Composite Material - Science topic

Yueao Jian, use FE-Safe server; https://docs.software.vt.edu/abaqusv2022/English/FesafeMatDbPdf/FesafeMatDb.pdf

The process of converting short natural fibers, such as coir or coconut husk fibers, into continuous strands is known as spinning. Spinning involves twisting the short fibers together to create a continuous yarn or thread. This can be done using a variety of techniques, including hand spinning, drop spinning, and using a spinning wheel.

In the case of coir fibers, the process typically involves first soaking the fibers in water to soften them and make them more pliable. The fibers are then carded or combed to align them and remove any impurities. Once the fibers are prepared, they can be spun into a continuous yarn using one of the spinning techniques mentioned above.

Once the coir fibers have been spun into a continuous yarn, they can be used to create a unidirectional continuous coir fiber polymer composite. This involves combining the coir yarn with a polymer matrix to create a composite material with improved strength and durability.

This is a website where ECOALLENE is described

Regards

Beatrice

The problem has been resolved. Change the applied stress from 650 MPa to 420 MPa and calculate convergence. I suspect that excessive stress caused significant deformation at the fiber and matrix positions.

Good question.

I find that some of the most exciting topics I studied were often those into which I stumbled accidentally and not really by prudent planning, hence, I feel that it might be a wise strategy to follow two strands:

1) just follow your gut feeling and your nose and keep your eyes open on unexpected and strange and outlier type of phenomena where real scientific gold nuggets might be hidden, so to say, watch out off the beaten track.

2) looking for large scale societal needs on the other hand may indeed also be a pertinent strategy because I sometimes feel that our materials science community is a bit conservative and not really taking many risks in such areas nowadays, often rather following topics in which the (expected) impact is relatively high. My personal taste in this category are for instance research topics related to materials related questions such as (a) sustainability/ sustainable metallurgy / sustainable cement etc (i.e. real reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, beyond the usual bla bla); (b) materials for future water supply; (c) machine learning in material science and engineering ; (d) large (huge) scale energy storage for buffering abundant sustainable and grid electricity (i.e. Not just lithium based batteries for vehicles; but land based huge storage capacity): (e) electrochenistry and corrosion of materials (i.e. longevity) etc. etc.

I feel that - for getting good ideas in such directions - it is sometimes more helpful to read financial and business newspapers rather than our usual community material science journals, which, as I mentioned before, are sometimes chasing citation-measured impact alone but not real relevance for society and industry and not real curiosity-driven topics that sit between the established chairs. Open your eyes and look around you and think urself what your local, wider, or global society really needs from us materials scientists? Ideas will then come en gros.

Good luck.

One example what I chase at the moment :-)

In my opinion, Python is a brilliant choice for scientific computing and numerical analysis. Also, I think C++ would work, but it’s a complicated and difficult to master it.

Hi Martin Oreški ,

Fiber Length: generally contributes to improved load transfer and enhanced strength.

Fiber Diameter (or Cross-sectional Area): directly affects the surface area and volume of the fibers.

Fiber Orientation: the fibers' alignment or orientation significantly impacts the composite's strength.

Fiber Volume Fraction: Higher volume fraction generally improves strength as more load-bearing fibers are needed.

For your specific project, you'll need to do some research to determine the best method of coding and programming in order to finish the analysis of the cantilever composite plate. The method of finite element analysis (FEA) is often used to model and solve complex engineering problems such as those involving the analysis of complex fluid dynamics. FEA allows for a highly accurate approximation of physical problems based on discretization and numerical integration of the equations of motions. Some popular software packages for FEA application are MSC Patran for the modeling language, Hawk-I for the computational engine, and Abaqus for the post-processing tasks. You can then look up tutorials online that provide step-by-step guidance on how to code a finite element analysis (FEA) of a cantilever composite plate. Most examples will involve employing a computational grid to discretize the problem into elements with associated properties, using a stiffness matrix to relate force and displacement, and expressing the equations of motion in terms of a numerical integration. Once you've completed the FEA analysis of the cantilever composite plate, you can then turn your attention to the next step of flutter analysis. Flutter occurs when an aerodynamic force causes a structure to become dynamically unstable. The process of flutter analysis involves using post-processors such as ABAQUS to analyze the data from the FEA procedures and to calculate the critical speed at which the structure can become unstable. I hope this information has been of help to you and good luck with your project!

Carbon/Carbon Composite is one of the best bio-compatible materials for implants.

Dear Nekin,

Nice question, I believe that it will be difficult to find a well-supported answer!

