Conquest - Science topic

The ongoing bloodletting in Gaza, and American money and political support for Israel, has revived global discourse on colonialism, genocide, and international institution's complicity in maintaining injustice. The more recent pronouncement of former American president Donald Trump, where he said Gaza could be made into a U.S.-ruled "resort," such...

A Comprehensive Historical Study on Nepal's Sen Dynasty. The History of the Sen Dynasty of Nepal by Dr. Nawa Raj Subba is a meticulously researched historical account that delves into the lasting impact of the Sen kings on the history of mediaeval Nepal. It traces the dynasty's roots, political development, administration, military organisation, e...

The Arab Spring, a series of pro-democracy uprisings that swept through the Maghreb and the wider Arab world beginning in 2010, can be understood as a relic of colonialism. The Maghreb, comprising Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania, has a long history of foreign invasions, dating back to Phoenician and Roman conquests and continuing t...

The political philosophy of Niccolò Machiavelli has often been reduced to the statement that ‘the end justifies the means’ and understood as an expression of realpolitik as a result of his pragmatic, even ruthless, counsel to would-be princes, or political leaders. However, a more nuanced understanding of Machiavelli’s reflections on human nature i...

It is known that the contempt for authority by both indigenous peoples and Spaniards during the conquest and colonisation of America is a cause of political instability in Argentina. Contempt for authority can be quantified by measuring the level of non-compliance with laws and regulations, and indigenous or Spanish origins can be determined throug...

This study aims to examine the responses of Islamic scholars during the invasions of Ghazan Khan in the 13th century and Amir Timur in the 15th century, focusing on how they navigated the political and religious challenges posed by these rulers. Using a comparative analytical approach, the research explores the reactions of scholars who collaborate...

Whether or not one believes that William Shakespeare of Stratford was an author, William Shakespeare as a writer dominates the English canon to a degree that few singular authors can match in any language. A writer not just of plays, but of sonnets, lengthy narrative poems, and some of the most fruitful source material for Western opera, Shakespear...

History of population movements: Migration, colonisation, expeditions, conquests and invasions

Geographical spaces shape myths, folklore, and personal identities, particularly through themes of myth and memory. Using Guy Debord's concept of psychogeography and urban geography theories, the study highlights how landscapes affect characters' emotions and experiences. The stories in The Night in Her Hair depict the deep bond between people and...

Following the British conquest of Northern Nigerian polities, there was the installation/appointment of indigenous traditional rulers in service of British colonial administration and their indigenous communities, of which Katsina Emirate, was not an exception. Therefore, this paper, using historical methodology that include primary and secondary s...

In the twelfth century, the establishment of common law under Henry II, king of England, marked a pivotal moment in the evolution of the English legal system. While the roots of this legal framework are traditionally traced back to Roman and canon law traditions, there is ongoing debate among historians regarding potential direct influences from Is...

At its core, this article critiques the glorification of figures like Amir Khusrau, Francis Xavier, Akbar and Aurangzeb, while pointing to the larger question of how their roles in history are interpreted or whitewashed in modern political narratives, especially under the guise of inclusive nationalism. It focusses on how political leaders, particu...

This article examines the words used by Christian chroniclers in medieval Iberia to refer to North Africans. Following the Islamic conquests of the Peninsula in the early eighth century, Iberian Christians increasingly associated North Africans with Islam – and, conversely, Muslims with North Africa. I demonstrate that the term “Moor” reflected a g...

The rise of Nazi ideology was not solely a political movement—it was deeply intertwined with mysticism, esoteric traditions, and racial pseudoscience that provided a mythic framework for Aryan supremacy. The Thule Society, Guido von List’s Ariosophy, and Heinrich Himmler’s SS mysticism contributed to an occult-infused racial doctrine that sought to...

CONTENTS: (1) Syria - The Fall of a Buffer State, (2) The Arabs, Democracy and a Historical Review, (3) What Follows Syria’s Turning Point After Assad’s Regime Collapse? (4) The Role of Syria in the Emerging New Order in the Region, (5) For the Syria I loved. Syria after the conquest of Damascus and the escape of Bashar al-Assad, (6) Syria at a Cri...

