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People take to the streets for several reasons. Advancing their demands to the authorities is an obvious one. Establishing communication channels among participants and thus helping to buttress a collective identity is another, latent one. Both combined express the power of protest. It captures the recent demonstration in Kenya #FinancialBillTax and Ghana #FixTheCountry/#OccupyJulorbiHouse demonstration. The world is facing critical challenges that demand immediate action. As the future generation, youth have a unique responsibility and opportunity to drive positive change. This abstract seeks to explore the power of youths’ demonstrations in shaping the future. It highlights the historical impact of youth-led movements, the importance of collective action, and the potential for demonstrations to inspire and mobilize young people to address pressing issues for an equitable livelihood.
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In the long run, demonstrations may not be the best vehicle to create meaningful change. They can actually embolden the alternative voices, in some situations. For example, the current demonstrations in the US about the horrible Netanyahu offensive in Gaza has actually created the counterproductive outcome of putting Jewish Americans in an awful position of supporting Netanyahu when a more strategic approach could have hastened the pressure on him to evacuate nonmilitant Palestinians, and provide for their care, prior to invading Gaza to confront the Hamas figures responsible for the outrageous October 7th attack on the Israeli people.
The most effective demonstrations are the result of a well thought out strategy based on carefully designed, and practical, objectives for the government and other officials to adopt once the pressure of demonstrations are applied. In addition, no demonstration should be implemented until the "rules of engagement" have been clarified and explained to the organizers and participants. All potential responses of responsible officials should be anticipated and incorporated into "bargaining points" well in advance of the start date. Acts of violence and destruction of property should be eliminated from the objectives as they create the very reason for otherwise supportive members of the society to rise up in opposition to the demonstrators. No one, and no organization, should be allowed to participate unless they agree to the "terms and conditions" of the proposed demonstrations.
Finally, well regarded spokespersons for the demonstrations should be identified and recruited prior to figuring out the forgoing elements of a successful demonstration strategy.
Upon reflection, perhaps the best way to discuss the better alternative, would be to conceptualize a different, more effective approach that I would call "citizen assemblies" where the issues and all of the affected parties are given a seat at the table where all views and positions can be fully articulated. In this approach, potential allies and opponents would be included and anticipated rather than having "counter demonstrations" emerge that would diminish the impact of raising concerns about a particular policy or management of a crisis, again thinking about the Israeli strategy to respond to the Hama attack, as an example. I also believe that intellectuals need to find a method to "weigh in" early on in similar situations. I briefly circulated a "thought experiment" about how the Israeli response to the Hamas attack could have been managed much more effectively. Without a mechanism, however, the best thoughts of intellectuals about how to manage a complex situation without creating a humanitarian crisis remains to be answered. Clearly, we have a very real example of a "situation gone very wrong" right in front of us. Unfortunately, we don't have mechanisms in place to provide very real, potential solutions, from the most thoughtful members of our world.
I hope this helps to frame the issues involved.
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Compared to rationality & reasoning (perhaps understandably) there seems to have been relative reluctance to probe the role of collective emotions in development studies which has been focusing on human wellbeing outcomes, except perhaps as detractors.
Meanwhile empirical study and theorising is burgeoning eg in psychology & in philosophy.
While many examples of interesting articles exist, two freely available ones are:
2) This one is valuable for its findings abut four core motivators of collective action across cultures (where emotions are explicit, while several kinds of reasoning seem to be implied):
Comments?
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Emotions play a pivotal role Bill Walker in collective action for human development. As all contexts above suggest, positive emotions such as love, charity, joy, and wisdom contribute to human development as they promote peace, wealth, and progress in society. They encourage individuals to improve themselves and help others, thus contributing to the overall development of their communities. Negative emotions, however, such as hating others without reason or the desire to do evil, disrupt peace and harmony in an individual's life and in society. They may also lead to cost to the economy, increasing poverty, and withholding of essential resources like rain. Thus, it is crucial to nurture positive emotions and subdue negative ones for the betterment of individuals and society as a whole.
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Urgent, emergency action must be taken by UN and ICJ.
I have banged my head on every known walls, like many other fellow concerned human beings have been, to get right Action to stop the non-stop Massacres in Gaza. Now arrived to the threshold, entering into Ramadan.
We Muslims fast in Ramadan for Allah and faith, not merely only for blindness and customary. We Muslims do fast, seek blessings for the earth spiritually, maintain regulation teaching of discipline and self control, the promoting positivity to society. Nurturing diet discipline it's enables human being to maintain good health, and strength immunity trains our gut system to cope with and patience on low food amounts and lacking.