Hereinafter there are only few considerations from my part.

a) The price of 3D printing composite filaments is determined by a multitude of factors (nature of polymer matrix, fillers, reinforcements, additives, capacity of production, and so on).

b) Traditionally, the twin-screw extruders (TSE ) can be successfully used to produce various composites by melt-compounding, of good quality and with high throughput, which can be proposed for 3D applications.

c) Unfortunately, TSE are less adapted for the direct production of 3D filaments of high quality, even that there are few suppliers that can propose this kind of equipment for one step production, designed mostly for academic research/low-capacity production (e.g., Lestritz, ThermoFischer, etc.). Maybe other RG collegues can help more with information...

d)Please take a look :

Thermo Scientific Process 11 Lab-scale 3D Filament Production System

e) For the production in big quantities of 3D filaments it’s generally agreed that the production in two steps (1. fabrication of composites with TSE; 2. the extrusion of 3D filaments, e;g., using a single screw extruder) has a large number of advantages. I will refrain from more comments...

f) Function of requirements/ your application (type of composite), I suggest you use as starting point the price of 3D filaments/composites that look similar/satisfy your needs, and which are already commercialized in the market!

Success in your R&D project and best regards,

Marius

Then I think please verify the experimental setup.

The ME coefficient should trace same trend for a particular sample in a particular condition of experimental condition.

Both Origin software and X'Pert HighScore software can be used to determine the hkl values of a crystal structure. Here are the steps to follow for each software:

Using Origin software:

1. Open the data file in Origin software and select the graph containing the diffraction pattern.

2. Click on the "Peak Analyzer" button in the toolbar.

3. In the Peak Analyzer window, select the peak of interest by clicking on it.

4. In the "Peak Information" tab, note down the "2Theta" value and the "Counts" value for the peak.

5. Use the Bragg's law equation (2dsinθ = nλ) to calculate the d-spacing value for the peak. Here, n = 1 for first-order diffraction. λ is the wavelength of the X-ray used in the experiment.

6. Use the d-spacing value to calculate the hkl values for the peak using the Miller indices formula (hkl = [n1d1,n2d2,n3d3]).

Using X'Pert HighScore software:

1. Open the data file in X'Pert HighScore software and select the diffraction pattern.

2. Click on the "Peak Fitting" button in the toolbar.

3. In the Peak Fitting window, select the peak of interest by clicking on it.

4. In the "Peak Information" tab, note down the "2Theta" value and the "d-spacing" value for the peak.

5. Use the Bragg's law equation (2dsinθ = nλ) to calculate the wavelength of the X-ray used in the experiment.

6. Use the d-spacing value to calculate the hkl values for the peak using the Miller indices formula (hkl = [n1d1,n2d2,n3d3]).

Just take quadratic form which gives the best approximation in the sense you chose to the nodal data you have.

Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) will be the composite material for your product. Technical solution is available in many composite industries including KINECO LIMITED, Goa.

Basically you have an initial kinetic energy at impact. The strain energy and energy in plastic deformation if any must equal the initial kinetic energy minus any final kinetic energy. If you cannot find plastic part of the stress-strain curve experimentally, the best guess stress is constant between the yield point and ultimate breaking point or is straight line.

On the page of these items, you should have a drop-down menu titled "more". Among the options, you should find "claim authorship". That's what you need, probably.

Hello. Another fact that you should notice is that in some cases when the material loses its ductility, its tensile properties may be affected more than its bending properties.

Sometimes PHR means “parts per hundred resin”. Since per cent also means “per hundred” those would be expected for be the same. They may use one term in the preparation and the other for finished composite.

you welcome

If you want to go by simple terms then if you know the total amount of material you need like if you want to make 10gm of composite material then PP would be 7gm, fibers will be 1gm and clay will be 2gm.

What is the method you are adopting for the composite preparation? Hopefully, then it will be more clear.

you can find an example here https://en.banumusagr.com/shop/3dhashin-vumat-abaqus/

There are several methods for calculating the electrical and mechanical properties of graphene and carbon nanotube composite materials, including:

It is important to note that the properties of graphene and carbon nanotube composites can be highly dependent on the specific preparation method and conditions used to make the materials, so results from different methods may not always be directly comparable.

1. Use a high-shear mixing element in the extruder to ensure that the particles are evenly dispersed.

2. Use a low screw speed to reduce the risk of particle breakage.

3. Use a low temperature setting to prevent thermal degradation of the particles.

4. Use a low back pressure setting to reduce the risk of particle agglomeration.

5. Use a vacuum system to remove air from the extruder barrel and reduce the risk of particle oxidation.

6. Use a cooling system to reduce the risk of thermal degradation of the particles.

7. Use a filter system to remove any particles that may have been damaged during the extrusion process.

8. Use a pelletizing system to ensure that the particles are evenly distributed in the masterbatch.

Known Definition:

The tolerance factor of ABO3 composite materials is a measure of the deviation of the actual crystal structure from the ideal perovskite structure. The tolerance factor can be calculated using the following equation:

t = (rA + rO) / (√2 * (rB + rO))

Where t is the tolerance factor, rA is the ionic radius of the A-site cation, rB is the ionic radius of the B-site cation, and rO is the ionic radius of the oxygen ion.

