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Conflict Resolution - Science topic

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Help us to find the Conflict Resolution Behavior Determination Scale (CRBDS). Cannot retrieve it on the internet.
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Dear Doctor
Go To
A Study on Developing the Revised Version of the ͞Conflict Resolution Behavior Determination͟ Scale (CRBDS)
Nermin Koruklu
International Journal of Psycho-Educational Sciences Vol. 7, Issue (1), April –2018
"Conflict resolution is defined as the conflicting parties’ intention or effort in doing their best to resolve the conflict by coming together.
Conflict Resolution Behavior Determination Scale (CRBDS) was designed to have two subdimensions as “aggression” and “problem solving” on the basis of positive and negative interdependence in the conflicts encountered in interpersonal relationships.
Abstract
Conflict resolution is the process where parties come together and exert efforts for a solution with the aim of ending an existing conflict. In the current study, the aim was to test the reliability and validity of the revised version of the Conflict Resolution Behavior Determination Scale (CRBDS) designed to determine the conflict resolution behavior of the middle school students. The sample of the research consisted of 997 6th grade students studying at 3 different middle schools. Analysis results indicated that CRBDS consisted of two-dimensional and 17 items. Two-factor model developed at the end of the CFA was tested and it was detected that the obtained fit indices were considerably better. In addition, concurrent validity results showed that the relationships between CRBDS and similar scales was significant. Cronbach Alpha analysis was done for reliability test. As a result of the reliability and validity tests, it was seen that CRBDS consisted of two subscales and 17 items and ıt was suitable for application."
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Hi All,
I am looking for two articles, to include in a syllabus, on conflict resolution in schools/education. Can you please recommend any?
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Many thanks, Sundus :) Gender is essential and inherent! I appreciate that very much. Take care :)
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Q1: What is conflict in the context of leadership, and what are its sources?
Q2: Is conflict always detrimental, and what are the benefits of conflict resolution?
Q3: What is the first step, "Set the Scene," in the Interest-Based Relational Approach, and what are its benefits in leadership conflict resolution?
Q4: How does "Set the Scene" in the Interest-Based Relational Approach relate to emotional intelligence in establishing a conducive environment for conflict resolution in leadership?
Q5: What is the second step, "Gather Information," in the Interest-Based Relational Approach for leadership conflict resolution, and how does emotional intelligence support this step?
Q6: What is the third step, "Agree on the Problem," in the Interest-Based Relational Approach for leadership conflict resolution, and how does emotional intelligence support this step?
Q7: What is the third step, "Explore Possible Solutions," in the Interest-Based Relational Approach for army leadership conflict resolution, and how does emotional intelligence support this step?
Q8: What is the final step, "Negotiation and Solution," in the Interest-Based Relational Approach for army leadership conflict resolution, and how does emotional intelligence support this step?
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Some degree of conflict should always be there to promote growth, brain storming and innovative ideas to be generated. Complete resolution of conflict or any effort in this regard is unhealthy as this hinders creativity
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Practical applications and case studies of emotional intelligence in the military showcase its positive impact on leadership, conflict resolution, and overall unit cohesion. Examining real-world scenarios highlights the significance of EI in enhancing mission success and the well-being of military personnel.
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It's new field for explore
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JAS BARD LLM <quote>
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explain the mechanics of establishing an "ERES" environment
E-RES stands for Earth Resolution in terms of Energy Distribution. It is a measure of the ability of a remote sensing instrument to resolve the spatial distribution of energy on the Earth's surface. E-RES is calculated as the wavelength of the radiation divided by the square root of 2.
The original calculation of E-RES was:
E-RES = wavelength / sqrt(2)
However, this calculation does not take into account the effects of atmospheric attenuation. Atmospheric attenuation is the process by which radiation is absorbed and scattered by the atmosphere. This can cause the spatial resolution of a remote sensing instrument to be degraded.
A more accurate calculation of E-RES takes into account the effects of atmospheric attenuation. The following formula is used to calculate E-RES in the presence of atmospheric attenuation:
E-RES = wavelength / sqrt(2 * (1 - exp(-μ * h)))
where:
  • μ is the attenuation coefficient of the atmosphere
  • h is the altitude of the remote sensing instrument
The attenuation coefficient of the atmosphere varies with wavelength. For example, the attenuation coefficient is higher for shorter wavelengths, such as visible light, than for longer wavelengths, such as microwaves.
The altitude of the remote sensing instrument also affects the E-RES. The higher the altitude, the lower the attenuation coefficient, and the higher the E-RES.
The E-RES is an important factor in the design of remote sensing instruments. The higher the E-RES, the better the instrument will be able to resolve the spatial distribution of energy on the Earth's surface. This is important for applications such as land cover mapping, environmental monitoring, and disaster response.
I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions.
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explain (in context) how E-RES facilitates Collision Avoidance and Conflict Resolution in terms specific to Human Performance Enhancement (HPE: RT Media)
Sure. E-RES, or Earth Resolution in terms of Energy Distribution, is a measure of the ability of a remote sensing instrument to resolve the spatial distribution of energy on the Earth's surface. In the context of human performance enhancement (HPE), E-RES can be used to facilitate collision avoidance and conflict resolution in a number of ways.
For example, E-RES can be used to track the movement of objects in the environment, such as vehicles, aircraft, and people. This information can be used to identify potential collisions and to take steps to avoid them. For example, if a vehicle is approaching another vehicle at a high speed, E-RES can be used to determine if there is enough time to stop or to take evasive action.
E-RES can also be used to identify potential conflicts between different users of the environment. For example, if two people are walking towards each other on a narrow path, E-RES can be used to determine if there is enough space for them to pass each other safely. If not, E-RES can be used to identify a safe way for the two people to pass each other.
In addition to tracking the movement of objects, E-RES can also be used to identify the energy signatures of objects. This information can be used to identify objects that are not visible to the naked eye, such as drones and other small objects. This information can also be used to identify the intentions of objects. For example, if an object is emitting a high-energy signature, it may be a threat.
Overall, E-RES can be a valuable tool for facilitating collision avoidance and conflict resolution in a number of ways. By providing information about the movement and energy signatures of objects in the environment, E-RES can help to keep people safe and to prevent conflicts.
Here are some specific examples of how E-RES could be used to facilitate collision avoidance and conflict resolution in the context of HPE:
  • In a military setting, E-RES could be used to track the movement of enemy vehicles and aircraft. This information could be used to identify potential collisions and to take steps to avoid them.
  • In a civilian setting, E-RES could be used to track the movement of vehicles and pedestrians in a crowded area. This information could be used to identify potential conflicts and to take steps to avoid them.
  • In a sporting event, E-RES could be used to track the movement of players and objects on the field. This information could be used to identify potential collisions and to take steps to avoid them.
E-RES is a promising technology that has the potential to improve collision avoidance and conflict resolution in a number of settings. As E-RES technology continues to develop, it is likely to play an increasingly important role in keeping people safe and preventing conflicts.
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explain how E-RES can be used to establish Relative Energy Equal Pay through Vertical Industries with Shared Communities of Interest
E-RES, or Earth Resolution in terms of Energy Distribution, can be used to establish Relative Energy Equal Pay through Vertical Industries with Shared Communities of Interest (VISCOIs) in a number of ways.
First, E-RES can be used to track the energy expenditure of workers in different industries. This information can be used to identify industries where workers are disproportionately expending energy, and to take steps to reduce the energy burden on those workers. For example, if workers in the construction industry are disproportionately expending energy, E-RES could be used to identify ways to reduce the energy burden on those workers, such as by providing them with better tools and equipment.
Second, E-RES can be used to track the energy consumption of different industries. This information can be used to identify industries where energy is being wasted, and to take steps to reduce energy consumption. For example, if the energy consumption of the manufacturing industry is high, E-RES could be used to identify ways to reduce energy consumption, such as by optimizing production processes or using more energy-efficient equipment.
Third, E-RES can be used to track the energy efficiency of different industries. This information can be used to identify industries that are leading the way in energy efficiency, and to learn from those industries. For example, if the energy efficiency of the food and beverage industry is high, E-RES could be used to identify ways to improve the energy efficiency of other industries.
Finally, E-RES can be used to track the energy productivity of different industries. This information can be used to identify industries that are getting the most out of their energy, and to learn from those industries. For example, if the energy productivity of the transportation industry is high, E-RES could be used to identify ways to improve the energy productivity of other industries.
By tracking the energy expenditure, consumption, efficiency, and productivity of different industries, E-RES can help to establish Relative Energy Equal Pay through VISCOIs. This is because E-RES can help to identify industries where workers are disproportionately expending energy, where energy is being wasted, where energy efficiency is low, and where energy productivity is low. By identifying these industries, E-RES can help to ensure that workers are paid fairly for their energy expenditure, that energy is used efficiently, and that industries are productive.
Here are some specific examples of how E-RES could be used to establish Relative Energy Equal Pay through VISCOIs:
  • In the construction industry, E-RES could be used to track the energy expenditure of workers in different trades. This information could be used to identify trades where workers are disproportionately expending energy, and to take steps to reduce the energy burden on those workers.
  • In the manufacturing industry, E-RES could be used to track the energy consumption of different factories. This information could be used to identify factories where energy is being wasted, and to take steps to reduce energy consumption.
  • In the food and beverage industry, E-RES could be used to track the energy efficiency of different processing plants. This information could be used to identify plants that are leading the way in energy efficiency, and to learn from those plants.
  • In the transportation industry, E-RES could be used to track the energy productivity of different modes of transportation. This information could be used to identify modes of transportation that are getting the most out of their energy, and to learn from those modes of transportation.
E-RES is a promising technology that has the potential to help establish Relative Energy Equal Pay through VISCOIs. As E-RES technology continues to develop, it is likely to play an increasingly important role in ensuring that workers are paid fairly for their energy expenditure, that energy is used efficiently, and that industries are productive.
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Dear doctor
You can go to the following title on web
"Resolutions and decisions adopted by the United Nations Environment Assembly of the United Nations Environment Programme at its first session on 27 June 2014
See UNEP/CPR/127/2, sect. XI.A."
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What would be public participation and conflict resolution? What is public participation in the perspective of Peace and conflict?
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Tika Sharma Peace or conflict is largely determined by government. For people to have a say requires an election.
The question then arises as to how the people can individually or collectively encourage peace rather than conflict.
Street protest against war is one possibility. Changing the constitution to require a parliamentary decision rather than a government decision to declare war is another possibility.
Where sanctions are applied against an invading nation, it is individuals who will see the sanctions are effective be they financial, sporting or cultural isolation.
Ultimately when one country leader invades an adjacent country it will be for the people of the invading country to remove their leader through elections.
Richard
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Hello friends I hope you all are doing well,
Dear Seniors, I am a PhD aspirant in Civil Wars Studies and new to this area.
I request experienced scholars in the field to please suggest me some good books/articles readings for understanding the basics in the area.
Any suggestion about good articles/books on the Research Methods in Civil Wars studies would also be welcomed.
Thanks
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Good question, and good answer by Stuart B Jennings
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Hello,
Can someone please help me regarding the access to CRSI ( Conflict Resolution Style Inventory 1994) since I have to use it in my research and translate it but I am unable to get access to it. Neither do I know if its in the public domain/ free to use since the author Lawrence Kurdek passed away in 2009. I have contacted researchers who have recently used it in the publications but have not received any answer yet.
Thanks and Regards.
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Hello Fatima,
The instrument is mentioned in the text by Perlmutter, Tuliatos, & Holden (2001), Handbook of Family Measurement Techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. However, it may be just a mention.
If you know of studies that used this measure, I'd try contacting one of the authors other than Kurden to see whether they could furnish a copy of the instrument.
However, this link may be the one you're looking for, as it references Kurden: https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/conflict-resolution-styles-inventory-crsi/
Good luck with your work.
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Educational programs in parenting, conflict resolution, and group work now aimed at teaching virtue.
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Cognitive therapy is very effective
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Conflict resolution at socio-economic disparities?
Two-way honest approach driving through varying characterized bi-parental upbringing, that further leads societal interactions into one to one, one to many and many to one results in evolving massing conflicting opinions which further sets parameters in devising policies as tools to establish best governance mechanism that sets addressing link befitting all. Yet, socioeconomic individual best behavioral dynamism is so cumbersome that it would not succeed in capturing molecular referral interest. Hence projections are to be assimilated at some level based on the injection of all-around acceptable values to be harmoniously synchronized. That perhaps would provide addressable solutions. Mainly resolves on economic conflict, which is expected to achieve the best social alignments at different classes and strata.
Please let me know your opinion. Highly appreciate.
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There are not acceptable new social values to resolve an economic crisis such as the one we face in Venezuela, Dear Shahida Anusha Siddiqui.
Any familiar values were simply dismantled by a well thought criminal gangster organization called CastroChavismo, which uses social media to deny the genocide using fake news and to polarize more what remains of our family culture.
In Venezuela, the battlefield for freedom, and rule of law is the family and in such a case, values are to be fixed from the past, where Venezuelans were successful to live in peace and harmony.
How? a war, unfortunately, Why? in order to capture and prosecute CastroChavistas for crimes against humanity committed.
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Different models had been put forward by managers and scholars in managing crisis in the workplace and our personal life. This question seeks to know the best ways people have maintained a healthy life in the ever-evolving life.
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Dear @Temitope Joshua Adeusi I utilize escape and avoidance mechanism as the conflict resolution strategy as long as possible.
Regards!
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Celtic mythology tells of Eochaid Ollathair (“Father of All”), also known as the Dagda, the “Good God”.  The Dagda's cauldron, one of the four sacred objects brought to Ireland by the Tuatha De Danaan, provided unlimited food and sustenance:  "No company ever went from it unthankful".    
But this is not a simple corncopia.  The Dagda's cauldron is a central symbol of reconciliation, at the heart of good governance. It is the Coire Aisic -- the Cauldron of Restitution -- positioned in the Great Hall in the Rites of Tara and around which everybody must gather when a divisive problem has arisen.  All persons who participate in the gathering, contribute what they have to the cauldron, so that it holds every form of sustenance used by the Irish.  All those present (including lords and poets -- the knowledge holders and the 'stakeholders', as it were) must speak to the cauldron, instilling it with the knowledge and the purposes that they bring.  Then each in turn is brought to the cauldron, and receives a fork thrust out of it; and, in this way, through the magical power of the cauldron, the proper portion comes out to each.