There are people, have no food, worse is they are under suffering condition in War zones, injured and in hostile condition. Children,babies and women in natal stages.
I urge, Those people, groups in War zones and past groups in asylum camps shelters, (those didn't go to Terrorism) the victims from War zones of Iraq, Syria and now Gaza, please take them to Eastern Europe. Some to - 1) Spain. 2) Italy. 3) Poland. 4) Chess/Bosnia.
Migration plan is must for for Climate damages and for War victims. Migration plan need to get done to reshuffle world population.
There April fool, marked a Shame stain in our History. April fool needs to be amended and it is now the best situation to act upon to correct past strains.
Regards,
Fatema Miah
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Thank you for initiating this discussion on this topic.
I would like to mention that the 'war' that you have mentioned here is actually the war between the rich and the poor. I totally agree with you that the UN and ICJ have to look into these matters.
Best regards,
Anamitra.
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Can we stop global climate change? Does human scientific power reach the world's climate change? How do researchers respond?
Can we stop global climate change? Does human scientific power reach the world's climate change? How do researchers respond?
Can we stop global climate change? Does human scientific power reach the world's climate change? How do researchers respond?
As you know, humans are very intelligent and can predict the future climate of the world with hydrology, climatology and paleontology. But don't countries, especially industrialized countries, that produce the most harmful gases in the earth's atmosphere and think about the future of the earth's atmosphere? Do they listen to the research of climatologists? What would have to happen to force them to listen to climate scientists?
Miloud Chakit added a reply
Climate change is an important and complex global challenge, and scientific theories about it are based on extensive research and evidence. The future path of the world depends on various factors including human actions, political decisions and international cooperation.
Efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change continue. While complete reversal may be challenging, important steps can be taken to slow progression and lessen its effects. This requires global cooperation, sustainable practices and the development and implementation of clean energy technologies.
Human scientific abilities play an important role, but dealing with climate change also requires social, economic and political changes. The goal is to limit global warming and its associated impacts, and collective action at the local, national, and international levels is essential for a more sustainable future.
Reply to this discussion.
Osama Bahnas added a reply
It is impossible to stop global climate change. The human scientific power can not reach the world's climate change.
Borys Kapochkin added a reply
Mathematical models of increasing planetary temperature as a function of the argument - anthropogenic influence - are erroneous.
Alastair Bain McDonald added a reply
We could stop climate change but we won't! We have the scientific knowldge but not the political will. One could blame Russia and China from refusing to cooperate but half the population of the USA (Republicans) deny climate change is a problem and prefer their profligate life styles.
John Hatzopoulos added a reply
John Hatzopoulos
PhD, MSCE, UW USA, Diploma NTUA GreeceManaging Director at University of the Aegean
Greece
All climate change has been loaded on the CO2 responsible for the greenhouse effect. Therefore, there must be scientific experiments from several independent scientific institutes worldwide to find out what the greenhouse impact is on various CO2 concentrations. Then, there must be a conference from a reliable, professional organization with the participation of all independent scientific institutions to establish standards on CO2 concentrations and propose political actions accordingly.
The second action that can be done is to plant as many trees and plants as possible to breathe the CO2 and free the oxygen. Stop any deforestation and plant trees immediately in any bunt areas.
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yes, we can control it and we can gradually improve it specially Global worming and CO2 concentration.
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How about collective action for the sake of allowing individual freedom?
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Collectivism was in a direct contradiction to neoliberal individualism, which has arrived during postmodern era. How these relations will develop between individualism and collectivism in a "posthuman" time, we have to observe.
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Hi,
I am a final year PhD student and due to submit my thesis within the next couple of weeks time.
I have adopted political opportunity theory to address union strategy in the developing country in terms of coalition building/solidarity and collective action. Although there are many variables in the political opportunity theory, I have focused on openness and closing opportunity of the institutional political system.
Could you please advise me if this is ok to adopt just one variable or need to discuss all variables in the opportunity structure? To address openness, I discussed organising, servicing, connection, participation, negotiation under coalition building/solidarity and strike/protest under collective action as closing opportunity.
I would appreciate your valuable feedback on my approach/structure of the theory or pls let me know if I need to include anything to bridge any gap.
Kind regards
Samar
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Adopting a specific variable within the political opportunity theory framework, such as openness and closing opportunity of the institutional political system, is a valid approach for your research on union strategy in a developing country. It is not necessary to discuss all variables within the opportunity structure if they are not directly relevant to your research question or if they do not significantly contribute to your analysis.
By focusing on the openness and closing opportunities within the institutional political system, you are honing in on specific aspects that are crucial for understanding the dynamics of coalition building/solidarity and collective action in your context. It allows you to delve deeper into the factors that shape union strategies and their ability to mobilize and influence political outcomes.
In your analysis, it is important to clearly define and explain how organizing, servicing, connection, participation, negotiation, strike, and protest relate to the concept of openness and closing opportunities within the institutional political system. This will help establish the link between your selected variables and the broader framework of political opportunity theory.
To ensure a comprehensive analysis, you may also consider discussing any contextual factors that could influence the relationship between the institutional political system and union strategies. This could include social, economic, or historical factors that shape the opportunities and constraints faced by unions in the specific developing country context.
Overall, your approach of focusing on one variable within the political opportunity theory framework is acceptable as long as you provide a clear rationale for your choice and thoroughly analyze and interpret the selected variables in relation to your research question.
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In ending his important new review, "Accountability Keywords", Jonathan Fox writes (p98):
"To sum up, this review points to at least three very distinct ways of thinking about accountability. First, it refers to tangible processes dedicated to public answerability for authorities, with clear sets of rules involving public forums, reporting, oversight, checks and balances—and consequences. Second, accountability is also grounded in relationships that are less tangible, such as invisible power, countervailing power, and the capacity to push back. A third way to think about accountability goes beyond specific processes and offers a way of seeing power relationships. After all, who is supposed to be accountable to whom is still widely debate" (my bolding)
As I've suggested in my doctoral thesis, longstanding multidimensional theories of power offer fresh insight into categorising and understanding forms of accountability which are contested, such as social accountability.
Using such theory, the first of Fox's 3 ways of thinking about accountability above can be summarised as follows:
4D or institutional power refers to the power of formal and informal rules to make accountability as answerability powerful because it is public (and, I would add, therefore also more widely accepted as legitimate as institutional authorities become more answerable). Such 4D power is effective because it assumes and subsumes within it 'knowledge power' (3D power), 'structuring power' (2D power) and 1D power (agency or or 'doing' power, such as collective action).
However, as I suggested in my thesis, at least one more dimension of power is needed to embody power relations (who is in fact accountable to whom, and how), which I have called 5D power (e.g. collaborative social accountability). As Fox says, this is because accountability must be grounded in the invisible collective power required by citizenries to 'push back', and thus enforce public accountability. It seems to me that 4D power points to and entails 5D power because answerability is intrinsically, instrumentally and generatively relational. Under the right conditions, (which Paulo Freire, for example, elaborates on) people emancipate each other. These conditions are achievable. Accepting 5D power led me to accept relationships as necessary to define accountability, and to (re)define social accountability accordingly .
As I was working on my thesis, another dimension of power emerged as crucial: one which is empirical, and thus necessarily embedded in space and time. Such a dimension enables us, as Fox indicates above in his third way of thinking about accountability, to see (and thus to name) invisible, countervailing power relations, in the varied cultural/linguistic contexts he has so ably elucidated in this report. As power relations are named, according to their diverse contexts (viz using different languages, with all their associated subtleties of meaning), they can be collectively unmasked and engaged with.
I would call this further dimension of power '6D power'. While I did not name it as such in my thesis, I studied 6D space-time power in Chapter 7 by using nested longitudinal case studies.
Of course, using such dimensions of power does not get us far enough in accountability praxis, unless we can name what 'joins up' and integrates these dimensions, and show the processes which connect them: what and who emancipates marginalised and oppressed groups and communities, which is what I seek to do in my thesis (see concluding Chapter, Ch 9).
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Good luck.
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It is sort of funny how the world turns around. Four years ago when I started my PhD, I was asking 'environmentally active citizens', who take part in community energy and food sharing projects about, how do they think their initiatives relate to Climate Change. Most of the people could not directly connect to Climate Action. Often, it rarely made top 3 of the priorities of their initiatives
Now, four years later, everyone seems to be obsessed climate marches, climate strikes and other forms of peaceful protest.
It just leaves me with the questions of which type of action is more effective, taking small steps in improving your livelihood or marching in massive swarms? Surely, marches and mass protest are easier to be picked up by news and political agendas than small community projects but where is the silver lining?
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It was nice to take part in big marches, meet people and feel part of a "big family".
Now, it is time to help the planet by avoiding the use of fossil fuels and convince others to do the same. Start recycling and support others. You can bicycle to work, school or university and meet nice people on the way while doing so.
Eat well, because a healthy mind needs a healthy body.
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I would highly appreciate if you can comment down below some leading works on ICA in the context of cascading disasters (disasters whose effects spread through space and time).
I prefer numerical modeling works.
Many thanks!
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I am trying to start a project on the subject and your help would be appreciated
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Conflict and Peace Building in Divided Societies 1st Edition , Anthony Oberschall
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Hello friends,
I want to get my Ph.D. in social movements and protest politics in Pakistan. Are there authoritative research books/articles written on the history of social movements and protest politics in Pakistan?
After a month of search, I couldn't find a single book, though there are several research articles written on the topic but these are just case studies of some events.
Is there any theoretical work done or going on in the field?
Thanks
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I believe that the development of a sociological community of interests to be crucial for the consolidation of the profession of the sociologist. In many countries, weak forms of sociological association are not supporting sociologists working in non-academic settings with regards to interprofessional conflicts and a public presence that conveys and transmits the usefulness of the profession and the discipline. Sociologists rarely use the skills acquired through formal education to strengthen their position in the labor market through collective actions.
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Why are the occupational outcomes of sociology graduates still not satisfactory? The sociologist working in non-academic settings can rely on a set of disciplinary skills and capabilities, such as evaluation, planning and organisation of services, health policy, organisational analysis, and communication. Compared to the recent past, the professional identity of the sociologist working in non-academic settings is better defined, with more commonly shared required skills and operative domains. Research does not constitute the unique capabilities of sociological practice. In the tradition of Applied Sociology, sociologists in their professional practice use a plurality of “sociological methods, theories, concepts, and perspectives to understand, intervene, or enhance human social life” (Steele & Price, 2008, p. 4). The cognitive base of the profession is wide and stable. Nevertheless, the ability of sociologists to exercise a vestige of control over their areas of professional activity and their relationship with other professions is less and less meaningful.
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Collective actions do not always lead to a tangible outcome. It also reduces deeply rooted constraints in society.
#collectiveaction #socialenterprise
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1. Environmental sanitation. This can be made compulsory but not everyone will yield to the instruction. However, it soon becomes a norm in society.
2. Engaging in social protest. In several collective protest in groups have occurred with the aim of bringing change, yet no significant changes occurred. However, citizens are conscious of the fact that they have the right to speak out and can exercise their rights.
3. Participating in civil defense.- Does this mean every participant has been immuned of robbery and theft? Certainly not.
4. Voting in elections - As Uchendu previously said, exercise of voting rights have till date not produced development dividends in some countries but has led to the institutionalisation of electoral culture.
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Hi there,
Im looking for emerging/novel governance forms of food systems at the local level in PT. This may include recent publications on cooperative/collective action or relevant changes to the local food system. Do you have any ideas/suggestions/authors in mind?
Many thanks :)
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Thanks Patrice for your reply. Do you have a particular author or article in mind? Thanks.
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hi i was thinking about Collective action theory & Functionalist Theory. as i want to see the sustainability of Rural water supply schemes from the perspective of stakeholders. how different actors/stakeholders are contributing towards the sustainability of water supply schemes ? Institutional actors , community actors, community based organization can collectively through a system make water supply functional ! kindly Guide me in this regard ! i will be grateful for all of your responses !
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Good question...
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I'm working on firm-local community relationships in industrial pollution sites, with special emphasis on industrial agglomerations (or industrial clusters). I'm interested in researching how companies articulate collective strategies when managing their relationships with the local community.
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Best of luck
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Mancur Olson's The Logic of Collective Action from 1965 includes a fairly substantial account of the history of American labor unions (chapter III). Did American labor historians respond to this account, or his theory more generally? Would be grateful for literature suggestions!
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Thanks Jenny Jansson will check out John Kelly's book!
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As part of my research, I want to experiment with a socio-spatial analysis (through the notion of utopia) militant occupations, or not, aimed at bringing out other forms of life. A well-known example today is ZAD (Notre-Dame-des-Landes,...).
However, I want to widen the scope to forms of spatial and social expressions other than the ZAD, but also to break with the social order in which they emerge.
I will wish old cases (of the 1970s) as recent (years 2000-2010). Thank you very much in advance.
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Thank you very much for sharing your thoughts.
Indeed, I think it is important to consider utopia in the society and study context. The concept of utopia seems to change depending on this economic, politic, spatial, ... context.
I agree with you, utopias that was created in Europe and during Antiquity or during the period of the first Industrial Revolution have common points like : the fondation of a community with a specific place like a home for a social classe bonded with a sharing of ideologies, and so on. Today, we could say that utopia do not exist, if we are only based on this common points.
However, my current research seem to show that all utopias have this construction of process :
1. Denonciations / critics of a system, of an order. > 2. the breaking position about this > 3. Who conduct to alternativ creations. It is a very short resum, more developed during the 1,5 first PhD years, about the utopia concept that joins diferent autors reflexions like the "real utopias" (EriK Olin Wright, 2010 : https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~wright/ERU.htm) or even "utopies du faire et du commun" (Luc Gwiazdzinski, 2016 : https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01340815/document).
This concept of utopia (about the tridimentional process), with a methodologic approch (inspired of the "narratives" Vincianne Despret), can help me better understand how this kind of "utopias" (mobilizations and occupations like : 'Free Neighborhoods', ZADs, Eco-villages) tend, or not, to a recognition of their spatial occupations as legitimate through their claims, contrary to a project urbanism, recognized by previously established plans?
More precisely :
How do they transcribe their actions (social and political) in the territorial field?
How do they spatially express their position in break with traditional lifestyles?
[In what way] do these actions re-enchant, ultimately, the initially unoccupied territory? How do they practice the creative break in everyday life and in the long term?
How do they compose their daily life with the territory and the collective? How do they compose their daily life with the territory and the city / municipal and / or regional authorities?
Do they plan their spatial planning? If so, how do they envision it? What are the factors taken into account in their spatial projection? What order are they: temporal, political, ...?
How do they perceive their territory (before, during and in the future of their occupation)? How do their actions question our ways of thinking and considering urbanism?
... So many sub-questions that feed the main question of research and which aim to spatially analyze how do they concretise this potential position of rupture.
Thank you again for sharing all this very interesting thoughts!
Best regards,
Marceline
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I am looking for the role of knowledge and information in informing decision making by communities and farmer's choices about surface and ground water management.
We are exploring institutional design for governing water commons, building rules and regulations for water governance, evolving systems for conjunctive use of water, role of information in informing community choices, and crop choices based on changing understanding of variability in resource availability.
Suggestions or publications on co-creating local knowledge for better collective action and local regulation leading to enhanced equity and sustainability as well as improve management of a water commons would be helpful.
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Well,
Can benefit from the attached pdf. Water Quality And Pollution Control Handbook, Compiled by James E. Hairston, Extension Water Quality Scientist Assisted by Leigh Stribling, Technical Writer.
Sincerely
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I'm looking for literature on the emergence of collective actors. Of course, there are Coleman and some sociological classics, but does anyone know of any newer literature that deals decisively with the emergence of collective agency in groups?
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@Lu Gram many thanks for this literature suggestion!
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I study social movements in the Midwest and have found that my informants use collective action language/approaches such as costly signaling.Ritual is also present and is used as a means to express commitment to a group goal, lack of time sink is seen in a negative light. It would be helpful to see how other populations are also expressing collective action approaches in ritual.
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Collective action (if understood as the governance of common pool resources) is evidenced during rituals among the Yucatec Maya to ask for permission to "borrow" a piece of the forest for agriculture, or to thank the deities for a harvest. The concept of reciprocity is very strong among them and the forest deties, hence, limiting the use of the resources... hope this is helpful.
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In some regions of the world the government controls everything by trying to force on people how to think, what to wear, how to look, what to say, how to behave, whom to support etc. etc.
As social media becomes more easily available, people spend a good proportion of their daily lives using social media, such as Telegram and WhatsApp; they express their opinion rather freely (of course with some self-censoring) hoping to bring about social reforms. Subscribers are increasingly being invited to support political causes by sharing, liking, endorsing, or downloading. Such a small contributions to a cause form a growing part of collective action today; in the name bringing about the rules of democracy. The question is: if such attempt ever succeeds in making make a difference- change for better. Would it bring a society that values diversity and nobody is scared of persecution because of they think differently.
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I think you are getting at the underlying issues ok here
there is a lot of hype around the role of social media in the Arab spring etc and not so much attention to the segmented nature of protest as you suggest
more work needed for sure to understand and to change things!
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I'm exploring collective action to create community health administration. Although, Ostrom's work relates to management of common resources, I wish to know if there's any work on public health specifically. I would appreciate any help.
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Thanks Gulzar Shah and Azizan Morshidi. I'll surely look at the papers you have shared. Thanks for the help.
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In research, I have always placed a heavy emphasis on executive collaboration and primary data collection -- an action research orientation. Considered a pragmatic approach to research with practice, I often draft qualitative manuscripts. Sometimes, I find it more difficult to deal with reviewers on such manuscripts if they themselves are more focused on quantitative methods. I appreciate multiple epistemologies, which is why my work with executives has been successful to date. Yet, that is not the case with fellow colleagues and reviewers.
I'm curious to know if you have experienced similar circumstances and/or have suggestions for how to approach the submission and review process to mitigate barriers.
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I agree with Tabata and Mazur. So may many factors influence the issue in question. So many authors, reviewers and publishers alike, are favourable disposed to quantitative works because they are more verifiable and succinct. With development in data sciences, research seem to be heading absolutely in that direction.
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I am looking at the emergence of recycled water schemes in Australia and have found that the structures of social movements i.e. mobilising structures, political opportunity structures and framing structures have the potential to be used to analyse collective action by organisations enabling institutional innovation in the water sector. Apart from Hargraves et al (2006) 'Collective action model of institutional innovation' I havent come across others working in this area...
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perhaps ?:
Strang, D., & Soule, S. A. (1998). Diffusion in organizations and social movements: From hybrid corn to poison pills. Annual review of sociology, 265-290.
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Under the traditional production systems, smallholders are getting more irrelevant given the changing market structure as consumer preferences continues to evolve. The situation is expected to  worse in the advent of climate change impacts. Therefore, establishing framework for sustaining and enhancing smallholder producers participation in the supply chain holds potential to address the escalating poverty levels among the rural population as well as enhancing food availability among non-farming households.
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Contract farming is better than collective farming for smallholder farmers. It address the price volatility problem as collective action mostly ex-post issues.
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While we have been trying to develop small scale irrigation schemes in a mountainous Ethiopian highlands, we have encountered a problem as the land where the spring eye emerged belong to a small scale farmer without any irrigable land around. We are looking for appropriate incentive mechanisms to convince the farmer allow the use of the spring water for the collective benefit of the community. Any experience to share?
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 Tilahun,
Spring is a form of ground water emergence, and so is a common property, although in country like India, the farmers have the right to the ground water usage in their lands (transgressions occur underground though). In Ethiopia, there may not possibly be any water rights issue, but then for developing infrastructure, the farmer's permission shall be required. Sure the farmer himself may be willing to irrigate his land if he is not doing it now. So, the best thing would be to convince him that infrastructure development cost in his own farm shall be provided for free to him (if the cost is shared). Otherwise, some kind of compensation for the land lost due to laying of pipeline etc. in his land should be provided to him. If the community approaches him, surely he should agree.
If he does not agree, and the spring is perennial, you could very well use the surplus water flowing out of his land...
Please do convey what did you do to convince the farmer.
Attached are some papers on springs in India. More in my RG site.
Kind regards,      
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Literature/publication related to riots, mass violence and collective behavior can also be helpful. Any help in this regards can be helpful and will be appreciated.
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I would suggest looking at 2 main avenues for this. One would be regarding street riots. In England, Tim Newburn's study "Reading the Riots" (on our riots in 2011) is widely available on the internet), for example. The 2nd avenue would be regarding football violence/hooliganism. Examples of good studies on this include Ethnography of English football fans : cans, cops and carnivals (Geoff Pearson) or anything by James Treadwell. In addition to these 2 avenues, a 3rd area to look at could be prison disturbances/riots. This is very specific, but there is a lot of academic as well as anecdotal reports on the riots at Attica Prison in the U.S. and HMP Manchester in the U.K. ("Strangeways" Riots, 1990)
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I am looking for studies done focusing on how formal and informal institutions at the community level aid towards enhancing efforts towards collective action and hence social capital.
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Might be that following text can be relevant
Miraftab, Faranak. “Insurgent Planning; Situating Radical Planning in the Global South” Planning Theory 8(1):32-50
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I'm looking for academic research showing how you can practically increase Collective Efficacy in a neighbourhood. A lot has been said about what collective efficacy is, and the circumstances in which you find high Collective Efficacy - but not a lot on how you actually do it. I have looked at James Nolans work in the USA and Tim Curtis in the UK - any other ideas/leads welcome.
Many thanks.
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Have you looked at the work by Mark Levine at Exeter? He presents an interesting hypothesis through the escalation/de-escalation in violence context and may be applicable in increasing collective efficacy.