For BFO/BT type material, the tolerance factor can be calculated as follows:

t = (rFe + rO) / (√2 * (rTi + rO))

Where rFe is the ionic radius of Fe and rTi is the ionic radius of Ti.

**It's worth noting that the tolerance factor is a dimensionless quantity, and values typically range between 0 and 1. Values close to 1 indicate that the crystal structure is close to the ideal perovskite structure, while values close to 0 indicate that the crystal structure deviates significantly from the ideal perovskite structure.

**It is also important to note that the ionic radii values can be obtained from various sources such as CRC handbook or ICSD, and it's important to use consistent sources for the radii values.

Nanoindentation is a separate testing procedure that is often used in conjunction with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). It is used to measure properties at the nanoscale, such as Young's modulus, hardness, stiffness, and load vs. depth and load vs. hardness. Other properties can also be measured using nanoindentation, depending on the specific application. In India, there are several institutions that offer nanoindentation services. These include the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IIT Kanpur, IIT Hyderabad, and the National Institute of Technology (NIT) Surat. Additionally, there are several private companies that offer nanoindentation services, such as NanoTest India, NanoTest Solutions, and NanoTest Technologies. If you are having difficulty finding a nanoindentation service provider, it is possible that the machine is under maintenance or the operator is not available. In this case, it is best to contact the service provider directly to inquire about the availability of the machine and the operator.

1: Mechanics of Composites

2: Introduction to Machine learning and AI

3. Application of Machine learning to composite materials

4. Case studies : Prediction of composite behavior using machine learning and AI

5. Programming in MATLAB for Machine learning and AI

Delamination of laminates in a honeycomb composite structure can occur when there is a failure of the bond between the layers of the composite, resulting in the separation of the layers. In a simple supported structure under bending stress, the forces acting on the structure can cause the layers of the composite to experience different levels of tension and compression, which can lead to the development of shear stresses at the interface between the layers. These shear stresses can cause the bond between the layers to fail, resulting in delamination.

Your thinking that the developed tension on the bottom skin of the honeycomb composite structure can act as the main peeling force causing delamination is generally correct. The tension in the bottom skin can cause the bond between the layers to be subjected to tensile forces, which can lead to the separation of the layers if the bond is not strong enough to resist the forces.

However, it is important to note that the delamination of laminates in a honeycomb composite structure can also be influenced by other factors, such as the properties of the materials used to make the composite, the manufacturing process used to produce the composite, and the loading conditions applied to the composite. It is therefore important to carefully consider all of these factors when evaluating the risk of delamination in a composite structure.

There are many research gaps related to the development of biocomposites, which are materials made from biodegradable or renewable resources that are reinforced with fibers or other reinforcement materials. Some potential research areas for the development of biocomposites include:

These are just a few examples of the many research gaps related to the development of biocomposites. There is still much to be learned about these materials, and

In general, it is not necessarily required that the specimen must fail exactly at the center or gage length in a mechanical testing experiment. However, it is important to follow the specific guidelines and procedures outlined in the relevant standard or test method being used to ensure that the test results are accurate and reliable.

In some cases, the failure of the specimen may be affected by various factors, such as the properties of the material, the geometry and dimensions of the specimen, the type of loading applied, and the test setup and conditions. It is possible that the specimen may fail at a location other than the center or gage length due to the influence of these factors.

If the failure of the specimen occurs outside of the grip area or outside of the gage length, it is important to carefully examine the cause of the failure and consider whether the test results are still valid and meaningful. It may be necessary to conduct additional tests or modify the test setup in order to obtain more reliable results.

To add a new composite material property that is not in the ANSYS library, you can follow the steps outlined below:

By following these steps, you should be able to add a new composite material property to the ANSYS library and use it in your model. It may be helpful to review the ANSYS documentation and examples to gain a deeper understanding of the specific tools and settings that are available for defining composite materials.

Residual stress in graphene-copper composites can be studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. There are several methods that can be used to measure residual stress using XRD, including the sin2ψ method and the modified sin2ψ method.

