Coal - Science topic

Energy System Transition Processes in Emerging Markets

1. Have we (so far) seen any major shift in an energy system’s condition that (as on date) remains to be more than the changes in any particular energy technology or a fuel source (say, in terms of system’s scale, structure, economy or energy policy)?

2. To be precise, in the context of energy transition, have we really transferred away from existing fossil energy systems represented by coal and petroleum towards renewable energy?

OR

Does ‘the paradigm shift from fossil fuel-dependent non-renewable energy sources to clean and renewable energy production’ depend on the extraction of significant volumes of clean energy transition metals & minerals (towards supporting wind-turbines, storage facilities & solar PV)?

3. Whether Energy Transition has delivered any significant outcomes so far?

4. Feasible (a) to deduce the List of Immediate Challenges to be addressed; and (b) to accelerate the Sustainable Energy Transition by over-coming those deduced challenges - by Global South (Africa/Asia/Latin-America)?

5. Whether Energy Transition Trajectory remains skewed towards Global North (North-America & Europe)?

6. Apart from the Transition Patterns in Developed Markets (Global North) that remains to be technology-centric, do we really have a “Clear” Energy Transition Trajectory for Global South?

7. Whether Global South keep receiving the required increased-financing for resource extraction and deployment of renewable energy sources?

8. How exactly to link Global South (having the critical raw materials required for energy transition) with Global North (having manufacturing and production houses)?

9. Whether Politics and Power play the same role in Energy transitions @ Global North as well as @ Global South?

10. Whether energy transition processes have not yet received required-attention regarding ongoing challenges and strategies for its sustainable implementation?

11.Unlike the previous phases of energy transitions in terms of fuel sources, which involved the transition from wood to coal and from coal to oil and which was driven by the need to accelerate industrialization, whether, the current phase of energy transition remains propelled by the need to achieve sustainability that remains necessitated by the climate change crises?

Is it just a technological shift or something more than that?

12. Whether the current transitions in fuels remain accompanied by the political transformations as well on top of socio-economic transformations?

Suresh Kumar Govindarajan

07-Dec-2024

I want to know more about coal bearing shales.

I want to know more about coal bearing sandstones.

any articles , blogs , reviews ?

I want to know more about age of coal formations.

Why electric vehicles are called non polluting, when the electricity they are using is being produced from coal?

I am trying to perform the quantitative analysis of minerals in my samples. I have the XRD raw data of my samples. I started Rietveld refinement in X'pert Highscore and Match!* software but there was an error showing in these two software.

I have attached the image which shows the error during Rietveld refinement.

Please help me, If there are any other method for quantitative analysis of mineral percentage.

The global call for net zero carbon footprint by 2050 has advocated for total transition initiatives from use of fossil fuels towards renewable sources of energy. However most developing countries strongly rely on use of fossil fuels as their source of energy at present. Moreover there are countries that possess such reserves in abundance and are subject to benefit from their exploitation and value addition. More researches are also in place focusing on carbon capture techniques across the oil value chain with the aim being of enhancing oil properties in the context of quality and environmental sustainability. Two major questions arise:

1. Is the total transition from fossil fuels to renewable primary sources of energy feasible by mid-century?

2. What happens to the abundant crude oil and coal reserves when the entire energy sector eventually forsake the use of fossil fuels?

I milled two activated carbons, with different main sources (shell nutt and bituminous coal). The shell nut AC did not increase in surface area but had some degree of amorphization after milling. Still, the bituminous coal AC remains the same in graphitization, but the surface area is duplicated. Can changes in surface structure alter the surface area measured by BET method? Does the amorphization remove micropores and then reduce surface area? And the main source could influence this result and how?

I want to determine the coal density at the laboratory for reserve estimation. Please help me by providing the most appropriate materials and methods.

My colleagues and I plan to take a part in some conference with materials on coal organic and inorganic geochemistry next year. If you plan or know such event, let me know. Thank you!

Many studies and industries are known to filter coal- syngas by means of assemblies of candle filters. Is it possible to/ Do any systems exist to instead use huge ceramic monolithic devices (similar to DPF) for removal of particulate matter from syngas?

are there any laboratory procedures to extract CARBON from COAL.?

Considering that coals have different volatile substances, if the coal has high volatile substances, what conditions are needed to calcine it.

I want to know more about coal deposits.

How can we perform a quantitative analysis of the XPS peaks using Origin software? Please help, How can we do a quantitative analysis of each peak? The peaks of C1s are attached below.

I want to know more about Coalificatin.

I want to know more about coal formations.

Does the use of electric cars affect the current consumption of oil and coal?

Does the use of electric cars affect the current consumption of oil and coal?

Reservoir Engineering: Coal Seam

1. Since, gas is primarily stored by adsorption into the coal as a function of pressure @ which the gas gets adsorbed, can we replicate the scenario, whereby ‘the amount of gas adsorbed per unit increase in pressure remain decreasing with increasing sorption pressure’ @ laboratory-scale using experimental investigations?

2. Feasible to achieve ‘equivalent sorption pressure’ @ laboratory-scale, where the water pressure of the water-saturated coal seam remain exceeding the pressure @ which all gas becomes adsorbed into coal-solids or into solution gas?

3. With a relatively low bulk permeability of coal (around 1 md); and, with a ready desorption from solid; what should be the closest spacing of cleats (10 mm or 100 mm), whereby, the dominant mode of fluid transport in a coal seam could be treated as to be Darcy flow (as against with a relatively less fractured structure; and, with slower desorption from solid, where the rate is controlled by diffusive movement)?

If not, how exactly to deduce an average cleat spacing and permeability into which the solid blocks could be considered to diffuse?

4. With Darcian flow being the prime importance in the movement of gas within the coal, can we reproduce the scenario, where the permeability could be strongly directional-controlled by predominant cleat sets @ lab-scale?

5. What is the physical basis by which we decide the permeability of a given cleat structure within coal remains to be dictated either by

(a) phase relative permeability effects, whereby the degree of saturation would affect the gas and water relative permeabilities of the reservoir? or by

(b) changes in the effective stress (total stress minus the seam fluid pressure) within the seams?

Feasible to capture the way the effective stress tends to close the cleats; and the way, it tends to reduce the permeability within coal @ lab-scale?

Under what circumstances, the permeability would remain related to effective normal stress across the cleats?

Any idea about how exactly the gas gets traveled through the core specimen?

6. Feasible to capture all the required 3 factors that influence the effective stress @ lab-scale?

(a) initial-stress (given the weak and jointed nature of coal, while it also remains to be directional); (b) fluid pressure changes; & (c) shrinkage/expansion characteristics of coal matrix (which remains related to the equivalent sorption pressure in the seam).

Feasible to secure stress patterns by ML/AI - from stress measurements in the rock surrounding the seam – deduced as a function of (a) stress caused by gravitational effects, where the overburden stress and the associated lateral stress getting developed under conditions of no lateral strain; and (b) horizontal stresses, which gets induced by tectonic forces (and, which should remain proportional to the moduli of the rocks, while the respective horizontal strains remain approximately equal)?

how to define proximate and ultimate analysis in eulerian approach for biomass gasification in fluidized bed?

coal calculator is off and i am using species transport in fluent

Please provide me original literature or reference material for the given equation.

Vitrinite Reflectance (Ro) % = -2.712 * log(V.M.) + 5.092

Where V.M. is on a dry ash-free basis.

I am working in the field of Coal Geology and I need to calculate the molecular weight of Bituminous coal, please suggest a method for the same.

..

Currently, Poland produces most of its energy from coal. The production of energy from renewable sources is growing successively. Can Poland obtain 100% of energy from renewable sources?

In some countries in Europe, taxes have already been introduced in autumn 2022 on the excess and historically highest windfall profits of companies in the mining, energy and fuel sector obtained in 2022 in connection with the exploitation of the situation that has arisen in the context of the energy crisis derivative of the war in Ukraine in 2022. Unfortunately, some of the countries that called for the introduction of economic sanctions that increased the scale of this crisis and, at the same time, countries with an energy sector built on an archaic model based mainly on the combustion of fossils, nevertheless did not introduce this tax. This is still the case, for example, until February 2023 in the country where I operate. In connection with the publication of historically record profits of mining, energy and fuel sector companies operating in Poland and controlled by the government, obtained in 2022, as well as increasing criticism of opposition political options, it was reported in the media that once again the government is back to considering the possible introduction of the said taxes on excess profits. In my opinion, the money raised from taxes on excess profits made by companies in the mining, energy and fuel sectors in 2022 should finance new projects for developing renewable and zero-emission energy sources in order to speed up the green transition of the energy sector. In this way, the process of achieving a zero-carbon economy, a sustainable closed-cycle economy, an economy characterised by a high level of autonomy and energy security, meeting sustainable development goals will be accelerated and the scale of care for the state of the environment, the biodiversity of natural ecosystems, protection of the biosphere and the climate will be significantly increased. In addition, air quality will be significantly improved, the level of environmental pollution will decrease, etc.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

isn't it an irony if the city uses electric vehicles, while the source of electricity still uses fossil fuels. is it useless in protecting the environment?

I am developing a model for low temperature oxidation of coal , where coal is assumed to be porous medium and the air is coming in contact from one face , the surface oxidation of the oxygen been exothermic results in the following reaction

coal+O₂--->CO₂+0.1CO+heat

My objective is to study the species formation of carbon monoxide, oxygen consumption and Co2 formation under transient unsteady approach

so the help I need regarding the following are:

1. the Arrhenius equation for oxygen consumption rate r = A*pow(o2_massfraction, n)*exp(-E/(R*T)) has to be added as the oxygen consumption rate . #question where should this equation be included in the fluent GUI.

2. the heat is released as the reaction of coal with oxygen ,the source term of heat is the Q = rho*r*heat of reaction of coal. , #question where should i include this equation as a udf included in the fluent GUI.

3.#question how is the species formed in the reaction included.

regards

Tanmay Dasgupta

Dear All,

I am writing to seek inputs concerning zero-dimensional energy balance around a gasifier; say, for instance, this gasifier is fed with coal at certain rate along with steam and air. The product stream(s) includes producer gas and unconverted coal/char. Considering no heat losses, overall energy balance can simply be expressed as:

total enthalpy in (includes all reactant streams, i.e., coal and steam/air) = Total enthalpy out (includes all product streams, i.e., unreacted coal/char and producer gas).........(1)

Now, the question is how to write down enthalpies of these reactant and product streams; in absolute format or enthalpy change format?....what I meant is....say, steam is supplied at 1 bara 500 K...then, absolute enthalpy is expressed as: (heat of formation of water at 298 K) + (Sensible heat of liquid water until 398 K at 1 bara) + (Latent heat at 398 K) + (Sensible heat of water vapor until 500 K)...the same approach is extended to all the reactant and product gas streams and if the same species appears both in reactant and product streams, only then, heat of formation term cancels out in the overall energy balance shown in Eq. (1). Otherwise, it remains and could significantly influence the energy balance calculations (e.g., producer gas comprises of CO, H2, and CH4 which do not appear in the reactants.).

Also, what about enthalpy of solid fuel being fed; could that be set equal to HHV or LHV?

Any inputs are greatly appreciated.

Thanks and Regards,

Kareem

Could you please clarify the theories related to energy and environmental pollution, I have to build arguments on the relationship between coal, oil, gas, and pollution.

1- Energy cost theory?

2- Energy LED theory?

3- EKC theory?

4- any other (please specify)?

Hello,

I have to write a bachelor thesis. My topic is: "The Chinese benchmark for the implementation of strategic infrastructure investments."

It means I have to mention Chinese: high-speed trains, harbors, highways, offshoring and coal power stations

I will be grateful for your help!

According to the network of observations of the content of oxygen in the air in the polar regions, where there is no photosynthesis, there is more oxygen than in the subtropics. Everyone knows that when coal and hydrocarbons are burned, carbon dioxide is formed. Rotting plants also produce carbon dioxide. It has one carbon and two oxygens. Carbon dioxide in water forms the mineral CaCO3. As a result, oxygen is removed from the air. Why doesn't the oxygen content in the air decrease? See also my questions: What is the reason for the supply of oxygen from the Earth's lithosphere to the ocean? Combustion of fuel takes oxygen from the atmosphere. There is more oxygen at the poles than in the tropics. Oxygen is released from the lithosphere?п

Hi!, I'm currently on a investigation project that consist in production of charcoal by slow pyrolysis of wood. As we know, the products of this process is char, syngas and tar. The thing is that we want to minimize this tar production because its complicated usage. For what we saw, the tar can be degraded to volatile non-condensable gases and avoid that liquid phase. The temperature we are modeling the process is about 400-450 ºC,. My question is: is this enough to only have coal and syngas at the end of te process?. If not, how can we avoid the tar production and only have syngas as byproduct? I hope I have explained myself well.

Thanks!

📷

Various types of hard coal, lignite, pellets and firewood are allowed as fuel in Poland. However, even before the current energy crisis, in previous years it happened that some citizens threw various types of waste, including, for example, tyres, into the cookers heating their homes. As a result, air quality in Poland during the heating season (autumn and winter) was very poor in many cities and towns, failing to meet European Union standards. In many towns and cities there are no municipal guards or other services to control what is thrown into the heating cookers. However, there are already efficient systems in place in many countries to control what people heat their homes with. As part of the construction of such a control system, drones may be used, for example, which fly up to the chimney of a house and examine the composition of the fumes contained in the smoke coming out of the chimney. In Poland, only in a small number of cities, towns and villages are such modern methods used to control what citizens heat their homes with, i.e. what is thrown into the heating cookers. Because the current government, which has done almost nothing about this for the last seven years, so the state of the air in many cities is bad. This results in the deterioration of the health of citizens who inhale toxic substances contained in the fume-polluted air. Many citizens are dying prematurely due to respiratory diseases and other diseases resulting from inhaling carcinogenic toxins in the air. Due to the fact that the present government has impeded the development of renewable and emission-free sources of energy and financially supported the coal-based power industry, at present still 3/4 of the electricity and heat generated in Poland comes from dirty exhaust gas power. In order to make such statistics submitted to the EU authorities look a little better, the government-controlled Central Statistical Office has classified firewood as a renewable energy source. From an ecological, environmental and climate point of view, this is absurd and the government's treatment of citizens as mindless lemmings. The wood approved for firewood is untreated and unpainted wood. But even such wood burned in cookers releases harmful substances, including particulate matter PM2.5 etc. The absorption of these particulates reduces the body's resistance to allergens, to pathogenic viruses. The development of allergies and the incidence of respiratory diseases and Covid-19 increases significantly. Research shows a correlation between the level of PM2.5 etc. and a decrease in the human body's resistance to disease, a decrease in the efficiency of the immune system and the incidence of viral and other diseases. An election campaign is currently underway in Poland in connection with the parliamentary and local elections to be held in 2023. In connection with the election campaign, the main activists of the ruling PIS monoparty are carrying out pro-government propaganda at election rallies in various cities. Analogous pro-government propaganda is carried out in the government-controlled meanstream media. As part of this propaganda, the government is trying to shape the consciousness of citizens by suggesting that Poland is well prepared for an energy crisis, that the government is efficiently pursuing an anti-inflation policy and that the climate crisis is an environmentalist fantasy. Citizens who also listen to and read the existing independent media know that all that is reported in government propaganda is not factually correct. And besides, it happens that members of the government and/or the president of the currently ruling government monoparty PIS suggest to citizens the kinds of actions that are harmful to citizens. For example, at one of the press conferences, at one of the election rallies, the chairman of the currently reigning government monoparty PIS suggested to citizens that they can throw anything into their cookers except tyres, that they can heat their homes with anything except tyres. So that if someone runs out of coal, they can throw in, for example, plastic waste, the burning of which generates carcinogenic toxins. The current government has failed to ensure that there is no shortage of environmentally and air quality compliant fuel during the current energy crisis. The government has failed to implement a pro-environment and pro-climate transformation of the energy sector. The government has blocked the development of renewable and zero-carbon energy sources for 7 years by financially supporting the unprofitable, dirty coal power industry. Inflation is rising and, according to economists' forecasts, real core inflation in Poland will be the highest in Europe in 2023. And the government is introducing further subsidies and handouts for the purchase of fossil fuels, which are becoming additional pro-inflationary factors. Therefore, by the anti-environmental and anti-climate measures of energy policy in Poland, the currently developing energy crisis will be deeper, fossil fuel prices will be higher, air quality will be bad during the heating season. The scale of respiratory diseases and Covid-19 may increase significantly in the next heating season. Besides, the level of diversification of energy sources and the development of green, pro-environmental and pro-climate energy is low. Consequently, the level of energy security is also low. The question that arises is why a large proportion of citizens, estimated to be around a third of the population, still accept this kind of policy. This is how it looks in the country where I operate. And how do these issues look in your country?

In view of the above, I address the following research question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:

Please reply,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Warm regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In the shorter term (a few quarters), the energy crisis is developing, fossil fuel prices are rising, and the price of energy produced from burning fossil fuels is rising. In the longer term (many years), a global climate crisis will continue to develop as a result of the continuing process of global warming resulting from the still high levels of civilisational CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:

What is your opinion on this?

What do you think about this topic?

Please reply,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

What are ways to save energy?

How can electricity and/or heat consumption be reduced?

How can electricity and/or heat be saved during the climate crisis?

An energy crisis is currently developing in many countries. In some countries, energy is still largely based on burning fossil fuels. Fossil fuel and electricity prices are now rising rapidly. Fossil fuels may run out in the coming autumn/winter season. In the country where I operate, the development of renewable energy sources has been slowed down over the past three decades. As a result, three quarters of electricity is still generated by combustion-based power generation based on burning fossil fuels. Therefore, now that an energy crisis has emerged and the scale of the climate crisis is gradually increasing, a problem has arisen. The risk of a deep energy crisis is high because the scale of diversification of energy sources is low, renewable and carbon-free energy sources are hardly developed and fossil fuel prices are rising. In addition, every year the government subsidises many billions of PLN to unprofitable coal mines and supports monopolistically operating power plants where this coal is burned. This is because the largest companies in the mining and energy sectors are government-controlled state-owned companies, and the employees of these businesses are important electorates for the government in parliamentary elections. These monopoly companies in the energy and refining sector have earned extra money from CO2 emissions rights trading, which, according to European Union guidelines, should have been used to support the development of renewable and emission-free energy sources. Unfortunately, the government did not allocate these funds to the development of renewable energy. In addition, the issue of diversification of energy sources has also been neglected by decision-makers, yet the issue of diversification of energy sources is one of the key factors of energy security. For example, plans to build the first nuclear power plant had already been in place for half a century in Poland. Several successive previous government teams planned the construction of the first nuclear power plant and, unfortunately, only these plans ended. At present, there is still not a single nuclear power plant in Poland and the rate of development of renewable and emission-free energy sources is slow due to the laws that have been in place for the last seven years restricting the development of renewable energy. This type of short-sighted, anti-social, anti-environmental, anti-climate, etc. energy policy has led to a situation where there is a high risk of a deep energy crisis. Citizens already know how serious the mistakes were made by the government in previous years in climate policy. Unfortunately, it will not be possible to rectify all these mistakes in a few months, to rectify the omissions made earlier, to build a nuclear power plant and to develop wind, solar, hydro, geothermal and the most modern and zero-emission hydrogen and fusion-based energy technology on a large scale. Consequently, the government offers subsidies to citizens for the purchase of more expensive hard coal and thus continues to support the development of combustion-based energy and also creates another pro-inflationary factor in this way. Citizens have therefore come to the conclusion that they have to deal with the energy crisis themselves. Consequently, one of the key questions that many people are looking for answers to is how can electricity and/or heat be saved during the climate crisis?

What do you think about this?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please reply,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Greetings,

Dariusz

The peak near 32 2theta value can be siderite, Calcite ?

It need for my research.

Energy Policy @ Local and Global Scales: Are they same or different?

With China and India alone would account for nearly 40% of Global GDP in the next couple of decades, whether the current and future policies relating to energy demand and supply at the local-scale (in China and India explicitly) will get along with the global targets, while maintaining the air-quality and enhancing the energy efficiency – by reducing its dependence on coal and limiting the fuel consumption and by expanding the renewable electricity?

OR

The energy balance would change further, when Indian Population exceeds Chinese Population – in the next few years?

Whether the continual increase in global population (nearing 10 billion in the next couple of decades) with a declining Chinese Population (say, from 2026) will have any major impact on global energy policies?

After a huge amount of resistance from environmentalists, NGOs, and local communities, finally, the Carmichael coal project was given a node by the Australian Govt, but apart from financial benefits to both Australia & India, the project was having detrimental effects on Great Barrier Reef and loss of marine biodiversity. I wonder where such development at the cost of the environment will lead us.

Can anyone share some insights on the Carmichael coal project as an EIA Case Study?

Reservoir Geology

Organic Origin of Oil and Coal: Any similarity found?

In the absence of reservoir conditions - that remain conducive to the dissipation of gas - resulting from leakage from the reservoir,

Will it remain feasible to find the deposits of oil - that are devoid of gas?

If not, which is the dominant factor(s) – that led us to conclude that “both oil and gas have a common origin” and “both oil and gas have been derived from organic reactions”?

In addition, in the absence of oil producing strata - remaining distinctly different from lignitic deposits;

How will we validate the organic origin of oil and gas (apart from considering clays and silts to be the primary sources of organic material) - with reference to the organic origin of coal?

Hello everyone.

I am simulating a case of coal gasification. For that i am employing species transport method. I have written a chemkin mechanism file for the coal reaction. The problem that i am facing is that though my reactions are working and i get appreciable results, but i haven't given input for the coal specification i.e. the ultimate and proximate analysis data. In the chemkin file i only mentioned the elements C,H,N,S and not the concentration of C,H,N,S.

Can someone help me with this? I am not sure if it is using the same coal that i want to? How can i add ultimate and proximate analysis data in the pre processing?

Coal char and biochar are used as a soil amendment in our field study for sugar beet plants in an irrigated field. Before harvesting, we want to make some plant measurements to see the differences in control and treated plots of plant growth.

Hello, I am currently making a life cycle assessment which includes bio-based activated carbon.

I was wondering if such material could be used in pyrolysis, and what would its advantages be over biochar or even coal.

Regards

I am thinking about setting up a greenhouse study to see the nutrient holding capacity of coal char. I am thinking to collect excess water drained from the pots of control and coal char treatments to see the amount of nitrogen in the water samples. I am looking for methods for analyzing nitrogen in the collected water samples.

I am able to find only few papers related to trace element concentrations in coal and coal dust. Please suggest a few articles regarding the such works.

How can pyrite be separated from a pulverized coal of <200 mesh (72 μm) size?

Germany has taken two environmentally-friendly decisions to phase out nuclear and coal power by 2022 and 2030 respectively. The country also has shown the capability of expansion of renewable energy to replace the gap, and it is successful to date.

However, facing future energy demand within this framework could be a challenge. I would like to discuss this matter with energy experts.

Methane gas has higher desorption affinity than the carbon dioxide gas and it desorbs at a faster rate. However, if the experiments are carried out in different ranks of coals, how will be comparative studies for the desorption among different ranks (let's say, bituminous vs sub-bituminous vs lignite etc..) will look like. Assume the experiments for all types of coals are done in similar temperature conditions at the varying pressure.

after the reduction process of iron ore in presence of coal and lime, some waste material including coal, lime, etc. remain. how can we use it again or can we use it for some other applications?

Is it better to create new factories to produce wind turbines, photovoltaic panels and other new technologies highly dependent on rare materials and other regions or to try to review existing production methods?

Coal is made up primarily of carbon. Burning carbon produces CO2, carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas. This CO2 is difficult to re-use and store, it is a very stable molecule which is not of great industrial value. In India, a power station uses this CO2 to produce baking soda.

Another way would be to achieve what is called incomplete combustion of coal, this combustion provides less energy but it produces carbon monoxide CO, it is a more easily storable molecule which has a high industrial value, in synthetic chemistry, in the steel industry, etc. In France, industry consumes more than 500,000 tonnes per year.

How to achieve incomplete combustion?

By limiting the reagent O2, by controlling the temperature and pressure.

Hello

I have FTIR spectra for coal, its extract and the solvent. And I would like to compare these three spectra

And I don't know how do it. My colleague recommended me to take the derivative of three spectra but I'm not sure what to do with it (derivative spectra). Maybe there are other ways to do this.

It would be appreciated if you could give some advice

I have XRY-1A oxygen bomb calorimeter. I have burnt 0.1725 g of coal in that calorimeter and the temperature raised 1.6 degree celcius. The given heat capacity of the instrument is 14000-15000 J/K. How can I calculate the GCV of the coal?

Energy, especially electricity, has long been recognized as an essential commodity for everyday life in the contemporary world [1]. It is the main driving force of the human, social, and economic development of any nation. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the global electricity generation in 2017 was 25,551 TWh, of which fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) accounted for up to 65% [2]. However, due to their non-renewable nature, these sources are not likely to satisfy the increasing world demand in electricity resulting from the permanent growth in the world’s population and technological advancement. They are declining steadily. A study by Abas et al. [3] showed that oil, natural gas, and coal would be depleted in 2066, 2068, and 2126, respectively. This situation is the primary cause of the current price volatility and energy supply insecurity. Furthermore, the burning of fossil fuels releases toxic air pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs), which are detrimental to health and contribute to climate change. The consequences of climate change are far and varied, and include increased wildfires, prolonged droughts, stronger tropical storms, and frequent coastal floods [4].

Enhance coalbed methane recovery

A large number of literature show that the excess adsorption amount of CO2 on coal or shale increases at first (typically when P<8 MPa) and then decreases. However, for CH4 on coal or shale, a monotonically increasing isotherm could be observed.

I am simulating the coal gasification process in a fluidized bed using Ansys Fluent 2020.

The heterogeneous and homogenous reactions were included. The simulation is running fine and the species are produced. But there is mass addition to the coal phase as the reactions are taking place which shouldn't happen. This is leading to divergence.

Initially, the simulations were run for a few time-steps without reactions for better stabilization. The moment reactions are included, initial few time-steps it ran fine but the mass addition to the coal phase is leading to the divergence.

Could anyone comment on how to deal with this?

Coal based power plants are one of the cheapest and more effective instruments to produce electricity. Many developed countries have already applied this plants and had the benefit from it. Although some of the countries have now stopped using coal based plants because of the negative impact being created towards the nature.

At present, many developing countries specifically in Asian and African region, are choosing Coal to produce more electricity as the demand is at the highest peak; even though a huge environmental degradation is happening due to these circumstances.

Need help from someone with experience in Solid-state 13C-NMR of coal.

I can be reached at tpadsul@gmail.com.

Thank you.

As per carbon content biochar has higher value, but what is the reason biochar is not used in power plant

Apart from the US and China, many Indian companies (including Reliance, ADANI Power, Vedanta, TATA, NTPC, JSW Steel, Hindalco, Coal India, Shree Cement, Grasim Industries, JSW Energy, etc.), are among the top CO₂ producers in the world. Please find the file attached. #Soure: MSCI #GlobalWarming

Direct reduced iron (DRI), also called sponge iron, is produced from the direct reduction of iron ore (in the form of lumps, pellets, or fines) to iron by a reducing gas or elemental carbon produced from natural gas or coal. There are different methods for this purpose, including Midrex, HYL, PERED, etc.

Which is better and why?

Which use less energy?

Which one has less capital and operating cost?

#Sponge_Iron #DRI #HYL #MIDREX #PERED #SLRN

I'm trying to build a simulation model that can represent the distribution of mercury in the coal combustion process in Aspen Plus. However, I don't know how to insert the amount of mercury, present from the coal composition, because in the "Component Attribute - Ultanal", there isn't a space to put the amount of mercury.

Does anyone know how I could represent the amount of mercury in this simulation?

I am doing combustion modelling of Blast Furnace Tuyere Injectant. I have imaginary conical raceway of length 1500mm and wish to predict Burnout of coal at 1200mm. For my case burnout is calculated as ((mass of coal particle in - mass of coal particle out)/mass of coal particle in )*100. So question is how to predict outlet mass of coal particle at 1200mm. To track coal particle in 3D domain I am using DPM. and continous phase is tracked in Eulerian frame.

Hi everyone,

I am working on removal of sulphur from coal. For this, I need to know which method is best and most accurate for determination of inorganic, sulphate and organic sulphur present in coal.

I would appreciate if somebody can share the experience.

The problem is when the economically weak, small domestic economy has only traditional energy minerals, such as hard coal or lignite, and there are no developed different forms of renewable energy sources. In such a situation, there is a lack of financial resources for switching energy to renewable energy sources so as to move towards sustainable development according to the philosophy of the new, green economy, in order to limit the emission of greenhouse gases. The warming of the Earth's climate is already a fact and is a serious growing problem. Therefore, renewable energy sources should be developed. Rich countries should support countries characterized by weaker economy, lower incomes and based on traditional energy technologies. It is therefore necessary to strengthen international cooperation in the area of promotion, support and financing of investment projects, thanks to which it will be possible to develop renewable energy sources in the future and aim at sustainable pro-ecological development.

In view of the above, I would like to ask you: Why is there still traditional energy based on burning minerals in some countries?

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion

A significant part of the pro-ecological reforms as part of the transformation of the energy sector and the development of renewable energy sources is carried out by private companies.

However, these are usually undertakings not resulting from market processes only from changing legal norms established by the state administration.

In addition, the construction of large nuclear power plants, water plants and the type of large wind and solar farms absorbs huge financial resources with predicted relatively low profitability.

Therefore, private enterprises are not interested in investing in the development of large power plants that produce electricity under renewable energy sources if the state does not provide financial support under financial guarantees and a share in investment costs.

The development of electromobility in the automotive industry in some countries is also supported by the state to a large extent.

In some countries, the state from the budget funds of the central public finance system refinances a significant part of the costs of purchasing an electric car and finances the development of the necessary infrastructure of electric vehicle charging points deployed on the streets and arteries.

Therefore, the development of renewable energy sources, ie the key element of the pro-ecological transformation of the energy sector, should be coordinated organisationally and financially supported by the state.

In the context of increasing emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and the ever-faster global warming process, the pro-ecological transformation of the energy sector should be carried out as soon as possible.

It is not possible to implement proecological reforms in the energy sector and implement ecological innovations in other sectors of industry as well as wait for the resources of energy (hard coal, lignite, oil, natural gas) to run out.

This process can not be left solely to the market mechanism within the framework of classical or neoclassical economics.

In order for an environmentally-friendly transformation of the energy sector to be effected efficiently and as soon as possible, a significant share of financial support from the state is indispensable.

Do you agree with my opinion on this matter?

In view of the above, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes