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In your opinion, what is the greatest role, function, importance, etc. of the development of international scientific cooperation?
International scientific cooperation plays an important role in the development of science and scientific research. In recent years, the development of online knowledge bases, online indexing databases of scientific publications, online science portals facilitates the development of international scientific cooperation. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the scale of remote communication conducted via the Internet increased significantly. The scale of realization of scientific conferences and symposia remotely through online video conferencing platforms has increased. With online science portals enabling discussions, the development of scientific cooperation on an international scale has been facilitated. Thanks to the aforementioned online science portals, i.e. this Research Gate portal, it is possible to set up and operate international research teams, where researchers and scientists operating in different countries can conduct collaborative scientific research, exchange experiences from their research, jointly publish the results of their research work in scientific articles and monographs. I hereby inform you that I am open to scientific cooperation, including scientific cooperation carried out internationally. I invite you to publish the results of the conducted scientific research in a scientific journal:
"International Journal of Legal Studies" (ISSN 2543-7097):
Legal sciences, normative aspects of various issues, various issue described in normative terms:
Publisher: International Institute of Innovation "Science - Education - Development" in Warsaw
"International Journal of Legal Studies" is a scientific journal published semi-annually (semiannual). After the publication of each issue of the journal, all articles are posted in a number of databases for indexing of scientific publications in the formula of open access. This significantly increases the visibility of articles on the Internet and translates into higher citability.
I invite you to join me in scientific cooperation.
I invite you to contact me by email: darprokop111@gmail.com
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
In your opinion, what is the greatest role, function, importance, etc. of the development of international scientific cooperation?
In your opinion, what is the greatest role of international scientific organizations?
What do you think about this topic?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Warm regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Interesting question.
If I had to answer in one sentence - their role is to reduce the costs of cooperation.
Best regards,
Kamil.
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Dear Researchers.
I'd like to invite researchers from least developed countries to be part of our Academic Collaboration Network. We are into journal article collab nexus. If interrested, please email your CV link to: seminaron9@gmail.com
Thanks.
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It would be my pleasure. However, I would like to have more information about the major areas of research targeted by your network and the various aspects of collaboration that you are proposing.
Sincerely.
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With Covid-19 the Education landscape have change for ever and Digital Transformation is rising to new horizons. With the Edorer and CredX students anywhere on the planet will have access to best quality of education and best learning experience by most qualified Faculty 24/7/ Partnering with global universities will be a piece of cake with CredX. Wold Assessment Council promotes a truly a revolutionary idea and a boon for collaboration with global universities. Inviting visionary universities to join the future of Credits Exchange and the global university collaboration network.
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First, I have to thank you for raising this. Trade and education are literally the most critical bottlenecks that, if addressed, humanity's scientific and engineering output increases most.
I have two responses below:
  1. One is a strict response to technologies that you have specifically named.
  2. Another is a broader view from my own perspective, where I attempt to answer a more fundamental that I think will guide us to even better outcomes.
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1. Response Limited to Named Technologies
1.1. Blockchain
While blockchain's computational scalability problem is somewhat addressed (e.g. adoption of PoS than PoW), its space scalability problem is far away from being addressed. This is both, storage space, and bandwidth. This is part of why we will never be able to use today's crypto "currencies" to buy daily items, such as a cup of coffee at a local Starbucks store.
To make cryptocurrencies function as "currencies", we must solve the following problems:
  1. Proofs of coin ownership must be confined in the wallet of the owner, not in the public blockchain.
  2. The global blockchain must contain only minimal data to indicate consensus about transaction orders.
  3. The global blockchain must update minimally and organically. E.g. a person buying a cup of coffee in China should not be heard in USA instantly.
  4. The boundaries must be decided organically and dynamically by the algorithm itself. E.g. we must not have to sit to manually create clusters of trade groups for every reach by hand, as this will be too slow to change in the future, and we will suffer an unnecessary overhead in optimising such cluster boundaries as trade patterns shift.
Ideas that might solve the problems above:
  • (1) and (2): A promising line of research, that is still not mature enough to the best of my knowledge, involves the use of zero-knowledge proofs. If a space- and time-efficient zero-knowledge proof algorithm is found, then we have solved the first and second problems in the list above.
  • (3) and (4): I am not aware of any solution that satisfies these requirements yet. However, I'm optimistic that there is an elegant solution by abandoning micromanagement, and letting individuals who are involved in the trades choose the path which their transaction must cross. I am optimistic that it is very doable, that through a set of rules, we can create a system that incentivises individual buyers/sellers to behave in such ways that news about their transactions are not unnecessarily heard of internationally (e.g. a coffee cup purchase in China is not heard in USA, but instead a more aggregate news is yeard). I am very optimistic that these can be resolved by a set of simple rules in the currency, and then letting capitalism do its job.
1.2. CredX
Certainly a step forward. To save time, I will not speak about its many advantages which we agree about. I will jump into its disadvantages:
  • Centralised: What if CredX decides to ban some subjects from being taught? Or even bans some students, or regions, from joining it? For example, while I'm against Putin's aggression on Ukraine, what guarantees us that CredX would not face a scenario where enrolled Russian students suddenly become unable to use it? The moment we have a centralised system, we will run these risks, and since education is so pivotal to humanity's progress, I believe we must never allow our education to be so vulnerable.
  • Growth is not organic enough: Who approve which courses enter is CredX essentially. Science changes its landscape dynamically, and we must not impose any resistance on how science is shifting its playground. Are today's university course structures, or taxonomy, optimal?
I think the solution is to adopt a distributed system, with a distributed protocol, ideally even anonymous, where individuals conduct research in a peer-to-peer manner.
I have written a discussion post here with details about this thought concerning the academic peer-review system, however it probably also applies to education in general, as paper acceptance can be viewed as passing a course (e.g. passing a course can be viewed by getting acceptance by enough credible peers in a web-of-trust network).
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2. Broad Response from my View
2.1. Today's Education Problem
Today's educational system, starting from school, is based on a factory-like production pipe-line that students enter from one end of the pipe, and exit from the other end of the pipe, supposedly equipped with enough prerequisites to go on with their life as humans to supposedly build a better future. Within this pipeline, the students are given courses as "boxes" and subjects, where them "atomically".
I claim this is very wrong, and eventually causes individuals with different ineterests to unnecessarily spend their time facing subjects that do not interest them, and do not plan to use them in the future. As a result, we effectively kill the love of science and education in these individuals.
Sadly, at the end of this production pipeline is a sad reality where you hear statements from those who have exited it "I hate mathematics/physics/etc". This is very sad, as we were all born as scientists, loving to experiment with the physics of this universe (this is why a child is so excited when playing with, say, balls) and to use logic to solve the puzzles (mathematics).
2.2. How Education Should Be
Education should be purely research-oriented, based on the interests of an individual, with a smooth seamless transition from early steps that we take as children, until the later steps that we take as grown scientists.
To be specific, I propose this educational style:
  1. An individual (could be a child, an adult, etc, age is not important) enters an educational institution, and sees the wide spectrum that possible outcomes that science and achieve (e.g. robotics, rockets, algorithms, etc).
  2. The individual chooses the projects that he/she wants to work on based on what seems most fun to them. We can rename such educational institutions into "Fun Parks", because it is really meant to be enjoyed, and we -humans- have evolved to love science. So nature has done a great job to make sure that we are born as scientists.
  3. Mentors will guide the students on the path that they should follow to achieve their goals, and help them to find out intermediate steps (or sub-goals) to help them with their journey to eventually reach their end goals.
  4. A student could have multiple goals, and they may choose so. A student could multi-task and jiggle between different goals and sub-goals as they enjoy most. We must let individuals have fun in their own unique way, in the most flexible form possible. This freedom will allow individuals to explore the space of scientific discoveries and inventions most broadly, and hopefully result in more scientific and engineering progress overall.
  5. Such education institutions (or fun parks), must have an element of rewards. For example, at the end of each year (or any other period depending on how it works best), there has to be a party where teams from all generations demonstrate their projects publicly, in a fun competition with rewards from sponsors (e.g. monetary rewards from governments, companies, etc). This element is very critical in order to re-energise students that are early in their path: to be re-excited again about what is ahead, and how doable it is.
  6. As you see, there is no rigid production pipeline here, but rather a messy mesh of threads chosen by each individual as he or she likes. You will not see a person being forced to, say, learn memorise theorems in a mathematics course in order to "pass", as this will make them hate science.