 
The Rites of Tara engaged people to renounce their prior claims, to contribute sources of nourishment and understanding into the common pool, so as to permit -- somewhat mysteriously -- the emergence of a just and respectful solution to the conflict.   In what ways can these symbols be useful for orientating current challenges of reconciliation and conflict resolution?
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Your research perspective is very important and makes a lot of sense nowadays. The concrete references that I have in my library are the following:
- DOWLIN, Gerard. "The Liminal Boundary: An Analysis of the Sacral Potency of the Ditch at Ráith na Ríg, Tara. Co. Meath", in: The Journal of Irish Archaeology, Vol. 15 (2006), pp. 15-37.
- MACALISTER, R.A.S. "Temair Breg: A Study of the Remains and Traditions of Tara", in: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, Vol. 34 (1917 - 1919), pp. 231-399.
- MACALISTER, R.A.S. Tara: A Pagan Sanctuary of Ancient Ireland. London: Scribners, 1931.
- MICHAEL J. ENRIGHT, Michael J. "lona, Tara and Soissons: The Origin of the Royal Anointing Ritual. (Arbeiten zur Fruhmittelalterforschung, 17.) Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1985.
- PETRIE, Georges. "On the History and Antiquities of Tara Hill", in: The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. 18 (1839).
I also remember that in the movie Gone With the Wind the name of the plantation was Tara, and the family probably was from Irish origins. I am not sure, but probably can be an interesting clue for contemporary representations of rituals of repentance and reconciliation.
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Hi, Hope everyone is doing great. I am confuse between two scales. Both are "Conflict management Questionnaire" (attached in added files). I want to use a scale to measure conflict resolution styles in adolescents based on five styles (accommodating, avoiding, collaborating, competing, compromising), i had find these two scales.. Then i searched a lot but i did not found the authors of these two scales to get permission.
Please if any one have used any of these scales, send me the reference of author, and if any one have used any other scale based on these five styles for conflict resolution/conflict management, please tell me and send me information. If any one knows the author of "conflict resolution questionnaire" attached in added file please send me information about author. Recommendations needed. thanks a lot.
Best regards,
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I think the first is Thomas-Kilmann (1974). I think you have to pay to use it. Try using the conflict styles scales by Rahim.
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Recently, I attended a Peace Seminar on Conflict Resolutions. I was interested to dig into the conflict resolutions among Indigenous People (IP). Are their process of resolving conflict seminar with the contemporary world? What insights we need to learn from them in conflict resolutions?
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The attached article partly answers your question.
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Nowadays, eGames and games are applicable to different scenarios for conflict resolution. Which games are more recommend for experiments in primary, secondary schools or university levels?
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The Happy Emotional Education Program is the focus of the open access research article found here:
According to the authors, the software trains students in emotional competencies that will allow them to resolve conflicts more assertively. The research concluded that the Happy Emotional Education Program "contributes to the management of emotions and the absence of negative affect or anxiety in a significant way" (Filella et al., 2018, para. 1).
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In the November issue of the Journal of Conflict Resolution (https://tinyurl.com/tyhrn2j) Adrian Lucardi and I, debate with Bunce, Wolchik, Hale, Houle, Kayser, and Weyland, about whether democracy protest diffuse? We find across thousands of statistical models, that the don't between 1989-2000, in general? BW and W suggest that they might in very unusual circumstances.
What are your thoughts? In what situations do you think they might spread? Why, despite all the protests occurring today in close succession of each other, is no one is talking about protest diffusion?
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This is a good question to call for an international conference, because the diffusion hypothesis seems to be widespread. Please look at my enclosed argument.
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I am doing my research on this topic and I would like to hear some thoughts.
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Personality types are just part of the equation but they may influence the type
of conflict-resolution strategy .
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Solomon Islands is a country made up of 9 Provinces, with their own various dialects, traditions and way of life.
Importance of learning these cultures, will enable an entity:
  • To appreciate the value of respect;
  • To engage in sincere collaboration;
  • To appreciate traditional beliefs;
  • To help protect Indigenous Intellectual Property rights;
  • To help the indigenous people excel their creativity and intelligence; &
  • To appreciate traditional rules of land management and conflict resolutions.
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Thompson B Uki In addition to your importance points above, cultural genetically speaking, studying the Solomon Islands' diverse cultures and traditions is important for :
1. to sharply define its roots of culture (either Sea People Culture or Land People Culture)
2. to define whether the said diverse cultures is caused by microevolution phenomenon or inter-islands migration from their original place
3. to delineate the trail of their dispersal the world over by comparing their persistent customs/traditions
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Como futuro profesional del Trabajo Social, me interesaría saber qué modelos usan o usarían los diferentes colegas de profesión para la resolución de conflictos familiares tan usuales y típicos que se encuentran a diario los diferentes trabajadores de esta rama social.
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Sin duda la combinación del Enfoque Colaborativo, el Modelo Centrado en Soluciones y la Terapia Narrativa, estos dos últimos creados por trabajadores sociales. Nuestra experiencia en el Laboratorio de Mediación, Resolución de Conflictos y Orientación Familiar nos lleva a olvidarnos de los "modelos" clásicos de mediación y resolución de conflictos
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Researching religious authority in education: Political theology, elites’ theory and the double nexus Liam Gearon and Arniika Kuusisto
Abstract This article provides a theoretical frame to structure methodological approaches to examining religious authority in education. It does so by examining the complex, overlapping relationship between secular and religious authority and the institutional power of education evident through responses to issues of cultural expression. The political theologies research examined ongoing tensions – accommodations, conflicts and resolutions – of religious authority with secular political systems, legal frameworks and institutions of educational replication. Through the data it became clear that education – in the broadest sense, as well as in its formal institutional structures – provided a mediating role for power exchanges between religious and political authority, which was especially evident in responses of religious leaders to issues of cultural and self-expression. Through interviews with senior religious leaders and authority figures in England – technically religious ‘elites’ – the findings provide insights into a ‘double nexus’ conceptual framework for researching religious authority in education: first, the internal nexus within religious traditions and, second, the external nexus of religious communities with secular, legal and political authority. Theoretically and methodologically, this represents a critical synthesis of political theology and elites’ theory, providing as yet underexplored possibilities for researching religious authority in education. Keywords Religion, authority, education, political theology, elites’ theory
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n the developed world, elitist media play an important role in the political arena, where it guides public opinion on issues of paramount importance in the country, unlike the media in the third world where the media is oriented towards the policy of a certain party.
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There are a lot of new technology implementation modeled to perform human functions.
In the field of conflict resolution, can computer systems (implementing artificial intelligence program) simulate or sense its environment to the degree that it uses its environmental inputs(Not numeric data but neuron specific data that houses emotions) to solve a conflicts situations to a point up-to 50% like humans?
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This article might be helpful:
Kraus, S., Sycara, K., & Evenchik, A. (1998). Reaching agreements through argumentation: a logical model and implementation. Artificial Intelligence, 104(1-2), 1-69.
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Conflict resolution, any art factor?
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Dear Colleagues Adams and Simamora,
You have posed a question that is at the heart of much of my artistic activity and also my peace work. Sometimes a have to call attention to some glaring omissions in vocal tones that are not simply quiet and dove-like, but mostly I do try to keep it peaceful.
Art speaks to the heart and factual essays speak more to the mind. That is, art can reach places in people that simply arguing and citing facts cannot.
We can actually do much with street theatre. This kind of art is direct and emotional. Street theatre goes to the heart of a case and reaches more people than art in a gallery or museum (unless the top artists who are world famous.) Consider art that is most accessible. That is the way--a way--to get the values out that you are seeking to communicate.
A problem in peace groups is that they stage many events speaking to those who decide to come because they already agree. Pre-selection of the already-motivated audience means slow merely a slow growth of communicating the ideas. Street theatre is just out there and whoever comes by hears and sees it without "playing it safe" and, as we say here in the US, preaching to the choir.
This beingg out there and accessible is most important in conflict resolution. It is important to set up events where more than one's own side attend.
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The mountain of TaraGat was famous for dens forest cover. With the passage of time tree cutting was accelerated. Before merger of Swat, Dir and Chitral states, Malakand was part of Federally Administered
Tribal Area (FATA). During that time all mountainous areas were communal land and forest resources were under the control of local land owners. After merger of the three states in to Pakistan (1969-70), the status of Malakand changed from FATA to PATA (provincial administered tribal area). The ownership of forest resource changed and came under the control of Government. In this way large scale deforestation
started. Till 1980 the mountain of TaraGat was completely cleared. During 2000-02, forest department was with a sincere attempt to decorate the mountain with trees and was successful. For this purpose
the mountain was banned for five year. When the banned was lifted, one person claimed ownership and cleared a small part of the newly planted forest. With this a conflict aroused and the whole community started trees cutting. The forest was cleared within few days time
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Without doubt , communities must be made responsible for managing common lands converted into forests or grasslands or silvi - pastures . However continous motivation and capacity building of communities are requred before excuting any such programme. I have seen that in Bikaner district of Rajasthan , India where a huge moving sand dune was on the verge of engulfing whole village . Local folk were sensitized effectively to go for vegetative sand dunecstabilization programme and villagers did all the required activities for sand sune stabilizaton themselves . Today that dune is well stabilized , trees and grasses are flurishing like any thing , villagers have set definite rules to protect the vegetation of the said dune. Only grasses are taken by villagers though cut & carry System under a controlled regime .Now said village is completely safe since last 20 years .
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Dear all,
I am graduate student working on my thesis. One main question that I faced is "How international water laws and Conventions including UNCL 1997, contributing to water conflict resolution among riparian countries in the world". In the other word, I am seeking some real case studies that international water laws and conventions have tackled and solved water dispute and conflict among their riparians.I would really appreciate if anyone could kindly help and guide me in order to introduce some appropriate papers, docs, articles, etc. in this regard.
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The international conventions are very important, not only to provide a legal instrument to regulate water usage, but also to become a learning instrument about water flows,...... however all this can only become a strong management mechanism when countries agree to cooperate and use the opportunities that are provided to them through these concepts......
To work on the issue one can identify a number of international river basins, like the Megkong River, The Ganga River or a number of rivers in Africa. Case of intra-state river disputes (e.g. Cauvery River in South India) can also help to understand that such challenges can also happen within countries.....
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I am wondering whether anyone of you could recommend some literature on the experiences and dilemmas peacebuilding practitioners face, as well as on their experiences, impacts or perceptions.
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Here are some sources that I've used in my courses:
Disney, Abigail E., and Gini Reticker. 2008. Pray the Devil back to Hell. [Videorecording]. [Sausalito, CA] : Distributed by Roco Films Educational, [2008].
Lederach, John Paul. 2015. Memoirs of Nepal: Reflections Across a Decade. Blurb. http://www.blurb.com/b/6579628.
Mac Ginty, Roger, and Oliver P Richmond. 2013. “The Local Turn in Peace Building: A Critical Agenda for Peace.” Third World Quarterly 34 (5):763–83.
Noma, Emiko, Dee Aker, and Jennifer Freeman. 2012. “Heeding Women’s Voices: Breaking Cycles of Conflict and Deepening the Concept of Peacebuilding.” Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 7 (1):7–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/15423166.2012.719384.
Suurmond, Jeannine, and Prakash Mani Sharma. 2012. “Like Yeast That Leavens the Dough? Community Mediation as Local Infrastructure for Peace in Nepal.” Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 7 (3):81–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/15423166.2013.767648.
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Now drafting a paper on the application of proportionality principle in International Investmen Arbitration, with special references to OXY v Ecuador. Research has shown until this moment, a wide acceptance on this issue. And this is my query: Isn´t there a discordant voice in mainstream academic publishing on the issue?
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Had written an article on Proportionality in context of FET four years back, attached, if it interests you. 
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what are the psychological of theory and model of peace and conflict resolution
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You could also try Daniel Bar-On:  Intractable Conflicts: Socio-Psychological Foundations and Dynamics 2013 CUP 
The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice ed Deutsch and Coleman  covers peace building from psychological perspectives.
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I need to use the DUTCH questionnaire (conflict resolution styles) for a NGO for personnel development. I already have the questionnaire but I do not know where to look to learn if I am free to use the inventory for any purpose. Or if the purpose is not merely research I need to pay something to the author. Does anybody know where to look?
(I already emailed the author)
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Beatrice is correct. If the scale is published in (say) a journal article or data base (such as the APA one), then it is available for use free of charge. It's always nice to let the author(s) know, though - and sometimes they have useful tips or updates.
By the way: Van Dreu, the lead author, is no longer at the U. of Amsterdam. See the link below for his current location.
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As you know Colombia is beginning a post-conflict stage after the agreement between government and FARC. the post-conflict development would be implemented in those remote territories where FARC has had an historical influence. However, this would be managed by governmental and private companies. I am looking for both, successful and failed examples in other processes to take into account in the Colombian process.  
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Camilo,
There is quite a lot of work in the critical peacebuilding literature that looks at the importance of (and the challenge in achieving) local ownership in peace and development projects.  My recent article comparing two peacebuilding projects in the Ecuador-Colombia border region, funded by the same international donor but with very different approaches to local ownership, might be helpful for you:
For more on the local contexts in which aid is received, and the ways that social, political, and economic dynamics interact to produce more or less peace, you might check out a series of articles published recently by Cecile Mouly, Annette Idler, and Belen Garrido in the Colombian border region, and a book by Eduardo Moncada on the relationship between private businesses, local politics, and violence in Colombian cities: http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=23748
Good luck!
Jeff
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It is obvious that since Russia aggression in Georgia (2008), Crimea Annexation (2014) that was followed by pro-Russian proxy war in East-Ukraine and Russia's involvement into Syrian civil war West to certain extend had failed to protect the values that is it was standing for. The question related to the future of West-Russian relations is still open and remains rather unclear. What would be the solution and what path West shall follow - return to "Business as Usual" with Russia or take more pre-emptive and active measures!
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Dear Edijs,
concerning the dependence the EU on NATO and NATO on American foreign politics I would wait till the new president of United states  will take a lead. 
anyway, realism is for me personally the most explainable theory of IR after Ukraine crisis.
if you need some reference, take a look at Tang, S. The Social evolution of IR. Oxford Uni.Press. this is also very good understanding.
best wishes, Patricia.
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Hi everybody!
this is the title of my dissertation and I need some useful sources, please advise me if you have any sources that could benefit me. I'd be grateful if you any suggestions for me to support my argument. Please be aware that my argument is in favoure of partition.
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Hi Yousif 
This is an interesting and a tough question to answer at the same time. Among the few things you should probably consider for your dissertation is how external political considerations will make the partition of the country along Ethnic and Sectarian lines difficult.
For example : Turkey's fight with the Kurdish armed group makes it highly opposed to demands of autonomy for Kurds in Iraq due to fears that Turkish Kurds may use this as a precedent to demand more autonomy. This is seen in the military strikes that it conducted in Syria to push back the gains of the Kurdish YPG against ISIS as it believes that the the YPG are connected to the PKK. 
Similarly Iran and Saudi Arabia will probably weigh in for the Sunni- Shia split and thus should be considered strongly while working on your dissertation. If you want sources: Please go through
1. "Reputation and Civil War: Why Separatist Conflicts Are So Violent" a Book by Barbara F. Walter . i myself have not gone through this but I understand it should have some good theoretical discussions to get an idea of the theory part.
2. Also look at works by Michael Knights who has written extensively for Al Jazeera. 
3. Please check for works on Post Conflict restructuring and violence books that I havent explored yet.  Feel free to message me . This sounds like a fine dissertation and I would like to follow on your work. 
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Dear Research Gate scholars, can anybody help me with literature/studies on NGOs-military relations in the fields of conflict resolution/peacebuilding/security governance (in particular in the case of Pakistan)? 
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Go to my RG publications, and you ill find articles related to NGOs /civil society in Pakistan    
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In the context of alternative dispute resolution
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The mediator's scope in a private mediation depends in large part on what are the rules and boundaries agreed upon by the parties in dispute.  For instance in labor mediation, the parties typically agree on the length of time spent in mediation and of course the cost of mediation is normally split evenly between or among the parties in dispute.  Otherwise, just like in court-ordered mediation, an agreement is not mandatory and the normal rules of mediation are in effect.
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Hello,
i would need a simple and validated task in which two people are facing a potential conflictual situation: eg. a car accident. The task should allow  participants to adopt different motivations toward their partner: competitive, collaborative, caregiving-empathic, careseeking-needy. 
Any suggestions? Thanks!
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Thank you very much!
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Stakeholder analysis in conflict resolution, project management, and business administration, is the process of identifying the individuals or groups that are likely to affect or be affected by a proposed action, and sorting them according to their impact on the action and the impact the action will have on them. This information is used to assess how the interests of those stakeholders should be addressed in a project plan, policy, program, or other action. Stakeholder analysis is a key part of stakeholder management. A stakeholder analysis of an issue consists of weighing and balancing all of the competing demands on a firm by each of those who have a claim on it, in order to arrive at the firm's obligation in a particular case. A stakeholder analysis does not preclude the interests of the stakeholders overriding the interests of the other stakeholders affected, but it ensures that all affected will be considered. In the subject of this analysis, the question arises, The same weight or different weights for stakeholders? For other hand, reviews of stakeholders have the same weight or different ?which one is better in the Stakeholder analysis analysis?
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Dear Mr. Zandebasiri:
In stakeholder analysis you should consider some important aspects. Fundamentally, the theory is based on the ethics addressing the ‘principle of who and what really counts’. There is a vast literature on the various aspects of stakeholders interests and risks, but basically, as you already know quite well is that a stakeholder is any person that has an interest in any given subject and can be positively or negatively impacted by it. After that it is important that the researcher should consider what sort of attributes need to be considered: power, influence, interest are amongst the most common. Some authors consider an approach by which stakeholders are ordered according to their potential either as a threat or as a cooperating body. Another important aspect in terms of deciding whether to attibute equal or different  stakeholder weights is to consider their position. Those people and groups that are the intended beneficiaries or directly affected by the project are called primary stakeholders. Those that deliver the project are secondary stakeholders, whether or not they belong to the public or private sector. Finally, the others that may derive some benefit from the project even if they are not directly involved in it, but which have some interest in its outcomes are denominated external stakeholders. Finally , a stakeholder analysis must be conducted and updated throughout the life cycle of the project, and as such stakeholder involvement (and consequently their weights) vary along the lifetime of the project.
Best regards and votes of good research work,
Jorge
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I would greatly appreciate further advice on sources to tap - apart from the BBC! - about the renewed conflict in the disputed Nagorno Karabakh region of Azerbaijan. My dissertation is focusing on whether the 1992 conflict, where it seems there was Russian involvement, helped shape Azerbaijan's post Soviet national identity, and I wondered if Russia might be involved again now.
My thanks again for all the advice I have already received from you. 
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Savvas that's a great help and thank you.  The point about hard power is well made!
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I am familiar with COW and ACD, and recently I also had a look at Banks' Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive. The latter seemed promising but is not exactly what I am looking for.
What I am looking for is a database which codes wars according to the way they are fought, e.g. 0 for mostly conventional, 1 for unconventional/ assymetric/ guerilla however you want to call it. Banks seems to list the number of ambushes etc. staged per year. That is nice, but it does not tell me whether the war itself was predominantly fought with guerilla or conventional tactics.
If anyone knows of such a dataset I would be very grateful if you could tell me! If you think, as I do by now, that this does not exist, please write me, too!
Much oliged!
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You can have a look at the ECP Database on Conflict and Peacebuilding. It does not have exactly the information that you are looking for, but it contains updated information on the intensity of worldwide armed conflicts.
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Graph Model for conflict Resolutions GMCR II on trans boundary rivers. Modelling and analysing the options
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The folks that developed GMCRII have upgraded the software; called GMCR+. You can probably get ahold of Dr. Keith Hipel and see if you can get a copy. 
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Moscow and Ankara continue to contest the circumstances surrounding Turkey’s downing of a Russian jet over the Syrian border on 24 Nov.
Considering that Russia and Turkey have strong economic ties, and Russia is Turkey's largest importer, and this is another dispute with NATO after Crimea; what are the consequences of Turkish-Russian dispute over the downed jet?
Was Turkey justified in shooting down a Russian fighter jet?
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There are many consequences that affect directly the relations in all fields between Russia and Turkey.
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I have just started a research class.  My question is:
Do groups involved in an informal conflict resolution process, such as interested-based practices, that report higher levels of fear and shame experience higher levels of process satisfaction?
I suspect this is not well researched at all.  Have you come across any references that may speak to this question?  
Thanks,
Tara
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Thank you.  I will read it over the next week.  Tara
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Professional development- perception of benefit for principals.
Conflict resolution
Leadership construct
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Perception and measurement of leadership or performance  of school leaders is a good study. There are lots of related study on this topic that you can search from the internet and use it as your reference in formulating criteria and indicators to measure leadership performance of school leaders. Your instrument depends on your research design. Best wishes.
