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Conflict Negotiation - Science topic

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Searching through the large literature on conflict and peace studies, I find very little mentioning of psychological mechanisms behind bellicosity, radicalization, and escalation versus peacefulness.
In a recent paper, I have argued that a better integration of social psychology and evolutionary psychology into conflict studies can improve our understanding of the root causes of violent conflicts and contribute to more effective peacemaking.
This paper presents several psychological theories that may benefit conflict and peace research. See: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379929325
Your comments are welcome.
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Yes, conflict and peace studies can benefit significantly from a deeper understanding of psychology. Here's why:
  1. Understanding Human Behavior: Psychology delves into the complexities of human behavior, cognition, emotions, and motivations. In conflict situations, understanding these aspects can provide insights into why conflicts arise, how they escalate, and what drives individuals or groups to engage in violent or peaceful actions.
  2. Conflict Resolution: Psychology offers techniques and strategies for conflict resolution and mediation. By understanding the psychological factors contributing to conflicts, peace studies can develop more effective approaches to negotiate and resolve conflicts, promote reconciliation, and build sustainable peace.
  3. Trauma and Healing: Psychology plays a crucial role in addressing trauma and promoting healing in post-conflict societies. It helps in understanding the psychological impact of violence, displacement, and loss on individuals and communities, guiding interventions for psychological well-being and resilience building.
  4. Group Dynamics and Identity: Psychology studies group dynamics, social identity, and intergroup relations, which are central to understanding conflicts based on ethnicity, religion, nationality, or ideology. This understanding can inform strategies for fostering intergroup dialogue, promoting tolerance, and preventing conflicts rooted in identity differences.
  5. Behavioral Change and Peacebuilding: Psychology offers insights into behavioral change theories and techniques, which are essential for designing effective peacebuilding interventions. It helps in addressing issues like prejudice, discrimination, and radicalization by targeting attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that contribute to conflict.
Above all, integrating psychology into conflict and peace studies enhances the field's capacity to analyze, prevent, and transform conflicts by addressing the underlying psychological dynamics that influence human interactions and responses to conflict situations
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S. I. Hayakawa and others studied how high-level abstract words, though representing things not physically present agitate the human nervous system. People feel pulled upon and assaulted by hurtful language or (perhaps in response) those subjected to emotionally-charged speech/texts deploy weaponized speech and texts at others.
People feel a full somatic response to such language. Their bodies get excited and their mind re-apportion memory storage.
See the then-Chicago-based Linguist Hayakawa's _Language in Action_. When published in the 1940s, this was unverifiable linguistic-physiological theory. Now tests are proving the mind-body effect of heated speech on retrofitting our brains. That is, repeated exposure to buzz words, slogans, memes do in fact cause more bypass of the prefrontal analytical lobe and cause speech and text to be cursorily processed by the crudely two-valued amygdala. This results in less synaptic hooks for shades of complexity in thinking. Experimental Psychology has measured excitation levels and induced for getting in repose to the war cries of partisan politicians and pundits.
How can non-Aristotelian rhetoric help to slow responses and also lower the "heat?"
Please share any comments and pointers to studies here.
LANGUAGE IN ACTION:
Holiday wishes for a new year that holds better communication and more peaceful linguistic, rhetorical interactions.
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Indeed, contemporary non-Aristotelian discourse can promote peace by providing other contexts for dialogue and dispute settlement. Such discourse can promote empathy, understanding, and cooperation between disputing parties by eschewing traditional binary thinking and adopting more holistic and inclusive approaches. Building bridges and identifying win-win solutions can be facilitated by employing strategies like narrative framing, sympathetic listening, and creative problem-solving, which will ultimately aid in the settlement of disputes and the advancement of peace.
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From a recent world-wide study, that I was part of, that was the conclusion, putting it perhaps too bluntly. It was fascinating to be part of this expert commission but now the question is: what is to be done?
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Ronaldo Munck Congrats for the work.
Frederic Lowen is very close to my holistic view of cognition, economic action and human health.
In addition, I would say that the works of Silvio Gesell have a lot of economic options to offer for the next decades.
The sensitization of human thought and will for new economic bargaining models (the win/win economy) is the key to unlock the door for better living chances.
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Two major western nuclear powers are ruled by blond populists that are challenging the political establishment and act loud, wide mouthed and irresponsible in the view of neutral onlookers...
Are they political twins or is Trump master and Johnson puppet?!
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John Oliver Explains Why Boris Johnson Is Not the Same as Donald Trump https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/07/john-oliver-last-week-tonight-boris-johnson-donald-trump
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Given the current US-China trade war, what are the feasible off-ramps to end it?
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I strongly believe the US-China trade war occurs as a result of political change in the US. Discontent regarding bilateral trade with China, which has long been accumulated through the years, has triggered power shift in the US. In addition, the Chinese would never budge as they are ready for all out war. Consequently, this war would keep going on unless another power shift occurs in the US.
I don't think international governance or third country would be able to meditate this conflict. Both countries insist that they are in position to dictate the world. It is not the other way around. The Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO was skipped from the beginning. Hence this conflict can only be solved by the US and China alone.
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Hi there,
I prepare material for training workshops I'm looking for guidelines for how much should I charge/get if I prepare the content and someone else gives the material as a trainer repeated times.
For example, if we agreed that I take 50%, I'm looking for guidelines for how much I should take the second time he/she gives the material even if I did nothing the second time.
I need neutral ways to decide job offers (especially free-lance work) such as "last offer arbitration".
So here's my question: Can you recommend individuals/ institutions who can work as third party mediators/arbitrators to settle how much each side should take (especially when the service is repeated)? In agreements in general and/or the specific case of preparing training content for trainers.
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Perhaps you seek proposals for value apportionment guidelines in relation to a particular type of cooperative venture; or perhaps you are running an informal experiment to assess how much value arbitrators are willing to provide for free.
I accept commercial arbitration mandates.
Considering that you seek a "neutral" process, final offer arbitration (FOA) apparently is not appropriate for your purposes. FOA is not neutral. It works by introducing uncertainty, thereby encouraging the parties to settle in order to avoid the risk FOA creates.
The situation you describe may more appropriately be approached as copyright license valuation task. If the parties in a particular case were to agree upon this modality, I would commence the process with a conference to understand the history and nature of the copyright material. At the conference you (as the copyright holder) would be required to present financial data, if any, associated with the copyright material. Each party would be required to state the envisaged number of instances of use of the copyright material and the time period over which such use may occur. Negotiation may be required to achieve agreement on this point - but to limit arbitration costs, the parties would be advised to agree in advance. I would prepare a conference protocol and require each party to sign it. Then I would proceed to craft an award informed by market-based information on sales, licensing transactions, royalty rates, and other data for comparable copyrights. Based on the circumstances of the particular case, I would project cash flows attributable to, and avoided due to, the copyright. I would then convert the projected cash flows to a net present value using a discount rate reflecting the relative uncertainty of the cash flows. The award could be, but need not be, in the form of a specified price per use of the copyrighted material. The parties may prefer to manage risk by agreeing to abide by an award in the form of a license agreement of specified duration at a fixed license fee.
To inquire further regarding my services, please message me.
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In particular, I'm trying to work out if there was a brief hiatus in profiling activities between the end of CAPPS II and the beginning of Secure Flight. All the sources I can find seem rather vague and seem to imply there was a break between around 2005 and 2009.
Thanks in advance
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Many thanks for that suggestion, Carol - RG doesn't seem to let you know when replies have been placed so only just seen.  Cheers,  Andrew
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Can any kind hearts direct some sound theories about verbal and non-verbal synchronization during interaction? I'm looking at verbal and nonverbal synchronization during high-stakes negotiation.
deception detection during negotiation is where i would link the literature of non-verbal and verbal synchronization together. To review its applicability to facilitate lie detection or negotiation outcome. 
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Influence tactics and communication tactics in Fig. 2 in this paper touch upon this issue:
Hausken, K. (1997), “Game-theoretic and Behavioral Negotiation Theory,” Group Decision and Negotiation 6, 6, 509-527
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While we have been trying to develop small scale irrigation schemes in a mountainous Ethiopian highlands, we have encountered a problem as the land where the spring eye emerged belong to a small scale farmer without any irrigable land around. We are looking for appropriate incentive mechanisms to convince the farmer allow the use of the spring water for the collective benefit of the community. Any experience to share?
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 Tilahun,
Spring is a form of ground water emergence, and so is a common property, although in country like India, the farmers have the right to the ground water usage in their lands (transgressions occur underground though). In Ethiopia, there may not possibly be any water rights issue, but then for developing infrastructure, the farmer's permission shall be required. Sure the farmer himself may be willing to irrigate his land if he is not doing it now. So, the best thing would be to convince him that infrastructure development cost in his own farm shall be provided for free to him (if the cost is shared). Otherwise, some kind of compensation for the land lost due to laying of pipeline etc. in his land should be provided to him. If the community approaches him, surely he should agree.
If he does not agree, and the spring is perennial, you could very well use the surplus water flowing out of his land...
Please do convey what did you do to convince the farmer.
Attached are some papers on springs in India. More in my RG site.
Kind regards,      
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A senior Palestinian official who served as an adviser to Yassir Arafat said that at the same time that King Hussein embarked on peace talks with Israel (the peace agreement with Jordan was signed in 1994) he collaborated with Hamas in order to undermine the Oslo Accords. Hussein did not like the Israeli-Palestinian peace process that was done without his involvement nor blessing. It is well-known fact that Hussein hosted the leader of Hamas, Khaled Mashal in Aman. The Palestinian official said that the Mukhabarat (Jordanian General Intelligence Directorate) provided Hamas with important intelligence and actively assisted Hamas in carrying its murderous suicide mission that rocked Israel during the 1990s.
