee of the International Conference on Engineering, Science, Technology, and Innovation (IESTI 2024) is pleased to invite researchers, practitioners, and professionals to submit papers for presentation and publication at the IESTI conference. This prestigious event aims to bring together leading scholars, researchers, and industry experts to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Engineering, Science, Technology, and Innovation.
Topics of Interest
Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to:
  • Engineering:
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Materials Science and Engineering
    • Computer Science and Engineering
  • Science:
    • Physical Sciences
    • Life Sciences
    • Environmental Sciences
    • Earth Sciences
    • Chemical Sciences
    • Artificial Intelligence
  • Technology:
    • Information Technology
    • Communications Technology
    • Nanotechnology
    • Biotechnology
  • Innovation:
    • Technological Innovation
    • Innovation Management
    • Entrepreneurship
    • Sustainable Development
    • Policy and Innovation
Submission Guidelines
Authors are invited to submit original, unpublished research papers that are not currently under review elsewhere. All submissions will be peer-reviewed and evaluated based on originality, technical and research content, correctness, relevance to the conference, contributions, and readability.
Paper Submission Process:
1. Format: All papers must be formatted according to the conference template available on the conference website.
2. Length: Full papers should be between 6-10 pages, including all figures, tables, and references.
3. Submission Link: Submit your papers through the online submission system available on the conference website.
4. Review Process: Each paper will undergo a blind peer review process.
5. Notification: Authors will be notified of the review results by 15-08-2024.
6. Camera-Ready Submission: Final versions of accepted papers must be submitted by 31-08-2024.
Important Dates
  • Paper Submission Deadline: 15-07-2024 **** Extended to 1-8-2024
  • Notification of Acceptance: 15-08-2024
  • Camera-Ready Paper Submission: 31-08-2024
  • Early Bird Registration Deadline: 20-08-2024
  • Conference Dates: 19-09-2024
Conference Proceedings
All accepted and presented papers will be published in the journals listed on the following website:
Special Sessions and Workshops
  • IESTI 2024 will also feature special sessions and workshops focusing on current trends and emerging topics in Engineering, Science, Technology, and Innovation. Proposals for special sessions and workshops can be submitted to editor@academicedgepub.co.uk, by 1-8-2024.
Contact Information
For any inquiries regarding paper submissions or the conference, please contact:
We look forward to your participation in IESTI 2024 and to a successful conference!
We would like to extend our invitation to invite you to join the editorial board of the:
- Journal of Probiotics and Bioactive Molecules Research (JPBMR)
Please send an email including your full name, affiliation, CV, and mention the selected journal to the following email address: editor@academicedgepub.co.uk
Sincerely,
IESTI 2024 Organizing Committee
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Looking forward to seeing this all progress
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International Conference on Engineering, Science, Technology, and Innovation (IESTI 2024)
Date: 19-09-2024
Location: Online
Submission Deadline: 15-07-2024 **** Extended to 1-8-2024
The Organizing Committee of the International Conference on Engineering, Science, Technology, and Innovation (IESTI 2024) is pleased to invite researchers, practitioners, and professionals to submit papers for presentation and publication at the IESTI conference. This prestigious event aims to bring together leading scholars, researchers, and industry experts to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Engineering, Science, Technology, and Innovation.
Topics of Interest
Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to:
  • Engineering:
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Materials Science and Engineering
    • Computer Science and Engineering
  • Science:
    • Physical Sciences
    • Life Sciences
    • Environmental Sciences
    • Earth Sciences
    • Chemical Sciences
    • Artificial Intelligence
  • Technology:
    • Information Technology
    • Communications Technology
    • Nanotechnology
    • Biotechnology
  • Innovation:
    • Technological Innovation
    • Innovation Management
    • Entrepreneurship
    • Sustainable Development
    • Policy and Innovation
Submission Guidelines
Authors are invited to submit original, unpublished research papers that are not currently under review elsewhere. All submissions will be peer-reviewed and evaluated based on originality, technical and research content, correctness, relevance to the conference, contributions, and readability.
Paper Submission Process:
1. Format: All papers must be formatted according to the conference template available on the conference website.
2. Length: Full papers should be between 6-10 pages, including all figures, tables, and references.
3. Submission Link: Submit your papers through the online submission system available on the conference website.
4. Review Process: Each paper will undergo a blind peer review process.
5. Notification: Authors will be notified of the review results by 15-08-2024.
6. Camera-Ready Submission: Final versions of accepted papers must be submitted by 31-08-2024.
Important Dates
  • Paper Submission Deadline: 15-07-2024 **** Extended to 1-8-2024
  • Notification of Acceptance: 15-08-2024
  • Camera-Ready Paper Submission: 31-08-2024
  • Early Bird Registration Deadline: 20-08-2024
  • Conference Dates: 19-09-2024
Conference Proceedings
All accepted and presented papers will be published in the journals listed on the following website:
Special Sessions and Workshops
  • IESTI 2024 will also feature special sessions and workshops focusing on current trends and emerging topics in Engineering, Science, Technology, and Innovation. Proposals for special sessions and workshops can be submitted to: editor@academicedgepub.co.uk, by 1-8-2024.
Contact Information
For any inquiries regarding paper submissions or the conference, please contact:
We look forward to your participation in IESTI 2024 and to a successful conference!
We would like to extend our invitation to invite you to join the editorial board of the:
- Journal of Probiotics and Bioactive Molecules Research (JPBMR)
Please send an email including your full name, affiliation, CV, and mention the selected journal to the following email address: editor@academicedgepub.co.uk
Sincerely,
IESTI 2024 Organizing Committee
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شكرا جزيلا دكتور🙏🏻
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Graph Machine Learning Applications for Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operation (AECO) Research in 2024
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I would like to recommend you automated technology of construction management "Building Manager" - construction modelling based on complex intellectual models (CIM) – in our case, the Dynamic Resource - Organizational and Technological Model of Construction – digital modelling of building projects which can facilitate organisational modelling and automated scheduling in project management. BIM models, as initial data, can be successfully used in complex intellectual models for automated generation of PERT diagrams and Gant charts, for automated planning of the flow and sequences of tasks in the building projects.
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Among other things, is the new sustainable construction a return to the old, first construction techniques based on the use of natural building materials like wood, straw and clay?
Among other things, is the new sustainable construction that is an important part of the green transformation of the economy a return to the old, original construction techniques based on the use of natural building materials like wood, straw and clay?
Sustainable construction, which involves the use of environmentally and climate-friendly and highly energy-efficient or zero-energy building materials, is one of several key segments of the ongoing green economy transformation process to build a zero-carbon, sustainable, green circular economy. In recent years, many examples of construction have been appearing, confirming the thesis that the new sustainable construction is, among other things, a return to the old, first construction techniques based on the use of natural building materials such as wood, straw and clay. In view of the above, the return to the old first construction technologies, such as the use of straw, wood, waste paper, lumber waste, in addition to sand, rock and clay in sustainable construction is therefore an important element of the green sustainable closed loop economy.
In terms of sustainable construction materials, among other things, partially processed raw materials of natural origin such as particle board and prefabricated building insulation products made from straw, waste paper, lumber waste, etc. are also used. In addition, clay is used to produce clay plaster, which can be an excellent substitute for traditional plaster.
The level of fire resistance of such building materials is also an important issue. When straw is compressed, combined with other materials and used as an insulating material it has a flammability class of S i.e. comparable to Styrofoam. In contrast, slabs, materials made from compressed straw when covered by other materials with a much lower flammability rating then the building can be highly resistant to fires. This kind of sustainable construction has been growing rapidly in some countries in recent years. In France, for example, there are already more than 10,000 buildings insulated with prefabricated products made from straw.
I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Is the new sustainable construction, which is an important element of the green transformation of the economy, among other things, a return to the old, original construction techniques based on the use of natural building materials like wood, straw and clay?
Is the new sustainable construction, among other things, a return to the old, primary construction techniques based on the use of natural building materials like wood, straw and clay?
Is the new sustainable construction, among other things, a return to the old, first construction techniques?
What do you think on this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Yes, there is a growing trend towards incorporating old, traditional construction techniques into modern sustainable practices. Mandy traditional building methods have proven to be environmentally friendly, durable, and energy-efficient. For example, techniques like Rammed Earth Construction, Adobe and Timber Framing have gained popularity due to their low carbon footprint and use of locally sourced materials.
These methods often require less energy and resources compared to conventional construction, making them more sustainable. Additionally, traditional techniques often prioritize natural ventilation, passive heating and cooling, and use of renewable materials, which align with sustainable principles.
By integrating these time-tested practices with modern innovations and technologies, we can create buildings that are not only environmentally friendly but also aesthetically pleasing and culturally significant.
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Complex graphical sketches are highly involved in Culmann's methods. Therefore, it is highly prone for getting deviations in magnitudes for resultant pressure on retaining wall. I would like to get suggestions from RG colleagues on why Culmann's graphical approach is mostly preferred in many research papers albeit Rankine's method is easy and precise in terms of equations and substitutions. I would welcome answers from both theoretical and practical perspectives.
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Rankine theory is specific to vertical and smooth wall. But culmann's graphical approach is also for inclined wall. I think this is major cause of choosing Culmann's graphical approach over Rankine theory.
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What should we do for this thesis topic?
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  1. "Cost-Benefit Analysis of Implementing Artificial Intelligence in Construction Management: A Case Study"
  2. "A Comparative Study of Traditional and AI-based Construction Management Approaches in Terms of Cost and Time Efficiency"
  3. "Exploring the Impact of AI on Construction Project Budget Estimation and Cost Control"
  4. "Analyzing the Financial Viability of Implementing AI for Construction Equipment Maintenance and Repair"
  5. "The Role of AI in Construction Material Procurement and Its Effect on Cost Optimization"
  6. "An Examination of the Cost-Benefit Analysis of Implementing AI for Construction Site Safety Management"
  7. "Exploring the Potential Cost Savings of AI-assisted BIM in Construction Design and Planning"
  8. "The Cost-Effectiveness of Using AI for Quality Control in Construction Project Delivery"
  9. "Investigating the Impact of AI on Construction Labor Productivity and Its Implications on Cost Control"
  10. "Evaluating the Cost-Benefit Analysis of Implementing AI for Project Risk Management in Construction Engineering".
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Material Flow Analysis (MFA) is often applied at regional and urban level in order to understand and improve flows and stocks of construction materials.
Do you know examples (case studies or conceptual frameworks) of an MFA applied at building level (for instance a single residential or office building) ?
Thank you for your contribution.
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We applied MFA at the building level, and at every residential building. The result has been published and hopes it can help you. Camille Vandervaeren
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I hold an M.Tech degree in Construction Engineering and Management. I work in a CPSU in India. I want to pursue a Ph.D. as a part-time external candidate in one of the universities in Tamilnadu, or Karnataka.. What are the trends for areas of research in Civil Engineering. Also suggest college/university where the same could be taken up. I belong to Tamilnadu and presently working in Karnataka.
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  • High-rise Structure and Large-span Structure
  • Advanced Concrete Technology
  • Disaster Management
  • Smart-Structures and Materials
  • Soil Behavior and Characterization of Ground
  • Transportation Engineering
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To whom it may concern...
Case shown in pictures below need to stop in front of it...
Starting with the way of supporting slab before casting.. the question appear...
Based on your engineering opinion, and supporting method that you might used... is what shown in pictures attached ,.. enough.. ?
Then... whom responsibility is that... if slab fail during casting process, as there will be additional loading of pumped concrete and labors also ...? where that will be the most important question....
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Dear Prof. Dr. Hussam, I think the work team has the responsibility, such as the supervising engineer, the work supervisor, the contractor, and the person responsible for the wooden mold
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To whom it may concern...
Case shown in pictures below need to stop in front of it...
What the mean of overload... What will be the meaning of calculated loading before design... and.... What really mean the structural design based on submitted data..
All, in general,.. knows that.. design start with converting functional use of the building to loading on structural element... then start design element by element ...
So, what might be the supposed loading to one story house... based on all adopted code... ? this is the first question..
Then what you think, .. or what the supervisor engineer might think the value of such loading on that slab shown in pictures attached... ? this is the second question...
Then at last... whom responsibility is that... if failure occur...? where that will be the most important question....
Limited education with low experiences causes such cases, ... or... we need to ask the supervised engineer if he care...
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Invariably the loading on one storey building roof with access is only `1.5 to 2 kN/m2 . and this is uni-formally distributed load. But if you pile up load in a small area more than the failure load of slab with concentrated load then the failure is imminent. this failure load can be calculated using yield line theory or by Hillerborg Strip method.
If you have this kind of loading then keep your props intact before you finish roof top work
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Picture attached shows the case of complete reinforcement of raft foundation, but after sand storm, as appear, more than 20mm layer form from sand under the reinforcement.... on your opinion, what might do to continue with work...?
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excellent quesion
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Respected Sir/Madam,
I am currently undertaking my master’s dissertation, which critically analyses delays in road construction projects in India through this questionnaire. For the purposes of my dissertation, all information provided will be handled with utmost confidentiality.
I would be most grateful if you could take some few minutes to fill in the questionnaire attached to this letter.
Road Constructing Engineers, Contractors, Consultants and experienced experts can take this survey.
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Questionnaire Done
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I need suggestions for a PhD research in the field of Construction Engineering and Management?
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Composites of high strength and durability with the use of industrial raw materials.
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Assuming we have a piece of timber C16 - 100x100x1000mm and we apply UDL + a point load at middle point on it (parallel to the fibre) as shown below, how much will the timber compress between the force and the concrete surface ?
I have attached a sketch as well. Please see below.
If you could show a detailed calculation would be much appreciated. Thank you!
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Kindly find my working if you need more tutorials you can follow me on research gate. I can teach you for free.
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Exfoliated Kaolinite-Clay.
Thanks in advance.
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This is a good question.
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Dear Colleagues,
Construction project management is a process that includes a number of operations, activities, and decisions that are closely related to an executed investment and that aim to create new, or to increase, existing fixed assets in order to achieve utility effects. The utility effect of the construction process may be the construction of a new building, or the renovation or modernization of an existing building. In each construction process, according to the definition of the building object's life cycle, the following four basic phases are distinguished: the programming/planning phase, the implementation phase, the operation/use/maintenance phase, and the phase of decommissioning or demolition. Appropriate planning of the entire construction process is a very important operation, which has a direct impact on whether success is achieved when implementing an investment project.
The construction industry is characterized by a high complexity of implemented construction processes, variability of implementation conditions, diversity of facilities, applied technologies, and methods of work organization. The execution of construction projects is specific and particularly difficult because each implementation is a unique, complex, and dynamic process that consists of several or more subprocesses related to each other, in which various participants of the investment process take part.
Therefore, there is still a vital need to study, research, and conclude engineering technology and management applied in construction projects.
We encourage publishing applied results of research.
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Is the paper in the project management field accepted?
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I am doing a comparative LCA study between different roads in EU and I am looking for data related to machines used during (for instance: laying the pavement, etc.) the construction and maintenance phase of the road ( ex. per 1m2 or 1 km of road).
Thanks!!
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For LCA, i have been used various softwares such as SimaPro, GaBi and OpenLCA. You can get different datasets.
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I mean the use of the SQUG database to assess the seismic resistance of NPP equipment with the specified type of reactor.
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GIP - Generic Implementation Procedure
WWER - water-water energetic reactor
NPP - nuclear power plant
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Do you know someone that can be interested?
Professor of Construction Engineering
Ecole de Technologie Superieure
Construction Engineering Department
Montreal, QC, Canada
Date Posted: Feb. 8, 2021
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Yes, interested
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Hi everyone,
to calculate the prying forces in the column base plate connections, we need to get the contact reaction between the plate and the concrete, but in my model, I have a part in compression and another one in tension. so how can I evaluate the surface of the plate in tension under the cyclic load ?
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Dear Aichouche
If I were you, I would forget the Castem and go for SolidWorks Simulation . it's more easier, faster, and efficient.
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I have seen that tensile strength of concrete is always lower than compressive strength values (generally 10-12 folds). How can we enhance the tensile strength of the concrete? Is it possible to enhance up to levels similar to compressive strength values either by addition of some SCMs, pozzolanic materials, admixtures, superplasticizers etc. or do we have to change the grade of concrete i.e. M20, M30....... M60 ....so on .., SCC, etc.?
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Dear Kunal . ,
You can use steel fibres or rubber strips and so on to increase the tensile strength of concrete.
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Two similar term in civil engineering.. Foundation and Footing.. any differences between...?
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Foundation is a structure which transfers the loads from the superstructure to the ground, while footing is the foundation which is in contact with the earth. A foundation can be shallow and deep, while a footing is a type of a shallow foundation. so, all footings are foundations but all foundations cannot be footings.
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SRT = british pendulum
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Hi
The results can be equated from the standards of each and the minimums set in each experiment
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In the development of an efficient construction and demolition waste management model, the evaluation of several aspects is necessary. What aspects do you consider relevant in the development of this model?
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The wastes like chippings from blocks I use the to backfill trenches, and improving on the road.
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Do you know any example/case study using state of the art technology for waste management? (e.g., GIS, BIM, Computational tools, Computation Design)
We are working on Construction and demolition waste management in the built environment context, which one can be more useful for waste management in your area (e.g., construction, food, electronic waste etc.)?
We are working on the visualisation techniques and welcome to your participation.
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Hi Samad Sepasgozar your profile indicates that you are from UNSW, Sydney. I would like to suggest you that read a research articles from Prof. Veena Sahajwalla. Her work in the field of E-waste is interesting, additionally you both are in the same university. This could be better for you..!!
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What are the best methods to compare two or more construction material/product standards from different countries?
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It depends on your product.
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My prefered area is in Waste management & BIM , where I have read about using 4D BIM & 5D in waste management , but I have not reached a significant research gap to work on it, so is there any suggestion towards gap areas in using BIM towards waste management?
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Dear Elhassan,
The current stage of the BIM learning curve and maturity allows construction practitioners to design out both wasteful practices (lean) and solid waste at the design stage. It is definitely a great area of research because construction waste have significant negative implications on cost, society and the environment.
Depending on your research capabilities and availability of data, you may measure, quantify and monetize the quantity of solid construction waste footprint that can be reduced due to the use of BIM in the project. Of course, you would have to compare two or more similar BIM and non-BIM construction projects. Your greatest challenge will be to determine the reduction attributable to solely BIM since lean production principles and offsite industrialized solutions have proven to reduce solid construction waste in projects.
You may search the following paper to use as a good starting point
"How to measure the benefits of BIM" by Barlish and colleague and published in the Journal of Automation in Construction
Good luck
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I need to model a construction and demolition waste management network in order to maximize waste recycling. I read some works that use MILP. Among the software used are GAMS, JULIA, MATLAB and R. Are there other software that can be used?
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I have used most of the tools mentioned before. While each of them has its strengths and weaknesses, nowadays I have been constantly relying on the same tool for solving all kinds of optimization problems.
This tool is a combination of Julia programming language with the Julia package JuMP which defines (in my opinion) the most elegant and intuitive modeling language that makes it easy to try different solvers on the same problem by simply changing the solver name in the code. It also allows easy access to more advanced features of MILP solvers such as generic support for callback functions that can be used to modify the problem while solving it with the addition of valid inequalities and user-defined heuristics.
As an example, solving the TSP using the DFJ (Danzig-Fulkerson-Johnson) formulation that has an exponential number of subtour elimination constraints is straightforward with JuMP. You can simply set up a "lazy constraint callback" function that will check if subtours are present in the solution and if not, add constraints to break these subtours. This is particularly easy when considering only integer solutions, but you can also use the "user callback" function to cut off fractional subtours. JuMP has turorials of several important modeling paradigms that can be used as a basis for your model. Here are the relevant links:
You can download Julia programming language from
Website for the JuMP package
Tutorials for modeling with JuMP
More example problems solved with JuMP
Best regards
Juho
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Looking for good information sources, both academic sources and practical examples.
Informed opinions, comments and other types of answers are very much appreciated.
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I am planning to build a website " ALL ABOUT CIVIL ENGINEERING " which aims to help students as well as engineers, my goal is to have a website wherein all the material regarding civil engineering is available on this website, who would like to be part of this website by providing me help to build this website, it will be totally educational website focusing on students and engineers, initially planned to keep search tab, providing my youtube links as free lectures,  providing previous years question papers of various universities, IS codes and other countries codes pertaining to civil engineering, Q & A forum to ask questions related to civil engineering by logging in, separate tab for all notes of all subjects and practicals, and also separate section for the articles related to the advances in civil engineering. These are the initial requirements i have planned.
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You can review some similar websites like
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I was wondering if anyone comes across any latest publications on the environmental indicators/measures for adopting prefabrication/modular in any construction applications (commercial/high-rise buildings, building services…etc).
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Hello Sherif,
I am currently measuring the benefits of modular construction projects and have substantial literature relevant to your question.
Kindly link up for a deeper discussion and possible collaboration
Regards
Ibrahim
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Upon your experience on site and concrete on site, the phenomena of discolored of concrete might happens... how do you fix that?
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Abdelkader Mohamed Elsayed .... Thanks for answering ..
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I'd like to analyze a cabled truss structure with opensees which includes both bar and cable elements. As I know bar elements are under tension and compression but cable materials are just under tension. First, how can I define a cable element with pre-stressed value, second, how can I intermix both bar element stiffness and cable stiffness to analyze it nonlinearly ? I know how to define a bar element in opensees but how about a cable element?
Any comment would be appreciated
Thanks in advacne
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In order to model a tension-only cable in OpenSees you can use ElasticPPGAP material and if you want to add pre-stress you should use initstrain or inistress material in conjuction with ElasticPPGAP material.
You can use both truss or corotruss. the difference is in considering geometric nonlinearity.
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Shall construction robots function independently from context factors as stand-alone products (and be designed as such) or be seen, developed, and operated as systems integrated with the context? Or both? Or none? Both directions have advantages and disadvantages of course. What is your experience/opinion on this?
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We have recently published a series of papers on tools, methodologies, and best practices for early stage R&D and technology management phases in construction. In these papers we look specifically at the "compatibility with context and ecosystem" issue.
· Structuring the context for construction robot development through integrated scenario approach: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340313559_Structuring_the_context_for_construction_robot_development_through_integrated_scenario_approach
· Influencing factors of the future utilisation of construction robots for buildings: A Hong Kong perspective: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338958441_Influencing_factors_of_the_future_utilisation_of_construction_robots_for_buildings_A_Hong_Kong_perspective
· A technology management system for the development of single-task construction robots: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336589214_A_technology_management_system_for_the_development_of_single-task_construction_robots
· A methodological approach to implement on-site construction robotics and automation: a case of Hong Kong: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324697572_A_methodological_approach_to_implement_on-site_construction_robotics_and_automation_a_case_of_Hong_Kong
Please have a look If you are interested!
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Based on an efficient Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) management it's possible to minimize the irregular deposition of these residues and also to increase their recycling and reuse as material for civil construction. However, there are several aspects that can be used in CDW management. The development of a CDW management model will assist municipalities in adopting actions that bring economic, environmental and social benefits.
Using success cases from some cities makes it possible to understand some aspects that optimized the CDW management in those places. The challenge is to create a model that has broader applicability. In this research, two tools will be used: Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA - AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS).
At this point, it is necessary to raise (your help is fundamental) the aspects that are relevant in the CDW Management. Thanks for support!
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Dear Rafael,
I'm currently engaged with the same challenge in my hometown, Isfahan. Here, the problem is to provide an integrated CDW management plan to allow managers to track it from the very beginning (generation) to very end (final disposal). We did the following process. That might be hint for you as well:
- A wide literature review and studying experiences of other similar cities
- Doing a broad study regarding the current situation (statistics, dumping site conditions, illegal procedures, current key players, etc).
- Developing a modified process in Isfahan Municipality
- Developing a system to help managers monitor the process
-Approval of required bills in city council
- Running a pilot in selected regions of the city
- Organizing the dumping site
Considering the market situation for recycled aggregate products
- Enforcing regulations for using recycled aggregates in constructions where applicable
- Preparing the situation for establishing a CDW recycling plant (especially concrete wastes to recycled aggregates).
I hope this could be useful for you.
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Can you Share with us a world class achievement or a well known World recognized project in which you contributed or participated effectively in its success?
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As a method of the research we used Automated system-cognitive analysis (ASC-analysis), which is a new innovative method of artificial intelligence: it also has its own software tool – an intelligent system called "Eidos" (open source software) [1, 2, 3].
The Eidos-X++ system differs from other artificial intelligence systems in the following parameters:
- was developed in a universal setting, independent of the subject area. Therefore, it is universal and can be applied in many subject areas (http://lc.kubagro.ru/aidos/index.htm);
- is in full open free access (http://lc.kubagro.ru/aidos/_Aidos-X.htm), and with the relevant source texts (http://lc.kubagro.ru/__AIDOS-X.txt);
- is one of the first domestic systems of artificial intelligence of the personal level, i.e. it does not take special training in the field of technologies of artificial intelligence from the user (there is an act of introduction of system "Eidos" of 1987) (http://lc.kubagro.ru/aidos/aidos02/PR-4.htm);
- provides stable identification in a comparable form of strengh and direction of cause-effect relationships in incomplete noisy interdependent (nonlinear) data of very large dimension of numerical and non-numerical nature, measured in different types of scales (nominal, ordinal and numerical) and in different units of measurement (i.e. does not impose strict requirements to the data that can not be performed, and processes the data that is);
- contains a large number of local (supplied with the installation) and cloud educational and scientific applications (currently 31 and 199, respectively) (http://lc.kubagro.ru/aidos/Presentation_Aidos-online.pdf);
- provides multilingual interface support in 44 languages. Language databases are included in the installation and can be replenished automatically;
- supports on-line environment of knowledge accumulation and is widely used all over the world (http://aidos.byethost5.com/map5.php);
- the most time-consuming computationally, the operations of the synthesis models and implements recognition by using graphic processing unit (GPU) that some tasks can only support up to the solution of these tasks is several thousand times that really provides intelligent processing of big data, big information and big knowledge;
- provides transformation of the initial empirical data into information, and its knowledge and solution using this knowledge of classification problems, decision support and research of the subject area by studying its system-cognitive model, generating a very large number of tabular and graphical output forms (development of cognitive graphics), many of which have no analogues in other systems (examples of forms can be found in: http://lc.kubagro.ru/aidos/aidos18_LLS/aidos18_LLS.pdf);
- well imitates the human style of thinking: gives the results of the analysis, understandable to experts on the basis of their experience, intuition and professional competence.
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I am a student at Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute, Pakistan and I am conducting research on evaluating the barriers to adoption of industry 4.0 in the construction industry of developing countries with Pakistan as a case in point. You are requested to fill the questionnaire attached. It will take 15-20 minutes of your precious time. Your response will be highly acknowledged. The questionnaire is attached. Once the survey has been filled, kindly reply to this discussion with the updated response file.
Thanks
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To whom involved or have an experience in the Egyptian construction industry,
I would appreciate your participation in the survey of my PhD research for minimising waste in the Egyptian construction industry using the English or Arabic version through the following links:
English version:
Arabic version:
Thank you for you kind help in advance.
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Reuse, Reduce and Recycle.
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I am working on developing fully pearlitic steels with fine interlamellar spacing. I am going to heat up samples to austenization temperature (1000 degC) at a heating rate of 10 degC per second and hold/soak it at austenization temperature for 10 min and cool it down to room temperature at 0.2 degC/sec. This is possible for lab scale samples. I would like to know if there are heat treatment methods for decreasing austenization holding time for thick and heavy samples around 500-800 kg to obtain fully pearlitic microstructure.
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Transformation of the pearlitic regions at temperatures occurs by the same processes for the lamellar pearlite Upon heating, the pearlite regions, which contain about 0.8 wt. % C, become unstable above the eutectoid temperature and transform to austenite. Nucleation takes place predominantly on the pearlite-ferrite grain boundaries. The pearlite phase is the first one that transforms to austenite. After the pearlite-to-austenite transformation is completed, the structure consists of regions of austenite, replacing the original areas of pearlite, and regions of unaffected pro-eutectoid ferrite. The pro-eutectoid ferrite is continuously reduced with increasing austenitizing temperature.
Simultaneously, carbon in the austenite regions (formed from pearlite colonies) is
diffusing to the austenite formed from the ferrite regions. It is adopted that solution of pro-eutectoid ferrite is a diffusion-controlled process, for which the rate-controlling factor is the diffusion of carbon in austenite.
at low heating rates the formation of austenite is controlled by the long-range diffusion of carbon. However, at higher heating rates under certain conditions the growth rate increased drastically and the interface-controlled reaction growth mechanism was claimed to be responsible for the transformation. Thus, results appear to suggest that assuming long-range diffusion of carbon to be determining for different heating conditions might not be accurate and a change from diffusion-controlled to interface-controlled transformation can be expected during austenitization of steels with a pearlite-ferrite microstructure.
The spheroidization is only observed at rather low heating rates (like 0.05 °C/s) and was detected during experiments for all the studied alloys. No spheroidization was observed at higher heating rates. The movement of the interface in a lamellar structure is quite different from the spheroidized one. In the first case, the interface moves rather quickly due to the short carbon diffusion distances (carbon is already present at the reaction point). In the second case, the spheroidized cementite particles will serve as a pinning factor for the propagation of the interface. In addition, carbon will have to diffuse though the austenite phase, thus the pearlite-to-austenite transformation will be retarded.
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Hello,
presently we are joining big (example 5 meter X 5 meter) laminates using bolts or some other aiding material etc etc. My question is how to join these big panels with zero radius. and if it is there what is the price?? Thank you in advance. Material is glass reinforced polyester laminates.
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I agree with A S Kaddour .
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Could any one share real time examples for Start to Finish (SF), Start to Start (SS)and Finish to Finish (FF) dependencies?
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Start to Start: Wetting of sub-base and compaction of that in pavement engineering.
Finish to Finish: pure the concrete, test the concrete
For SF please see this link:
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how to reduce shrinkage cracks while using OPC 53
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The best solution is to reduce the amount of mixing water by using a superplasticizer and also appropriate curing is helping a lot in reduction of shrinkage cracks.
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Upon your site experience, when we use stud rails?
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In our project we are keeping stud rail in the railway truss top which will be connected PC Roadway span. In those PC roadway span we keep some hole where the stud rail can take place with some covering area. afterward concreting will be performed at those hole.
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Upon your site experience, how can we repair the defect on beam due to steel corrosion?
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You may go through this paper for all the available corrosion protection techniques:
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Upon your site experience, is it acceptable to make a join with ground beams?
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I have seen joins in some of the structure but the act was preferred to have a good foundation for the support.
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Upon your site experience, what must done, if the consultant reject part form the work carried out by the contractor?
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If the reason for the rejection is based on a real scientific basis .and the error was simple and can be treated and did not affect the performance of structure in any way my opinion is that the contractor pay all costs for the difference and if the error is essential and can be repaired, I do the same procedure ... If it can not be repaired, the contractor should remove construction with paying all the costs and even those resulting from the delay of work.
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Upon your site experience, How you can estimate the production date for cement in site, and if its expire or not?
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You can check the cement activity by compressive strength and its compliance with the declared class.
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Upon your site experience, What is the main problems appear when concrete delay two hour during casting?
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The delay will impact greatly on workability and obviously compaction, but apparently very little on the compressive strength.
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Upon your site experience, How can you repair the concrete defects on manhole walls?
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I did not design buildings.
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Upon your site experience, What is the best time on the day for site concrete casting?
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In hot weather countries; in summer it is preferable to pour concrete at sunset and it is wrong to pour concrete at dawn or early morning; this procedure is not a substitute for the precautions for casting concrete in hot weather
In the winter, it is preferred to pour at dawn or early morning
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1. Upon your site experience, What do you recommend for inclined column due to casting inaccuracy? And what the range of acceptance?
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Dear Sir,
You can refer to ACI 117
" Specification for Tolerances for Concrete Construction and Materials (ACI 117-10) and Commentary "
Also,
BS ISO 1803:1997
" Building construction. Tolerances. Expression of dimensional accuracy. Principles and terminology "
And
BS 5606:1990
" Guide to accuracy in building "
I hope that these specifications are good for your column case.
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Upon your site experience, What are the main criteria need to be considered when design building against seismic?
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As written in:
SEISMIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES 
by Gabor Lorant
" The essence of successful seismic design is three-fold. First, the design team must take a multi-hazard approach towards design that accounts for the potential impacts of seismic forces as well as all the major hazards to which an area is vulnerable. Second, performance-based requirements, which may exceed the minimum life safety requirements of current seismic codes, must be established to respond appropriately to the threats and risks posed by natural hazards on the building's mission and occupants. Third, and as important as the others, because earthquake forces are dynamic and each building responds according to its own design complexity, it is essential that the design team work collaboratively and have a common understanding of the terms and methods used in the seismic design process. "
Also
"
SEISMIC DESIGN FACTORS
The following factors affect and are affected by the design of the building. It is important that the design team understands these factors and deal with them prudently in the design phase.
Torsion: Objects and buildings have a center of mass, a point by which the object (building) can be balanced without rotation occurring. If the mass is uniformly distributed then the geometric center of the floor and the center of mass may coincide. Uneven mass distribution will position the center of mass outside of the geometric center causing "torsion" generating stress concentrations. A certain amount of torsion is unavoidable in every building design. Symmetrical arrangement of masses, however, will result in balanced stiffness against either direction and keep torsion within a manageable range.
Damping: Buildings in general are poor resonators to dynamic shock and dissipate vibration by absorbing it. Damping is a rate at which natural vibration is absorbed.
Ductility: Ductility is the characteristic of a material (such as steel) to bend, flex, or move, but fails only after considerable deformation has occurred. Non-ductile materials (such as poorly reinforced concrete) fail abruptly by crumbling. Good ductility can be achieved with carefully detailed joints.
Strength and Stiffness: Strength is a property of a material to resist and bear applied forces within a safe limit. Stiffness of a material is a degree of resistance to deflection or drift (drift being a horizontal story-to-story relative displacement).
Building Configuration: This term defines a building's size and shape, and structural and nonstructural elements. Building configuration determines the way seismic forces are distributed within the structure, their relative magnitude, and problematic design concerns.
  • Regular Configuration buildings have Shear Walls or Moment-Resistant Frames or Braced Frames and generally have:
    • Low Height to Base Ratios
    • Equal Floor Heights
    • Symmetrical Plans
    • Uniform Sections and Elevations
    • Maximum Torsional Resistance
    • Short Spans and Redundancy
    • Direct Load Paths
  • Irregular Configuration buildings are those that differ from the "Regular" definition and have problematic stress concentrations and torsion."
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Upon your site experience, What is the maximum storage time for cement in site?
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This really depends upon the type of cement and the conditions under which it is stored. At 20oC there should not be a problem so long as the relative humidity is maintained below 60%. Above this then there will be prehydration of the cement. This will lengthen the setting time and reduce strength development. If the relative humidity approaches 80% then the silicates in the cement will start to prehydrate and the loss in strength could well be ~30%.
At higher temperatures then it is likely that the effects will be more pronounced.
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Finding Amount of delays (in civil construction engineering) its causes has become so much routine nowadays. What stops construction theory scientists from finding a solution for this problem ?
Obviously, for a complex problem, is complex solution is also expected. But I dont understand why this directions so much neglected.
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I believe that you can get better answer in the field. There are multiple companies that follow the practice in different forms like risk analysis, keeping buffers in project planning, developing WBS, detailed planning from L2 to L4 level and even more intense. For critical projects hourly planning is done and projects are also completed well before time... The actual delay of project may be very different for any two projects and hence same theory may not be applicable everywhere... Thats why in construction industry experience is given more weightage . And the reason of delay is project and location specific.
In actual field several MNC's have worked very well on this field. And they pay very handsome amount to their engineers to ensure it. They will not share that knowledge with every one since its their trade secret and their USP ro get future projects.
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In China, entire metropolises are built according to the plan of sustainable smart cities. An example is Shenzen, which over 30 years ago was a small village and is now a modern metropolis. In addition, other cities of this type are planned to be built from scratch in the next 30 years. Some of these metropolises, which are currently planned for construction, are to be almost completely autonomous in terms of energy and in terms of food supply. These new pro-ecological metropolises, planned as smart city cities, contain many greenery and include crop fields and solar power plants at the periphery.
Please reply
Best wishes
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please provide some information about new materials and technique for lightweight concrete(less than 500kg/m3 density) production.
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Ytong have commercialized autocalved aerated bricks having density of 340 kg/m³ for load bearing structure. There is a product called Multipor having density of 115 kg/m³ for thermal insulation.
We are curretly planning to use particle stabilization strategy to prepare foam concrete, using silica fume as foam stabilizer to see if we can make the density lower.
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Seismic Design: How can I perform rigorously the SAP/ETABS analysis of the building constructed using "interlocking bricks technology"?
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Hussam Ali Mohammed Modeling each brick with its proper dimensions and properties as 3D solid can only develop the reasonable structural analysis model. I found in different literature about modeling it as strut elements, or creating different scenarios of load only, wall only, wall in one plane -load in another plane, etc. but could not get a good way to model it. However, apart from being cumbersome and time-consuming, modeling it as a 3D solid is only the best way I thought.
I have not been following since last three years if there are new thoughts on this. Let me know if you have found/will find any.
Thanks.
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Theoretically, what is the main stresses created on new concrete cast over old one, that might effect its bond?
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Concrete compressive strength
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Upon your experience, what is the best material to connect new concrete over an old already cast?
If you have any data regarding these materials.... please share...
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Additon HE or SIKA
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I'm looking for the ratios of cement : sand : aggregates + water.
Please reply by referring valid references.
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Dear, the mix design depends mainly on the properties of materials which is variable. Based on my experiance, the following mix can show 40 MPa strength. 1:1.5:2.75, w/c ratio 0,4.
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I want to assign the properties of brick, mortar and interface in the modelling of an unreinforced masonry wall.
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  • If you perform an experimental program then you can derive the parameters from the test results, else you have to look for standards/references/articles...etc. in order to get the material properties.
  • For the interface you can create a CZM material with Contact debonding parameters.
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Technical question about the possibility of replacing construction fine aggregate by river sand or desert sand...?
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Dear Faysal Asad .. Thanks for answering..
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Technically, how can we stop leakage started on a basement due to increasing water table outside the building?
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The problem is great and I think the best solution is to reduce the level of groundwater. This can be done by digging wells around the building to prevent the groundwater from flowing into the site and then withdraw it by sucking pumps. Or it is possible to solve the problem using special liquids that freeze the water inside the soil, but this process needs time and high costs.
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Overall Sciences ... Overall Designs... Do we need always to consider Factor of Safety ... ?
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Dear Om Prakash Chhangani ...Thanks for answering ..
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Years passed from first time using the finite element method to simulate almost all cases within a recommendation that its fit to predict a similar behavior of the experimental programs, .. What did you think upon your opinion...?
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The first step is compare with the experimental test results, after that you can decide if you can depend on the finite element results or not.
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Do you have any studies backing up estimation of percent damages to structural components of residential houses or buildings in general?
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Must have field experience
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Major question.. give me your logical definition and whats the deference in application....
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Dear TIZA MICHAEL TORYILA ... Thanks for joining our discussion..
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Based on your experience, how can I maintain quality construction, while constructing building?
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Dear Tim Belden .. thanks for answering..
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Upon your experience.. in construction material.. can we
re-used the reinforcement extracted from demolition of a building for the construction of a new building?
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Dear Kolawole Afolabi ... Thanks for answering...
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Based on your experience.. want building to be look like they are part from nature...
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Dear Eric Gelinas .. thanks for answering.. Agree with you
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In details ... need to know What is a work environment plan?
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Dear Djaafar Zemali .. thanks for answering and sharing your opinion ..
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Upon your site experience and works, can you define the geopolymer concrete, ....
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Dear Mushtaque AHMED Pathan ... thanks for answering..
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I have the test in laboratory on a shake table and I would like to use the Fourier spectra to identify the fundamental period of vibration.
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You can use this FREE software to calculate it. The software is called PRISM.
Watch this tutorial about this software:
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From your structural point of view and experience, what is the largest span lengths can be achieved with hollowcore plank systems?
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Dear Alaa Alsaad ... thanks for answering and for the drawing...
Its really very good to achieve 15m span, ... Do you have some pics that can posted her, .. because achieving largest span is really a challenge..
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With increase using of precast concrete members, ... can its damaged units reused...?
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Dear Arturo E Schultz .. thanks for answering ... and for references ... I really appreciate..
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In practical, does it common practice to weld alternate ends for hollow core precast system.... need your opinion ?
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The ends of the plank's should not necessarily be welded,but rather be made to rest on support like beam and the beam is rebar and cast in- situ hold the ends. Please always ensure that the plank's length is designed to span between the available support.
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Late in 2012, the coastal town of Lynn, Mass., petitioned Marinetek, a Finland-based manufacturer of harbor products, to replace its aging dock systems located within the town’s seaport marina. An important question for both the town and contractor became, “Which solution will provide the durability and functionality necessary to withstand the elements and get the job done right?”
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The precast prestresses concrete structures with high strength of concrete can be designed in such a way that resulting stresses remain compressive through out the depth of the section. Thereby we can ensure that there is no tensile stress and no crack at all. Possiblility of ingress of hostile ions can be prevented for much longer time and also corrosion can be prevented.
Performance based designed of concrete is another area wherein precast concrete can be designed for intended performance.
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Its a technical question..
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It depends on local standards and codes. Much steel is welded in to grid patterns for light weight constructions like wire and light bars. Heavier steel like rebar is usually tied which allows some movement with temperature changes.
Welding heavier parts is possible, but must be made more secure than a tack weld if the parts are quiet heavy and will be put through daily temperature cycles before the concrete is poured.. Also corrosion resistance is important and sometimes compromised by welding. A zinc compound is available but not as good as galvanizing or other hot passivation.
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Within the wide use of precast concrete technology... does the precast concrete considered energy efficient?
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Dear Anil Kumar Thakur ... Thanks for answering..
So did you think that precast concrete could be considered energy efficient?
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Concrete performance actually improves when several common industrial by products are added, so what are the recycling possibilities for precast concrete manufacturing?
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No problem Hussam.
All the the best with your research.
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Of course many question such as that were around back in 1980 when I first wrote How Designers Think. But then we had little evidence about the actual practice of design and about how the skills are acquired both academically and professionally. We had a very limited understanding of the nature of design problems. We knew design was a simultaneously frustrating and yet intellectually rewarding occupation, but we had little understanding of why.
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Aimee Mclachlan
... Thanks for your explanation... I really appreciate...
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Important Question...
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Clients. Regards
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How can inspecting precast?
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I follow the answers.
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Are there any limitations regarding the construction of houses by precast concrete system?
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Some of the limitations regarding the construction of houses by precast concrete system are:
-Hgh Capital Cost
-Sophisticated Connection Works
-Transportation, Handling Difficulties and Modification Limitation
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How much are “green building” and precast concrete elements related?
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I follow answers
best regards
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successfully and sustainable precast concrete system need to be achieved, ....
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I follow answers
best regards
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Well... Its very important question always asked just when the term precast concrete structures appear...
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I follow answers
best regards
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Its about industrial production of precast concrete elements?
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I follow answers
best regards
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For concrete carriageway, it is normally classified into two types: reinforced and un-reinforced concrete pavement. The reinforcement in reinforced carriageway (in the form of mesh) is used for controlling cracking, what about un-reinforced concrete pavement function without mesh reinforcement?
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Abdel Hakim Al-lawhari ... Thanks for answering..
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In earlier version of ETABS V9.##, I was getting consolidated hinges in respective ranges. but in the version 13.## I'm finding it too large and detailed. Is there possibility of getting consolidated? how could I get it if yes?
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Share me the answer please..
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Dear All,
Analyzing and designing a high rise structure (diagrid with a core) using etabs, the program detects the diagrid elements as "bracings". 
Defining the cross sections of the elements, I'm wondering what would be the size limits proportionally? I'd appreciate if you could refer to references and international building codes.
For instance: I'd like to assign a 30x150cm cross section to the diagrid elements. Is the narrowness of them restricted according to structural engineering standards or etabs capabilities? Or should they be defined as walls? Is it possible to have tilted walls in etabs?
Best,
A
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I want to find ductility of structure by using pushover analysis in ETABS 2015. Can anybody tell me the procedure for doing same.
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Good question.. Please share me the best answer might you trust...
Regards…
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From the question that commonly asked by engineers during casting concrete that can we neglect the expansion joints, if the construction of concrete is carried out in summer?
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Dear Saad Sarsam .. thanks for your answer..
Actually, mt question is on special case, .. concreting on summer time, .. with most higher temperature degree...
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It was from the question that always heard in site from engineers, where the want to use reinforcement with rust.. so does the presence of rust have adverse impact to the bond performance of bar reinforcement?
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Dear Hussam,
I feel the presence of rust have adverse effect on the performance of the bond is true, yes it affect the overall performance of the bond. Rusting is the phenomenon related to corrosion because of it the bond strength is going to get reduced.. so we need to avoid rusting kind of problem in reinforcement..
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Important question related to applying epoxy adhesive in joints of precast concrete bridge segments.. is that important..?... what will happened if we did not do it...?
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Application test parameters like longer pot life, right viscosity, squeezability , sag resistance etc are also need to take care.
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For elastomeric bearing, the vertical load is resisted by its compression while shear resistance of the bearing controls the horizontal movements, So, How might the size of elastomeric bearings find out?
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Thanks
Chitaranjan Pany
.. for your answer...
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Whom concern with prestressing works, always asked about the function of using grouting inside tendon ducts....
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Grouting inside tendon ducts after pre-stressing operation
protects tendon from possible corrosion .
helps in maintaining pre-stress force reducing losses.
protects structure from sudden failure, if local damage takes place for tendon.
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That was very important question .. whats can we do if compression test fails.. can we re-tested by Schmidit Hummer... is that enough..?
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Ertug Aydin ... Many references recommend Schmidt hummer and consider it as a reliable test, .. but I don't trust that..
If this test as you mention is not reliable, ... why we might did it...?