Connective Tissue Cells - Science topic

Introduction : Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) has many used for periodontal regeneration in damage intrabony and has been the accepted treatment modality for almost 30 years. Many clinical studies have demonstrated that GTR is a successful modality of treatment for periodontal reconstructive surgery and has become the accepted procedure in most p...

Background Chronic calculous cholecystitis is the main cause of cholecystectomies in children, and 50.5% of patients with gallstones are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. However, the morphopathogenesis of chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis is unclear and may involve various genes, gene proteins, and growth factors. Methods Tissues wer...

This study describes a novel technique to analyze the extracellular vesicle (EV)-derived microRNA (miRNA) crosstalk between equine chondrocytes and synoviocytes. Donor cells (chondrocytes, n = 8; synoviocytes, n = 9) were labelled with 5-ethynyl uridine (5-EU); EVs were isolated from culture media and incubated with recipient cells (chondrocytes [n...

Introduction I-cell disease is rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease which is characterized by accumulation of innumerable intracytoplasmatic inclusions in connective tissue cells. It has multisystemic involvement and often leads to a fatal outcome by early childhood. Craniosynostosis can be present in many cases of I-cell disease and...

Background Ophiuroids, belonging to Ophiuroidea in Echinodermata, possess remarkable regenerative capacities in their arms, relying on cellular recruitment and de-differentiation. However, limited high-quality genomic resources have hindered the investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms of ophiuroid regeneration. Results Here, we report...

The study of the pathogenesis and pathomorphology of cardiofibrosis can be reffered to one of the important problems in modern cardiology. This review paper presents data on the different stages of development of cardiofibrosis in atrial fibrillation (AF). Its significant advantage lies in the study of the molecular mechanisms of the occurrence of...

We describe a novel technique to analyze the extracellular vesicle (EV)-derived microRNA (miRNA) crosstalk between equine chondrocytes and synoviocytes. Donor cells (chondrocytes, n=8; synoviocytes, n=9) were labelled with 5-ethynyl uridine (5-EU); EVs were isolated from culture media and incubated with recipient cells (chondrocytes [n=5] were incu...

Odontogenic cysts, commonly detected during routine examinations involving head and neck imaging such as orthopantomograms and computed tomography (CT), are classified into two groups: developmental and inflammatory. Radicular cysts, which belong to the inflammatory group, originate from odontogenic epithelium, while dentigerous cysts of developmen...

Hyaluronic acid was proposed to support soft tissue recession surgery and guided tissue regeneration. The molecular mechanisms through which hyaluronic acid modulates the response of connective tissue cells remain elusive. To elucidate the impact of hyaluronic acid on the connective tissue cells, we used bulk RNA sequencing to determine the changes...

Intermediate filaments (IFs) play a major role in determining and maintaining cell shape and anchoring intracellular organelles in place, in the tissues and organs of several species, starting from the early stages of development. This study was aimed at the immunohistochemical investigation of the presence, cellular localization and temporal distr...

Background/Objectives: Cationic surfactants are potential antimicrobial candidates. Even so, they are the foremost irritative and incompatible group, which limits their usage. The incorporation of surfactants in biopolymer-based nanoparticles is a feasible strategy to improve their efficacy and reduce those drawbacks. Methods: Surfactants with one...

Introduction. In recent years, the study of the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF) and its complications resulting from this condition has drawn substantial attention from cardiologists. A comprehensive understanding of this issue is essential for investigating the structural and functional disturbances occurring in the heart during AF. These...

Context The underlying principle of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) lies in the use of barrier membranes. Their role is key to this method, as they inhibit the rapid growth of epithelial and connective tissue cells, thus isolating the infrabony defects (IBDs) and ensuring the regeneration of slower-growing periodontal structures. The main disadvan...

Background The transcriptomic profile of cellular senescence is strongly associated with distinct cell types, the specific stressors triggering senescence, and temporal progression through senescence stages. This implies the potential necessity of conducting separate investigations for each cell type and a stressor inducing senescence. To elucidate...