The sin2ψ method involves measuring the XRD peaks for the graphene and copper phases separately, and then calculating the residual stress based on the peak positions and the known lattice parameters of the phases. This method is based on the fact that the peak positions of the diffraction patterns are affected by the residual stress in the material, and the shift in peak position can be used to calculate the residual stress.

The modified sin2ψ method is similar to the sin2ψ method, but it involves measuring the peak positions of the diffraction patterns for both the graphene and copper phases simultaneously. This method is more accurate than the sin2ψ method, but it requires more detailed analysis and may be more time-consuming.

To use XRD to measure the residual stress in graphene-copper composites, you will need to follow these general steps:

It is important to carefully follow the specific procedures and techniques for measuring residual stress using XRD, as the accuracy and reliability of the results will depend on the quality of the measurements and the correctness of the analysis. It may also be helpful to consult with experts or review the relevant literature to ensure that you are using the appropriate method and techniques for your specific materials and application.

It sounds like you are having some difficulties getting your UMAT subroutine to converge or produce meaningful results when analyzing damage in a microscale RVE model with different components (e.g., fibers and matrix). Here are a few suggestions that may help you troubleshoot the issue:

In general, it is always a good idea to validate the results of your analysis with experimental data if possible. This can help you to verify that your UMAT subroutine is working correctly and that the results are reasonable.

Thank you Dr. Vadim

the elongation is the length increase, i.e., the change in length. In your example, the percentage elongation is 1.5%

What solver do you use,and where do you make your post processing, is it in ansys or in Autodyn?

This problem generally happens when Lagrange solver used. The time step is calculated from diagonal of the smallest cell divided by its surface and the local sound velocity of the cell. During impact the part will deformed and the time step will decreases until become less than minimum time stop option and problem stopped. Simply you can decrease the the minimum time stop in control such that from 10^-6 to 10^-8 and the problem will continue.

Such time time step like 10^-8 is too small and the problem well not go further. Changing time step is a just technique overcome the problem but to avoid the problem of very small cell generated during impact you have to eleminate their effect by checking the three erosion boxes in Autodyn Interactions menu.

Dear Dr. Orhan Kelleci ,

if your material has good resistance to aggressive environments and the aesthetic appearance can be made of good quality (and these characteristics are validated by appropriate specific tests) it could be used as protection for more delicate components, for example in shipbuilding, in the automotive sector or in similar sectors ...

Good luck and my best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

With UMAT, you must work out on the failure theory to convert it to equivalent normal stress -strain and use it.

Thank you Andrey Skleznev

Dear Muralishwara Kakunje, TOC (total organic carbon) in water is the classical way. Just use one of these techniques such as the spectroscopic ones. My Regards

If your desire is to “visualize” micro-cracks, nothing will do the job as well as CT (computer assisted x-ray tomography). One concern: most ceramics are not solid structures (per se’), once fired. There is often space between the ceramic particles that was occupied by binder (per firing). Cracks will, of course, travel from open space to open space. Therefore, it may be difficult to recognize very small cracks within the CT, 3-D image data. But larger crack will be easily identified and will be quantifiable via the CT analysis software as voids compared to the solid material. Too, any remaining binder will be quantifiable. And the morphology should tell you if micro cracks are in any way associated with remaining binder. One will also be able to quantify porosity against the solid structure (again, done with the CT analysis software). It is amazing what can be learned from CT, 3D data.

Hello, I have a problem with Ansys for composite prototyping. Does anyone know how to add the ACP (pre) module in Ansys 2018?

There is no physical meaning in a higher bending strength of a brittle isomorphic material than in compression strength. The compressive strength simply has to be higher. Could it be that the cross section of the compressive specimen is larger than that of the flexural specimen and therefore the cylindrical specimen is not fully cured? In order to exclude the effect of unequal curing on the strength measurement, both types of specimens would have to be made from the same piece of pre-cured material.

We have released the implementation of a nonlocal GTN model for Abaqus/Standard (UMAT) and Abaqus/Explicit (VUMAT) at http://www.tu-freiberg.de/en/nonlocalGTN . It does not require an UEL but uses the analogy to the heat equation and is thus easy to use.

please read

Yes, basically cutting relates to shear of the material. Higher the shear strength higher will be the difficulty to cut the material. e.g. Cast iron is easier to machine than steel, because CI is weak in shear where as steel has good shear strength.

Also check please the following useful links: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohamed_Mourad_Lafifi/post/How-to-simulate-perovskite-solar-cell-using-SCAPS-1D-simulation-software/attachment/5bccbf99cfe4a76455fc6059/AS%3A684231856492546%401540144995170/download/Simulation+and+Analysis+of+Lead+based+Perovskite+Solar+Cell+using+SCAPS-1D+Mandadapu2017.pdf

Hello Samir

Various formulas have been derived from experiments to calculate the reinforcement factor. see DOI: 10.1177/002199836700100205.

They are all approximate solutions and may require validation of results

Dear Peilei Zhang . See the following useful RG links:

Dear Sophia Leimapokpam

The below-mentioned may be useful

What is the density of composites?

The density of the composite = Density of the fiber * volume of fiber + Density of matrix * volume of the matrix.

Yes , read the paper (3D printing of polymer matrix composites: A review and prospective)

Visit also the following useful RG link:

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

https://www.sciencedirect.com › topics › engineering › ca...

Extraction is best option. Chemical extraction method using NaOH will save time.

Dear Alexe Guiguemde

hygrothermal relating to a combination of moisture and heat.

The term 'hygrothermal' refers to the movement of heat and moisture through buildings. Repeated wetting, drying, freezing, and thawing of the fabric of a building can cause problems such as dampness, condensation, mold growth, and loss of thermal performance, and may even result in premature failure.

Распространение сэндвич панелей достигло небывалых высот. Они могут использоваться для самых разнообразных задачах в строительстве. Материал приготовляется из наполнителя, что находится в прослойке между металлическими пластинами. Покрытие бывает не только из металла, но и дерева или пластика.

Thanks Kassahun Gashu Melese

Pierre Caulet I need to prove that the incoming raw material from the supplier is the one I ordered. I ordered for Pineapple Leaf Fiber. So, right now I have decided to conduct FTIR analysis which qualitatively proved it. But it doesn't give the quantitative information on how much alpha-cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin the fiber contains.

Grams per Square Meter (g/m2)

Advanced composites and hybrid materials journal is a perfect fit for your requirement.

Dear Dr Dariusz Prokopowicz,

Very interesting topic. In my opinion, bioplastic may a more realistic / alternative solution since the actual research works are focusing on the possibility to elaborate bioplastic from renewable resources, which will have the characteristics to be biodegradable / recyclable.

Here's in attached a recent article treating the economical potential of bioplastic.

Best wishes,

Sabri

Composite material is a complex system.

The permanent damage or start of plastic behavior is different things

You must specify first

It is possible that you cannot specify the start of damage or plastic behavior in composite with the strain-stress curve only

Dear Sumit Bhowmick

I have heard that the new joining method "Interference fit micropinning" is also used in aircraft structure for composite-to-metal joining.

Hello, yes it is possible.

Actually, we have finished a Lammps-simulated nanocomposite project recently and the related paper would be submitted in three months.

Following

thank you so much Prof. Siddig Abuelgasim

Dear Gagan,

Its depend on type of reinforcements and end use etc.

for e.g. Injection molding:fiber breakage but In compression molding long fiber based PEEK composite superior.

For short fiber Injection molding technique is leading.

For Nano composite compression molding is good as nano filler is costly and injection molding required threshold amount to fabricate.

Sathishkumar Sankar

Please refer this article. I hope it will be useful

Prof. Ajitanshu Vedrtnam: In my opinion, the projects are more than enough instead of your suggested section.

Muralishwara Kakunje. Unfortunately, your diffraction patterns do not contain definable peaks, so you will not find d values for the nanoclay. There are two ways why this is so. Option 1 is that there was too little clay on the holder (and it was measured on the glass). The diffraction patterns then correspond to that glass. The second possibility is that the nanoclay is amorphous or nearly amorphous and does not provide measurable diffraction lines. I would see it in combination - little sample on the holder and it was measured on the glass.

The long distance disorder is essentially the same as the almost amorphous state, where order exists in the coordination sphere of the atoms themselves, but the resulting coordination polyhedra are stored chaotically.

The effective stress σ^ on the damaged area A^ is in equilibrium with the "true" stress σ on the undamaged area A, i.e. σ^A^=σA. The damaged area A^ is smaller than the undamaged area A by the damage. From A^<A it follows σ^>σ. The Hashin model as well as other damage models can be expressed with the damage operator M by σ^=Mσ.

Alexandre Giraud

See similar calculations for iron ore powders

Dear Uttam Acharya,

The reduction in microhardness values in the center of your sample may be explained by the dilution of the reinforcing particles at the center of nugget, which would lead to the formation of transition zones between a hard matrix and a soft matrix zone (giving rise to a lower hardness). I suggest doing a quantitative analysis of Sic's reinforcing particles in this area and comparing it with the surface of your samples where you found a large fluctuation in the microhardness data.

Best kinds

IDIR

did you mean the max temp. of new material or the temperature that the composite should work w/o failure?

List of major Nanotechnology and related journals