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I use light protected jars and big falcon tubes to grow my plants. Usually, I don't get algal contamination when growing plants for 2-3 weeks. But, sometimes I get algal growth in my samples. It would be great to have your views on following questions.
1. Is it common?
2. How do you deal with it?
3. How much impact it can have on normal growth and development, if I am regularly changing the media every 2 days?
4. Can I use MICROPUR CLASSIC MC 10T tablets?
5. Although, hydroponics is a non sterile system; is it okay to consider this system for comparative physiological & molecular studies if I am getting mild algal growth once in a while?
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I am so confused as I found out that some sources mentioned Y. lipolytica can accumulate lipid up to 36% of DCW. But there are also some sources mentioned that the wild-type strain of the yeast could not accumulate lipid more than 20% of DCW.
So, why is Y. lipolytica still considered as an oleaginous microbe?
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So researchers generally consider Y. lipolytica as oleaginous based on the fact that some of its strains (but not all) are oleaginous under optimized conditions
right?
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Following the recent International Symposium on Fish Endocrinology in Buenos Aires, the question was raised within the international committee if a Society for Fish Endocrinology (SFE) should be created. The president of the committee, Olivier Kah, has therefore sent out the attached survey together with a background explanation to the idea. Everybody is encouraged to fill out the survey and send to Olivier Kah by e-mail.
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The International Society for Fish Endocrinology has now been established, see https://isfendo.com/
As the question is no longer valid, I tried to delete it, but found out that it's not possible to delete RG questions which have already received answer(s).
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I have 26 different physiological presentations. These groups range from 159 individuals to just a single individual. The test result can either be positive, negative, or variation of unknown significance. I'd like to compare the physiological presentations (groupings) to find for which presentations the test is most likely to yield a positive result.
My first inclination was to do a chi-squared analysis. But there are far too many groups with an expected result less than 5. The Fischer Exact test seems like a poor choice given the sheer number of groups. My next choice was making the population simply the individuals in the top 6 most common physiological presentations. This would give me >80% of groups with a count over five. 
Regardless, it seems like the chi-squared test is probably the least powerful test at my disposal. Perhaps a more useful test would be testing whether the groups (ordered by positive frequency) is the true order? 
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First, remove all presentations for which there is only one individual: you cannot seriously expect to detect anything meaningful from a single individual with statistical methods...
Second, I do not understand the rational for a Fisher exact test or a chi-square (independance, I guess?) test to answer your question, or may be your question. And what is the "true order" ? You may give more details to have a useful answer.
An idea reading your message as I understand the question could be to compute for each group the frequency of positive response, and sort your groups according to these values. This will give you the answer you want.  To go further, you must define a threshold of what is a useful rate of positive tests (> 50 % would be the basic requirement) or at which points the positive rates between two groups begin to differ, and then use confidence intervals (and take care of multiplicity issues) to conclude.
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Exactly what it says on the tin.
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Humans have a thickened band in the scalp skin, approximately following the hair line over the ears. Sweat from this region has a peculiar navel-like odor, but I know no reports of the presence of apocrine sweat glands in there. It may be worth investigating.
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I tried GA treatment and HNO3 (scarification) but was in vain.
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Dear Mr. Prasad,
First, incubate the seeds (Hulled and de-hulled) at 50 degree C for 48 hours. Then put in pettridishes with cotton for  more than 96 hours. I have found 98% germination. Please proceed.
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Fish larvae (and mostly also juveniles) are too small to draw blood. Can anyone point me to literature how to assess stress levels in fish larvae not involving RNA/DNA ratios?
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Dear Andrey,
thank you for your reply. Can you please send me a copy of your paper ?
I will then talk to our statistics cracks in the institute.
Best wishes
Andreas
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A large number of murine studies report HOMA-IR alongside IPGTT/OGTT and fasting glucose/insulin levels as a proxy of systemic insulin resistance. However, is this a valid approach? How applicable is the HOMA-IR calculation to murine physiology?
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I find interesting the answer of Vincent Blok and his team's paper (Van Dijk et al, Lab Anim 2013) regarding 14.1 factor for mice instead of 22.5. However, what is proper conversion factor for mouse insulin in ng/mL into mU/L? I understand that IU had been defined for human insulin (26 IU/mg) but not for mouse insulin. Is that factor of 26 IU/mg acceptable for converting mouse insulin mg into IU ? 
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For safety reasons (to kill potentially infective micro-organisms) I would like to irradiate faecal samples (from various mammalian species) before performing enzyme immunoassays for faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. I use freeze-drying, followed by a chemical extraction method (using 80% methanol) to extract the GC hormones from the faeces. I would like to do the irradiation before the freeze-drying step. I am currently using both cortisol and corticosterone EIAs on the extracts. Is the irradiation likely to affect the EIA results?
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Thanks to those who gave me input on this. The study is still in progress, using a gamma radiation source. An early pilot indicated that heterogeneity of samples might be of much more concern than irradiation in causing a difference between my duplicate samples, so I've had to extend the study to take into account that variable.
I also discovered that in the initial pilot study I didn't expose the samples to a large enough dose of gamma irradiation (wouldn't have been enough to get rid of protozoan parasites, for example), so I have repeated the work with a larger gamma radiation dose.
At this stage, Edward, I have only irradiated the samples prior to freeze-drying, because the freeze-dryer is in a large shared laboratory, and reducing any potential biological hazard at that point would be ideal from a safety point of view. But I will consider a post-drying option, depending on the results.
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AFLP, Nearest, DarT, SNP. How can we normalize them into one consensus map?
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Inability  to produce seeds is called sterile. It may be occurred due to genetical causes or lack of proper nutritional management.
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I've got a series of non-linear functions for which I want to calculate the auc at a series of x-intervals automatically and populate a data frame. I can calculate the auc values as one-off estimates, but I'm having trouble setting a code to calculate them automatically for an atomic vector. I.e, I can't work out the code to calculate auc in reference to a column of x-values that are already in my target data frame. I can't be the first person to need to do this, so any insights will be greatly appreciated. Cheers
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Thanks, that's where I started. I had to make it a little more complex because I'm trying to integrate spatially-explicit values (ie their natural order matters). Thanks for the tip though.
I think I've nearly got it cracked, so I can post code if I ever manage to finish it
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In human when we measure ( ECG) there are ( P, Q ,R , S , and T wave but in chicken  the Q wave are absent why ? 
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The reason is rapid activation of the avian ventricular myocardium via abundant Purkinje system which delivers impulse not only to the subendocardium (as in the majority of mammals) but to the intramural layers or even subepicardium. This specific activation pattern results in the specific ECG features. For details, you could refer to the paper of my colleague: Kharin SN. Depolarisation and repolarisation sequences of ventricular epicardium in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2004 Jan;137(1):237-44. PubMed PMID: 14720609. Also you may search through PubMed for the papers by Shmakov DN and coauthors concerning myocardial activation in different verterbrates.
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I am in need of normal reference values (like we have for humans,) for various biochemical parameters in adult male albino wistar rats, like serum glucose,plasma insulin, HbA1C, SGOT, SGPT, ALP,UREA, CREATININE, ALBUMIN,  LDL, HDL,TOTAL CHOLESTEROL,TRIGLYCERIDES, VLDL and in vivo liver antioxidant enzymes like SOD,CAT,GPX ,LPO. Please provide me the values with proper references. thanks.
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In case you use Charles River as your supplier, they have published those data also, even separated for their different breeding facilities. In case simply contact your local CR representative. If you do not use Harlan or Charles River animals, I would suggest to collect as many data as possible from the different breeders and have a look on the variability of the parameters.
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The goal would be to determine (under lab conditions) differences in the reproductive success after 5-6 months of winter hibernation, of female yearlings born either early or late during the previous year.
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Hi Leon,
Thanks for your answer!
Those experiments are actually ongoing right now. We bred them by randomizing at most, and we got plently of pups. It seems so far that there are no differences in the number of pups between early and late-born females. We have to look more precisely at the pup quality and so on.
I am using the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus), because it reproduces quite good, have early and late reproductive events and hibernate very well in winter (including under lab conditions too!).
Regards,
Sylvain
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I encountered m1's of Microtus oeconomus (n=3) and m1's of Microtus gregalis (n=4) in a small faunule, also containing Lemmus sp. and Dicrostonyx sp., in the Netherlands. From 3 upper M2, 1 has a posterior appendage, completely isolated from T3, looking like a M2 of Microtus agrestis.
Gromov and Polyakov (1977) mention on page 397 of the english edition(1992) about Microtus gregalis, the following: "M1-M2 in individuals of some populations tend toward formation of additional lobes at posterior end and on M1 toward isolation of complete triangles from second lobe of paraconid section."
No figure or picture is presented with this phenomenon. So I don't know if this looks like a M. agrestis loop. Does anyone know a picture of a M2 of M. gregalis with the above mentioned features? Then I can compare and perhaps see if the M2 is of M.agrestis or M. gregalis.
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thank you very much,
this can have consequences for species lists in the fossil record of the Netherlands. Do you know this from your own observations?
Is there an example given in the literature other than Gromov & Polyakov?
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It would be interesting to know if other species are prone to Diabetes Typ 1 for example.
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Auto-immune disorders are common in dogs and include systemic lupus and hemolytic anemia. You might contact the American Association of Veterinary Immunologists at: www.theaavi.org
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Humans aren’t the only ones who lose their hearing as they grow older. Scientists report that wild Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis), which can live 40-plus years, also have trouble picking up sounds as they age.
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As far as bottlenose dolphins go:
The following paper may help answer your question.
it also appears that male bottlenose dolphins can experience age-related hearing loss.
Dr. Darlene Ketten (now working at the Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin university of Technology, Perth Australia) has done some work in this area and might be able to help further if you contact her directly.
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I would be interested in providing tissues to a lab that has experience imaging or otherwise quantifying mitochondrial density in whole muscle, liver, heart, etc.
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Hi,
You don't actually need to use imaging techniques to measure mt density... One of the easiest way is to measure the citrate synthase with a spec. See this publication: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.230185/full.
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Anyone know of differences in isosbestic points for fully oxygenated vs. fully deoxygenated isolated hemoglobin in marine mammal species?
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Hi. I did investigate Myoglobin (Mb) NIR spectra as part of my first year project at Scripps (circa 1992-93). I was only interested in the NIR isobestsic point (815nm), and can't remember if I did the visual spectra. I ran samples from emperor penguin, sperm whale, harbor seal, CA sea lion (?), elephant seal and compared it to published human Mb spectra. They were nearly identical. I concluded that we could use NIR spectroscopy to determine tissue oxygenation. I'm afraid it is all unpublished (that may be good for you). I believe it is a safe assumption that Hb and Mb spectra would be the same (similar). There have been a couple papers on using NIRS in seals. Funny, I remember Dr. Richard Rosenblat giving me a hard time at my presentation, saying it was the iso-worstic point.