Background. Keloids are benign fibroproliferative tumors that are unique to humans. However, the exact mechanism of keloid formation remains unclear. The inflammatory cytokines released by immune cells can activate fibroblasts, connective tissue cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. Hypoxia is common in the process of fibrosis in many diseases. Thi...

The article presents a review of modern information about the structure and function of dermal fibroblasts. The morphophysiology of fibroblasts, their role in the formation of connective tissue of the dermis and its restoration after damage are discussed. Detailed knowledge about proliferative and synthetic activity of fibroblasts seems to be very...

Background: Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a major mitogen for connective tissue cells and certain other cell types. Objectives: This study uses bile duct ligation (BDL) to assess PDGF levels in rats and the level of liver enzymes for two periods. Methods: The experiment was divided into four groups (15 rats in each group). A total of 60...

The cancer invasion of the large intestine, a destructive process that begins within the mucous membrane, causes cancer cells to gradually erode specific layers of the intestinal wall. The normal tissues of the intestine are progressively replaced by a tumour mass, leading to the impairment of the large intestine’s proper morphology and function. A...

A nonneoplastic lesion of uncertain origin most likely occurring due to connective tissue cells of the periodontal ligament (PDL) is referred to as peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF). It has an exorbitant recurrence rate; therefore, proper diagnosis based on clinical, radiological, and histopathological investigations is a must along with an approp...

Penetrating deep into the cells of the human body in real time has become increasingly possible with the implementation of modern technologies in medicine. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) enables the effective live imaging of cellular and molecular structures of biological samples (such as cells surfaces, components of biological membranes, cell nucl...

Objectives: Fibroblasts are among the most critical connective tissue cells in almost all tissues and organs. Enhancement of fibroblast differentiation, proliferation, and morphogenesis is of paramount importance in tissue regeneration and wound healing. The non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma technology has recently gained intere...

Sodium fluoride (NaF) is a fluoride application recommended by the World Health Organization for its efficacy and safety in preventing dental caries. Gingival fibroblasts that constitute the majority of connective tissue cells play a major role in wound healing via the expression of growth factors, including fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and t...

*PDF available at SSRN Elsevier.* Abstract Background: Low Back Pain (LBP) is a global musculoskeletal disorder affecting quality of life, with 90% of cases categorized as non-specific, indicating that the underlying cause is unknown. One of the current treatment modalities that physiotherapists use are fascia tissue manipulations (FTMs), such as...

Objectives: Fibroblasts are among the most critical connective tissue cells in almost all tissues and organs. Enhancement of fibroblast differentiation, proliferation, and morphogenesis is of paramount importance in tissue regeneration and wound healing. The non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma technology has recently gained intere...

In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of morbidity associated with digestive organ pathology in the pediatric population. The oral cavity is the digestive tract opening, sharing a common ectodermal origin with it. The changes in the cytogram of the oral mucous membranes can signal about exacerbation of pathological processes...

Background Intramuscular fat content is an important index reflecting the quality of mutton, which directly affects the flavor and tenderness of mutton. Livestock and poultry intramuscular fat content is influenced by genetics, nutritional level, and environmental factors. Key regulatory factors play a crucial role in intramuscular fat deposition....

We investigated the therapeutic effects of EDTA application for 14 and 28 days on cadmium (Cd) induced pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758). The sublethal concentration of cadmium (63.4 mg/l Cd) caused tissue damages to the snail after an exposure for 28 days. In the groups treated with EDTA, the concentration of Cd in the foot, mantle and...

Directing of experimental and clinical research requires integration of information on morphological and functional features of organs and tissue structures. One of the examples of such integration is the analysis of the histophysiology of the skin, in particular dermal fibroblasts – a mandatory cellular component of the dermis. They not only synth...

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated vimentin expression in placentas of patients with preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). STUDY DESIGN: Placentas of preeclamptic women (n=25), women with GDM (n=25), and control cases (n=25) were enrolled in this study. Placental samples were fixed in zinc-formalin and further processed for paraffi...

3D bioprinting possesses the potential to revolutionize contemporary methodologies for fabricating tissue models employed in pharmaceutical research and experimental investigations. This is enhanced by combining bioprinting with advanced organs‐on‐a‐chip (OOCs), which includes a complex arrangement of multiple cell types representing organ‐specific...

Background Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) consist of heterogeneous connective tissue cells and are often constituting the most abundant cell type in the tumor stroma. Radiation effects on tumor stromal components like CAFs in the context of radiation treatment is not well‐described. Aim This study explores potential changes induced by ionizi...

Purpose - to determination of the course and effectiveness of treatment of obstetric surgical wound infection in women in labor when using drugs with sorption-detoxification and immunomodulatory properties based on the study of the morphology of the wound process through the use of histological and cytological studies. Materials and methods. In the...

Sarcomas and fibrosarcoma are malignant mesenchymal tumours originating from connective tissue, most frequently detected on the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue. Fibrosarcoma is a highly invasive malignant soft tissue tumour originating from connective tissue cells, and fibroblasts. Primary canine fibrosar-coma is a rare tumour that and acco...

Background Epithelial, connective tissue and immune cells contribute in various ways to the pathophysiology of HPV positive (HPV+) and HPV negative (HPV-) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). We aimed to investigate the abundance of these cell lineages and their coexpression patterns in patients with HPV + and HPV- OPSCC. Methods We used...

Fibroblast is one component of connective tissue cells in polygonal or stellate with cytoplasmic processes or projections. In vitro, tissue culture is an excellent medium used in biomedical research. The goal of this study was to analyze Toxicity and Malignancy in Embryo of Super Java Chicken as Potential Candidates of Strong Poultry in Indonesia....

Upon limb amputation in salamanders, anterior and posterior connective tissue cells form distinct signalling centres that together fuel successful regeneration. The molecular properties that distinguish anterior and posterior cells prior to injury, which enable them to initiate different signalling centres after amputation, are not known. These ant...

Purpose In this study, we investigated the immunohistochemical staining of SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) and Hif-1α expression in placentas of pregnant woman with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome. Methods Placentas of 20 normotensive and 20 women with HELLP syndrome were processed for routine histologica...

Clinical indications for adipose tissue therapy are expanding towards a regenerative-based approach. Adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction consists of extracellular matrix and all nonadipocyte cells such as connective tissue cells including fibroblasts, adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) and vascular cells. Tissue stromal vascular fraction (t...

Human adipose tissue contains adipose stem cells that can differentiate into various types of connective tissue cells when growth factors appear. This effect is currently actively used in regenerative and cosmetic medicine. The process of isolating adipose stem cells involves extracting the stromal vascular fraction. An urgent task is to develop a...

Periodontal diseases are inflammatory and infectious diseases characterized by the destruction of the periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone, which are the supporting structures of the teeth. Regaining periodontal health and maintaining it for a lifetime depends on the removal of pathogenic microflora with periodontal treatment practices,...

Treponeme-associated hoof disease (TAHD) is an emerging disease of elk (Cervus canadensis) in the U.S. Pacific West. Because environmental epigenetics is the primary molecular process that mediates environmental factor impacts on a host organism and disease, the role of epigenetics in TAHD etiology was examined. The current study was designed to ex...

Pulsed radiofrequency is a well-documented treatment option for multiple painful conditions where pulses of energy are delivered close to neural elements. Since its earliest adoption, this technique has gained increasing acceptance as a minimally invasive procedure, and new applications are evolving. Studies have shown microscopic and biochemical c...

Vessels of the microcirculatory bed ensure the full trophism of the body at the level of capillary-tissue relations and are the first to respond to various functional and pathological conditions of organs. At the same time, morphological changes in prostate microvasculature with age under conditions of prolonged ethanol poisoning have been understu...

Natural antimicrobial peptides are used in the fight against pathogens resistant to existing synthetic antibiotics. The non-specific mechanism of cytostatic action of antimicrobial peptides, in particular gramicidin S, against bacteria is also effective for damaging the cells of neoplasms. The existence of such a property in a registered antibiotic...

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) has been implicated in mammalian testicular and epididymal development. This study aimed to investigate ERK expression in the immature and mature testes and epididymides of bulls. We evaluated ERK expression using immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Immunoblot analysis revealed that immature bul...

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is the main non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix that is synthesized by fibroblasts and other specialized connective tissue cells. The accumulation of HA on different tissues is a characteristic of disorders that are associated with progressive tissue fibrosis. HA is also known to play a critical role in t...

Myxomas of the heart are one of the most common primary heart tumours, which most often develop in the left atrium, are characterised by a benign nature and no relapses after surgical removal of the tumour. Karney complex is an autosomal dominant disease characterised by numerous tumours, in particular, myxomas of the heart. Insufficient coverage o...

Aim: there is a surge in herbal product sales with less adequate information on their safety. The toxicity concerns of Mr. Flush® polyherbal formulation on hematological and biochemical parameters was investigated in Wistar rats. Methodology: Thirty Wistar rats of both genders were randomly allotted to six groups (5 per group) and treated by oral a...

Mechanosensory ion channels are proteins that are sensitive to mechanical forces. They are found in tissues throughout the body and play an important role in bone remodeling by sensing changes in mechanical stress and transmitting signals to bone-forming cells. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a prime example of mechanically induced bone remodel...

Aim: there is a surge in herbal product sales with less adequate information on their safety. The toxicity concerns of Mr. Flush® polyherbal formulation on hematological and biochemical parameters was investigated in Wistar rats. Methodology: Thirty Wistar rats of both genders were randomly allotted to six groups (5 per group) and treated by oral a...

The relevance of the work is related to the possibility of artificially adjusting the intensity of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration in animals, which will significantly affect the tactics of rehabilitation treatment of muscle injuries in the future. The purpose of the research was to determine the effectiveness of the transplanted mesenchymal st...

Objective: Our aim in this study is to examine the effects of endometriosis on uterine tissue. Materials and methods: Two groups were formed, with eight rats in each group. Sham group was subjected only saline solution for 7 days. The endometriosis (EM) model was induced with estradiol benzoate (EB). In the EM group, EB was given to rats for 7 days...

Objective: In this study, we investigated the immunohistochemical staining of cited-1 and caspase-6 expression in the placentas of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome. Patients and methods: Placentas of 20 normotensive patients and 20 women with HELLP syndrome were processed for routine histological tissue processing. The biochemical and clinical...

Introduction Chagas’ disease is a tropical neglected illness caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and remains one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality in South and Central Americas. The disease is caused by a moderate to intense and persistent inflammatory response characterized by local upregulated expression and production of inflamma...

The lineage of periodontal ligament (PDL) stem cells contributes to alveolar bone (AB) and cementum formation, which are essential for tooth-jawbone attachment. Leptin receptor (LepR), a skeletal stem cell marker, is expressed in PDL; however, the stem cell capacity of LepR⁺ PDL cells remains unclear. We used a Cre/LoxP-based approach and detected...

Background Sinonasal masses are not an uncommon spectrum of diseases. They are frequently encountered in Sudan, sometimes with variability in modalities across the country. The objective of this study is to document the pattern of sinonasal masses in Sudanese patients and to highlight the knowledge of the modalities, clinical presentations, and man...

Skin infections due to microbes are reported with high spread and reportedly affected one –third of the world population. Connective tissue cells produce collagen and connective tissue fibers to heal wounds of skin and white blood cells produce antibodies to fight against harmful microbes. This study presents the process of synthesis of nanofiberou...

Background and Aims: Parkinsonia praecox ,“palo brea”, is a medicinal plant distributed in the Mexican Sonoran Desert. However, there is little information about the chemical composition and biological potential of this plant. As a consequence, the objective of the present study was to determine the chemical composition, as well as the antioxidant...

Dermal fibroblast cell culture is a convenient model for studying various effects on cells, including hypoxia. Fibroblasts, in addition to collagen production, are able to synthesize biogenic amines, hormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters identical to those in the central nervous and endocrine systems, which allows them to be used to study...

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and Dupuytren’s disease (DD) are fibrotic conditions that affect the connective tissue of the hand and limit its functionality. The exact molecular mechanism underlying the fibrosis is unknown, and only some profibrotic factors have been investigated. In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed the expression of FGF sign...

Purpose of the study . Study of the possibilities of pharmacological regulation of local and systemic inflammatory response, stimulation of reparative regeneration in prosthetic repair of abdominal wall hernias. Materials and methods . The experiment was carried out on 92 rats of both sexes of a pure line, divided into 4 groups. Group I (control) r...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial tissues and progressive destruction of bone and cartilage. The inflammatory response and subsequent tissue degradation are orchestrated by complex signaling networks between immune cells and their products in the blood, vascular end...

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) from resident connective tissue cells in tooth-supporting tissues (periodontium). Platelet activation, and the attendant release of pro-inflammatory chemokines such as platelet factor 4 (CXCL4/PF4), are associated with periodontitis alth...

Relevance. The growth factor is a collective term of mitogenic peptide hormones that promote receptor-mediated proliferation and cell differentiation and motility. In the latter case, a cell can only divide by mitosis after first having broken off contact with adjacent cells under the influence of a scatter factor [10]. Cell proliferation can be tr...

Aim: to provide a morphological study of the areas of cement resorption of the tooth root to assess the regenerative function of cement in destructive forms of periodontitis. Materials and methods . The studies were carried out on scanning electron and light microscopes. Results. It was found that in some places resorption lacunae and cement defect...

Fibrosarcoma is a rare, highly malignant tumour of mesenchymal cell origin. A Labrador dog aged 11 years was presented with a history of anorexia and depression. On clinical examination a growth was detected at the base of the tail. The growth was surgically removed and submitted for diagnosis to. The growth was examined cytologically and histopath...

Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is used as a food additive mainly in the bread-making process. Ruta chalepensis (R. chalepensis) is an excellent and valuable bioactive plant that produces a range of complex flavonoids. The present study was aimed to investigate the possible protective and therapeutic effect of R. chalepensis against KBrO3 toxic effects o...

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate how titanium (Ti) surface with different range roughness created by industrial machining influence the biological response of primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFB) and keratinocytes (HGKC) in terms of cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Methods: Four Ti surfaces of different roughness ranges were...

Developing omasum of prenatal goat between 32 to 150 days of foetal life was taken for this study. The foeti were divided into three groups viz. Group I (age >50 days), Group II (age 51 > 100 days) and Group III (age 101 > 150 days). Staining was performed for PAS, AMPS, Bound lipid, Alkaline phosphatase, Acid phosphatase and DNA. Cells of basal zo...

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional membrane-enclosed organelle. One of the major ER functions is cotranslational transport and processing of secretory, lysosomal, and transmembrane proteins. Impaired protein processing caused by disturbances in the ER homeostasis results in the ER stress. Restoration of normal ER functioning requires a...

Graphene, a nanomaterial made of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms, has recently been investigated as a novel surface treatment for promoting osseointegration. This study aims to evaluate the biological effects of graphene oxide (GO) on turned and sandblasted, large-grit, and acid-etched (SLA) titanium surfaces. In vitro, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs...

Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is used as a food additive mainly in the bread-making process. Ruta chalepensis (R. chalepensis) is an excellent and valuable bioactive plant that produces a range of complex flavonoids. The present study was aimed to investigate the possible protective and therapeutic effect of R. chalepensis against KBrO3 toxic effects o...

Understanding how connective tissue cells respond to mechanical stimulation is important to human health and disease processes in musculoskeletal diseases. Injury to articular cartilage is a key risk factor in predisposition to tissue damage and degenerative osteoarthritis. Recently, we have discovered that mechanical injury to connective tissues i...

The use of light in the red and near-infrared light spectrum influences cell viability and proliferation in both cell and animal experimental models. In wounded models, photobiomodulation (PBM) at various laser parameters may stimulate or inhibit the tissue repair process by affecting cells important to healing. Connective tissue cells include oste...

Background/aim: Hoffa's disease is anterior knee pain presumably stemming from inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia of the infrapatellar fat pad (Hoffa's pad). The etiology and pathogenesis are unclear, however, and no genetic information about the disease has been published. We report the genetic findings in cells from the fat pad of a patient with H...

The present study was aimed at describing the anatomy of the nasal turbinates in adult Yankasa sheep using sectional anatomical planes and light microscopy. A total of 5 heads of Yankasa sheep obtained from the abattoir were used. The gross observations of the nasal turbinates were presented in midsagittal and serialized transverse sections. The na...

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is an important health problem that develops with the proliferation of vascular endothelial and perivascular connective tissue cells and that holds many foci in the body. While involvement of skin and mucosa is at the forefront of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma, its symptoms may be asymptomatic...

Dysbiosis of the oral microbiome mediates chronic periodontal disease. Realignment of microbial dysbiosis towards health may prevent disease. Treatment with antibiotics and probiotics can modulate the microbial, immunological, and clinical landscape of periodontal disease with some success. Antibacterial peptides or bacteriocins, such as nisin, and...

Scarring, which develops due to fibroblast activation and excessive extracellular matrix deposition, can cause physical, psychological, and cosmetic problems. Fibroblasts are the main type of connective tissue cells and play important roles in wound healing. However, the underlying mechanisms of fibroblast in reaching scarless wound healing require...

Anatomically, the human tooth has structures both embedded within and forming part of the exterior surface of the human body. When a tooth is lost, it is often replaced by a dental implant, to facilitate the chewing of food and for esthetic purposes. For successful substitution of the lost tooth, hard tissue should be integrated into the implant su...

The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the immunohistochemical expression of plasminogen activator system (PAS) proteins (uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1) in ameloblastomas (AMBs), odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), and dental follicles (DFs) representing normal odontogenic tissue, as well as to investigate possible correlations between these proteins....

Ectopic mineralization refers to the deposition of mineralized complexes in the extracellular matrix of soft tissues. Calcific aortic valve disease, vascular calcification, gallstones, kidney stones, and abnormal mineralization in arthritis are common examples of ectopic mineralization. They are debilitating diseases and exhibit excess mortality, d...

During amphibian metamorphosis which is triggered by thyroid hormone (TH), the small intestine is extensively remodeled from the larval to adult form. In the Xenopus laevis intestine, some of the larval epithelial cells dedifferentiate into adult stem cells, which newly form the adult epithelium similar to the mammalian one. We have previously show...

ABSTRACT Placenta previa is defined as the condition when the cervix is completely or partially invaded by the placenta. Since this condition can cause postpartum hemorrhage, it is an important risk factor for maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. Previous pregnancies and cesarean delivery, multiple pregnancy, and advanced maternal age are ri...

Introduction:Morphological peculiarities of liver after dexamethazonne influence on the mother-placenta-fetus system is not well studied. Materials and Methods: The study included the livers of 144 white laboratory rats from 1 to 90 days of life. All animals were conditionally divided into 3 groups: Group I - intact animals, which were born from h...

Regeneration of soft and hard tissue defects, although not impossible, is not always a predictable outcome. Tissue Engineering has shown to be successful in regenerating such defects with the objective of development of a new functional tissue structure which is either scaffold-based or not. Currently, the barrier membranes are being used as a phys...

The present study, conducted on the larynx of five adult Yankasa sheep was aimed at exploring its basic anatomy and histological features. The larynx consists of four cartilages; the unpaired epiglottis rostroventral, unpaired thyroid ventrally, dorsal paired arytenoid, and caudal unpaired cricoid. These cartilages presented distinct morphological...