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The structure of global politics over the past several decades, could be discerned through three distinct phases. Initially, the world was characterized by ideological bipolarity, where two major ideological blocs dominated international relations: the liberal democratic world (led by the United States and its allies) and the communist world (led by the Soviet Union). This era, known as the Cold War (approximately 1947–1991), was marked by intense rivalry between these two superpowers, each promoting its own political, economic, and social systems.
After the Cold War ended, a shift occurred towards a multipolar world, in which multiple influential powers (such as the United States, the European Union, China, Russia, Japan, and others) emerged on the global stage. This phase, spanning the next two decades, was characterized by a diffusion of power and a relative balance among different regions and nations. There was no single dominating rivalry, allowing for a more complex and interconnected global order, driven by economic interdependence, technological advancements, and new regional alignments.
In recent years, however, there has been a move towards a new form of bipolarity, now framed as a democracy-authoritarianism binary. This phase sees the global landscape divided between nations that support democratic governance and those that favor authoritarian rule. Unlike the Cold War, where the conflict was based on economic and ideological systems (capitalism vs. communism), this current division centers around political values and governance models (democracy vs. authoritarianism), with countries aligning themselves along these lines.
Overall, the shift represents a significant change from ideological divisions rooted in economic theories to a focus on the nature of political power and governance structures. The re-emergence of bipolarity reflects deeper tensions about how societies should be organized and governed in an increasingly interconnected world.
The new bipolarity reflected through the alliance of the undemocratic (Russia-China-North Korea) letting the multilateralism and its agencies down. The new binary challenges the global questions and their settlement through the legitimate means and facilitates the rule of the force and coercion.
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Albert, Michael,
AGAIN THE QUESTION OF ETHICS APPEARS:
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To WW3 or Not To WW3, That is The Question!... to Ask Scholars, in light of the devastating Wars currently shaking the World and threatening its Security. What Work of Pedagogy, Explanation, Teaching, and Analysis the Scholars of the World must undertake, to generate Peaceful Narratives likely to promote the Defusing of Current or Potential Conflicts in all Areas under tension. Twelve Paramount Red Spots have been inventoried [1]: (i) Europe vs. Russia (C1); (ii ) China vs. Taiwan (C2); (iii) South Korea vs. North Korea (C3); (iv) Pakistan vs. India (C4); (v) Japan vs. China (C5); (vi) Japan vs. North Korea (C6); (vii) Greece vs. Turkey (C7); (viii) Israel vs. Middle East (C8); (ix) U.S. vs. China (C9); (x) U.S. vs. Russia (C10); (xi) U.S. vs. Russia Allies in Latin America (Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela) (C11); (xii) U.S. vs. Iran (C12). What are the Historical Facts that support these Conflicts? The Ins and Outs that drive them? the Global Security Issues they Involve? Possible and Impossible Solutions to Imagine? What Conciliation Steps should be put in place to Avoid Possible Escalations and Encourage Their Defusing? This Discussion, intended to be Academic, aims to Stimulate Reflections, Analyses, and Opinions, to constitute a Platform for Exchange between Scholars likely to bring about Prospects for Peace in the World.
[1] Ruiz Estrada & Mario Arturo, 2022 "Welcome to the World War 3 (WWIII), Available at SSRN
Illustration from: Explore Ww3. DeviantArt Galery on: https://www.deviantart.com/tag/ww3
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The decision to go to war involves complex geopolitical, economic, and diplomatic factors. It is important to engage in open dialogue, seek diplomatic solutions, and promote international cooperation to prevent conflicts from escalating into global wars.
If you are interested in understanding the perspectives of scholars, it's advisable to consult experts in international relations, political science, and history. Scholars often analyze geopolitical trends, historical precedents, and current events to provide insights into potential conflicts and avenues for resolution.
Remember that maintaining peace requires the collective efforts of nations, leaders, and citizens worldwide. Promoting understanding, tolerance, and cooperation on a global scale can contribute to a more stable and peaceful world.
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I am just GUESSING, NOT ADVOCATING
I have avoid addressing this topic for the obvious reasons that it´s highly sensitive and explosive. But having written about One Country, Two Systems 30 years ago...
what I would say should be treated as simply a time capsule for thinking about this mega-issue 30 years (i.e. 2053, when One Country, Two Systems have already expired in HK) from now...