The Ottoman Empire, spanning from 1299 to 1923, developed a unique imperial system by integrating elements from ancient Eastern empires, the Byzantine tradition, and the Islamic Caliphate. This empire ruled over diverse ethnic and religious groups, demonstrating remarkable adaptability in governance. The Ottoman rulers aimed to extend their influen...

It is indisputable that the environment has a significant impact on the emergence of this literary genre-the stories of Karamat-and making it one of the monuments of Arab storytelling heritage. In the Maghreb in general and Algeria, especially with the Islamic conquest, the first of which was associated with factors, the most important of which wer...

https://revistas.usantotomas.edu.co/index.php/cfla/article/view/10754 El artículo actualiza y redescubre la figura controversial de Bartolomé de las Casas, el dominico rebelde, su relevancia educativa y filosófica en el tercer milenio y el futuro civilizatorio. La primera tesis es su modo sustancialmente moderno de educar signado en la afectividad...

From the introduction by Muhammad Sani Umar and John Hunwick (1996, 1998): Sometime in 1902 a young man named ‘Abd Allah al-Ghadāmisī arrived in Kano, 'from the north', presumably from Ghadames. We know nothing of the circumstances of his arrival, or of his ancestry. The document translated below is currently our only source of information on him...

In this lecture 1 , I liken information and communication technologies (ICTs) or digital technologies to what we in West and Central Africa have the habit of referring to as Juju. I invite us as scholars of the digital humanities to see in the region's belief in incompleteness and the compositeness of being human, as well as in the capacity to be p...

War, captives, and human sacrifice were parts of Late Postclassic (AD 1250-1524) Maya culture in highland Guatemala. Las Casas (1958:152) wrote that the supreme lord "put the heads of the sacrificed on some poles on a certain altar dedicated only to this, where they had these for some time, after which they buried them." These cultural aspects show...

In this paper we propose a comparative study of the colonization processes carried out in the Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon from the 1960s onwards and their consequences. In both countries we have the notion, developed by regional and national elites, that there were demographic voids to fill and that it was necessary to occupy them, whether with n...

FR: De la fin du XIXe siècle au milieu du XXe siècle, les républiques d’Argentine, de Bolivie et du Paraguay entreprennent la conquête et la colonisation du Grand Chaco en Amérique du Sud. Sa possession n’est alors que théorique puisque son contrôle effectif est en réalité assuré par de multiples groupes autochtones horticulteurs, chasseurs, pêcheu...

In 1967, when she was a lecturer in English at the University of Ceylon, Yasmine Gooneratne (1935–2024) wrote an article on English literature in Ceylon for an English journal. Three years later, Gooneratne’s study of Jane Austen was published in Cambridge University Press’s ‘British Authors: Introductory Critical Studies’ series. In 1972, she move...

This essay responds to Brack et al ., ‘Plague and the Mongol Conquest of Baghdad (1258)? A reevaluation of the sources’, which is a critique of our 2021 essay in this journal, ‘Plague and the Fall of Baghdad (1258)’. We argue that Brack and colleagues have misunderstood our investigation as an attempt to pinpoint the exact timing of the outbreak of...

Jacques Novicow (1848-1912) was a leading economic sociologist whose work focused on the evolutionary development of society, with particular emphasis on the differing forms of economic and social institutions: from closed command societies based on force and conquest to the exchange society of personal liberty and economic freedom. He was an analy...

The Economies of most Africa cities grew is directly related to the rate at which populations grows. The growth relatively impacts on every economic and social need which include but not limited to employment, food, health, education, recreation, housing and great need for proper management of land use planning which is the subject of this study. T...

This article charts a new course for the study of the Middle Persian documents from early Islamic Iran, which takes their early Islamic context into account more fully than has hitherto been done. This approach and its potential fruits for the study of early Islamic history are illustrated through an in-depth treatment of four seventh-century docum...

This essay will discuss the issue of Native American history and periodization where we are not allowed “premodern” histories. History prior to European contact is relegated to terms like “Pre-Columbian” and consigned to the domain of archeologists. As a reclamation of Native sovereign ancestral presence, I am interested in public humanities as an...

Commissioned by Daniella McCahey (Texas Tech University) Printable Version: https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=60741 Annalisa Marzano's Plants, Politics and Empire in Ancient Rome carefully balances the linguistic and material turns to produce a study of horticulture (fruit and vegetable production) in the early Roman Empire that pays equ...

The Muslim conquest of Spain is an important chapter in history. In 711, the Muslim general Tariq bin Ziyad launched an invasion of Spain, which later paved the way for Muslim rule in Europe. The story that followed this conquest is not just a story of military achievement, but also a history of cultural, religious, and social change. This discussi...

The film Battle of Empires Fetih 1453 is a film that tells the history of the conquest of Constantinople under the leadership of Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih. Although this film was released in 2012, it became interesting to discuss again because based on observations through social media, many uploads related to this film were found, where film scenes...

This study investigates the intertwined roles of war and colonization in driving language evolution, focusing on the ways in which historical conflicts and colonial encounters have reshaped linguistic systems. By examining pivotal case studies—including the Norman Conquest, 20th-century conflicts, and colonial language imposition in various regions...

The advance in the knowledge on the Roman presence in the current Portuguese territory is undeniable. However, traditional and more recent studies and advances in research have brought up a generalised opinion suggesting that we cannot consider this advance of the conquest as a progression on the ground, and certainly not as an exclusively military...

The conquest of Dacia by the Romans was achieved not only by the regular Roman army but also through its special troops, which created various favorable conditions for Rome, but especially attracted the traitorous elements from among the Dacians, thus helping the Romans to give the Dacians the coup de grace in 106 AD. Roman inscriptions from the t...

This study examines Master P.’s use of two Latin Troy-romances: the “De Excidio Troiae Historia” attributed to the fictious Dares the Phrygian, and the so-called “Excidium Troiae”. Our purpose is to understand better the Notary’s attitude towards the Troy-romances. We make our observations via an analysis of certain quotations from these romances....

The political stability of Argentina is a striking phenomenon in the scientific realm. This work factually demonstrates that one of the origins of instability is the contempt of the Spanish in America for the authority of the Spanish Crown, a behavior born during the stage of conquest and colonization of America. The validation process consists of...

In this article the transformation of the Roman Republics form of government in the historical process is reexamined with the theoretical framework of Acemoğlu and Robinsons The Fall of Nations The authors draw attention to how overarching institutions shape the economic and political development of societies and analyse the structures of the early...

Iberian Spain, one of the first major foreign conquests of the Roman Republic, played a key role in funding the Roman Empire's expansion through silver. Nearly a millennium later, following the expulsion of the Moors, Spain embarked on overseas conquests, extracting vast amounts of precious metals—especially silver—from the Americas, reshaping glob...

This article analyzes how moral judgments about the intergroup past may contribute to the development of subtle and blatant forms of prejudice against Indigenous people in Argentina. Specifically, we explore moral judgments about the historical process known in Argentina as ‘the Conquest of the Desert’ (1878–1885). We also analyze the contribution...

Development of long-distance maritime and terrestrial networks is a trait closely linked with the rise of Islamic states. From state-driven conquests to the everyday movements of people and goods, these networks facilitated various socio-economic interactions. Islamic Archaeology has shed light on multiple meanings of material culture and landscape...

The wars undertaken by Augustus to complete the conquest of northern Hispania, which archaeology has brought to light in recent years (Peralta 2009), had one of their main operational scenarios in La Carisa (fig. 1.1), one of the mountain ranges of the Cantabrian Cordillera that penetrates into the center of the Astur lands. The importance of the C...

Cities played a crucial role in spreading the new Roman way across a vast Empire. This included the dissemination of different crops and processed food products such as wine, olive oil and fish sauces. Besides, the concentration of population in cities put pressure on local resources, not just for food, but also for wood, needed for construction an...

Prof. Dr. Dusko Vejnovic regular professor University of Banja Luka main and responsible editor scientific magazines Defendology and Sociological discourse Bosnia and Herzegovina: a country at the Balkan crossroads Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country rich history and diverse cultural heritage which is located in the heart Balkan peninsula , on cros...

This article analyzes misguided hydraulic policies and proposes sustainable human and environmental management by Indigenous people and woman. Since 1950, engineers have pumped water from neighboring states up to 1,100 m into the Megalopolis of Central Mexico (MCM), drilling through mountains and discharging rain and toxic wastewater from an endorh...

This article argues that early-twentieth-century cruise guidebooks deployed ideologies about Caribbean spaces and cultures constructed through imperial conquest. It examines how two influential travel writers, Harry L. Foster and Eleanor Early, shaped touristic perceptions of the region and its inhabitants. Unlike shipping lines such as the United...

This paper focuses on the causes and consequences of colonial domination in Nigeria. Nigeria being a ‘gift’ to Britain from the Berlin Conference of 1884/85, was conquered by the British led by Sir Goldie of the Royal Niger Company and later by Frederick John Lugard before the close of the 19th century. By 1897, the fall of the Benin kingdom was im...

The Codex Dresdensis is widely regarded as one of the four major and significantly important historical codices that have remarkably and successfully managed to remain entirely intact since the time of the Spanish conquest, an event that took place during the early 16th century. The preservation of this exceptional and remarkable codex is of utmost...

Islam and the Development of Arabic Linguistics in Azerbaijan during the Middle Ages Abstract It is well-known that Azerbaijan played a special and fundamental role in the Caucasus region since the beginning of the Islamic conquests during the Rashidun, Umayyad, and early Abbasid periods. In the 30s of the 7th century, Azerbaijan was considered a...

How does Durkheim's thought relate to colonialism, imperialism, and postcolonial theory? To answer these questions, I first examine his explicit discussions of empire and colonialism, which are more extensive than previously thought. I then explore the implications of his general perspective—particularly his theories of anomie and morality—for disc...

A little over 15 years ago, common understandings of slavery-related only to its historical manifestations. The very great nations and/or empires in the world were built on slaves’ backs, either by military or religious conquests. Lately, though, with the severe forms of exploitation that proliferate the world, slavery is renamed. South-North migra...

The 1853 capture of Aq Masjid was a decisive moment in Russia's Central Asian expansion, acting as a springboard for further advances. Traditionally seen as a response to Khoqandi raids on Qazaqs under Russian protection, this article challenges that view and emphasises the impact of internal instability within the Khoqand Khanate. Russia strategic...

Indian Knowledge System has long since passed that stage and has received extended attention in the text books of several authors. Many of these books carry titles conveying the impression that they treat the subject in its entirety. Yet it is in vain that one searches their pages for any but the briefest possible scientific approaches. One might a...

Various scholars have noted Mesopotamian impact on various aspects of Israelite religious beliefs and practices and extrapolated from these on the broader nature of the relations between the regions. Indeed, no society is an island, and influences are inevitable, especially when a small, peripheral society is in contact with a powerful center. Stil...

Deep in the heart of every man is the desire for peace and progress. The same could be said of the world at large at least in principle. It is considered a necessity, and war is often resorted to as a way to actualize this utmost desire. In fact, people like George Washington is quoted as believing that to be prepared for war is one of the effectiv...

Objective: After the first virtuous eras, the role of women remained prominent. They played an important role in political life in the Umayyad era. Theoretical Framework: One of the features of social progress is women's contribution and participation in all fields. Since the beginning of creation, the role of women has become prominent. Adam, peac...

Guerras genocidas vs pueblos en resistencia. La no-existencia de la infancia, de Chiapas a Gaza https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/soci.97541 Recibido: 15 de agosto de 2024 • Aceptado: 29 de octubre 2024 Resumen: La guerra de conquista y ocupación responde a la colonialidad del ser, del saber y del poder, no sólo busca apropiarse de los territorios y los r...

Globally, the incidence and death rates associated with cancer persist in rising, despite considerable advancements in cancer therapy. Although some malignancies are manageable by a mix of chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, and targeted therapy, most malignant tumors either exhibit poor responsiveness to early identification or endure post-treatment...

This chapter reviews the finance and law literature, which focuses on the role of legal institutions in shaping financial development. Considerable research finds that (1) in legal systems that enforce private property rights, support private contractual arrangements, and protect investors’ legal rights, savers are more willing to finance firms, an...

In the process of colonial conquest, beside political and economic strategies, Western powers continually sought to establish hill stations as “sanctuaries from the death in the tropics”. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, French colonialism in Vietnam intensified their exploration and search for places in the midlands and mountainous areas...

This paper explores the renaissance and development of Islam in North Africa, focusing on historical accounts and religious narratives that predate the arrival of Islam through ‘Amr bin ‘Ᾱṣ under the caliphate of ‘Umar. This study is driven by the need for a deeper understanding of how Islam in North Africa underwent historical transformations, fro...

Numerous passages in the Hebrew Bible mention extinct races that are described as giants. Some geographic regions (e.g. Moab, Ammon, Bashan, the Negev, and the hill country of Manasseh) are said to have been inhabited by such giants, whereas others (e.g. Egypt, Edom, Lebanon, and the coastal plain of Canaan) are not. Previous authors have generated...

If an army is lacking in sustainable logistics, no matter how good its mobility and combatting skill sare, it is hard forthat armytowin a victory. The fundamental constituent of logistics is catering services. Catering services has becomeone of the determining factors for armiesto be successful in the battle field throughout history. An army could...

The events of October 1066, rightly or wrongly, demarcate a conceptual border in England’s history that looms large in English cultural memory to this day. With the Norman Conquest came new lords, a new language, differing customs, and innovations in architecture, among other changes. The proponents of these new societal structures did not, however...

Among all of pre-Norman England’s royal women, only Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians (d.918), moved Henry, the archdeacon of Huntingdon, to panegyric verse. The poem, found in his compendious early-twelfth-century Historia Anglorum, is a remarkable composition that emphasises the singularity of the Mercian ruler’s reputation. When Henry does compose...

پس از تسلط مغولان بر ایران و به ‌دنبال حمایت گستردهٔ پادشاهان ایلخانی و تیموری از هنر و برپایی کتابخانه‌ها و کارگاه‌های هنری، ضمن اینکه کتاب‌آرایی رونق گرفت، زمینهٔ ظهور نقاشی مستقل از کتاب‌آرایی نیز فراهم شد. به ‌صورت مشخص از عصر تیموری، تحت تأثیر عواملی همچون تأثیرپذیری از هنر چین، افزایش آزادی عمل نقاشان و فعالیت آنها بیرون از فضاهای درباری، همچ...

The examples described here show that wars not only provide occasions and camouflage for carrying out genocidal intentions, but degenerate into wars of extermination when intentions of conquest and subjugation merge with intentions of extermination. Military defeats do not diminish the intentions of annihilation, but even increase them. On the othe...

The examples described here show that wars not only provide occasions and camouflage for carrying out genocidal intentions, but degenerate into wars of extermination when intentions of conquest and subjugation merge with intentions of extermination. Military defeats do not diminish the intentions of annihilation, but even increase them. On the othe...

We shall examine herein the presence of Roman lamps in the east-Carpathian Barbaricum, subsequent to the Roman conquest. The few lamps discovered there were not discussed in any particular study, being merely mentioned in disparate materials. From the very beginning, it is worth mentioning that in the Romanian historiography the idea of the quasi-t...

The research used is the library research method. The primary data sources in this study are hadiths about wearing sandals when praying, including the Sahih Bukhari Book, the Sahih Muslim Book, the Sunan Abu Daud Book, the Sunan Tirmidzi Book, the Musnad Ahmad bin Hambal, etc. The results of the studyHadith of wearing sandals when praying In this c...

RESUMO: este artigo tem como base um artigo de Israel Finkelstein, publicado em 2019, que por sua vez parte de um artigo de Nadav Na'aman, publicado em 2017. A hipótese é a existência de uma antiga tradição de conquista subjacente no livro de Josué oriunda de Israel Norte. Propõe-se que esta tradição esteja presente nos textos que tratam da conquis...

This booklet tells the story of the Worcestershire Conquest Hoard, one of the largest early Roman coin hoards ever found in Britain and one of the largest hoards of the reign of Nero (AD 54-68) known from the entire Roman Empire. The hoard consists of 1368 Iron Age and Roman gold and silver coins, hidden at a time of conflict and crisis in AD 55....

This research investigates the complex link between climate change and mass displacement, focusing on policy reform and global accountability. Heading the list of realizations here is that the crisis of today's migration is more and more being shaped by environmental catastrophes, not historical causes such as nomadism or conquest. Since 2008, over...

The purpose of the study was to investigate the linguistic and literary components within the framework of the cultural diversity of Central Asian peoples of the Turkic ethnic group. The study analysed the linguistic features of the Turkic languages and their mutual influence through literary texts and oral traditions, with an emphasis on the proce...

Toward the end of the first millennium ad , a burgeoning class of secular elites emerged throughout western Europe who developed local power centres to denote their prestige. Seigneurial investment was prioritised towards residences, as well as churches and chapels, the two elements often paired into single places in the landscape. In England, our...

Al-Biruni, also known as Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, was born in Khwarezm and was a scientist who excelled in mathematics, as well as medicine, astronomy, physics, natural sciences, and philosophy. Centuries before anthropology was set as a major field of study, following his conquest of India, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni sent Al-Bîrûnî to...

The article shows a systematic reading of the late pre-Hispanic landscape of the Guano river micro-basin in the 16th century (Central Andes of Ecuador), as a socio-cultural product constituted by a network of dynamic and interdependent relationships that the societies of the Puruhá ethnic group maintained with the physical dimension (geographical a...

This paper explores decolonial outdoor counterstories written by minoritized adventure athletes, focusing particularly on Indigenous voices within the sports of rock climbing, (ski) mountaineering, highlining, and, marginally, white-water kayaking. Traditional adventure narratives have long been dominated by white, masculine figures who glorify con...

The Mughal dynasty (1256-1858 AD) was the largest Muslim power in the Indian subcontinent, founded by Zahiruddin Babur, one of the grandsons of Timur Lenk. The Mughal Empire reached its peak during the reign of Akbar (1556-1605 AD). Akbar Khan is known as Sultan Abdul Fath Jalaluddin Akbar Khan. As one of the main rulers, Akbar was known for his po...

This paper offers an overview of the published material of the Epirotic sanctuaries. The presentation will be limited to the geographical area of modern Epirus (prefectures of Arta, Ioannina, Preveza, and Thesprotia) and it will cover the period from the Early Iron Age (eighth century BC) to the beginning of the Roman conquest (second to early firs...

On May 28, 1970, Jorge Luis Borges delivered the conference “Junín and the Conquest of the Desert” in that city. Among the audience present, an agent of the local intelligence services listened, wrote and sent to his superiors a version of the lecture and his impressions, a singular record that is kept in the Archives of the Intelligence Directorat...

Mongol rule in China stands as a remarkable example of the amalgamation of two distinct cultures—one sedentary and one agricultural. The progression of the Mongol conquest in both northern and southern China warrants special attention. Initially, the Mongol campaigns in northern China (1211–1234) were marked by excessive cruelty, city destruction,...

La Tregua de Niza, firmada entre Carlos V y el rey de Francia en mayo de 1538, fue celebrada en Nueva España meses más tarde con fastos que incluyeron representaciones de “moros y cristianos”, entre las que destacan La conquista de Rodas (en la ciudad de México) y La conquista de Jerusalén (en Tlaxcala). La elección de los temas de ambas obras (jus...

With the conquest of Istanbul, the Ottoman Empire synthesized the building culture of Islam and the Seljuks with Byzantine architecture and built magnificent structures. The domed central space is an important element of Turkish mosque architecture, and many original attempts were made in this direction. In the 16th century, when Ottoman architectu...

Introduction: the article addresses the professional training of the dentist and the role of the professor in the formation of values in students, in the conditions of a new Cuban university, in a neoliberal globalized world with the predominance of North American imperialism, and its allies. Objective: to base the training process on values by est...

The women of 1968 played a fundamental role in the student movement experienced in Mexico during 1968, which left in its wake one of the most painful memories for social movements, the massacre of October 2, 1968 in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas. To this end, this article seeks to analyze the subway memories and the personal, political and social...

This research aims to publish two silver coins, representing two Akça from the Ottoman era, which have not been previously published or studied. They are preserved within the collection of Mr. Fadi Salaymeh in Germany. They are of great importance as the first Akça is a rare Akça minted in the name of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II in Edirne, ca. 848...

The Norman Conquest brought about great change in England: new customs, a new language, and new political and ecclesiastical hierarchies. It also saw the emergence of an Anglo-Norman intellectual culture, with an innate curiosity in the past. For the pre-eminent twelfth-century English historians - such as Eadmer of Canterbury, William of Malmesbur...

The Territorial conquests of the Medes, as Far East as Hyrcania, could be traced from the first half of the seventh century BC onwards. The first Median kings undertook far-flung campaigns to take control of the region and extend their territory. The existence of the fortified settlement in the Gorgān plain could prove the expansion of centralized...

International law’s tryst with colonialism has continued to have a significant bearing on the shifting sands of jurisdiction in relation to human rights enforcement. Even as the apparition of empire loomed large over Third World states, a ‘universal’ yet non- binding catalogue of human rights had become reality with the birth of the UDHR. As recogn...

The study analyzed the legal construction of the indigenous people in New Spain from the 16th century, focusing on the regulation of their freedom, their integration into the colonial order and the conflicts between the Crown, the Church and the encomenderos. From the time of Queen Isabella, the indigenous people were recognized as free subjects, b...

The study analyzed the role of indigenous peoples in the production and trade of piloncillo in the Huasteca region during the 17th and 18th centuries. It examined the introduction of sugar cane in the region after the Spanish conquest and its economic and social implications. Sugar cane, brought by Hernán Cortés in 1522, expanded rapidly due to its...

Comparing is a base operation in the description of foreigners. Yet, its role in Hellenistic ethnography is still understudied. The paper looks at practices of comparing in the ethnographic texts of Polybius, Posidonius and Strabo in the 2nd and 1st century BC, which served to integrate the (newly discovered) peoples of western Europe into Greek vi...

This work proposes a comparative study of diplomatic gifts in Western Roman expansion and the first stage of Arauco War (1536-1598). The failed Spanish conquest of the Central-South Chile provides the chance to reflect on key complex colonial phenomena (endemic violence, cultural hybridism, and institutionalization of middle ground territories) in...

Malazgirt is a settlement with a strategic location in the Upper Murat-Van region of Eastern Anatolia and of great importance in terms of Anatolian history. The Battle of Malazgirt, which took place between the Seljuks and Byzantium in 1071, was a critical turning point in terms of the Islamization of Anatolia and the initiation of the process l...

In this chapter we describe a specialized rockshelter storage feature at a site we have anonymized as Cerro X, which was a long-standing destination for pilgrimage in the Sierra Sur region of Nejapa in southeastern Oaxaca. Incredibly, the bin contained the seeds of over 127 indigenous plant species. The placement of the bin, in a protected and spir...