Composite Material - Science topic

With these steps

1-Define the Geometry

2-Assign Materials

3-Create Sections and Assign

4-Assemble the Structure

5-Define Interactions

6-Apply Loads and Boundary Conditions

7-Mesh the Model

8-Submit and Post-Process Results

Wasiu Salami has given the step by step calculation. The rule of mixture works for other properties like 'Tensile strength, Tensile modulus etc' also.

Thank you both. But what doesn't make sense to me is that my shell normals looks ok and by using a cylindical csys, I still get the same warning.

Volume fraction of fibre and matrix is nothing but the cross sectional areal fractions. Assume your composite specimen has a cross section of 20mm width and 10mm thickness. Cross sectional area is 200mm2. If the fibre occupies 120mm2 and the matrix 80mm2, then the fibre areal/volume fraction is 120/200=0.6 or 60%. Balance matrix/polymer is 40%.

Thermal Conductivity of Composite = VF of Fibre x Thermal Conductivity of Fibre + VF of Matrix x Thermal Conductivity of Matrix.

TC of Composite = 0.6 x TC of Fibre + 0.4 x TC of Matrix.

There are many micromechanical models used, for polymer nanocomposites, to predict Young's modulus. Please refer to the DOI link provided.

Ref:

Imagine bridges, roads, and buildings that can repair themselves after damage. Nanocomposite materials offer the potential to revolutionize infrastructure by incorporating self-healing properties. By embedding microcapsules filled with healing agents within the material, cracks and damage can be automatically repaired. This innovative approach could significantly extend the lifespan of infrastructure, reduce maintenance costs, and improve overall safety and resilience.

Self-healing nanocomposite materials are created by embedding microcapsules filled with healing agents within a polymer matrix. When a crack forms, the stress concentration ruptures the capsules, releasing the healing agent. This agent flows into the crack and undergoes a polymerization or cross-linking reaction, effectively repairing the damage. Key factors influencing the success of this technology include the selection of the healing agent, the design of the nanocapsules, the compatibility of the matrix material, and the potential need for external stimuli to trigger the healing process. By carefully considering these factors, self-healing nanocomposites can revolutionize various industries, from construction to aerospace, by extending the lifespan of structures and reducing maintenance costs.

1- Effect of aging on color, gloss and surface roughness of CAD/CAM composite materials.

2- Comparative study on thermal-oxygen aging and tribological properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene sheet reinforced hydrogenated nitrile rubber composite materials.

3-Study of the thermal and moisture aging effect on the residual mechanical properties of a structural composite material

I can give you a perspective of being a PhD scholar. You will come a lot of confusions, self doubt, and all the peer pressure like whether i am worth it or not for a PhD. These things are common but remember if it was easy everyone will be a doctorate . About your subject specific doubt no one is there who knows all the things so don't focus on getting all the information rather narrow down your subject expertise and perform well in that and with time you will learn all the relevant things related your subject, and remember one thing its better to be master of one rather than knowledge of all master of none . Hope this helps you a bit.

Dear Mr Rahul Patil

In addition to the methods you mentioned, the Gravimetric (Weight Loss) Test method can also be used. This test method measures how much weight loss the corrosion causes on the material over a certain period of time. It is a simple and effective method to understand the long-term effects of corrosion on Al-Si based composites. The weight loss of the material can be measured by corroding the samples for a certain period of time and then cleaning the corrosion products.

I wish you good work.

Kind Regards.

Composite materials composed of two or more materials, we can see them distinctly

Functionally graded materials are like allow the components are mixed homogeneously, can not be seen separately

Respected sir, please read https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318334056_Element_Strategy_Using_Ru-Mn_Substitution_in_CuO-CaCu3Ru4O12_Composite_Ceramics_with_High_Electrical_Conductivity

Dear A.N. Alobiedy ,

Good to know. Let's see. PLA is what is called a thermoplastic polymer (this means that it can be melted when heating and it will the solidify again to its original "form" when cooling). Being that the case, and considering your approach of creating filaments or pellets, the extrusion process would be the best thing to do.

I would use this approach:

1) In a rolling mill, or ball mill, mixing both materials, and grinding them as much as possible, to obtain a powder mix of the particles and the PLA.