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I need the help of this software
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Hi,
My main research area is Game Theory and conflict resolution. I have worked on that software. If you have question send me an email on bahrini@ksu.edu 
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Regarding the role of language for development and the relationship between language and thought: According to Piaget, thought comes before language, which is only one of its forms of expression. The formation of thought basically depends on the coordination of sensory motor schemes and not of language. This can occur only after the child has reached a certain level of mental abilities, subordinating herself, to the thought processes. The language allows the child to evoke an object or event absent at the communication of concepts. Piaget, however, established a clear separation between the information that can be passed through language and processes that do not seem to suffer any influence of it. This is the case of cognitive operations that can not be worked by means of specific training done with the aid of language. For example, you can not teach, just using words, to classify, to serialize, to think with reversibility. As for Vygotsky, thought and language are interdependent processes, from the beginning of life. The acquisition of language by the child modifies its higher mental functions: it gives a definite shape to thought, enables the emergence of imagination, the memory usage and the action planning. In this sense, language, unlike what Piaget postulates, systematizes the direct experience of children and therefore acquires a central role in cognitive development, reorganizing processes that are ongoing.
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I think that many people confuse *thinking* with *communicating*. Some kind of language is necessary for *communicating* not however for *thinking. To make sense, as in sense-making and to re-create memories of sense-making. To re-engineer sense-making experiences in our minds. To dream of sense-making in our minds. All of that can be done with or without the assistance of any particular language. To sense something does not require one to have the ability to communicate that experience - real or constructed in the mind. In my experience - it seems that we as human beings walk through life dreaming and thinking - and then struggle with our efforts to communicate our thoughts to others using some kind of language, whether it be, physical, verbal, visual or any other is irrelevant. Our thoughts are not limited by any language - but our language is limiting what experiences and dreams we can describe.
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I would like to see research on radical disagreement theory.
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A theory of radical disagreement is contrasted with an example. In the theory radical disagreement is described as a juxtaposition of equivalent subjective narratives that do not ‘reflect truth’ but merely serve as ‘motivational tools’ for group survival. In the example, it can be seen that neither speaker is saying that. The Palestinian claim (A) is not about a subjective narrative or motivational tool, but about a lived reality endured for 60 years. And the Israeli claim (B) is not about a juxtaposition of equivalent accounts, but a fierce refutation of faults and misrepresentations in what the other says. This mismatch between third party theory and participant example explains a great deal about why third party interventions based on those theoretical assumptions fail.
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I am working on developing an adult training program and want to experiment using the elicitive approach rather than prescriptive approach.
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We did a fairly large project for training judges and prosecutors in China between 2004 and 2007 with a focus on cross-examination of witnesses in criminal trials. In some 50 sessions in different parts of the country, we had over 1200 participants. There is no scientific evaluation of the project but plenty of anecdotal evidence. The most striking feature was the widespread inability of questioning authority. Essentially, the approach taken by defense attorneys was to agree with the prosecutor and ask the judge for a lenient judgment, even in cases where there were blatant contradictions in witness statements and other problems with evidence presented against the accused. We did trial simulations with scripted witness statements to demonstrate how different people could see the same escalating dispute from different angles and come to very different conclusions about who did what and why. By and large the target audience was very appreciative and thought of the trainings as eye opening. What we do not know, however, is whether and to what extent the participants changed their behavior on the basis of the trainings. And, of course, given the fact that there are about 200,000 judges and a similar number of prosecutors in China, we reached only about 0.3% of them.
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The initial articulation of the goals for the Nigerian National Conference included addressing ways to reduce corruption. I'm looking for instances of successful reduction of corruption in other states.
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Professor Vincent Fitzsimons: Thank you for your contribution to this important discussion. Yes, you are right: throughout many countries, including especially those in Africa, institutions that are supposed to deal with corruption have been compromised and hence, are no longer capable of performing their functions effectively. If the police and judiciary are pervaded by corruption, it is not likely that they can positively contribute to the control or eradication of corruption. That is why I have recommended total state reconstruction (through democratic constitution making) to produce a new set of institutions that adequately constrains the state and minimizes the chances that its custodians would engage in the various forms of opportunism.
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The four coups to date and the perception of a generational ‘coups culture’ are they only the symptoms to much wider issues?
Was Mr Bainimarama ‘grasping at straws’ with his “Look North Policy” in an attempt to generate external means to support the Fijian Government, or are these policies a politically naïve attempt to re-engage with Australia and New Zealand on more equal terms?
In order to achieve peace and stability in Fiji – is this best conducted internal to the country or with external assistance sanctioned by all key players in an attempt to better understand and resolve the drivers to the ongoing conflict?
Does not the depth of ingrained racial tension in current time lead to a continuance of previous colonial and post-colonial (1970-1987 and then building up to the 2006 Coup) attitudes?
If restorative justice has not been successful in the past, and the rule of law has not worked where the continuance of Militocracy continues, what alternative avenues are there within a South West Pacific environment that may be considered acceptable as a method of resolving this conflict?
How do you set about resolving such ingrained historical grievances in Fiji where there is little desire for them to be resolved in an impartial manner in the first place?
What do you consider to be the drivers to seeking a path of resolution in the current climate of Fiji?
What would be the result if the UN turned to the interim Govt of Fiji and said – resolve your democracy issues and maintain a free and fairly elected government or we will no longer accept Fijian military personnel on UN missions in any capacity?
How can Fiji resolve its own issues constitutionally, particularly where there is continual change to the constitution based on personal whim by a few key actors in this crisis?
In the Fijian example, would an open invite would need to be issued by the Fijian President with concurrence from the Prime Minister and Commander RFMF to provide clarity for any group providing governance assistance? If so, to what countries would Fiji look toward in the provision of governance assistance, particularly as the September 2014 elections draw closer.
With the sanctions imposed by Australia and New Zealand having essentially failed, is there any hope of return to 'normalcy' in political relationships between Fiji, Australia and New Zealand?
Will Mr Bainimarama accept the election results of the 2014 elections if his party not win the people’s vote or will he revert to Militocracy?
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Yes. it is unstable and driven by racial requirements. The structure of the population is basically made up of Fijians, Indians ad others. The problems are mainly between the Indian and Fijians with the Fijian population owning the land and the Indian being mainly the business people and sugar growers.  Unless this can be addressed we will continue to see one coup after another. The solutions rest with the Council of Chiefs and the leaders of the Indian community. 
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I am exploring using a participatory and elicitive approach to developing conflict resolution training in China, but am having difficulty finding resources on work that has already been done in this area.
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Have you tried searching topics that interest you on CNKI (the largest online academic database in China)?
I've attached the English landing page of the website, hopefully you could find something useful.
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How do you make an algo that automatically generates timetables which have no conflict?
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It may not be so easy to learn whether there are no conflicts, but here is a link to a fairly good PhD dissertation that discusses some approaches to this problem, in particular constraint programming methods: http://www.en.pms.ifi.lmu.de/publications/dissertationen/PMS-DISS-2003-1/PMS-DISS-2003-1.pdf
And here is another one, on periodic versions of the problem: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-73312-6_8#page-1
It is not a smile problem, and I would assume that the best algorithms right now are constraint programming-based.
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Its given that media has a destructive role in conflict through its negative message, as we seen in Rwanda and Chechnya, through spreading heater and ethnic tension. But can the same local or international media play a positive role in reconciliation in the post war community?  
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The question is, does the media play a role in conflict prevention? My natural answer is yes. The media are the agents or agencies of mediation on a wide range of social, economic, environmental, and political issues.
At the same time, conflicts have become a system in our society. Note that there are two main types of conflicts which I wish to clarify in this presentation. In this case, there are functional and dysfunction conflicts which occur in the society.
For example, functional conflicts (creative conflicts) are necessarily positive as they reflect the differences in opinions, ideas, perceptions, and other forms of expressions in a free society. On the other hand, dysfunctional conflicts are associated with violence which may lead to damage or loss of life, infrastructure, facilities, or property.
There are various units of measurements of conflicts. Conflicts occur at individual, family, group, community, national, regional, and international levels. Similarly, media operations (both print and electronic media) can also be categorised as community media, national media, regional media, and global media.
The truth is that the media has a social responsibility to promote peace and prevent dysfunctional conflicts in the society. It should promote creative conflicts such advancing conflicting views on different subjects or issues within the province of human rights, democracy, political, or constitutional framework.
This debate is not only confined to the conventional mainstream media or community media (radio, television, internet, films, newspapers, magazines, and newsletters) alone, but also relevant to the social media as well. How can the media contribute to conflict prevention?
These are some of the things that the media should do in order to play a credible role in conflict prevention, resolution, management, and post-conflict peace building activities. First, the media should practice the key elements of the social responsibility theory of the press (media).
This means the media is seen to be ethical, professional, competent, and socially responsible in all its programming or coverage of regular news or events. So its outputs should reflect objective, accurate, fair, balanced, true, and timely with an express provision for the right of reply for the general audience or an aggrieved party (person, public, or organization). Second, the media should be well informed about the conflict system itself.
That also means the media should the causes (early warning), process, impact, assessment, and evaluation of a conflict situation. Conflict report should be professionally done and journalists should undergo proper training on the subject. All the information and sources must be verified and authenticated professionally. All the apologies should both prominent and prompt as a sign of good practice and code of conduct.
Third, the media should not be used as an institution for fomenting conflicts at any level. We have heard of Radio Miles Collins (one thousand hills) which was used in Rwanda to execute genocide there in 1994. We have also witnessed the indictment of a Kenyan Radio DJ, at the ongoing ICC trail in Hague (Netherlands).
We also know that many journalists or media practitioners have lost their lives, others locked up in prisons, while some media houses have been closed or destroyed for allegedly causing conflicts or subverting peace and security. The case involves the incumbent Kenyan President, H.E, Uhuru Kenyatta, among others. This is about a bloody civil strife (dysfunctional conflict)  which led to the death of up to 1500 local Kenyans in the 2007 presidential election results dispute. It also caused the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Kenyans internally and several Kenyan refugees in Uganda hitherto (2014).
As a result, the media can prevent conflicts at all levels of the society. To guarantee its institutional role in peace keeping, building, and conflict prevention; the media should have editorial policy and professional competence to set the agenda and walk the talk. The policy should also guard against any potential internal and external abuse.The media should practice self-regulation on this issue too.
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I’m currently looking for a way to rank the success of different conflict resolution and/ or peacebuilding initiatives throughout the world. Do you know of any data project with such indicators or methodological literature, which would help me discerning the most relevant criteria for determining various levels of success?
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Whatever method you chose, it will be your interpretation. Without a significant write-up on limitations, it'll be viewed with with scepticism by many academics (although you might make a nice graphic for USA Today). Peacebuilding initiatives are highly complex phenomenon and really warrant qualitative analysis, as was noted previously in another comment. Another reference on the complexity of the issue: James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State.
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In May 2014, Thailand experienced its 12th Military coup. This is one of the highest coup rates in the world. The factors driving these coups are well understood. What is less certain is how Thailand can break out of this cycle of coups. Are there any feasible ways to break this cycle?
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I would suggest taking a in-depth look at the historical reasons for the coup undertaken to this point. What are the linkages between the military and the Royal Family? The personalities and the personal networks between the personalities. Why is it that the military only act on the approval of the King? Understanding the political situation and the levels of corruption that occur in Thai politics may also generate a line of questions for you to answer as to the reason why and offer potential solutions as to resolving the coup culture. Understand the attitudes, behaviours, contributors and the drivers as to why these occur may become clearer. The Thai coup culture is not an easy issue to resolve, much the same as the coup culture in Burma/Myanmar. Having been there and undertaken a level of study of Thai politics, military attitudes as well as the continuing levels of military control within the country I would suggest that this is very much an ingrained attitude that will only have a hope of being resolved once the primacy of domestic security is transferred solely to the Thai Police Force while simultaneously removing corrupt practices from all government agencies as well as central government.
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This is content analysis but I am not sure of the political aspect of conflicts in newspapers to get them resolved.
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This question is quite broad and extremely open-ended. Let me first state that, you need to set out the key variables (which in your opinions constitute political manoeuvres) that you would like to measure in this case. At the same time, you should define what you term as conflicting issues. These could be social, economic, political, legal, or environmental issues. This is a bright question.
The next thing that you need to know is that newspapers (broadsheets or tabloids) have their political or policy leanings, and this is normal. But these do not affect news columns because of the professional requirements of good journalism. However, newspapers provide special opinion columns for debates and these are clearly identified as opinions (Op-Eds).
As you plan to measure the variables based on selected criteria, there is a need to select or identify the newspapers (tabloids or broadsheets) to be assessed using a method or procedure called Content Analysis. Read more about this methodology. For example, decide on which issues are to be analysed (duration), and the contents involve size of columns, headings, pictures, personalities, and the frequencies of the coverage in the selected publications. Find the details from the internet.
I suggest this question is reviewed. My opinion is that manipulations are usually unfair or dishonest tactics which are intended to achieve specific ends or objectives. In this case, it involves two or more competitions or opposing sides. These may at times be synonymous with propaganda, misinformation, deception, or disinformation. This means they are quite aware of the falsehoods.
In addition, it may also involve very competitive debates or serious arguments by the contestants in question. Political arguments by politicians or policy makers, academic debates by professionals or intellectuals; may present conflicting views, but these cannot be called manipulations. It is normal for people to agree to disagree on an issue.
In a free society, dissenting views are not only encouraged but also promoted by laws, institutional practice, and constitutions. There is a need for evidence of manoeuvres, the standard of evidence is very critical to justify any claims for political manoeuvres. There is a need to define the term in question or present an operational definition of it. You may have columns on (on the political manoeuvres) on social, economic, political or legal, and environment issues.
The phrase conflicting issues need to be well clarified because issues by themselves do not conflict. Instead there are conflicting views, decisions, laws, or policies on issues. My view is that, issues by definition are facts which people interpret or perceive differently (have different points of view). So the conflicts are about attitudes, perceptions, or misperceptions or manipulations. Our perceptions or attitudes are formed by our background or upbringing (social (e.g. culture and religion), economic, environmental, and political beliefs, orientations, or practices).
The reasoning here is that, issues are by definition, facts which people interpret differently (the conflicts are in the interpretations of issues but not in the issues themselves). For example, people may have different views about what they think are the causes of deforestation or land degradation in a particular place. The issue (fact or reality) is deforestation or land degradation.
While one side of the arguments may attribute deforestation or land degradation corruption, international trade in timber, or agricultural expansion; another side, may blame them on population pressure, lack of public awareness, weak environmental laws, or even mass poverty. For example, others argue that, poverty is both the agent and victim of environmental degradation.
The other issue that should be considered is that newspapers represent different political shades. Their editorial policies defend or propagate the proprietors’ points of view such as political agenda. Likewise, in a democratic society, it is not only normal to have alternative views under freedom of expression, democratic, pluralistic society, and media pluralism.
The media such as newspapers have a social responsibility to act as a market place of ideas as they provide the public sphere (debating arena) for all kinds of views. Political debates or disagreements are promoted by the media for better accountability and transparency as well as policy elaboration on various platforms for citizens or as part of civic or voter education at times. It is during such debates that the audience (the public) will judge if anyone is simply manoeuvring or not.
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I have worked in international conflict dispute areas focusing on two areas (1) international parental abduction and (2) peace processes/building. Both areas focus on the MENA region where I have worked for nearly 20 years. I have found more similarities between the two types of conflicts than any other with religion being not only central to the conflict - but their appears to be an inherited component of the dispute.
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I'd add female circumcision and forced/underage marriages to the parental abduction issue.  They are matters of public concern here in Australia that generate social division within both the broader Australian community and its ethnic minorities, and generational divisions within those ethnic communities between the young growing up in a 'western' culture and their more traditionally focused families.  And these issues also then contribute to broader resentments and feelings of being discriminated against, and denied the right to practice their own cultures and beliefs.
On a different note, think of polygamy in the United States in the Mormon Church, which saw them first going into virtual exile in Utah, and later abandoning polygamy in the mainstream Mormon church.
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Richards (1996) states that teachers can solve classroom problems when they become research practitioners. Is this true? How can this be substantiated?
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Jose, i must agree with you, though i have no data, beyond my own experiences. I have always treated my teaching as action research, and as a head of science with 15 teachers in my team, i encourage the same. We celebrate our experiments, share our successes and failures and talk incessantly about what we are trying in our teaching.
My experience personally is of success. I am not a natural teacher as i am quite introverted, but i have become recognised as one of the better teachers. My faculty is regarded as one of the better in the school and described in ways that indicate that this is because of the action research model.
One plus is that my experimentation has had the unexpected effect of making me a better and happier person in general. I often cite teaching as the best thing that has happened to me for my personal development.
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Conflict in inherent in society. Conflict resolution is a major part of the role of all managers. It is Negotiation rather than use of force which is believed to be a virtue in conflict resolution, whether in international relations or industrial relations. It can help discover a more sustainable solution to conflict, whereby both parties consider that their stand is proper and right.
In this context, is there a difference between duscussion and argument?
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I am agree with the answer of Prof. Kamal Eddin Bani-Hani. 
***At a same time I feel that,
The Argument comes "statements and reasoning in support of a proposition." An argument can be a fact used as evidence to show that something is true, like a study that shows exercise improves certain health conditions — an argument for being more active. Argument also means "a discussion between people who have contrary views."
The Discussion comes "examination by taking things apart," and when you're having a discussion with someone on a complicated topic, it's like you're taking it apart and trying to understand it. Usually in a discussion, people exchange ideas. 
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I am looking for a finite collection of negotiation tactics (such as argumentation, ultimatum, boulwarism). Such tactics should be clearly defined and described in the article.
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My advice would be to read the reference bibliography listed in the Harvard Negotiation Program. I found it extremely useful as guidelines and techniques. Then you can improve them with your own personal experience and practice.
I have modeled a two party behaviour with the different text books but very especially with "Negotiation", by Richard Luecke (Harvard Business Essentials)
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As a psychiatrist, I see many patients who have come from a stressful situation involving some dispute with an employer, such as the armed services, health services, police etc. When the argument is going badly for them, they sometimes appeal to a set of symptoms which they claim represent an illness, for which the employer is held responsible. If the diagnosis is ratified, the grounds of the dispute radically change, with various financial and other privileges applying to the patient who now occupies the 'sick role'.
If the illness has objective measures which can validate it, all well and good. But in much of psychiatry, there are no objective verification procedures that can validate or disprove the claim.
I doubt that the nature of the problem is adequately captured by the idiom of judging the 'fine line' between illness and health. Rather I think the two domains of 'dispute' and 'sickness' overlap, and that a decisive shift occurs when the matter moves (with medical ratification) from one domain to the other.
I am interested in understanding some of the philosophical issues raised by this problem.
See this link for some examples of how the problem appears in a clinical setting.
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the idea of epistemic authority in the arena of psychology, sociology and political science was well developed and discussed by Arie Kruglanski, Daniel Bar-Tal and I dealt with this concept elaborating on it with regard to civil-military relations in the era of asymmetric conflicts.
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A conflict is not necsessarily good or bad, it should be evaluated in terms of individual and organizational functions and dysfunctions.
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Sometimes it is good and sometimes it is good depending on the situations and circumstances around the group
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Have you been working on preventing and solving conflict in healthcare teams? What are your insights? Any stalking horse ideas to get close to it?
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Greetings Robin and apologies for such a delayed answer! Thank you for your suggestions. I will follow up and get back to you here. Best wishes for the holliday season and for 2014. Cheers!
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I look this as a very rapid and immediate need and I have proved that during the implementation of ENReP project. But politicians are not happy about this.
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Generally the answer is "Yes", for several reasons.
1. Trust between and among conflicting sides takes time to revive and sustain.
2. The--a-- stronger side may still make effort to impose its own will.
3. Depending on the length of the conflict there may be generations infused with "wrong histories" and prejudices, making true reconciliation and peaceful coexistence a similarly several generations' long effort.
4. Sometimes a slower process is more natural and acceptable with stronger "buy-in" and is not necessarily deleterious.
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Many conflict experts believe traditonal CAR interventions are limited to diplomacy and 3rd party efforts. It is obvious that we need to do more and think of new efforts/theories. Could books, articles and targeted policy papers be considered?
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Roland, a good question, but first I should say that I do not think it is obvious that new theories/efforts need to be developed. Existing theory seems to work fine. Practice, however, is affected not only by a variety of historical and political contexts as well as available resources to devote to CAR, but also by on-the-ground decisions, such as whom to include in negotiation rounds, and how to credibly commit to the safety of those at the table, etc... Throw in personalities and individual idiosyncrasies, and you get confounding variables that cannot be accounted or by any coherent theory that is also understandable.
With that in mind, it seems that the heart of your question is really about how to improve CAR outcomes - i.e., produce more binding and credible peace agreements, reduce the frequency, magnitude, and duration of conflicts, etc. To your point, what I think the main problem CAR wonks have is the disjointed nature with which people tend to treat conflict. To most, conflict has separate parts - the conflict, the negotiations, and the post-conflict. The lead-up to conflict is rarely included except as background, and each of these phases - though characteristically unique - are more fluid and overlapping than work I have read would suggest. Furthermore, the wisdom that has accumulated over how to deal with each of these phases has never been amalgamated into a useful hands-on tool, as far as I know. Partly, this is likely because of the propensity to rely on context-dependent case studies in CAR scholarship, which tend to have limited generalizability. I have never come across a really accessible, cogent and practical text or handbook that details the phases of conflict, critical factors, contingencies, alternative modalities of intervention, and caveats and practical considerations. Most of these things tend to be learned "on the job", with little knowledge being institutionalized. My personal feeling is that this would be one of the greatest immediate contributions to the field of CAR.