Former Deputy Head of the Israeli SHABAC Yisrael Hasson said that he is not familiar with direct Jordanian aid to Hamas in its terrorist operations in Israel but Hamas was a welcome guest in Jordan, it had offices in Amman and directed its operations from the Jordanian capital. All this was done with the King’s consent.
Now, this is a fascinating staff. The Palestinian official has, of course, an interest in highlighting the terrorist connections between Hamas and Jordan. But if this is true, and Hussein did assist Hamas in its suicide missions that undermined Oslo and derailed the peace process, bringing the end of the Labour Party government, then it shows Hussein in a very different light; certainly not the peace-loving gentleman.
If this is true, it also shows that SHABAC was not informed to the extent that it should have about the terrorist connections between Hamas and the Mukhabarat. I should say that the Mukhabarat is a very respected and well-appreciated intelligence agency. It is highly regarded by many intelligence agencies in the world as very capable agency.
Further information is welcome and appreciated.
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Certainly this has not happened, especially that in this period, King Hussein was preoccupied with the events of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, and the beginning of the peace process in the Middle East in the autumn of 1991. Since the Hamas movement against the peace process, while Jordan participated under the leadership of King Hussein in the Madrid Peace Conference, of course, is the no meeting point between the parties
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Most work seems focused on success or failure not the decision to end negotiations.  The only study I have found that attempts to tackle this is Underdal's 1983 article "Causes of Negotiation Failure"
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1. Robert H Mnookin, Why Negotiations Fail:  An Exploration of Barriers to the Resolution of Conflict. 8 Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution 235 (1993)
2, Fisher, Roger and Daniel Shapiro. Beyond Reason: Using Emotions as You Negotiate. New York, NY: Viking Penguin, 2005.
3. STONE, D., PATTON, B., & HEEN, S. (2000). Difficult conversations: how to discuss what matters most. New York, N.Y., Penguin Books.  (Specifically the Chapter on the Identity Conversation) 
4. SCHEFF, T. J. (1994). Bloody revenge: emotions, nationalism, and war. Boulder, Westview Press.
Good luck
Peter Singer
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I have worked in international conflict dispute areas focusing on two areas (1) international parental abduction and (2) peace processes/building. Both areas focus on the MENA region where I have worked for nearly 20 years. I have found more similarities between the two types of conflicts than any other with religion being not only central to the conflict - but their appears to be an inherited component of the dispute.
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I'd add female circumcision and forced/underage marriages to the parental abduction issue.  They are matters of public concern here in Australia that generate social division within both the broader Australian community and its ethnic minorities, and generational divisions within those ethnic communities between the young growing up in a 'western' culture and their more traditionally focused families.  And these issues also then contribute to broader resentments and feelings of being discriminated against, and denied the right to practice their own cultures and beliefs.
On a different note, think of polygamy in the United States in the Mormon Church, which saw them first going into virtual exile in Utah, and later abandoning polygamy in the mainstream Mormon church.
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Conflict in inherent in society. Conflict resolution is a major part of the role of all managers. It is Negotiation rather than use of force which is believed to be a virtue in conflict resolution, whether in international relations or industrial relations. It can help discover a more sustainable solution to conflict, whereby both parties consider that their stand is proper and right.
In this context, is there a difference between duscussion and argument?
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I am agree with the answer of Prof. Kamal Eddin Bani-Hani. 
***At a same time I feel that,
The Argument comes "statements and reasoning in support of a proposition." An argument can be a fact used as evidence to show that something is true, like a study that shows exercise improves certain health conditions — an argument for being more active. Argument also means "a discussion between people who have contrary views."
The Discussion comes "examination by taking things apart," and when you're having a discussion with someone on a complicated topic, it's like you're taking it apart and trying to understand it. Usually in a discussion, people exchange ideas. 
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I am looking for a finite collection of negotiation tactics (such as argumentation, ultimatum, boulwarism). Such tactics should be clearly defined and described in the article.
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My advice would be to read the reference bibliography listed in the Harvard Negotiation Program. I found it extremely useful as guidelines and techniques. Then you can improve them with your own personal experience and practice.
I have modeled a two party behaviour with the different text books but very especially with "Negotiation", by Richard Luecke (Harvard Business Essentials)
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A conflict is not necsessarily good or bad, it should be evaluated in terms of individual and organizational functions and dysfunctions.
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Sometimes it is good and sometimes it is good depending on the situations and circumstances around the group
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I look this as a very rapid and immediate need and I have proved that during the implementation of ENReP project. But politicians are not happy about this.
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Generally the answer is "Yes", for several reasons.
1. Trust between and among conflicting sides takes time to revive and sustain.
2. The--a-- stronger side may still make effort to impose its own will.
3. Depending on the length of the conflict there may be generations infused with "wrong histories" and prejudices, making true reconciliation and peaceful coexistence a similarly several generations' long effort.
4. Sometimes a slower process is more natural and acceptable with stronger "buy-in" and is not necessarily deleterious.