Since there´s so much at stake for EVERY SIDES, my own perspectiveS are highly tinged by being IndoChinese (where Former South Vietnam does not exist within the Communists´conquest of US Imperialism), plus a decade in HK (1994 to 2003), and now having lived in Germany for many years (where Former Eastern Germany exists within the Triumph of the West).
I have tried to address an inter-related issue here obliquely in a way that confounds ResearchGate´s algorithms and other search engines. This entry is purely for HUMAN EYES:
My own SPECulation is buried here:
Mirror Mirror on the Wall, What Would It Take for China to Take Back Taiwan?
  • The PRC would need to go beyond it´s CCP versus KMT Origin Story based on THE LONG MARCH.
  • The TAIWAN QUESTION requires a Meta-Narrative that goes beyond the conquest of the PRC over the ROC.
  • The TAIWAN QUESTION is really a residue from the COLD WAR, much in the same way that Germany, Vietnam, and Korea were/ are broken into two systems.
  • Such a New Meta-Narrative would need to start with Zhou En Lai...
  • But better yet, is to overcome the REVULSION/ SELF-HATRED for anything imperial and revisit the narrative(s) of the Middle Kingdom...
What are the REPUBLIC NARRATIVES, be that THE PEOPLE´s REPUBLIC or REPUBLIC of CHINA?
The concept of a "republic" generally refers to a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter," and political power is derived from the people or their elected representatives. In the context of ancient China, the term "republic" may not be the most accurate descriptor, as the political structures of ancient China were more diverse and often centered around monarchies, dynasties, and imperial rule.
However, if we broaden the scope to include later periods in Chinese history, particularly the 20th century, the idea of a republic becomes more relevant. The Republic of China (ROC) was established in 1912, following the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and the end of imperial rule. The ROC marked a transition from dynastic monarchy to a more republican form of government. Sun Yat-sen, a key figure in the Xinhai Revolution, played a significant role in advocating for the establishment of a republic in China.
The meta-narrative of the Chinese Republic, particularly during its early years, could include:
  1. Nationalism: The overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China were driven by a strong sense of nationalism. There was a desire to modernize and strengthen the country to counter external threats and regain its standing in the world.
  2. Modernization: The early leaders of the Republic of China, particularly Sun Yat-sen, sought to modernize the country. This included political, economic, and social reforms to bring China in line with Western powers and other modern nations.
  3. Struggles for Stability: The early decades of the 20th century in China were marked by internal strife, regional conflicts, and power struggles among different factions. The meta-narrative might involve the challenges of establishing a stable and unified government in the face of internal and external pressures.
  4. Ideological Shifts: The Republic of China witnessed ideological shifts, including the influence of different political ideologies such as nationalism, democracy, and socialism. These ideological dynamics contributed to the political landscape and struggles for governance.
It's important to note that the history of the Republic of China is complex and includes periods of war, foreign invasions, and internal conflicts, leading eventually to the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The narrative of the Chinese Republic is multifaceted and reflects the challenges and aspirations of a nation in transition from traditional to modern forms of governance.
What are the IMPERIAL NARRATIVES of the MIDDLE KINGDOM?
The term "Middle Kingdom" is often used to refer to ancient China, specifically during the period of the Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BCE). However, it's crucial to note that the concept of a "meta-narrative" is a modern analytical framework, and applying it to ancient cultures requires some abstraction.
In the context of ancient China, the idea of a meta-narrative could be approached through the lens of historical and philosophical texts, such as the "Mandate of Heaven." The Mandate of Heaven was a political and religious concept used to legitimize the rule of the kings or emperors in ancient China. According to this idea, a ruler was granted the right to rule by divine approval, but this mandate could be withdrawn if the ruler failed to govern justly and in the best interests of the people.
Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism are three major philosophical traditions that shaped the meta-narrative of ancient China:
  1. Confucianism: Emphasizing social harmony, ethical conduct, and filial piety, Confucianism had a profound impact on the political and social structure of ancient China. The meta-narrative here would involve the pursuit of a just and harmonious society through proper governance and moral behavior.
  2. Daoism (Taoism): Daoism, with its emphasis on the natural order (Dao) and the concept of Wu Wei (non-action), offered an alternative perspective. The meta-narrative could involve living in harmony with the Dao, advocating a more laissez-faire approach to governance and life.
  3. Legalism: Legalism, on the other hand, focused on strict laws and centralized control to maintain social order. The meta-narrative might revolve around the need for a strong, authoritarian government to prevent chaos and ensure stability.
The meta-narrative of the Middle Kingdom, therefore, could be seen as a complex interplay between these philosophical traditions, the dynamic relationship between rulers and the divine, and the ongoing quest for a balanced and just society.
It's important to approach these concepts with an understanding of the nuances and diversity of thought within ancient Chinese philosophy and not oversimplify the rich tapestry of ideas present in the historical and philosophical texts of the time.
What are MY LINEAGES/ ALLIGANCES?
I AM BOTH MICHAEL HALLIDAY & PIERRE RYCKMANS
Sydney University was their battle ground in terms of how Chinese should be taught. Halliday decamped to Macquarie University but his disciplines REMAINED in Sydney University.
What did Pierre Ryckmans think of June Fourth? Banal. I thought he was callous at the time. But now, I realised he was expressing a world weariness.
I now regret I didnot interview Michael Halliday on the matter.
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From the Beatles, Revolution:
Take two Okay
You say you want a revolution Well, you know We all want to change the world You tell me that it's evolution Well, you know We all want to change the world
But when you talk about destruction Don't you know that you can count me out (in)
Don't you know it's gonna be All right? Don't you know it's gonna be (all right) Don't you know it's gonna be (all right)
You say you got a real solution Well, you know We'd all love to see the plan You ask me for a contribution Well, you know We're all doing what we can
But if you want money for people with minds that hate All I can tell you is brother you have to wait
Don't you know it's gonna be (all right) Don't you know it's gonna be (all right) Don't you know it's gonna be (all right)
You say you'll change the constitution Well, you know We'd all love to change your head You tell me it's the institution Well, you know You better free your mind instead
But if you go carrying pictures of Chairman Mao You ain't going to make it with anyone anyhow
Don't you know it's gonna be (all right) Don't you know it's gonna be (all right) Don't you know it's gonna be (all right)
All, all, all, all, all, all, all, all, all, all, all right All right, all right, all right, all right, all right
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Why Read War and Peace? explained in: https://tableau.uchicago.edu/articles/2013/04/why-read-war-and-peace "...Tolstoy himself explained:It is not a novel, still less an epic poem, still less a historical chronicle. War and Peace is what the author wanted and was able to express, in the form in which it is expressed.” Readers will be surprised by the book's modern devices: stream of consciousness, cinematic point of view, shifting narrative voices. The great twentieth-century Russian author Isaac Babel said that when he read Tolstoy, he felt as if the world was writing itself...".
And in audio on:
And if we discussed? "War & Peace" in a debate, which to be enriching for all, must be totally dispassionate and fundamentally responsible.
Illustration: "Costume designer Edward Gibbon said he tried to capture the “essence and feelings” of Leo Tolstoy’s “War and Peace” when creating the wardrobe for the BBC TV drama, which is airing in the U.S. Like the book, Andrew Davies’ adaptation of Tolstoy’s masterpiece unfurls in Russia during Napoleon’s 1812 invasion and focuses on five aristocratic families and all the drama that the Napoleonic Wars drum into their lives.."
Read more and see the Gallery on:
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All my best wishes Sir!
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The end of the Cold War era between the poles of international powers and competitive displays of conventional arsenals of armaments, including weapons of mass destruction and nuclear weapons, does not mean the return of world peace, the restoration of international security and the cessation of the arms race. Do you agree?
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Of course, because the matter is not only about signing agreements of a technical nature, but the establishment of peace is related to other factors that go beyond that, such as establishing the rules of trust between countries, especially the major powers, and realizing that the concept of security is no longer only related to the strategic aspect, but to all issues that affect In human security, such as health, the environment, the economy, culture, etc., and the continuation of major crises such as Ukraine and Taiwan may push nuclear states to use these weapons, even if tactically, and therefore the specter of weapons of mass destruction remains hanging over all these agreements.
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Pakistan and India have strained relations since their independence in 1947. The Cold war between US and USSR has impacted the world, and world was practically divided in two blocks: Warsaw and NATO. The current Cold War Between China and the USA and its allies is likely to have similar effects. I want to examine as to how US-China Cold war ramify in regional balance of power in South Asia, especially India and Pakistan?
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سوال جدا متميز نعم اثر ذلك وفقا لطبيعة ادوار القوى الاقليمية والدوليه وفي اطار المصالح الدولية والتوازنات الاستراتيجية قي الاقليم
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For example, I am particularly interested in the consequences of the UK's new global policy for India, China, and Australia. Could a well-designed agent-based computer model, using appropriate data including about individual world leaders, help predict any dangerous consequences of this new policy?
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As promised, reactions to the sceptical points raised in the previous post.
Computers do not need feelings. Computer based models can have knowledge of the preconditions for the appearance of eg anger or guilt, in an agent and knowledge of the corresponding behaviour that typically follows.
All models are pitched at a level of abstraction/simplification which must be such that the model is both tractable as regardes its complexity and effective as regards its usefulness. There may not exist such a level of abstraction, but one cannot knew in advance. To a considerable degree, one must "suck it and see".
The danger of weaponisation of such a project is very real I feel (compare war-gaming). Key are independent funding, full publicity and openness at all stages, and an unswerving comitment to global neutrality. United Nations??
As ever, all comments welcomed, even those of the "Total Garbage!" variety.
James
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Dear RG community. I have a question that probably most of you are not facing. But where are the citations in RG to papers written in the former URSS? First-class Soviet Journals such that Journal of experimental and theoretical Physics (JETP and its letters) and Low-temperature Physics (from Kharkiv)
Vzla 09/05/20
Thanks to various inputs to this thread, the topic of discussion became wider & more interesting: The kind of science made in the former URSS: Did it become after the cold war a forgotten ghost? or Did it spread all over the world? or Did former URSS scientists change their science schools for new ones?
Regards,
Pedro L.
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Dear colleagues, I have already said on several occasions that the indicators usually used to assess the impact of an investigation are not fair and respond to the interests of great Editorials, those that have open-access journals and, with that, the obligation to pay for to post. Many journals from the former USSR are not published by Western publishers, so they are ignored by databases such as Scopus and WOS.
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This is a theoretical question that endeavors to address contemporary issues. My frame of reference is that world peace is the ideal. In conflict situations, what form of geopolitical combat might be the best or the most effective pathway to peace and national and international security?
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"To win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the height of excellence. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the height of excellence."
- Sun Tzu, The Art of War
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The Nuclear Arms Non - Proliferation and Prohibition Treaty is a United Nations document aimed at prohibiting, preventing and controlling nations from manufacturing and stock piling of nuclear weapons to be used aggressively on other nations.
Unfortunately this is 73 years after the end of the second world war, and 27 years after the end of the cold war between the United States and the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Yet in the 21st century, Iran and North Korea are posing threats to the international community through manufacturing, stockpiling of nuclear arsenals in the violation of UN treaties. Let's believe North Korea that they are suspending tests of their nuclear sites, but we would appreciate if they also dismantle their Nuclear technologies. That is a very big step in the truce agreement.
In as much as we are joining "Vision 2030" , the peace, unity and safety of the universe should be promoted and highlighted in our individual and collective endeavours.
There should be a clarion call to protect, preserve and save the human race from extinction. We should all call humanity to rise up and care for our environment from environmental degradation, pollution, and from biological and nuclear warfare which is starring at us waiting for whom to strike first. The issue of climate change should be a concern to all and sundry. those who bear the brunt of the whole problem in the society are the majority of the poor masses and the down - trodden in the society.
The United Nations Security Council should convene a conference for all its member states, and stress the need for global peace in this millenium starting with individual peace. If we fail to have individual peace which is a tranquility of the mind, we can't have world peace.
The fight and talk about the stock piling of nuclear and biological arsenals should not be left alone for the US and its Allies. It should involve us all, because its everyone's concern.
Those nations that violate the Nuclear Arms Non - Proliferation and Prohibition Treaty should be placed on sanctions and ostracised by The united Nations.
All nations should team up against against potential aggressors, so as to avoid the mistakes of the League of Nations that gave rise to the United Nations.
The United Nations should rise to its responsibilities by the maintenance of international peace and security.
If the US, NATO and its Allies could fight together and oust an Aggressor from his seat during Late Saddam Hussein's annexation of Kuwait, firing inter- continental ballistic and scud missiles into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Israel, thereby threatening the peace and security in the Middle East, how much less Iran, Syria, North Korea et al.
There's need for the United Nations Security Council to act as a globo - cop in putting pressure on nations that fail to ratify the Conventions on The Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), because a lot of atrocities take place in the countries concerned.
Can one imagine over - qualified women barred from getting choice jobs because they refuse to be bed - matted to get their fundamental human right?
Can one imagine women suffering violence from their family members et al - being refused care and money for their health needs and challenges?
Can one imagine husbands and family members refusing to take care of their sexual partners, that are in labour leading to death?
Can one imagine half - baked mediocre women being placed in very high positions to boss their superiors in education, knowledge and otherwise because they met men's conditions?
Can one imagine victimization of women in the academia not minding the intelligibility of people concerned because they refused to meet men's conditions?
Can one imagine some women working without being able to satisfy their socio - economic and political conditions?
There is no need ratifying the CEDAW document at public notice without implementing it, ie behind the scene violate the human rights of women.
There are countries that satisfy their women's needs CEDAW or No CEDAW.
May it suffice us to note that world peace starts with upholding the human rights of women, children and everyone. If women and children are happy, then the family is happy and no - one will think of doing evil because women's opinion will be sought for the good of the society.
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In my humble opinion Dear Prof. Anthonia Iroegbu,
UN should take seriously the relation they might have with regimes such as the one that is destroying my country. This is their main mission, but they are quite politically aligned I guess. Meanwhile, we are dying here. Bureaucracy.
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I am looking for some possible explanations about why international relations scholars failed to predict the end of the Cold War. Additionally, I'm searching for texts that address this question, and I'd love to know where to begin looking.
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I am not sure whether you wish to see the theoretical limits as exposed in academic debates or a more sociological analysis of the habitus of the field of IR (in the sense of its wider expert system). For the first, there had been early books that tried to expose the limits of some IR theories. As Ross Smith rightly says, this may not be smething that theories would be ever able to predict or anticipate. This said, some theories had far more troubles even understanding the type of change that was going on. Hence, an interesting issue is not only why scholars failed to predict it, but which theories would them even allow to conceive and understand such change. Invariably, structural realism was considered simply unable to understand change. For early volumes which expose this critique, see Patomäki, Heikki. 1992. "What Is It That Changed with the End of the Cold War? An Analysis of the problem of Identifying and Explaining Change." In The End of the Cold War: Evaluating Theories of International Relations, edited by Pierre Allan and Kjell Goldmann, 179-225. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff. See also the book in general and Lebow, Richard Ned, and Thomas Risse-Kappen, eds. 1995. International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War. New York: Columbia University Press.
As for the debates and rebuttals around realism, there was an exchange between William Wohlforth and Mark Kramer in the Review of International Studies. Kramer, Mark. 1999. "Ideology and the Cold War." Review of International Studies 25 (4):539-576. Wohlforth, William C. 2000. "Ideology and the Cold War." Review of International Studies 26 (2):327-331. Kramer, Mark. 2001. "Realism, ideology, and the end of the Cold War." Review of International Studies 27 (1):119-130.
Wphlforth returned to it more generally: Wohlforth, William C. 1998. "Reality Check: Revising Theories of World Politics in Response to the End of the Cold War." World Politics 50 (4):650-680. For a synthesis of those debates, see Petrova, Margarita H. 2003. "The End of the Cold War: A Battle or Bridging Ground Between Rationalist and Ideational Approaches to International Relations?" European Journal of International Relations 9 (1):115-163.
For the question, whether there is some predisposition in the way the field's expertise is organised, there is a more general literature, not necessarily tied to the COld War (see Inanna Hamati-Ataya on reflexivity for instance). What is truly important is that the discipline is close to the language of practice. I.e. if it did not occur to a diplomat to anticipate it, as Nicholas Kitchen mentions, that would be the habitus more generally.
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An article by Irek Sabitov, a Russian journalist, and myself will appear in the Winter 2020 edition of the U.S. Navy War College Review. Our article concerns the April 1969 North Korean downing of a U.S. Navy EC-121 spy plane in the Sea of Japan.
It’s a well-known Cold War story, but seen from both the U.S. and Soviet sides... with a twist.
On April 15, 1969, the U.S. and Soviet Union took part in a rare, 4-day, joint search-and-rescue (SAR) operation to locate and retrieve the bodies off a U.S. Navy EC-121 spy plane that was shot out of the sky by North Korean fighters.
And yet, despite the fact that three Soviet destroyers took part in this SAR operation, and a Soviet sailor (who we interviewed) said he personally placed human remains into plastic bags and then transferred those body parts to a U.S. ship (USS Turner), the Russians were never given credit for recovering of the dead airmen’s remains and their transfer to U.S. custody.
The draft of a speech to be given by President Nixon five days after the shootdown failed to mention the Russians.
Following the incident, the U.S. Navy handed out photos of the recovered wreckage and coffins of the two EC-121 crewmen’s bodies pulled from the sea. But again, none of the photos’ captions mentioned the Russians.
The photo of a Soviet destroyer (taken by a U.S. Air Force Reserve aircraft) appeared on the front page of the New York Times on April 17, 1969. There was mention of how the destroyer’s whaleboat was to pick up “debris,” but nothing about human remains.
After the recovery effort had ended, a newly-declassified top-secret DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency) memorandum described the SAR operation. But, once again, there was no mention of the Russians.
Had the President of the United States and the U.S. Navy deliberately kept the Soviet role in this episode of Cold War history from the American public?
Editorial Board, Journal of Oriental Studies (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow) Editorial Board, Journal "Vostok”
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سيدي العزيز بيل
لو لم تكن مؤامره لانتهت الحرب بينهما ولم تستمر لأكثر من سنتان على الأكثر ولكنهم عملوا على تقسيم العالم بينهما ليسيطروا عليه
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How much does scientific sources provided through the black market contribute to scientific research?
Are there specific countries or political powers who lead this kind of market? Can it be considered a kind of an ongoing cold war?
I don't mean to discuss the ethical implications of the issue as much as the de facto status of the case. How would you feel as a researcher about someone who has written their entire thesis or dissertation using sources obtained from the black market?
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You can't go wrong if you publish in HI journals in North America , Europe or Oceania
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The current international world order established in the last days of WWII is showing signs of collapses. China is now moving to the first economic power and is rapidly becoming a significant military power that is now being firmly extended in the south china sea. The resistance on the part of many western nations for the entrance of China in the 5G is being justified for security reason against the CPC. Can the western powers continue any further the rise of the totalitarian power of the CPC as they did with a business as usual attitude in the last 30 years. Last but not the least, the US security military industrial complex needs feeding, needs a new cold war.
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Louis Brassard Dictatorships and democracies are generally hostile "in principle" to each other. Though there are many reasons to cooperate with dictatorships or be in competition with other democracies.
Those in democracies are forever patting themselves on the back for living under the best form of government and feeling sorry for those who don't have one of their own.
There are instances where "more-or-less" democratically elected government are opposed, as in Venezuela now or Mosaddegh (though there still was a Shah in Iran at the time.) Even today in Iran, the country has "elected" officials but it is not presented as a "democracy." The Ayatollahs effectively just replaced the Shahs.
So, the transition from autocracy to democracy is halting ... two steps forward and one back. But with increasing production and trade these nation will transition eventually.
As far as your observation that military technologies are too advanced to be used politically. ...
I hope you are right but I think you will be proven wrong over time.
When the machine gun was first developed there was talk that it was so effective and efficient that it would make war fighting obsolete.
And no weapon, once developed, has ever NOT been used eventually.
Recall, atomic weapons have already been used in war by the U.S.
Most wars are started by over-confident and over-righteous politicians who dream they will be short and victorious...
Look at Athens attacking Sicily
Look at WWI
Look at Hitler attacking the U.S.S.R.
Look at George W. Bush in Iraq & Afghanistan
Look at Castro during the Cuban missile crises. He was an ideologue and openly prepared to have his nation incinerated in a thermonuclear exchange between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. for the good of the world-wide communist movement!
My guess (and I hope I am wrong) is that someday, some other fanatic will come to power in a nation that has a nuclear capability and he will convince himself and his people that a quick attack with nukes will assure them an easy victory.
Who knows who that will be or what nation he will be leading.
And my guess is, when that happens, most of his people will be waiving flags and cheering him on...
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There has been two paradigm shifts recently, one in the former red socialist countries(shift from red socialism to socially friendly capitalism in 1991), and one in the former pure capitalist countries(shift from traditional market to green market in 2012), if you think outside the box these two shifts have the structures that  will be key to the future cold war....Has anybody thought about what this future paradigm clash structure is or will be? Has anybody wondered who will win the next cold war this time around and why?
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An interesting question. Considering current research problems important for science, I think that the question concerns particularly important issues. I believe that research on this topic should be continued. There was an interesting discussion. Greetings
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discuss in detail
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Hassan Syed is completely ON POINT Ma'am!
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When I searched on this I got nothing. On some click, I got an analysis of the journal, Cold War History, but couldn't find the article within that page, even after sorting through 5 pages of articles. I was offered no more pages, even though I know that there were more articles.
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Thank you. Rebecca Bowman
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During the Cold War between the USA and the Soviet Union, the common man was afforded many opportunities (e.g., low-interest student loans and increased funding of university programs in science, math, and engineering through the The National Defense Education Act). True meritocracy prevailed, where technically-trained individuals from humble backgrounds could quickly rise into positions of great responsibilities with very generous salaries, based solely on their achievements in solving difficult problems. Once the threat to the US oligarchs vanished with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the common man was no longer afforded such largesse - the US oligarchs no longer were so dependent on the common man. The job opportunities then shifted primarily to the business arena, where advancement was commonly based on your relationship with your boss. University tuitions increased exponentially and the interest rates on student loans also increased significantly.
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Or threatened by them, which is a kind of need, for safety.
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THe world-war 2 took place between Europe and United states. I am looking for the answer as to how it serves as an example for Neorealism.
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Dear Aqsa,
politically correct (no harm meant!), the Second World War was a global war involving fighting in many parts of the world and many countries; not merely in/between Europe and the USA, but rather between the Axis Powers and the Allied Powers. Fyi , some Asian countries were also involved in the Second World War, remember the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Thailand vs France or China and Thailand vs Japan later on?
So now my two cents to your question: The Cold War was the definition for a period in which conflict, tension and ideological competition between the United States (along with its allies called the Western Bloc) and the Soviet Union (and its allies called the Eastern Bloc) occurred between 1947-1991.
As is well known, the very important countries in determining the changes in the international structure were the powerful states at that period. The balance of power between states can be achieved, but war has always been a possibility in the anarchist system. Waltz distinguished between the bipolar system (*Neo-Realism) as it befell during the cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union, and the multipolar system (*Realism) that took place before or after the Cold War. Waltz believed that the bipolar system was more stable because it provided better peace and security guarantees than multipolar systems. "With only two powerful states, both can be expected to act to maintain the system." This is because in maintaining the system they maintain themselves at the same time. According to Robert Jackson & Georg Sorensen, the Cold War was a period of "stability and international peace."
I hope to have helped you understand the Neo-Realism in the context of the Second World War.
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The genius and or bright minds may be born in most unexpected places. With access to education and proper training they may become masters of the most challenging subjects and become future genius capable to drive research, innovation and development of next generation smart technologies.
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Especially over the last 100 years, wars have tended to accelerate technological development. (The number of technological innovations that World War I, World War II, and the Cold War sparked is astonishing. Even today, national security budgets continue to play a big part in technological development.) It would take a cynic to suggest that we owe all our inspirations to conflict; but, it is a curious (and sad) fact of modern society that civilian life is in such large part powered by the technology of war. (Interestingly, empirical research concerned with the causal effect of war on innovation is scarce.)
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Why Does Saudi Arabia Consider Iran as a Threat? what do Arabian people think about Iran? is this cold war between Iran and Arab countries?  What is the relationship between jihadism and Saudi Arabia?
How  two countries can contribute to stability and peace in the Middle East?
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There are several factors that should be considered. The most important of them are:
1- Iran is the country leading the Shia community within the Muslim community and Saudi Arabia is the country leading the Sunni community within the same community. These two main branches of the Islam have a strong religious confrontation a very long time ago, and the confrontation still exists today.
2- As the leader of these two different Muslim communities, Iran and Saudi Arabia wishes to be the dominant forces in the Middle East, and this is the reason for the strong confrontation between these two countries.
3- Saudi Arabia is one of the most relevant allied of the USA in the Middle East, and Iran is the strongest enemy of the USA in the same region.
4- The position of both countries against Israel is different.  Iran has a strong opposition to the existence of Israel in the region, while Saudi Arabia has a more tolerant position against the existence of this country.
The only way that these two countries could contribute to the stability in the Middle East is if both countries find a solution to their differences and stop supporting other countries with the same position. Taking into account the current situation in the region this is not going to happen any time soon.
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I am looking for information about the USA foreign politics and how this got involved in the Russian-Georgian war and the relationship that USA has with Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Also how did these politic affect the Russian-USA relations?
Thank you in advance.
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write letter to USA embassy in Georgia, also, you can find many sources at Georgian university libraries. 
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The Soviet Union had a short period of influence in Africa during the Cold-War, however the questions of the Suez Crisis, the Casablanca Bloc and the proxy war in Angola put the Soviets as one of the principal actors in that continent.
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The Suez Crisis created our current problems in the Middle East.
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I am new to this field of study.
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Google Cold War International History Project at the Woodrow Wilson Center, then look under Publications. The newsletter has autobiographical updates from time to time.
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Doing research paper on how Rocky IV reflected cold war sentiments and the film's effects on public opinion regarding the cold war. Need this info for context.
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Well, first of all Rocky IV is a pretty dumb movie. I hope you got in for free. I'm a senior with my final semester coming up. I'm also a senior, 64 years old, a boomer. Those were Pres. Reagan's years in office, served two terms and got the bums rush out of office because of the Iran-Contra Affair. He was guilty but a very slippery politician. At that moment in history, America was bluffing the Soviets with very legal diplomatic B.S.
It was called Stars Wars,. It was driving the Russians into bankruptcy, along with their war with Afganistan. America backed the Afganis, costing the Russians too much in lives and rubles. Reagan's Star Wars put-on, a fake pile of lies making the US's abilities with technical weaponry seem almost magical, because it wasn't true. America drove in the final nails in Communist Russia's coffin. Their economic policies broke up the power of the communists. Reagan met with Michail Gorbachev for four summits. He finally signed a treaty marking the backing up, and slowing down of the worlds nuclear weapons. Reagan sold Americans a policy of economic spending and something called Reaganomics, more B'S. In his last meeting with the Russians, in Iceland I believe, The Russian diplomats thought Ronnie Reagan had gone nuts. The Russians came to do some real changing of nuclear  weaponry. Appearently he just kept on spitting out the old Rhetorical message over and over again.
No, Rocky IV didn't scare me at all. 
When I was five years old in 1955 , sitting all alone in front of our new black and white TV, the announcer, Walter Cronkite had me running around in circles when he showed the newest in A-bombs. The Hydrogen bomb. That still fucks me up. Don't reprint that. I was also in the Vietnam war. I'm a history major, could have graduated 3 semesters ago, but fell in love with English. Want to write a few things down before I leave. That's a lie, I'm not leaving. Changing shapes when the Singularity arrives. War is my specialty. You can thank Ronnie for bringing back major penalties for marijuana. People liked him, I didn't . I don't think he ever had an original thought. Sorry for going off on you. Sterling O'Hickey  
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I'm working with the Brazilian case, and I like to know some different theorical perspectives.
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Hola Caroline,
En el caso de Chile, los trabajos conjuntos de Elizabeth Lira & Brian Loveman son ineludibles. Parte importante de sus publicaciones están en español, pero hay bastante traducido. 
También vale la pena mirar los trabajos de Priscilla Hayner y Elizabeth Jelin, así como el número especial de Radical History Review, recomendado por Matine más arriba. Hay pistas teóricas en cada artículo.
Saludos.
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Browsing international press of the later 1940s, I found out there were fears/rumours about the Soviets about to mobilize substantial number of German PoWs in their custody in some kind of a Red Wehrmacht.
Any research/reading available? How much or how little substance was there? Where did the news originate?
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Have a look on these:
DECAUX, A. "THE RED WEHRMACHT+ GERMAN PRISONERS-OF-WAR COOPERATING WITH RUSSIA." <i>HISTORIA</i> 470 (1986): 4-15.
Biess, Frank. Homecomings: Returning POWs and the Legacies of Defeat in Postwar Germany. Princeton University Press, 2006.
Ginsburgs, George. "Light Shed on the Story of Wehrmacht Generals in Soviet Captivity." Criminal Law Forum. Vol. 11. No. 1. Springer Netherlands, 2000.