All of the steps above can be done physically in a building, or digitally behind a website, depending on the subjects, and depending on what works best.
There is no distinction between "school" or "university" any more, but an organic path chosen by the individual. Governments and companies, or even individuals with enough money, will submit their research problems to such "fun parks" to get them resolved. It will be a win-win situation for everyone.
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This question appears at page 85 of: Are Inventions Inevitable? A Note on Social Evolution Author(s): William F. Ogburn and Dorothy Thomas, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Mar., 1922), pp. 83-98 Published by: The Academy of Political Science.
This issue is to some extent indirectly addressed in:
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Very interesting question. I Prosper Ovuoraye totally agree with you.
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Dear all,
I would like to know if it is possible to use SAOMs (Stochastic actor oriented models) to analyse weighted networks?
Thank you in advance,
Léa DAUPAGNE
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There seems to be a less ised feature to handle ordinal values. It is discussed here: http://lists.r-forge.r-project.org/pipermail/rsiena-help/2013-July/000272.html
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Dear all,
I would like to know if it is currenly possible to use temporal ERGMs (Exponential Random Graph Models) for analyzing weighted networks?
For now, it seems that software packages available to analyse TERGMs (tergm or btergm) only use binary networks.
Thanks in advance for your answer,
Léa Daupagne
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How do interdisciplinarity and collaboration influence the visibility of your published work?
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It really has influence. I am going to tell you a story. I used to do research work but in a small group in an University in Venezuela, and beleive me I work a lot writting for almost 10 years, but I do not have any recognition in my field because usually was local studies and boring topics.
Now, I am working y collaboration with some other researchers in some highligted topics and guest what? It is resulting, my large experience in areas that I just know but I was not interested in publishing in (as scientific journals and publication process) is now my way to be known in the academic social network...
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network has been widely used to achieve some complex programs. however, the dark side of networks has not been fully explored. we can see  that network can be a useful tool to control corruption ,while network itself can be a source of corruption. so anyone can recommend me some related works?
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Here is an emprical test of the substitution effect of bribery and corruption in Bulgaira.
he findings suggest that bribery is used primarily when companies are engaged in hidden economic activities and circumvention of the law, while networks turn out to be the only significant variable when firms attempt to influence new legislation or acquire public procurement contracts.
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Considering the WHO’s Global Action Plan for healthy lives and well-being for all.
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Thank you Mr. Vitaliy Koikov for your answer! I totally agree with your comment. No single universal scenario can solve the problem of health development for all countries. Each country should develop its own according to its reality, its needs and its means.
At the same time, I am looking for any idea (approach) that could help reduce the gap between the reality of poor countries and the accessibility of health care less than a decade before the deadline of SDG; ideas that each country will certainly have to adapt, but which would bring the world health community closer to SDG3.
The literature on the question is quite abundant, many strategies have already been proposed, but in poor countries, real progress is still to come. Perhaps new approaches could be explored .
Furthermore, what do you think about Evens Emmanuel's proposal to organize an electronic conference on that issue? Will you be interested in contributing?
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I am trying to build up also a collaborative network on immune cell and calcium signaling
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Sure!
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From your experience and observations, did you notice any weekly "variation" in the researchers' interactions?
In other words: what "day" was associated with apparently more active discussions between RG members?
Please share your experiences on the most active day(s) "e. g. Monday, Saturday..." or "all days seem similar"
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I do not have an idea. But this question made me to think the time of posting can affect visibility of the post.
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Hello, Colleagues,
I have seen many RG questions about getting a publisher for a text that you have written or that you propose to write.
My experience may not be typical and I have but one edited text to my credit but I am eager to help others. My edited interdisciplinary collection of essay is titled _Orbiting Ray Bradbury's Mars_ (2012) for McFarland Publishers. They are the major popular culture publishing firm in the US.
I am inviting people in at the start of an invited proposal to a multinational educational publisher. I was invited to propose a companion text on LITERATURE AND CLASS because of a review I did of another text. This convinced the publisher that I could create a research text for them.
STEP ONE: do reviews of other people's texts. If you do a review, say you are available to do more.
I invite you to watch this journey from start to conclusion of a project to publish a reference text with a major publisher. This should be a good discussion that takes us beyond the "what if I had a publisher" stage with no specifics involved.
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Key to realizing the circular economy is the ability and motiviation of actors along the value chain to collaborate for practical solutions. For example, actors from the waste industry need to deliver secondary raw materials to manufacturers in the necessary quality and quantity. Packaging R&D needs to incorporate the end-of-life (biological cycle or recycling) into packaging design following a design-for-recycling approach. Probably, we need to study network and partnership approaches more intensively to understand successfull CE practices.
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Hello Erik,
There is a wealth of experience in building cross-sectoral linkages facilitated by the National Industrial Symbiosis Programme (NISP). NISP was initiated in the UK in the early 2000s and has been rolled out around the world ever since by International Synergies. Find our more here http://www.nispnetwork.com/
NISP has been studied extensively by people such as Paul D. Jensen. I have also published a few papers on the subject of building cross-sectoral networks, whether facilitated or "self-organised". In my view, identifying possible resource linkages across sectors through network facilitation is fairly easy, but realising and maintaining them is another matter.
UK government support for NISP has largely ceased since 2012. However, with the recent introduction of the Resources and Waste Strategy the subject of facilitating circular economy is back on the public agenda, find out more here https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/resources-and-waste-strategy-for-england/resources-and-waste-strategy-at-a-glance. The idea, which is under investigation, is to facilitate circular economy through local resource efficiency clusters. It's a (re-)start but more facilatitive efforts will be required to realise the benefits of the significant proportion of potential longer-range exchanges of secondary resources as well.
Getting support for cross-sectoral approaches within government can be challenging because strategies and policies have a tendency to be sector-focused. One solution put forward is the restructuring of industrial classifications to include "circular economy sectors" such as reuse, repair and remanufacturing that span other sectors. Following that, one could develop strategies for circular economy strategies. It's a lot of work and surely requires more thought..
Kind regards,
Anne
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I am currently analyzing collaboration networks in science. I have used SBM and ERGM to model a cumulative snapshot of the network. I know these methods alone are not sufficient to accurately model my network since it is a longitudinal network. I heard of Stochastic Actor-Based (or actor-oriented) Block Modeling (SABM) which can model my network taking into account it's dynamics in time. I have read some papers on it but have been unable to find a tutorial to guide me through its successful application on my data. Can anyone help? 
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You might find the lecture and notes from the Social Networks And Health at the Duke Network Analysis Center (DNAC) useful; includes R code, David Schafer did the presentation.
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In 1999, at the World Conference on Science it was acknowledged that the social contract for science had been broken. That people do not consider that science breakthroughs or developments  will always mean good things for them.
National Science and Technology Systems have taken notice because this "contract breach" means that people "want more for their money". In order to protect national science budgets, people must be able to link easily science achievements to their well being and the solution of societal problems. Transdisciplinary research, translational medicine and postnormal science are some of the most known efforts to bridge the gap. And new forms of collaboration (citizen science, crowfunding, participatory research) that provide increased access to resources and knowledge have emerged.
But the problem is that the new forms of collaboration mean developing new skills and capacities- on both sides. So scientists must devote increasing portions of their time just to get funding and resources, at a time when policy changes may imply the "death" or downturn of big and small lines of research. And it takes time to learn how to engage (and train)  non scientists to collaborate with researchers (as in citizen science, crowfunding and participatory research), just when you may need it the most.
Society has developed ways to manage risk of losses, by distributing the risk among many. This form of risk management is called insurance and it helps people cover losses that they can´t afford on their own. 
 Is there a way that we scientists can collaborate with each other in order to prepare non scientists to collaborate with us to provide access to resources and funding in time of need (that, is to manage the risk of decreasing research budgets and positions)?
If there is a way, it probably involves social networks and sharing our resources (knowledge) with non scientists so that they decide to share theirs with us. 
Do you think that a Social Insurance for Scientists is possible? Why? What would it take to make it happen? Do you think it would be worth to invest in it valuable researchers´ time? Please share your views on this proposal. 
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Maria,
I can get what you are saying. The following literature may be of your interest.
L
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I just want to spot any inconsistencies, before going into the field. Since the survey is dedicated to a very special target group with specific knowledge, please select always "yes" and then random answers and concentrate on the wording and sense! Please use the comment-section on every page for your input :)
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Sent comments via eMail. Good luck with this.
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Specifically I'm interested how to use ANT in governance of information system, i want also to use ANT with quality data?
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Hi There
It has a huge list of IS Models/Theories in alphabetical order and Actor-Network is there. Click on Actor-Network Theory and scroll down to where is says "IS articles that use the theory" .... there are plenty and some are very recent. Enjoy and Good-luck.
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I am interested in gaining a better understanding of how fashion and luxury firms leverage their extended network (e.g., strategic alliance partners) to build and sustain a competitive advantage in the market. 
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Zara is one of the more studied fashion retailers. It is expanding while other specialty retailers struggle to get customers in stores. Traditional firms (such as Abercrombie & Fitch, Ann Taylor, American Eagle, and Gap) have design teams creating products they think will be trending next year. But, a fashion miss will mean markdowns and lower profits. Zara's business model eliminates this risk: the company stocks very little and updates collections frequently, meaning, twice a week instead of once a year. The secret of Zara's success lies in the connection between stores, in-house designers, and factories. Twice a week, a store manager sends an order to Zara's headquarters: this draws from the sales data for the store but also from anecdotal evidence from shoppers (the larger network) about what they like or do not like. The commercial team will then compile the order—adding new products and balancing out demand with other stores—before sending that to the manufacturing hub. Within two days, the order will reach the requesting store. At the same time, the commercial team liaises with the in-house designers to identify sales trends and develop products that meet them. Business Model Innovation, available at http://www.adb.org/publications/business-model-innovation, covers most aspects of business models.
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There are numerous social networks and many organizations find value in collaborating as a means of problem solving.  Informal conversations with people in the problem space lean on their social network for short answers, but I haven't found examples or cases of organizations who have used the virtual tools to work out the problem together. What tools do they use to engage and how is the information tracked let alone synthesized? Is it still a function of online connection and offline work that then gets reposted? I'm interested in the process and its impact on the problem as well as participant's experience of the conjoint activity in the virtual world
Conference Paper PRONOUNCE (abstract)
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Hello Rachel-I've seen attempts to implement the work of Janet Hale's curriculum planning in respect of this issue. The book is entitled:
A Guide to Curriculum Mapping: Planning, Implementing, and Sustaining the Process
Essentially, attempts are made to design the academic curriculum in as holistic a way as possible- and there is no way why this can't be extended to the online, virtual world. I hope this helps.
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I want to simulate collaborative virtual environment. Where users initially connect to the main server. Main Server assigns a new server to the client where it establishes connection.
The main-server does the client assignment at the beginning of the connection. Each time there is connection request, the server checked the load on the zone server to make sure it does not reach the threshold assign. If the zone-server reach it threshold, then the main server assign the user to a different zone-server.
The user sends this message to its zone-server and the zone-server retransmits directly to all the connected zone-servers and sends a copy to the backup server. A copy is sent to the main-server only for synchronization purposes. ... etc
In short I want to simulate a CVE, I checked OpenSimulator for this purpose but I am not sure about its capabilities will meet my requirements. We can do this stuff in NS2 with very customize written Application.
Your suggestions are welcome.
Regards
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The Relationship Between Trust, Virtual Communities and e-Commerce: A Semantic Study)
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A broad context of the question is the institutionalization of metropolitan areas. The transaction costs are considered as a barrier to the creation of the institutions of the metropolitan regions. In Poland we do not have any top-down "incentives" to cooperate in metropolitan areas, so the only solution is bottom-up collaboration. What kind of barriers to such cooperation can be identified by means of the transaction costs concept?
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Hi Katarzyna,
As Juehui correctly pointed out, Williamson's determinants of TC refer to the "unit of transaction", as a continuity of the unit of production. In value chains, there is a continuum of production and transaction units. This works fine for the economic organization or governance of an industry or a sector.
In my opinion, although Williamson's conceptual framework helps, I would prefer to use North's or Coase's. The first to identify the "concept"(not the definition) of transactions costs, was Ronald Coase in his seminal Paper, "The Nature of the Firm", 1937. Although he was looking for an explanation for the creation of the firm, he started the interest for the study of this field of knowledge. Previously, Commons, 1934, stated that the 'Transaction" was the ultimate unit of economic research.
Coase considered transaction costs, the costs of using the market system or price mechanism. Later, 1960 he slightly changed and included al the process of price survey, contract writing, contract completion and eventually their enforcement. Again, he's giving a TC definition from an economic or commercial view.
Douglass North, defined TC as the "cost of human or social interaction" and this I believe is the definition that best suits your requirements. He focus on a "macro institutional theory". Fukuyama also refers to TC when referring to "Social Capital" and "Trust".
Two books by North allow you to understand this concept and its links to economic performance and institutional change:
1- "Institutions, Institutional change and economic performance", 1990
2- "Understanding the process of economic change", 2005
When you say "institutions", are you referring to North's concept as that of "the rules of the game", informal or formal? Or you are talking of "organizations"?
What North says is that "institutions" carry embedded the system of economic incentives that determine the "institutional environment" and the amount of transactions costs. As TC increase, you get a lower amount of transactions, and hence a lower economic performance. High TC are barriers for the creation of new organizations, being them political, educational or firms.
He stated that you can study and forecast the performance of a certain economy by the institutional path or what he called "path dependence". So strong are the links between the system of economic incentives and the performance of an economy, that he states that if piracy is a profitable activity in a society, what you are going to get are good pirates.
The enforcement of institutions (rules of the game) are also a TC, what he calls an "ex post TC", because if  there is any kind of breach of a contract, the cost of litigation and enforcing the contract or the law, is included as a TC. This is why "Trust" reduces TC, and trust exists when there is "social capital" and viceversa.
I really do not know which is the core subect of your research, but I would say that "information" would impact TC and the more information you have about neighbours, or institutions (rules of the game), TC will tend to be lower. The same happens with "enforcement", which not necessarily needs to be performed by the government. There is private ordering, just as the first "merchant judges" in the middle ages. Mediation and arbitration are also ways of non legal governance or non legal centralism.
Cooperation is based on the principle of "reciprocity", so in one way or another you must create the conditions as to have this principle respected. Having "fixed numbers of participants", and avoiding fluctuation of members helps to develop trust, by increasing the number of interactions among members and increasing information about them.
Defining the "rules of the game" and creating the "enforcement mechanisms", also help to reduce TC, because you lower the level of risk or uncertainty for each interaction. Finally, sharing similar values or cultural traits, increase "social capital", favors trust and reduces TC. Collaboration is always eased when you have certain social identity or affinity.
I really don't know which is the situation in Poland, but would imagine that there is quite a similar origin for citizens or neighbours, quite different to what happens in countries where immigration plays an important role. They more or less share similar values and cultural traits, something quite different when you have immigrants from Asia, Latin America, Europe and Middle East, with different backgrounds, religions and cultures.
I do not know whether this will be useful to you. If you want I could send you some essays written by North, which are quite short an easy to understand. If not you can check any of his papers or books, which I believe will be of extreme use to you. I have written a paper in Spanish, about 12 years ago about TC, but with a focus on commercial "transactions".
If you think I could be of further help, just let me know.
Good luck with your research!
Alejandro
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I really don't have the background to know the ins-and-outs of this. I would really appreciate it if somebody could give me a critique of how plausible, usable, realistic, accurate this is and direct me to some hard-core research on the matter (or even newspaper/magazine articles!).
I realized there is a lot here, but a lot of it are casual conversations between a few people. Down the bottom the 'substance' of theory is discussed... may be complete nonsense or a con or it might well be enlightened thinking. I'd really appreciate it if you could help me. I feel it is plausible but not sure what questions I should be asking or where the holes are (and they might be gaping!).
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There is a conference on Collaborative Networks, called PRO-VE (link attached), you can find there the links to the proceedings. You can also take a look at the books written by Camarinha-matos.
If you're interested in the control/accounting aspects as well, you can take a look at this paper (link attached): "A review and discussion of management control in inter-firm relationships: Achievements and future directions" Ariela Caglio, Angelo Ditillo
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I'm looking in to business drivers and challenges of the share economy, to get an understanding of how businesses can adopt a share economy whilst ensuring it remains commercially viable. What are the main challenges to adopting a share economy strategy? What strategy will the government take to ensure the industry is appropriately taxed and regulated?
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Companies are motivated to sincerer which is the cost structure and economic performance, but they cannot go for the share economy strategy because so many factor are there that does not allow the organization to have this sort of strategy.
Incentive's benefits of investments in the shared good, the organization that is investing may not be gaining as the desired outcome.