2) That mix should go into an extruder (which is mainly composed by an screw, that is spinning), in which everything will mix accordingly. In this stage, normally in the extruder you can approach 200C, causing the melting of the polymer and a good dispersion of the particles within this melted matrix.

3) After that extrusion stage, when cooling, the polymer+particles material can be pelletized (because it will solidify), or you can directly obtain a filament that can go in the FDM printer. To do so, the diameter of nozzle in the extruder is an important detail to take into account.

I found an article that explains a bit about this, but with other particles, but the approach should work:

Since you have PLA, the approach of using solvents should be avoided, so for your observation number 1, I would not consider trying it at the moment. Nevertheless, to answer your question, when eliminating solvent you theoretically should obtain a solid again, but you should be careful, because sometimes some solvent molecules might get entrapped into the solid, causing bubbles or defects. If this solvent is trapped, and then you decide to heat the solid to melt it (because you are printing something), that solvent will be released as a vapour, and that might be a problem. Normally when using solvent, the idea is to use as less as possible and with a low boiling point, so it can be easy to eliminate.

Thank you everyone .

The preprint article at link http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23849.40808 may provide some good information related to your question. I highly recommend the reading of this preprint article although studying a different material.

@Jürgen Weippert, Dear Sir, I can understand your point but there are so many carbon sources that can be supplement for graphene biomass like sea weed, You are very right but nothing is impossible. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2021.01.005

Specific mechanical properties of Tera Harz TC-80DP, a maxillofacial material, might not be readily available in public domain sources or scientific literature. The mechanical properties of maxillofacial materials can vary depending on factors such as composition, manufacturing process, and intended application.

Tera Harz TC-80DP is a type of thermosetting acrylic resin commonly used in the fabrication of facial prostheses, such as nasal and auricular prostheses. While the manufacturer may provide information on its mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness, this data may not always be publicly accessible.

the comments to the wiki articles.

Really, Poisson's ratio determine the compressibility of materials and I agree with Prof. Anongba commentary about role of PR sign in crack evolution which is similar to microslip process in frictional contact (see, please, our study of self-healing effect caused by to auxetic behaviour).

All the best,

Serge

Little late, but add a very thin ply at the top and bottom. Just pull that thickness of the next plies.

Thank Filippo Piccini for the discussion.

Dear,

1. Compare your xrd data with standard XRD pdf card.

2. Use the lattice constant and xyz postion in the most consistent XRD pdf card to create strcuture in VESTA and export cif file.

The morphology of synthesized materials refers to the shape, size, and structure of the nanoscale or microscale particles or crystals that make up the material. The orientation of the material refers to the alignment or arrangement of the particles or crystals along a certain direction or plane. The morphology and orientation of the material can affect its physical, chemical, optical, and electrical properties, such as surface area, porosity, stability, reactivity, conductivity, and band gap.

The relationship between the morphology and orientation of the material is complex and depends on various factors, such as the synthesis method, the precursor materials, the temperature, the pressure, the solvent, the additives, the catalysts, and the post-synthesis treatments. These factors can influence the nucleation, growth, and aggregation of the particles or crystals, as well as their interaction with the substrate or the surrounding environment. Different synthesis methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel, hydrothermal, and microwave, can produce different morphologies and orientations of the material, such as nanowires, nanotubes, nanosheets, nanoflowers, and nanospheres.

To understand the impact of the morphology of synthesized materials on the orientation of the materials, you need to study the mechanisms and kinetics of the synthesis process, as well as the characterization techniques that can reveal the morphology and orientation of the material. Some of the common characterization techniques are scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. These techniques can provide information about the shape, size, structure, composition, and crystallographic orientation of the material.

I have found some web search results that might be useful for your literature review. They are:

I hope this helps you with your literature review.

Full recycling of the composite materials requires reclaiming fibers and matrices which are suitable for remanufacturing in new composites. There are several methods for recycling CFRP and the processes can be classified, depending on the main method used to break down the waste, as: mechanical process, pyrolysis, fluidized bed process and chemical process

Dear Shubham Patil,

Have you ever considered using SpaceClaim instead of DesignModeler?

In SpaceClaim, you could create a section with all the particles and remove them from the matrix. Then, before moving to the meshing step, you will need to activate the "Share topology" option so that the features will have a conformal mesh.

Then, I would recommend you to generate your geometry with a Python script inside SpaceClaim too, so that you can parameterize the problem easily.

I hope it helps.

Cheers,

Ramiro

It is coming from the electric line frequency. If you will do FFT of this data you will get the corresponding frequency. Find proper grounding and device isolation for minimal stray signals.

Yueao Jian, use FE-Safe server; https://docs.software.vt.edu/abaqusv2022/English/FesafeMatDbPdf/FesafeMatDb.pdf

The process of converting short natural fibers, such as coir or coconut husk fibers, into continuous strands is known as spinning. Spinning involves twisting the short fibers together to create a continuous yarn or thread. This can be done using a variety of techniques, including hand spinning, drop spinning, and using a spinning wheel.

In the case of coir fibers, the process typically involves first soaking the fibers in water to soften them and make them more pliable. The fibers are then carded or combed to align them and remove any impurities. Once the fibers are prepared, they can be spun into a continuous yarn using one of the spinning techniques mentioned above.

Once the coir fibers have been spun into a continuous yarn, they can be used to create a unidirectional continuous coir fiber polymer composite. This involves combining the coir yarn with a polymer matrix to create a composite material with improved strength and durability.

The problem has been resolved. Change the applied stress from 650 MPa to 420 MPa and calculate convergence. I suspect that excessive stress caused significant deformation at the fiber and matrix positions.

Good question.

I find that some of the most exciting topics I studied were often those into which I stumbled accidentally and not really by prudent planning, hence, I feel that it might be a wise strategy to follow two strands:

1) just follow your gut feeling and your nose and keep your eyes open on unexpected and strange and outlier type of phenomena where real scientific gold nuggets might be hidden, so to say, watch out off the beaten track.

2) looking for large scale societal needs on the other hand may indeed also be a pertinent strategy because I sometimes feel that our materials science community is a bit conservative and not really taking many risks in such areas nowadays, often rather following topics in which the (expected) impact is relatively high. My personal taste in this category are for instance research topics related to materials related questions such as (a) sustainability/ sustainable metallurgy / sustainable cement etc (i.e. real reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, beyond the usual bla bla); (b) materials for future water supply; (c) machine learning in material science and engineering ; (d) large (huge) scale energy storage for buffering abundant sustainable and grid electricity (i.e. Not just lithium based batteries for vehicles; but land based huge storage capacity): (e) electrochenistry and corrosion of materials (i.e. longevity) etc. etc.

I feel that - for getting good ideas in such directions - it is sometimes more helpful to read financial and business newspapers rather than our usual community material science journals, which, as I mentioned before, are sometimes chasing citation-measured impact alone but not real relevance for society and industry and not real curiosity-driven topics that sit between the established chairs. Open your eyes and look around you and think urself what your local, wider, or global society really needs from us materials scientists? Ideas will then come en gros.

Good luck.

One example what I chase at the moment :-)

In my opinion, Python is a brilliant choice for scientific computing and numerical analysis. Also, I think C++ would work, but it’s a complicated and difficult to master it.

Hi Martin Oreški ,

Fiber Length: generally contributes to improved load transfer and enhanced strength.

Fiber Diameter (or Cross-sectional Area): directly affects the surface area and volume of the fibers.

Fiber Orientation: the fibers' alignment or orientation significantly impacts the composite's strength.

Fiber Volume Fraction: Higher volume fraction generally improves strength as more load-bearing fibers are needed.

For your specific project, you'll need to do some research to determine the best method of coding and programming in order to finish the analysis of the cantilever composite plate. The method of finite element analysis (FEA) is often used to model and solve complex engineering problems such as those involving the analysis of complex fluid dynamics. FEA allows for a highly accurate approximation of physical problems based on discretization and numerical integration of the equations of motions. Some popular software packages for FEA application are MSC Patran for the modeling language, Hawk-I for the computational engine, and Abaqus for the post-processing tasks. You can then look up tutorials online that provide step-by-step guidance on how to code a finite element analysis (FEA) of a cantilever composite plate. Most examples will involve employing a computational grid to discretize the problem into elements with associated properties, using a stiffness matrix to relate force and displacement, and expressing the equations of motion in terms of a numerical integration. Once you've completed the FEA analysis of the cantilever composite plate, you can then turn your attention to the next step of flutter analysis. Flutter occurs when an aerodynamic force causes a structure to become dynamically unstable. The process of flutter analysis involves using post-processors such as ABAQUS to analyze the data from the FEA procedures and to calculate the critical speed at which the structure can become unstable. I hope this information has been of help to you and good luck with your project!

PolyАl granules can be used for wood-polymer composites. I've seen this

Carbon/Carbon Composite is one of the best bio-compatible materials for implants.

Dear Nekin,

Nice question, I believe that it will be difficult to find a well-supported answer!

Hereinafter there are only few considerations from my part.

a) The price of 3D printing composite filaments is determined by a multitude of factors (nature of polymer matrix, fillers, reinforcements, additives, capacity of production, and so on).

b) Traditionally, the twin-screw extruders (TSE ) can be successfully used to produce various composites by melt-compounding, of good quality and with high throughput, which can be proposed for 3D applications.

c) Unfortunately, TSE are less adapted for the direct production of 3D filaments of high quality, even that there are few suppliers that can propose this kind of equipment for one step production, designed mostly for academic research/low-capacity production (e.g., Lestritz, ThermoFischer, etc.). Maybe other RG collegues can help more with information...

d)Please take a look :

Thermo Scientific Process 11 Lab-scale 3D Filament Production System

e) For the production in big quantities of 3D filaments it’s generally agreed that the production in two steps (1. fabrication of composites with TSE; 2. the extrusion of 3D filaments, e;g., using a single screw extruder) has a large number of advantages. I will refrain from more comments...

f) Function of requirements/ your application (type of composite), I suggest you use as starting point the price of 3D filaments/composites that look similar/satisfy your needs, and which are already commercialized in the market!

Success in your R&D project and best regards,

Marius

Then I think please verify the experimental setup.

The ME coefficient should trace same trend for a particular sample in a particular condition of experimental condition.

Both Origin software and X'Pert HighScore software can be used to determine the hkl values of a crystal structure. Here are the steps to follow for each software:

Using Origin software:

1. Open the data file in Origin software and select the graph containing the diffraction pattern.

2. Click on the "Peak Analyzer" button in the toolbar.

3. In the Peak Analyzer window, select the peak of interest by clicking on it.

4. In the "Peak Information" tab, note down the "2Theta" value and the "Counts" value for the peak.

5. Use the Bragg's law equation (2dsinθ = nλ) to calculate the d-spacing value for the peak. Here, n = 1 for first-order diffraction. λ is the wavelength of the X-ray used in the experiment.

6. Use the d-spacing value to calculate the hkl values for the peak using the Miller indices formula (hkl = [n1d1,n2d2,n3d3]).

Using X'Pert HighScore software:

1. Open the data file in X'Pert HighScore software and select the diffraction pattern.

2. Click on the "Peak Fitting" button in the toolbar.

3. In the Peak Fitting window, select the peak of interest by clicking on it.

4. In the "Peak Information" tab, note down the "2Theta" value and the "d-spacing" value for the peak.

5. Use the Bragg's law equation (2dsinθ = nλ) to calculate the wavelength of the X-ray used in the experiment.

6. Use the d-spacing value to calculate the hkl values for the peak using the Miller indices formula (hkl = [n1d1,n2d2,n3d3]).

Just take quadratic form which gives the best approximation in the sense you chose to the nodal data you have.

Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) will be the composite material for your product. Technical solution is available in many composite industries including KINECO LIMITED, Goa.

Basically you have an initial kinetic energy at impact. The strain energy and energy in plastic deformation if any must equal the initial kinetic energy minus any final kinetic energy. If you cannot find plastic part of the stress-strain curve experimentally, the best guess stress is constant between the yield point and ultimate breaking point or is straight line.

On the page of these items, you should have a drop-down menu titled "more". Among the options, you should find "claim authorship". That's what you need, probably.

Hello. Another fact that you should notice is that in some cases when the material loses its ductility, its tensile properties may be affected more than its bending properties.

PHR is parts per hundred RESIN. If you add 5% of component B in 100 parts of resin you will get 105 parts of mixture. So 5% of 105 is 5,25. So, mathemacally it is different. But the difference is not so high and some people simply use as the same value when the PHR is low. As lower is the phr as lower is the difference in PHR and percent.

you welcome

If you want to go by simple terms then if you know the total amount of material you need like if you want to make 10gm of composite material then PP would be 7gm, fibers will be 1gm and clay will be 2gm.

What is the method you are adopting for the composite preparation? Hopefully, then it will be more clear.

There are several methods for calculating the electrical and mechanical properties of graphene and carbon nanotube composite materials, including:

It is important to note that the properties of graphene and carbon nanotube composites can be highly dependent on the specific preparation method and conditions used to make the materials, so results from different methods may not always be directly comparable.

1. Use a high-shear mixing element in the extruder to ensure that the particles are evenly dispersed.

2. Use a low screw speed to reduce the risk of particle breakage.

3. Use a low temperature setting to prevent thermal degradation of the particles.

4. Use a low back pressure setting to reduce the risk of particle agglomeration.

5. Use a vacuum system to remove air from the extruder barrel and reduce the risk of particle oxidation.

6. Use a cooling system to reduce the risk of thermal degradation of the particles.

7. Use a filter system to remove any particles that may have been damaged during the extrusion process.

8. Use a pelletizing system to ensure that the particles are evenly distributed in the masterbatch.

Known Definition:

The tolerance factor of ABO3 composite materials is a measure of the deviation of the actual crystal structure from the ideal perovskite structure. The tolerance factor can be calculated using the following equation:

t = (rA + rO) / (√2 * (rB + rO))

Where t is the tolerance factor, rA is the ionic radius of the A-site cation, rB is the ionic radius of the B-site cation, and rO is the ionic radius of the oxygen ion.

For BFO/BT type material, the tolerance factor can be calculated as follows:

t = (rFe + rO) / (√2 * (rTi + rO))

Where rFe is the ionic radius of Fe and rTi is the ionic radius of Ti.

**It's worth noting that the tolerance factor is a dimensionless quantity, and values typically range between 0 and 1. Values close to 1 indicate that the crystal structure is close to the ideal perovskite structure, while values close to 0 indicate that the crystal structure deviates significantly from the ideal perovskite structure.

**It is also important to note that the ionic radii values can be obtained from various sources such as CRC handbook or ICSD, and it's important to use consistent sources for the radii values.

Nanoindentation is a separate testing procedure that is often used in conjunction with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). It is used to measure properties at the nanoscale, such as Young's modulus, hardness, stiffness, and load vs. depth and load vs. hardness. Other properties can also be measured using nanoindentation, depending on the specific application. In India, there are several institutions that offer nanoindentation services. These include the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IIT Kanpur, IIT Hyderabad, and the National Institute of Technology (NIT) Surat. Additionally, there are several private companies that offer nanoindentation services, such as NanoTest India, NanoTest Solutions, and NanoTest Technologies. If you are having difficulty finding a nanoindentation service provider, it is possible that the machine is under maintenance or the operator is not available. In this case, it is best to contact the service provider directly to inquire about the availability of the machine and the operator.

1: Mechanics of Composites

2: Introduction to Machine learning and AI

3. Application of Machine learning to composite materials

4. Case studies : Prediction of composite behavior using machine learning and AI

5. Programming in MATLAB for Machine learning and AI

Delamination of laminates in a honeycomb composite structure can occur when there is a failure of the bond between the layers of the composite, resulting in the separation of the layers. In a simple supported structure under bending stress, the forces acting on the structure can cause the layers of the composite to experience different levels of tension and compression, which can lead to the development of shear stresses at the interface between the layers. These shear stresses can cause the bond between the layers to fail, resulting in delamination.

Your thinking that the developed tension on the bottom skin of the honeycomb composite structure can act as the main peeling force causing delamination is generally correct. The tension in the bottom skin can cause the bond between the layers to be subjected to tensile forces, which can lead to the separation of the layers if the bond is not strong enough to resist the forces.

However, it is important to note that the delamination of laminates in a honeycomb composite structure can also be influenced by other factors, such as the properties of the materials used to make the composite, the manufacturing process used to produce the composite, and the loading conditions applied to the composite. It is therefore important to carefully consider all of these factors when evaluating the risk of delamination in a composite structure.

There are many research gaps related to the development of biocomposites, which are materials made from biodegradable or renewable resources that are reinforced with fibers or other reinforcement materials. Some potential research areas for the development of biocomposites include:

These are just a few examples of the many research gaps related to the development of biocomposites. There is still much to be learned about these materials, and

To add a new composite material property that is not in the ANSYS library, you can follow the steps outlined below:

By following these steps, you should be able to add a new composite material property to the ANSYS library and use it in your model. It may be helpful to review the ANSYS documentation and examples to gain a deeper understanding of the specific tools and settings that are available for defining composite materials.

It sounds like you are having some difficulties getting your UMAT subroutine to converge or produce meaningful results when analyzing damage in a microscale RVE model with different components (e.g., fibers and matrix). Here are a few suggestions that may help you troubleshoot the issue:

In general, it is always a good idea to validate the results of your analysis with experimental data if possible. This can help you to verify that your UMAT subroutine is working correctly and that the results are reasonable.

the elongation is the length increase, i.e., the change in length. In your example, the percentage elongation is 1.5%

What solver do you use,and where do you make your post processing, is it in ansys or in Autodyn?

This problem generally happens when Lagrange solver used. The time step is calculated from diagonal of the smallest cell divided by its surface and the local sound velocity of the cell. During impact the part will deformed and the time step will decreases until become less than minimum time stop option and problem stopped. Simply you can decrease the the minimum time stop in control such that from 10^-6 to 10^-8 and the problem will continue.

Such time time step like 10^-8 is too small and the problem well not go further. Changing time step is a just technique overcome the problem but to avoid the problem of very small cell generated during impact you have to eleminate their effect by checking the three erosion boxes in Autodyn Interactions menu.

Dear Dr. Orhan Kelleci ,

if your material has good resistance to aggressive environments and the aesthetic appearance can be made of good quality (and these characteristics are validated by appropriate specific tests) it could be used as protection for more delicate components, for example in shipbuilding, in the automotive sector or in similar sectors ...

Good luck and my best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

With UMAT, you must work out on the failure theory to convert it to equivalent normal stress -strain and use it.

Thank you Andrey Skleznev

Dear Muralishwara Kakunje, TOC (total organic carbon) in water is the classical way. Just use one of these techniques such as the spectroscopic ones. My Regards

If your desire is to “visualize” micro-cracks, nothing will do the job as well as CT (computer assisted x-ray tomography). One concern: most ceramics are not solid structures (per se’), once fired. There is often space between the ceramic particles that was occupied by binder (per firing). Cracks will, of course, travel from open space to open space. Therefore, it may be difficult to recognize very small cracks within the CT, 3-D image data. But larger crack will be easily identified and will be quantifiable via the CT analysis software as voids compared to the solid material. Too, any remaining binder will be quantifiable. And the morphology should tell you if micro cracks are in any way associated with remaining binder. One will also be able to quantify porosity against the solid structure (again, done with the CT analysis software). It is amazing what can be learned from CT, 3D data.

Hello, I have a problem with Ansys for composite prototyping. Does anyone know how to add the ACP (pre) module in Ansys 2018?

There is no physical meaning in a higher bending strength of a brittle isomorphic material than in compression strength. The compressive strength simply has to be higher. Could it be that the cross section of the compressive specimen is larger than that of the flexural specimen and therefore the cylindrical specimen is not fully cured? In order to exclude the effect of unequal curing on the strength measurement, both types of specimens would have to be made from the same piece of pre-cured material.

We have released the implementation of a nonlocal GTN model for Abaqus/Standard (UMAT) and Abaqus/Explicit (VUMAT) at http://www.tu-freiberg.de/en/nonlocalGTN . It does not require an UEL but uses the analogy to the heat equation and is thus easy to use.

please read

Yes, basically cutting relates to shear of the material. Higher the shear strength higher will be the difficulty to cut the material. e.g. Cast iron is easier to machine than steel, because CI is weak in shear where as steel has good shear strength.

Also check please the following useful links: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohamed_Mourad_Lafifi/post/How-to-simulate-perovskite-solar-cell-using-SCAPS-1D-simulation-software/attachment/5bccbf99cfe4a76455fc6059/AS%3A684231856492546%401540144995170/download/Simulation+and+Analysis+of+Lead+based+Perovskite+Solar+Cell+using+SCAPS-1D+Mandadapu2017.pdf

Hello Samir

Various formulas have been derived from experiments to calculate the reinforcement factor. see DOI: 10.1177/002199836700100205.

They are all approximate solutions and may require validation of results

Dear Peilei Zhang . See the following useful RG links: